Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Forward-looking Statements

Some of the information presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the documents incorporated by reference, may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations, which are in turn based on assumptions that we believe are reasonable based on our current knowledge of our business and operations. We have used words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “should,” “would,” “will” and variations of such words and similar expressions to identify such forward-looking statements.

These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions, which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. There can be no assurance that our actual results will not differ materially from the results and expectations expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the outlook expressed or implied in any forward-looking statement include, without limitation, information related to:

changes in economic and business conditions;
product development;
future acquisition and divestiture transactions, including the ability to successfully execute, operate and integrate acquisitions and divestitures;
expected benefits from proposed transactions;
timing of active and proposed projects;
changes in financial and operating performance of our major customers and industries and markets served by us;
the timing of orders received from customers;
the gain or loss of significant customers;
competition from other manufacturers;
changes in the demand for our products or the end-user markets in which our products are sold;
limitations or prohibitions on the manufacture and sale of our products;


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

availability of raw materials;
increases in the cost of raw materials and energy, and our ability to pass through such increases to our customers;
changes in our markets in general;
fluctuations in foreign currencies;
changes in laws and government regulation impacting our operations or our products;
the occurrence of regulatory actions, proceedings, claims or litigation;
the effects of climate change, including any regulatory changes to which we might be subject;
the occurrence of cyber-security breaches, terrorist attacks, industrial accidents or natural disasters;
hazards associated with chemicals manufacturing;
the inability to maintain current levels of product or premises liability insurance or the denial of such coverage;
political unrest affecting the global economy, including adverse effects from terrorism or hostilities;
political instability affecting our manufacturing operations or joint ventures;
changes in accounting standards;
the inability to achieve results from our global manufacturing cost reduction initiatives as well as our ongoing continuous improvement and rationalization programs;
changes in the jurisdictional mix of our earnings and changes in tax laws and rates;
changes in monetary policies, inflation or interest rates that may impact our ability to raise capital or increase our cost of funds, impact the performance of our pension fund investments and increase our pension expense and funding obligations;
volatility and uncertainties in the debt and equity markets;
technology or intellectual property infringement, including through cyber-security breaches, and other innovation risks;
decisions we may make in the future;
uncertainties as to the duration and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; and
the other factors detailed from time to time in the reports we file with the U.S. SEC.

We assume no obligation to provide revisions to any forward-looking statements should circumstances change, except as otherwise required by securities and other applicable laws. The following discussion should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following is a discussion and analysis of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. A discussion of our consolidated financial condition and sources of additional capital is included under a separate heading “Financial Condition and Liquidity.”

Overview

We are a leading global developer, manufacturer and marketer of highly-engineered specialty chemicals that are designed to meet our customers’ needs across a diverse range of end markets. Our corporate purpose is making the world safe and sustainable by powering the potential of people. The end markets we serve include energy storage, petroleum refining, consumer electronics, construction, automotive, lubricants, pharmaceuticals and crop protection. We believe that our commercial and geographic diversity, technical expertise, access to high-quality resources, innovative capability, flexible, low-cost global manufacturing base, experienced management team and strategic focus on our core base technologies will enable us to maintain leading positions in those areas of the specialty chemicals industry in which we operate.

Secular trends favorably impacting demand within the end markets that we serve combined with our diverse product portfolio, broad geographic presence and customer-focused solutions will continue to be key drivers of our future earnings growth. We continue to build upon our existing green solutions portfolio and our ongoing mission to provide innovative, yet commercially viable, clean energy products and services to the marketplace to contribute to our sustainable revenue. For example, our Lithium business contributes to the growth of clean miles driven with electric miles and more efficient use of renewable energy through grid storage; Bromine enables the prevention of fires starting in electronic equipment, greater fuel efficiency from rubber tires and the reduction of emissions from coal fired power plants; and the Catalysts business creates efficiency of natural resources through more usable products from a single barrel of oil, enables safer, greener production of alkylates used to produce more environmentally-friendly fuels, and reduced emissions through cleaner transportation fuels. We believe our disciplined cost reduction efforts and ongoing productivity improvements, among other factors, position us well to


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take advantage of strengthening economic conditions as they occur, while softening the negative impact of the current challenging global economic environment.

2021 Highlights

In the first quarter of 2021, we increased our quarterly dividend for the 28th consecutive year, to $0.39 per share.
We announced the planned capacity expansion at our lithium production facility in Silver Peak, Nevada beginning in 2021. We plan to invest $30 million to $50 million to double the current production at the Silver Peak site by 2025, making full use of the brine water rights.
On February 8, 2021, we completed an underwritten public offering of 8,496,773 shares of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share, at a price to the public of $153.00 per share. We also granted to the underwriters an option to purchase up to an additional 1,274,509 shares, which was exercised. The total gross proceeds from this offering were approximately $1.5 billion, before deducting expenses, underwriting discounts and commissions.
Using the proceeds of the underwritten public offering of shares of our common stock, we repaid the outstanding principal balances of the 1.875% senior notes due in 2021, the floating rate notes due in 2022, the unsecured credit facility originally entered into on August 14, 2019, as amended and restated on December 15, 2020 (the “2019 Credit Facility”) and the commercial paper notes. In addition, we repaid €123.8 million of the 1.125% notes due in 2025 and $128.4 million of the 3.45% senior notes due in 2029. As a result, we recorded a loss on early extinguishment of debt of $29.0 million, representing the tender premiums, fees, unamortized discounts and unamortized deferred financing costs from the redemption of this debt during 2021.
We announced that we have joined the United Nations Global Compact, a voluntary leadership platform for the development, implementation and disclosure of responsible business practices, and the largest corporate sustainability initiative in the world.
On June 1, 2021, we completed the sale of our FCS business to Grace for proceeds of approximately $570 million, consisting of $300 million in cash and the issuance to Albemarle of preferred equity of a Grace subsidiary having an aggregate stated value of $270 million. The sale included our operations in Tyrone, Pennsylvania and South Haven, Michigan.
On June 30, 2021, we announced the opening of our Battery Materials Innovation Center (“BMIC”) located at the Kings Mountain, North Carolina site. The BMIC is now fully operational and will support our lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and advanced energy storage materials growth platforms.
On September 30, 2021, we signed a definitive agreement to acquire all of the outstanding equity of Tianyuan, for approximately $200 million in cash. Tianyuan's operations include a recently constructed lithium processing plant with a designed annual conversion capacity of up to 25,000 metric tons of LCE per year.
On October 22, 2021, we announced that we signed two investment agreements in China in support of the expansion of our lithium conversion capacity. Following the agreements, we will move forward with the design, engineering and permitting plans to build aoog
conversion plant at each site, each of which has planned production capacity initially targeting 50,000 metric tons lithium hydroxide per annum. Subject to additional studies and approvals, it is expected these plants would start construction during 2022 and complete construction by the end of 2024.
Our 60%-owned MARBL joint venture recently announced its intention to resume spodumene concentrate production at the Wodgina spodumene mine, with the production restart expected during the second quarter of 2022.
We achieved earnings of $123.7 million during 2021 as compared to $375.8 million for 2020. Earnings for 2021 included an after tax gain of $330.8 million from the sale of the FCS business, but were negatively impact by an after tax loss of $508.5 million following an arbitration ruling related to a legal matter from a legacy Rockwood Holdings, Inc. (“Rockwood”) business sold to Huntsman International LLC (“Huntsman”) prior to our acquisition of Rockwood. In addition, 2021 included a $132.4 million expense related to MRL’s 40% interest in cost overruns of the lithium hydroxide conversion assets being built in Kemerton included as part of the Wodgina purchase price. Earnings for 2021 includes pension and other postretirement benefit (“OPEB”) actuarial gains of $43.6 million after income taxes, compared to pension and OPEB actuarial losses of $40.9 million after income taxes in 2020.
Cash flows from operations in 2021 were $344.3 million.

Outlook

The current global business environment presents a diverse set of opportunities and challenges in the markets we serve. In particular, the market for lithium battery and energy storage, particularly that for electric vehicles (“EVs”), remains strong,


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providing the opportunity to continue to develop high quality and innovative products while managing the high cost of expanding capacity. The other markets we serve continue to present various opportunities for value and growth as we have positioned ourselves to manage the impact on our business of changing global conditions, such as slow and uneven global growth, currency exchange volatility, crude oil price fluctuation, a dynamic pricing environment, an ever-changing landscape in electronics, the continuous need for cutting edge catalysts and technology by our refinery customers and increasingly stringent environmental standards. Amidst these dynamics, we believe our business fundamentals are sound and that we are strategically well-positioned as we remain focused on increasing sales volumes, optimizing and improving the value of our portfolio primarily through pricing and product development, managing costs and delivering value to our customers and shareholders. We believe that our businesses remain well-positioned to capitalize on new business opportunities and long-term trends driving growth within our end markets and to respond quickly to changes in economic conditions in these markets.

While global economic conditions have been improving, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have an impact globally. We have not seen a material impact to our operations to date, however, the ultimate impact on our business will depend on the length and severity of the outbreak throughout the world. All of our information technology systems are running as designed and all sites are operating at normal capacity while we continue to comply with all government and health agency recommendations and requirements, as well as protecting the safety of our employees and communities. We believe we have sufficient inventory to continue to produce at current levels, however, government mandated shutdowns could impact our ability to acquire additional materials and disrupt our customers’ purchases. At this time we cannot predict the expected overall financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, but we are planning for various economic scenarios and continue to make efforts to protect the safety of our employees and the health of our business.

Lithium: We expect results to be higher year-over-year during 2022 in Lithium, due mainly to increased volume from new capacity coming on line from La Negra, Chile, Train 1 in Kemerton, Western Australia, and the expected acquisition of Tianyuan, which includes a lithium hydroxide conversion plant designed to produce up to 25,000 metric tons of LCE per year. We expect commercial production from this lithium hydroxide conversion plant will begin in the first half of 2022. In addition, pricing is expected to increase reflecting tight market conditions and last year’s expiration of pricing concessions on long-term contracts. EV sales are expected to continue to increase over the prior year as the lithium battery market remains strong.

We also announced agreements for strategic investments in China with plans to build two lithium hydroxide conversion plants, each initially targeting 50,000 metric tons per year. Subject to additional studies and approvals, it is expected these plants would start construction during 2022 and complete construction by the end of 2024. In addition, our 60%-owned MARBL joint venture recently announced its intention to resume spodumene concentrate production at the Wodgina spodumene mine, with the production restart expected during the second quarter of 2022. In February 2022, we announced that we signed a non-binding letter agreement with our MARBL joint venture partner, MRL, to explore a potential expansion of the MARBL joint venture, in an effort to expand lithium conversion capacity with increased optionality and reduced risk.

On a longer-term basis, we believe that demand for lithium will continue to grow as new lithium applications advance and the use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and full battery electric vehicles increases. This demand for lithium is supported by a favorable backdrop of steadily declining lithium ion battery costs, increasing battery performance, continuing significant investments in the battery and EV supply chain by cathode and battery producers, and automotive OEM’s, favorable global public policy toward e-mobility/renewable energy usage, and additional stimulus measures taken in Europe in light of the COVID-19 pandemic that we expect to strengthen EV demand. Our outlook is also bolstered by long-term supply agreements with key strategic customers, reflecting our standing as a preferred global lithium partner, highlighted by our scale, access to geographically diverse, low-cost resources and long-term track record of reliability of supply and operating execution.

Bromine: We expect both net sales and profitability to be modestly higher in 2022 due to strength in demand for flame retardants, as well as benefiting from diverse end markets. Volumes are expected to up slightly compared to full year 2021 due to the successful execution of growth projects in 2021 assuming continued availability of raw materials like chlorine. Bromine’s ongoing cost savings initiatives and higher pricing are expected to offset higher freight and raw material costs.

On a longer-term basis, we continue to believe that improving global standards of living, widespread digitization, increasing demand for data management capacity and the potential for increasingly stringent fire safety regulations in developing markets are likely to drive continued demand for fire safety products. Our long-term drilling outlook is uncertain at this time and will follow a long-term trajectory in line with oil prices. We are focused on profitably growing our globally competitive bromine and derivatives production network to serve all major bromine consuming products and markets. The combination of our solid, long-term business fundamentals, strong cost position, product innovations and effective management of raw material costs will enable us to manage our business through end-market challenges and to capitalize on opportunities that are expected with favorable market trends in select end markets.


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Catalysts: Total Catalysts results in 2022 are expected to increase year-over-year with overall refining markets and as travel lockdown conditions abate. 2021 results for both the refining catalyst and performance catalyst solutions (“PCS”) businesses were negatively impacted by the U.S. Gulf Coast winter storm in the first half of the year. Volumes are expected to grow across each of the Catalysts products. In addition, pricing is expected to increase to offset inflationary pressures in freight and input costs. In particular, we expect increased natural gas prices in Europe due to potential supply restrictions. The fluidized catalytic cracking (“FCC”) market is expected to gradually recover from the COVID-19 pandemic in line with increased travel and depletion of global gasoline inventories, however, demand may not return to normal levels until late 2022 or 2023 at the earliest. Hydroprocessing catalysts (“HPC”) demand tends to be lumpier than FCC demand and is also expected to continue to be negatively impacted as refiners defer spending into 2022. In 2021, we initiated a strategic review of the Catalysts business to position for value creation.

On a longer-term basis, we believe increased global demand for transportation fuels, new refinery start-ups and ongoing adoption of cleaner fuels will be the primary drivers of growth in our Catalysts business. We believe delivering superior end-use performance continues to be the most effective way to create sustainable value in the refinery catalysts industry. We also believe our technologies continue to provide significant performance and financial benefits to refiners challenged to meet tighter regulations around the world, including those managing new contaminants present in North America tight oil, and those in the Middle East and Asia seeking to use heavier feedstock while pushing for higher propylene yields. Longer-term, we believe that the global crude supply will get heavier and more sour, a trend that bodes well for our catalysts portfolio. With superior technology and production capacities, and expected growth in end market demand, we believe that Catalysts remains well-positioned for the future. In PCS, we expect growth on a longer-term basis in our organometallics business due to growing global demand for plastics driven by rising standards of living and infrastructure spending.

Corporate: We continue to focus on cash generation, working capital management and process efficiencies. We expect our global effective tax rate will vary based on the locales in which income is actually earned and remains subject to potential volatility from changing legislation in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions.

Actuarial gains and losses related to our defined benefit pension and OPEB plan obligations are reflected in Corporate as a component of non-operating pension and OPEB plan costs under mark-to-market accounting. Results for the year ended December 31, 2021 include an actuarial gain of $56.9 million ($43.6 million after income taxes), as compared to a loss of $52.3 million ($40.9 million after income taxes) for the year ended December 31, 2020.

We remain committed to evaluating the merits of any opportunities that may arise for acquisitions or other business development activities that will complement our business footprint. Additional information regarding our products, markets and financial performance is provided at our website, www.albemarle.com. Our website is not a part of this document nor is it incorporated herein by reference.

Results of Operations

The following data and discussion provides an analysis of certain significant factors affecting our results of operations during the periods included in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

Discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019 can be found in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Comparison of 2021 to 2020

Selected Financial Data

Net Sales


In thousands	2021	2020	$ Change	% Change
Net sales	3,327,957	3,128,909	199,048	6	%
•$177.1 million of higher sales volume from reportable segments, primarily in Lithium and Bromine, partially offset by Catalysts •$129.9 million of favorable pricing from reportable segments, driven by Bromine and Lithium, partially offset by Catalysts •$146.0 million decrease in net sales following the sale of the FCS business on June 1, 2021 •$38.2 million of favorable currency translation resulting from the weaker U.S. Dollar against various currencies


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Gross Profit


In thousands	2021			2020			$ Change		% Change
Gross profit	$	997,971		$	994,853		$	3,118	—	%
Gross profit margin	30.0		%	31.8		%
•Higher sales volume and pricing in Lithium and Bromine, partially offset by Catalysts •Decrease in net sales resulting from the disposal of the FCS business on June 1, 2021 •Increased production and utility costs of approximately $22 million in Bromine and Catalysts resulting from the U.S. Gulf Coast winter storm •2021 included $8.7 million of out-of-period adjustment expense in Cost of goods sold to correct misstated inventory foreign exchange values relating to prior periods. See Note 1, “Basis of Presentation,” for further details •Increased freight costs in Bromine and Catalysts •Favorable currency exchange impacts resulting from the weaker U.S. Dollar against various currencies

Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”) Expenses


In thousands	2021			2020			$ Change		% Change
Selling, general and administrative expenses	$	441,482		$	429,827		$	11,655	3	%
Percentage of Net sales	13.3		%	13.7		%
•$20.0 million charitable contribution, using a portion of the proceeds received from the FCS divestiture, to the Albemarle Foundation, in addition to the normal annual contributions in 2021 •Higher compensation, including incentive-based, expenses across all businesses and Corporate •$11.5 million of legal fees related to a legacy Rockwood legal matter •$9.8 million of expenses in 2021 primarily related to non-routine labor and compensation related costs that are outside normal compensation arrangements •$4.0 million loss resulting from the sale of property, plant and equipment in 2021 •Partially offset by productivity improvements and a reduction in professional fees and other administrative costs •$20.8 million decrease in restructuring and other expenses, and acquisition and integration related costs for various significant projects

Research and Development Expenses


In thousands	2021			2020			$ Change		% Change
Research and development expenses	$	54,026		$	59,214		$	(5,188)	(9)	%
Percentage of Net sales	1.6		%	1.9		%
•Lower research and development spending in each of our businesses

Gain on Sale of Business/Interest in Properties, Net


In thousands	2021		2020		$ Change		% Change
Gain on sale of business/interest in properties, net	$	(295,971)	$	—	$	(295,971)
•Gain of $428.4 million resulting from the sale of the FCS business on June 1, 2021 •$132.4 million expense related to anticipated cost overruns for MRL’s 40% interest in lithium hydroxide conversion assets being built in Kemerton. See Note 2, “Acquisitions,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for additional information.

Interest and Financing Expenses


In thousands	2021		2020		$ Change		% Change
Interest and financing expenses	$	(61,476)	$	(73,116)	$	11,640	(16)	%
•Decreased debt balance as certain debt instruments were repaid in the first quarter of 2021 •Higher capitalized interest from continued capital expenditures in 2021 •Partially offset by $29.0 million loss on early extinguishment of debt, representing the tender premiums, fees, unamortized discounts and unamortized deferred financing costs from the redemption of debt during the first quarter of 2021


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Other Expenses, Net


In thousands	2021		2020		$ Change		% Change
Other expenses, net	$	(603,340)	$	(59,177)	$	(544,163)	920	%
•$657.4 million of additional expense recorded following an arbitration ruling related to a legal matter from a legacy Rockwood business sold to Huntsman prior to Albemarle’s acquisition of Rockwood. See Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for further details •$29.8 million increase in indemnification expenses primarily to revise an indemnification estimate for an ongoing tax-related matter of a previously disposed business in Germany •$28.8 million increase in foreign exchange activity •$7.4 million of income in 2021 from accretion of discount in preferred equity of Grace subsidiary acquired as a portion of the proceeds of the FCS sale •$7.2 million gain related to the sale of our ownership percentage in the SOCC joint venture in 2020 •$78.8 million of pension and OPEB credits (including mark-to-market actuarial gains of $56.9 million) in 2021 as compared to $40.7 million of pension and OPEB costs (including mark-to-market actuarial losses of $52.3 million) in 2020 •The mark-to-market actuarial gain in 2021 is primarily attributable to a higher return on pension plan assets in 2021 than was expected, as a result of overall market and investment portfolio performance. The weighted-average actual return on our U.S. and foreign pension plan assets was 8.42% versus an expected return of 6.50%. In addition, there was an increase in the weighted-average discount rate to 2.86% from 2.50% for our U.S. pension plans and to 1.44% from 0.86% for our foreign pension plans to reflect market conditions as of the December 31, 2021 measurement date. •The mark-to-market actuarial loss in 2020 is primarily attributable to a decrease in the weighted-average discount rate to 2.50% from 3.56% for our U.S. pension plans and to 0.86% from 1.33% for our foreign pension plans to reflect market conditions as of the December 31, 2020 measurement date. This was partially offset by a higher return on pension plan assets in 2019 than was expected, as a result of overall market and investment portfolio performance. The weighted-average actual return on our U.S. and foreign pension plan assets was 13.15% versus an expected return of 6.52%.

Income Tax Expense


In thousands	2021			2020			$ Change		% Change
Income Tax Expense	$	29,446		$	54,425		$	(24,979)	(46)	%
Effective income tax rate	22.0		%	14.6		%
•2021 includes $148.9 million tax benefit resulting from an expense recorded following an arbitration ruling related to a legal matter from a legacy Rockwood business sold to Huntsman prior to Albemarle’s acquisition of Rockwood. See Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for further details •$97.5 million one-time tax expense recorded for the gain on the sale of the FCS business in 2021 •$27.9 million discrete tax benefit recorded in 2021 related to the indemnification estimate of an ongoing tax-related matter in Germany •Change in geographic mix of earnings •2021 includes a discrete tax expense due to an out-of-period adjustment for an overstated deferred tax liability recorded during the three-month period ended December 31, 2017

Equity in Net Income of Unconsolidated Investments


In thousands	2021		2020		$ Change		% Change
Equity in net income of unconsolidated investments	$	95,770	$	127,521	$	(31,751)	(25)	%
•Primarily lower earnings from our Lithium segment joint venture, Talison, primarily driven by unfavorable foreign exchange impacts, partially offset by higher volumes •Increased earnings from strong operating results and other income from our Catalysts segment joint ventures

Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests


In thousands	2021		2020		$ Change		% Change
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	$	(76,270)	$	(70,851)	$	(5,419)	8	%
▪Increase in consolidated income related to our JBC joint venture from higher sales volume


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Net Income Attributable to Albemarle Corporation


In thousands	2021			2020			$ Change		% Change
Net income attributable to Albemarle Corporation	$	123,672		$	375,764		$	(252,092)	(67)	%
Percentage of Net Sales	3.7		%	12.0		%
Basic earnings per share	$	1.07		$	3.53		$	(2.46)	(70)	%
Diluted earnings per share	$	1.06		$	3.52		$	(2.46)	(70)	%
▪$504.5 million, net of income taxes, of additional expense recorded following an arbitration ruling related to a legal matter from a legacy Rockwood business sold to Huntsman prior to Albemarle’s acquisition of Rockwood ▪Gain on sale of FCS business of $330.8 million, net of tax ▪$132.4 million expense related to anticipated cost overruns for MRL’s 40% interest in lithium hydroxide conversion assets being built in Kemerton ▪Increased sales volume and favorable pricing from Lithium and Bromine ▪Decreased recurring interest and financing expenses due to lower debt balances; 2021 included loss on early extinguishment of debt of $23.8 million, net of income taxes ▪Productivity improvements and a reduction in professional fees and other administrative costs ▪Loss of seven months of sales from FCS business following the disposition on June 1, 2021 ▪Mark-to-market actuarial gains of $45.6 million, net of income taxes, recorded in 2021 compared to mark-to-market actuarial losses of $40.9 million, net of income taxes, recorded in 2020 ▪Increased production and utility costs in Bromine and Catalysts resulting from the winter storms in the southern U.S. ▪Increased SG&A expenses, primarily related to additional charitable contribution using proceeds from the sale of the FCS business ▪Lower equity in net income of unconsolidated investments from the Talison joint venture ▪Earnings per share also impacted by the underwritten public offering of our common stock in February 2021, increasing share count by 9.8 million shares

Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income, Net of Tax


In thousands	2021		2020		$ Change		% Change
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	$	(66,478)	$	69,850	$	(136,328)	*
•Foreign currency translation	$	(74,385)	$	99,832	$	(174,217)	*
▪2021 included unfavorable movements in the Euro of approximately $62 million, the Japanese Yen of approximately $8 million, the Brazilian Real of approximately $5 million, the South Korean Won of approximately $4 million and the net unfavorable variance in other currencies totaling approximately $5 million, partially offset by favorable movements in the Chinese Renminbi of approximately $10 million
•2020 included favorable movements in the Euro of approximately $84 million, the Chinese Renminbi of approximately $22 million, the Taiwanese Dollar of approximately $7 million, the Japanese Yen of approximately $5 million and the Korean Won of approximately $4 million, partially offset by unfavorable movements in the Brazilian Real of approximately $19 million and a net unfavorable variance in various other currencies totaling approximately $2 million
•Cash flow hedge	$	174	$	1,602	$	(1,428)	(89)	%
•Net investment hedge	$	5,110	$	(34,185)	$	39,295	(115)	%

Percentage calculation is not meaningful

Segment Information Overview. We have identified three reportable segments according to the nature and economic characteristics of our products as well as the manner in which the information is used internally by the Company’s chief operating decision maker to evaluate performance and make resource allocation decisions. Our reportable business segments consist of: (1) Lithium, (2) Bromine and (3) Catalysts.

Summarized financial information concerning our reportable segments is shown in the following tables. The “All Other” category includes only the FCS business, the sale of which was completed on June 1, 2021, that does not fit into any of our core businesses.

The Corporate category is not considered to be a segment and includes corporate-related items not allocated to the operating segments. Pension and OPEB service cost (which represents the benefits earned by active employees during the period) and amortization of prior service cost or benefit are allocated to the reportable segments, All Other, and Corporate, whereas the remaining components of pension and OPEB benefits cost or credit (“Non-operating pension and OPEB items”)


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are included in Corporate. Segment data includes intersegment transfers of raw materials at cost and allocations for certain corporate costs.

Our chief operating decision maker uses adjusted EBITDA (as defined below) to assess the ongoing performance of the Company’s business segments and to allocate resources. We define adjusted EBITDA as earnings before interest and financing expenses, income tax expense, depreciation and amortization, as adjusted on a consistent basis for certain non-operating, non-recurring or unusual items in a balanced manner and on a segment basis. These non-operating, non-recurring or unusual items may include acquisition and integration related costs, gains or losses on sales of businesses, restructuring charges, facility divestiture charges, certain litigation and arbitration costs and charges, non-operating pension and OPEB items and other significant non-recurring items. In addition, management uses adjusted EBITDA for business planning purposes and as a significant component in the calculation of performance-based compensation for management and other employees. We reported adjusted EBITDA because management believes it provides transparency to investors and enables period-to-period comparability of financial performance. Adjusted EBITDA is a financial measure that is not required by, or presented in accordance with, the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to Net (loss) income attributable to Albemarle Corporation, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP, or any other financial measure reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP.


	Year Ended December 31,								Percentage Change
	2021		%		2020		%		2021 vs. 2020
	(In thousands, except percentages)
Net sales:
Lithium	$	1,363,284	41.0	%	$	1,144,778	36.6	%	19	%
Bromine	1,128,343		33.9	%	964,962		30.8	%	17	%
Catalysts	761,235		22.9	%	797,914		25.5	%	(5)	%
All Other	75,095		2.2	%	221,255		7.1	%	(66)	%

Total net sales	$	3,327,957	100.0	%	$	3,128,909	100.0	%	6	%

Adjusted EBITDA:
Lithium	$	479,538	55.1	%	$	393,093	48.0	%	22	%
Bromine	360,682		41.4	%	323,605		39.5	%	11	%
Catalysts	106,941		12.3	%	130,134		15.9	%	(18)	%
All Other	29,858		3.4	%	84,821		10.4	%	(65)	%
Corporate	(106,045)		(12.2)	%	(112,915)		(13.8)	%	(6)	%
Total adjusted EBITDA	$	870,974	100.0	%	$	818,738	100.0	%	6	%


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

See below for a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA, the non-GAAP financial measure, from Net income attributable to Albemarle Corporation, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP, (in thousands):


	Lithium		Bromine		Catalysts		Reportable Segments Total		All Other		Corporate		Consolidated Total
2021
Net income (loss) attributable to Albemarle Corporation	$	192,244	$	309,501	$	55,353	$	557,098	$	27,988	$	(461,414)	$	123,672
Depreciation and amortization	138,772		51,181		51,588		241,541		1,870		10,589		254,000
Restructuring and other(a)	—		—		—		—		—		3,027		3,027
Gain on sale of business/interest in properties, net(b)	132,400		—		—		132,400		—		(428,371)		(295,971)
Acquisition and integration related costs(c)	—		—		—		—		—		12,670		12,670

Interest and financing expenses	—		—		—		—		—		61,476		61,476
Income tax expense	—		—		—		—		—		29,446		29,446

Non-operating pension and OPEB items	—		—		—		—		—		(78,814)		(78,814)
Legacy Rockwood legal matter(d)	—		—		—		—		—		657,412		657,412
Albemarle Foundation contribution(e)	—		—		—		—		—		20,000		20,000
Indemnification adjustments(f)	—		—		—		—		—		39,381		39,381
Other(g)	16,122		—		—		16,122		—		28,553		44,675
Adjusted EBITDA	$	479,538	$	360,682	$	106,941	$	947,161	$	29,858	$	(106,045)	$	870,974
2020
Net income (loss) attributable to Albemarle Corporation	$	277,711	$	274,495	$	80,149	$	632,355	$	76,323	$	(332,914)	$	375,764
Depreciation and amortization	112,854		50,310		49,985		213,149		8,498		10,337		231,984
Restructuring and other(a)	—		—		—		—		—		19,597		19,597

Acquisition and integration related costs(c)	—		—		—		—		—		17,263		17,263
Interest and financing expenses	—		—		—		—		—		73,116		73,116
Income tax expense	—		—		—		—		—		54,425		54,425

Non-operating pension and OPEB items	—		—		—		—		—		40,668		40,668


Other(h)	2,528		(1,200)		—		1,328		—		4,593		5,921
Adjusted EBITDA	$	393,093	$	323,605	$	130,134	$	846,832	$	84,821	$	(112,915)	$	818,738

(a)In 2021, we recorded facility closure related to offices in Germany, and severance expenses in Germany and Belgium, in SG&A. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded severance expenses as part of business reorganization plans, impacting each of our businesses and Corporate, primarily in the U.S., Belgium, Germany and with our Jordanian joint venture partner. We recorded expenses of $0.7 million in Cost of goods sold, $19.2 million in SG&A and a $0.3 million gain in Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests for the portion of severance expense allocated to our Jordanian joint venture partner. The balance of unpaid restructuring costs and severance is recorded in Accrued expenses and is expected to primarily be paid through 2022.

(b)Includes a $428.4 million gain related to the FCS divestiture recorded during the year ended December 31, 2021. See Note 3, “Divestitures,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for additional information on this gain. In addition, includes a $132.4 million expense related to anticipated cost overruns for MRL’s 40% interest in lithium hydroxide conversion assets being built in Kemerton. See Note 2, “Acquisitions,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for additional information.

(c)See Note 2, “Acquisitions,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for additional information.

(d)Loss recorded in Other expenses, net for the year ended December 31, 2021 related to the settlement of an arbitration ruling for a legacy Rockwood legal matter. See Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for further details.

(e)Included in SG&A is a charitable contribution, using a portion of the proceeds received from the FCS divestiture, to the Albemarle Foundation, a non-profit organization that sponsors grants, health and social projects, educational initiatives, disaster relief, matching gift programs, scholarships and other charitable initiatives in locations where our employees live and the Company operates. This contribution is in addition to the normal annual contribution made to the Albemarle Foundation by the Company, and is significant in size and nature in that it is intended to provide more long-term benefits in these communities.


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

(f)Included in Other expenses, net to revise an indemnification estimate for an ongoing tax-related matter of a previously disposed business in Germany. A corresponding discrete tax benefit of $27.9 million was recorded in Income tax expense during the same period, netting to an expected cash obligation of approximately $11.5 million.

(g)Included amounts for the year ended December 31, 2021 recorded in:

Cost of goods sold - $10.5 million of expense related to a legal matter as part of a prior acquisition in our Lithium business.
SG&A - $11.5 million of legal fees related to a legacy Rockwood legal matter noted above, $9.8 million of expenses primarily related to non-routine labor and compensation related costs that are outside normal compensation arrangements, a $4.0 million loss resulting from the sale of property, plant and equipment and $3.8 million of charges for environmental reserves at a sites not part of our operations.
Other expenses, net - $4.8 million of net expenses primarily related to asset retirement obligation charges to update of an estimate at a site formerly owned by Albemarle.

(h)Included amounts for the year ended December 31, 2020 recorded in:

Cost of goods sold - $1.3 million of expense related to a legal matter as part of a prior acquisition in our Lithium business.
SG&A - $3.1 million of shortfall contributions for our multiemployer plan financial improvement plan and $3.8 million of a net expense primarily relating to the increase of environmental reserves at non-operating businesses we have previously divested.
Other expenses, net - $7.2 million gain related to the sale of our ownership percentage in the SOCC joint venture, $3.6 million of a net gain primarily relating to the sale of intangible assets in our Bromine business and property in Germany not used as part of our operations and a $2.5 million net gain resulting from the settlement of legal matters related to a business sold or a site in the process of being sold, partially offset by $9.6 million of losses resulting from the adjustment of indemnifications related to previously disposed businesses and $1.2 million of expenses related to other costs outside of our regular operations.

Lithium


In thousands	2021		2020		$ Change		% Change
Net sales	$	1,363,284	$	1,144,778	$	218,506	19	%
▪$174.8 million of higher sales volume, driven by strength in both carbonate and hydroxide ▪$22.1 million of favorable pricing impacts, primarily in battery- and tech-grade carbonate and hydroxide due to higher pricing under certain contracts and mix ▪$21.6 million of favorable currency translation resulting from the weaker U.S. Dollar against various currencies
Adjusted EBITDA	$	479,538	$	393,093	$	86,445	22	%
•Higher sales volume and favorable pricing impacts •Increased SG&A expenses from higher compensation, professional fees and other administrative costs •Productivity improvements, offsetting the impact of inflation •Lower equity in net income of unconsolidated investments from the Talison joint venture •$4.4 million out-of-period adjustment expense recorded in Cost of goods sold to correct misstated inventory foreign exchange values relating to prior year periods •$4.1 million of unfavorable currency translation resulting from a stronger Chilean Peso

Bromine


In thousands	2021		2020		$ Change		% Change
Net sales	$	1,128,343	$	964,962	$	163,381	17	%
•$108.7 million of favorable pricing impacts, primarily in the flame retardants division and as a result of a favorable 2021 customer mix •$45.1 million of higher sales volume related to increased demand across all products •$9.6 million of favorable currency translation resulting from the weaker U.S. Dollar against various currencies
Adjusted EBITDA	$	360,682	$	323,605	$	37,077	11	%
•Higher sales volume and favorable pricing impacts as a result of a favorable 2021 customer mix •Productivity improvements and a reduction in professional fees and other administrative costs •Increased raw material prices, primarily due to shortage of available chlorine •Increased production and utility costs of approximately $6 million resulting from the U.S. Gulf Coast winter storm •Increased freight costs •$8.7 million of favorable currency translation resulting from the weaker U.S. Dollar against various currencies


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

Catalysts


In thousands	2021		2020		$ Change		% Change
Net sales	$	761,235	$	797,914	$	(36,679)	(5)	%
•$42.7 million of lower sales volume, primarily from lower demand in clean fuel technologies •$0.9 million of unfavorable pricing impacts, primarily in FCC, partially offset by PCS •$6.9 million of favorable currency translation resulting from the weaker U.S. Dollar against various currencies
Adjusted EBITDA	$	106,941	$	130,134	$	(23,193)	(18)	%
•Lower sales volume, primarily from lower demand in clean fuel technologies, as well as unfavorable pricing impacts, primarily in FCC •Increased production and utility costs of approximately $16 million resulting from the U.S. Gulf Coast winter storm •$3.1 million out-of-period adjustment expense recorded in Cost of goods sold to correct misstated inventory foreign exchange values relating to prior year periods •Increased raw material and freight costs •Partially offset by productivity improvements and a reduction in professional fees and other administrative costs •$19 million of government grants from the Netherlands in response to losses during the COVID-19 pandemic

All Other


In thousands	2021		2020		$ Change		% Change
Net sales	$	75,095	$	221,255	$	(146,160)	(66)	%
▪Primarily decreased volume resulting from the sale of the FCS business in the second quarter of 2021
Adjusted EBITDA	$	29,858	$	84,821	$	(54,963)	(65)	%
▪Primarily decreased volume resulting from the sale of the FCS business in the second quarter of 2021

Corporate


In thousands	2021		2020		$ Change		% Change
Adjusted EBITDA	$	(106,045)	$	(112,915)	$	6,870	(6)	%
▪$5.3 million of favorable currency exchange impacts, including a $23.5 million decrease in foreign currency impacts from our Talison joint venture ▪Productivity improvements and a reduction in professional fees and other administrative costs ▪Increase in incentive compensation costs

Summary of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Estimates, Assumptions and Reclassifications

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Listed below are the estimates and assumptions that we consider to be critical in the preparation of our financial statements.

Property, Plant and Equipment. We assign the useful lives of our property, plant and equipment based upon our internal engineering estimates which are reviewed periodically. The estimated useful lives of our property, plant and equipment range from two to sixty years and depreciation is recorded on the straight-line method, with the exception of our mineral rights and reserves, which are depleted on a units-of-production method. We evaluate the recovery of our property, plant and equipment by comparing the net carrying value of the asset group to the undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated from the use and eventual disposition of that asset group when events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable. If the carrying amount of the asset group is not recoverable, the fair value of the asset group is measured and if the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized.

Acquisition Method of Accounting. We recognize the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree at their estimated fair values on the date of acquisition for acquired businesses. Determining the fair value of these items requires management’s judgment and the utilization of independent valuation specialists and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions with respect to the timing and amounts of future cash flows and discount rates, among other items. When acquiring mineral reserves, the fair value is estimated using an excess earnings approach, which requires management to estimate future cash flows, net of capital investments in the specific operation. Management’s cash flow projections involved the use of significant estimates and assumptions with respect to the


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

expected production of the mine over the estimated time period, sales prices, shipment volumes, and expected profit margins. The present value of the projected net cash flows represents the preliminary fair value assigned to mineral reserves. The discount rate is a significant assumption used in the valuation model. The judgments made in the determination of the estimated fair value assigned to the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the investee, as well as the estimated useful life of each asset and the duration of each liability, can materially impact the financial statements in periods after acquisition, such as through depreciation and amortization expense. For more information on our acquisitions and application of the acquisition method, see Note 2, “Acquisitions,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report.

Income Taxes. We assume the deductibility of certain costs in our income tax filings, and we estimate the future recovery of deferred tax assets, uncertain tax positions and indefinite investment assertions.

Environmental Remediation Liabilities. We estimate and accrue the costs required to remediate a specific site depending on site-specific facts and circumstances. Cost estimates to remediate each specific site are developed by assessing (i) the scope of our contribution to the environmental matter, (ii) the scope of the anticipated remediation and monitoring plan and (iii) the extent of other parties’ share of responsibility.

Actual results could differ materially from the estimates and assumptions that we use in the preparation of our financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services, and is recognized when performance obligations are satisfied under the terms of contracts with our customers. A performance obligation is deemed to be satisfied when control of the product or service is transferred to our customer. The transaction price of a contract, or the amount we expect to receive upon satisfaction of all performance obligations, is determined by reference to the contract’s terms and includes adjustments, if applicable, for any variable consideration, such as customer rebates, noncash consideration or consideration payable to the customer, although these adjustments are generally not material. Where a contract contains more than one distinct performance obligation, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the standalone selling price of each performance obligation, although these situations do not occur frequently and are generally not built into our contracts. Any unsatisfied performance obligations are not material. Standalone selling prices are based on prices we charge to our customers, which in some cases is based on established market prices. Sales and other similar taxes collected from customers on behalf of third parties are excluded from revenue. Our payment terms are generally between 30 to 90 days, however, they vary by market factors, such as customer size, creditworthiness, geography and competitive environment.

All of our revenue is derived from contracts with customers, and almost all of our contracts with customers contain one performance obligation for the transfer of goods where such performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time. Control of a product is deemed to be transferred to the customer upon shipment or delivery. Significant portions of our sales are sold free on board shipping point or on an equivalent basis, while delivery terms of other transactions are based upon specific contractual arrangements. Our standard terms of delivery are generally included in our contracts of sale, order confirmation documents and invoices, while the timing between shipment and delivery generally ranges between 1 and 45 days. Costs for shipping and handling activities, whether performed before or after the customer obtains control of the goods, are accounted for as fulfillment costs.

The Company currently utilizes the following practical expedients, as permitted by Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers:

All sales and other pass-through taxes are excluded from contract value;
In utilizing the modified retrospective transition method, no adjustment was necessary for contracts that did not cross over the reporting year;
We will not consider the possibility of a contract having a significant financing component (which would effectively attribute a portion of the sales price to interest income) unless, if at contract inception, the expected payment terms (from time of delivery or other relevant criterion) are more than one year;
If our right to customer payment is directly related to the value of our completed performance, we recognize revenue consistent with the invoicing right; and
We expense as incurred all costs of obtaining a contract incremental to any costs/compensation attributable to individual product sales/shipments for contracts where the amortization period for such costs would otherwise be one year or less.


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

Certain products we produce are made to our customer’s specifications where such products have no alternative use or would need significant rework costs in order to be sold to another customer. In management’s judgment, control of these arrangements is transferred to the customer at a point in time (upon shipment or delivery) and not over the time they are produced. Therefore revenue is recognized upon shipment or delivery of these products.

Costs incurred to obtain contracts with customers are not significant and are expensed immediately as the amortization period would be one year or less. When the Company incurs pre-production or other fulfillment costs in connection with an existing or specific anticipated contract and such costs are recoverable through margin or explicitly reimbursable, such costs are capitalized and amortized to Cost of goods sold on a systematic basis that is consistent with the pattern of transfer to the customer of the goods or services to which the asset relates, which is less than one year. We record bad debt expense in specific situations when we determine the customer is unable to meet its financial obligation.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

We account for goodwill and other intangibles acquired in a business combination in conformity with current accounting guidance which requires goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets to not be amortized.

We test goodwill for impairment by comparing the estimated fair value of our reporting units to the related carrying value. Our reporting units are either our operating business segments or one level below our operating business segments for which discrete financial information is available and for which operating results are regularly reviewed by the business management. In applying the goodwill impairment test, we initially perform a qualitative test (“Step 0”), where we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units is less than its carrying value. Qualitative factors may include, but are not limited to, economic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance of the reporting units and other entity and reporting unit specific events. If after assessing these qualitative factors, we determine it is “more-likely-than-not” that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, we perform a quantitative test (“Step 1”). During Step 1, we estimate the fair value based on present value techniques involving future cash flows. Future cash flows for all reporting units include assumptions about revenue growth rates, adjusted EBITDA margins, discount rate as well as other economic or industry-related factors. For the Refining Solutions reporting unit, the revenue growth rates and adjusted EBITDA margins were deemed to be significant assumptions. Significant management judgment is involved in estimating these variables and they include inherent uncertainties since they are forecasting future events. We perform a sensitivity analysis by using a range of inputs to confirm the reasonableness of these estimates being used in the goodwill impairment analysis. We use a Weighted Average Cost of Capital (“WACC”) approach to determine our discount rate for goodwill recoverability testing. Our WACC calculation incorporates industry-weighted average returns on debt and equity from a market perspective. The factors in this calculation are largely external to Albemarle and, therefore, are beyond our control. We test our recorded goodwill for impairment in the fourth quarter of each year or upon the occurrence of events or changes in circumstances that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of our reporting units below their carrying amounts. We performed our annual goodwill impairment test as of October 31, 2021 and no evidence of impairment was noted from the analysis. As a result, we concluded there was no impairment as of that date.

We assess our indefinite-lived intangible assets, which include trade names and trademarks, for impairment annually and between annual tests if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired. The indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment standard allows us to first assess qualitative factors to determine if a quantitative impairment test is necessary. Further testing is only required if we determine, based on the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived intangible asset’s fair value is less than its carrying amount. If we determine based on the qualitative assessment that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired, an impairment test is performed by comparing the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset to its carrying amount. During the year ended December 31, 2021, no evidence of impairment was noted from the analysis for our indefinite-lived intangible assets.

Definite-lived intangible assets, such as purchased technology, patents and customer lists, are amortized over their estimated useful lives generally for periods ranging from five to twenty-five years. Except for customer lists and relationships associated with the majority of our Lithium business, which are amortized using the pattern of economic benefit method, definite-lived intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method. We evaluate the recovery of our definite-lived intangible assets by comparing the net carrying value of the asset group to the undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated from the use and eventual disposition of that asset group when events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable. If the carrying amount of the asset group is not recoverable, the fair value of the asset group is measured and if the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized. See Note 12, “Goodwill and Other Intangibles,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report.


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

Resource Development Expenses

We incur costs in resource exploration, evaluation and development during the different phases of our resource development projects. Exploration costs incurred before the declaration of proven and probable resources are generally expensed as incurred. After proven and probable resources are declared, exploration, evaluation and development costs necessary to bring the property to commercial capacity or increase the capacity or useful life are capitalized. Any costs to maintain the production capacity in a property under production are expensed as incurred.

Capitalized resource costs are depleted using the units-of-production method. Our resource development assets are evaluated for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

Pension Plans and Other Postretirement Benefits

Under authoritative accounting standards, assumptions are made regarding the valuation of benefit obligations and the performance of plan assets. As required, we recognize a balance sheet asset or liability for each of our pension and OPEB plans equal to the plan’s funded status as of the measurement date. The primary assumptions are as follows:

Discount Rate—The discount rate is used in calculating the present value of benefits, which is based on projections of benefit payments to be made in the future.
Expected Return on Plan Assets—We project the future return on plan assets based on prior performance and future expectations for the types of investments held by the plans as well as the expected long-term allocation of plan assets for these investments. These projected returns reduce the net benefit costs recorded currently.
Rate of Compensation Increase—For salary-related plans, we project employees’ annual pay increases, which are used to project employees’ pension benefits at retirement.
Mortality Assumptions—Assumptions about life expectancy of plan participants are used in the measurement of related plan obligations.

Actuarial gains and losses are recognized annually in our consolidated statements of income in the fourth quarter and whenever a plan is determined to qualify for a remeasurement during a fiscal year. The remaining components of pension and OPEB plan expense, primarily service cost, interest cost and expected return on assets, are recorded on a monthly basis. The market-related value of assets equals the actual market value as of the date of measurement.

During 2021, we made changes to assumptions related to discount rates and expected rates of return on plan assets. We consider available information that we deem relevant when selecting each of these assumptions.

Our U.S. defined benefit plans for non-represented employees are closed to new participants, with no additional benefits accruing under these plans as participants’ accrued benefits have been frozen. In selecting the discount rates for the U.S. plans, we consider expected benefit payments on a plan-by-plan basis. As a result, the Company uses different discount rates for each plan depending on the demographics of participants and the expected timing of benefit payments. For 2021, the discount rates were calculated using the results from a bond matching technique developed by Milliman, which matched the future estimated annual benefit payments of each respective plan against a portfolio of bonds of high quality to determine the discount rate. We believe our selected discount rates are determined using preferred methodology under authoritative accounting guidance and accurately reflect market conditions as of the December 31, 2021 measurement date.

In selecting the discount rates for the foreign plans, we look at long-term yields on AA-rated corporate bonds when available. Our actuaries have developed yield curves based on the yields of constituent bonds in the various indices as well as on other market indicators such as swap rates, particularly at the longer durations. For the Eurozone, we apply the Aon Hewitt yield curve to projected cash flows from the relevant plans to derive the discount rate. For the U.K., the discount rate is determined by applying the Aon Hewitt yield curve for typical schemes of similar duration to projected cash flows of Albemarle’s U.K. plan. In other countries where there is not a sufficiently deep market of high-quality corporate bonds, we set the discount rate by referencing the yield on government bonds of an appropriate duration.

At December 31, 2021, the weighted-average discount rate for the U.S. and foreign pension plans decreased to 2.86% and 1.44%, respectively, from 2.50% and 0.86%, respectively, at December 31, 2020 to reflect market conditions as of the December 31, 2021 measurement date. The discount rate for the OPEB plans at December 31, 2021 and 2020 was 2.85% and 2.49%, respectively.

In estimating the expected return on plan assets, we consider past performance and future expectations for the types of investments held by the plan as well as the expected long-term allocations of plan assets to these investments. For the years 2021 and 2020, the weighted-average expected rate of return on U.S. pension plan assets was 6.88%, and the weighted-average


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

expected rate of return on foreign pension plan assets was 3.98% and 4.07%, respectively. Effective January 1, 2022, the weighted-average expected rate of return on U.S. and foreign pension plan assets is 6.89% and 3.85%, respectively.

In projecting the rate of compensation increase, we consider past experience in light of movements in inflation rates. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the assumed weighted-average rate of compensation increase was 3.20% and 3.82%, respectively, for our foreign pension plans.

For the purpose of measuring our U.S. pension and OPEB obligations at December 31, 2021 and 2020, we used the Pri-2012 Mortality Tables along with the MP-2021 and MP-2020 Mortality Improvement Scale, respectively, published by the SOA.

At December 31, 2021, the assumed rate of increase in the pre-65 and post-65 per capita cost of covered health care benefits for U.S. retirees was zero as the employer-paid premium caps (pre-65 and post-65) were met starting January 1, 2013.

A variance in the assumptions discussed above would have an impact on the projected benefit obligations, the accrued OPEB liabilities, and the annual net periodic pension and OPEB cost. The following table reflects the sensitivities associated with a hypothetical change in certain assumptions, primarily in the U.S. (in thousands):


	(Favorable) Unfavorable
	1% Increase				1% Decrease
	Increase (Decrease) in Benefit Obligation		Increase (Decrease) in Benefit Cost		Increase (Decrease) in Benefit Obligation		Increase (Decrease) in Benefit Cost
Actuarial Assumptions
Discount Rate:
Pension	$	(104,285)	$	4,919	$	120,116	$	(6,514)
Other postretirement benefits	$	(4,520)	$	276	$	5,414	$	(348)
Expected return on plan assets:
Pension	*		$	(6,796)	*		$	6,796
Other postretirement benefits	*		$	—	*		$	—

Not applicable.

Of the $700.2 million total pension and postretirement assets at December 31, 2021, $96.3 million, or approximately 14%, are measured using the net asset value as a practical expedient. Gains or losses attributable to these assets are recognized in the consolidated balance sheets as either an increase or decrease in plan assets. See Note 15, “Pension Plans and Other Postretirement Benefits,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report.

Income Taxes

We use the liability method for determining our income taxes, under which current and deferred tax liabilities and assets are recorded in accordance with enacted tax laws and rates. Under this method, the amounts of deferred tax liabilities and assets at the end of each period are determined using the tax rate expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered. Future tax benefits are recognized to the extent that realization of such benefits is more likely than not. In order to record deferred tax assets and liabilities, we are following guidance under ASU 2015-17, which requires deferred tax assets and liabilities to be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet, along with any related valuation allowance. Tax effects are released from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income using either the specific identification approach or the portfolio approach based on the nature of the underlying item.

Deferred income taxes are provided for the estimated income tax effect of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of existing assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are also provided for operating losses, capital losses and certain tax credit carryovers. A valuation allowance, reducing deferred tax assets, is established when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The realization of such deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of sufficient future taxable income of the appropriate character. Although realization is not assured, we do not establish a valuation allowance when we believe it is more likely than not that a net deferred tax asset will be realized.

We only recognize a tax benefit after concluding that it is more likely than not that the benefit will be sustained upon audit by the respective taxing authority based solely on the technical merits of the associated tax position. Once the recognition threshold is met, we recognize a tax benefit measured as the largest amount of the tax benefit that, in our judgment, is greater


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

than 50% likely to be realized. Interest and penalties related to income tax liabilities are included in Income tax expense on the consolidated statements of income.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Due to the statute of limitations, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax audits by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for years prior to 2017. Due to the statute of limitations, we also are no longer subject to U.S. state income tax audits prior to 2017.

With respect to jurisdictions outside the U.S., several audits are in process. We have audits ongoing for the years 2011 through 2020 related to Germany, Italy, Belgium, South Africa and Chile, some of which are for entities that have since been divested.

While we believe we have adequately provided for all tax positions, amounts asserted by taxing authorities could be greater than our accrued position. Accordingly, additional provisions on federal and foreign tax-related matters could be recorded in the future as revised estimates are made or the underlying matters are settled or otherwise resolved.

Since the timing of resolutions and/or closure of tax audits are uncertain, it is difficult to predict with certainty the range of reasonably possible significant increases or decreases in the liability related to uncertain tax positions that may occur within the next twelve months. Our current view is that it is reasonably possible that we could record a decrease in the liability related to uncertain tax positions, relating to a number of issues, up to approximately $0.3 million as a result of closure of tax statutes. As a result of the sale of the Chemetall Surface Treatment business in 2016, we agreed to indemnify certain income and non-income tax liabilities, including uncertain tax positions, associated with the entities sold. The associated liability is recorded in Other noncurrent liabilities. See Note 16, “Other Noncurrent Liabilities,” and Note 21, “Income Taxes,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for further details.

We have designated the undistributed earnings of a portion of our foreign operations as indefinitely reinvested and as a result we do not provide for deferred income taxes on the unremitted earnings of these subsidiaries. Our foreign earnings are computed under U.S. federal tax earnings and profits (“E&P”) principles. In general, to the extent our financial reporting book basis over tax basis of a foreign subsidiary exceeds these E&P amounts, deferred taxes have not been provided, as they are essentially permanent in duration. The determination of the amount of such unrecognized deferred tax liability is not practicable. We provide for deferred income taxes on our undistributed earnings of foreign operations that are not deemed to be indefinitely invested. We will continue to evaluate our permanent investment assertion taking into consideration all relevant and current tax laws.

Financial Condition and Liquidity

Overview

The principal uses of cash in our business generally have been capital investments and resource development costs, funding working capital, and service of debt. We also make contributions to our defined benefit pension plans, pay dividends to our shareholders and repurchase shares of our common stock. Historically, cash to fund the needs of our business has been principally provided by cash from operations, debt financing and equity issuances.

We are continually focused on working capital efficiency particularly in the areas of accounts receivable, payables and inventory. We anticipate that cash on hand, cash provided by operating activities, proceeds from divestitures and borrowings will be sufficient to pay our operating expenses, satisfy debt service obligations, fund capital expenditures and other investing activities, fund pension contributions and pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

Cash Flow

Our cash and cash equivalents were $439.3 million at December 31, 2021 as compared to $746.7 million at December 31, 2020. Cash provided by operating activities was $344.3 million, $798.9 million and $719.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The decrease in cash provided by operating activities in 2021 versus 2020 was primarily due to the $332.5 million payment to Huntsman to settle a legacy Rockwood legal matter, lower earnings from the FCS business sold on June 1, 2021, as well as increased inventory balances and accounts receivable due to the timing of payments. This was partially offset by increased sales in our Lithium and Bromine segments. The increase in cash provided by operating activities in 2020 versus 2019 was primarily due to lower working capital outflow, including inventory reductions and the timing of receivable collections, as well as the previously announced Company-wide cost savings initiative and increased dividends from unconsolidated investments, which more than offset lower revenues in each of our reportable segments. The working capital


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

outflow in 2020 also included the payment of $61.5 million related to stamp duties in Australia levied on the assets purchased as part of the acquisition of the Wodgina Project completed in 2019.

During 2021, cash on hand, cash provided by operations, net cash proceeds of $289.8 million from the sale of the FCS business, $388.5 million of commercial paper borrowings and the $1.5 billion net proceeds from our underwritten public offering of common stock funded debt principal payments of approximately $1.5 billion, early extinguishment of debt fees of (24,877), $332.5 million of the legal settlement related to the legacy Rockwood business arbitration, $953.7 million of capital expenditures for plant, machinery and equipment, dividends to shareholders of $177.9 million, and pension and postretirement contributions of $30.3 million. During 2020, cash on hand, cash provided by operations and proceeds from borrowings of $200 million from one of our credit facilities funded $850.0 million of capital expenditures for plant, machinery and equipment, dividends to shareholders of $161.8 million, and pension and postretirement contributions of $16.4 million. In addition, during 2020 we received $11.0 million in proceeds from the sale of our ownership interest in the SOCC joint venture during and paid $22.6 million of agreed upon purchase price adjustments for the Wodgina Project acquisition. During 2019, cash on hand, cash provided by operations and proceeds from borrowings of $1.60 billion funded the Wodgina Project acquisition discussed below, $851.8 million of capital expenditures for plant, machinery and equipment, dividends to shareholders of $152.2 million, the repayment of $175.2 million of senior notes, and pension and postretirement contributions of $16.5 million. In addition, during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, our consolidated joint venture, JBC, paid dividends of approximately $247.8 million, $63.7 million and $224.9 million, respectively, which resulted in dividends to noncontrolling interests of $96.1 million, $32.1 million and $83.2 million, respectively.

On June 1, 2021, we completed the sale of the FCS business to Grace for proceeds of approximately $570 million, consisting of $300 million in cash and the issuance to Albemarle of preferred equity of a Grace subsidiary having an aggregate stated value of $270 million. The preferred equity can be redeemed at Grace’s option under certain conditions and will accrue payment-in-kind dividends at an annual rate of 12% beginning on June 1, 2023, two years after issuance.

On February 8, 2021, we completed an underwritten public offering of 8,496,773 shares of our common stock at a price to the public of $153.00 per share. We also granted to the underwriters an option to purchase up to an additional 1,274,509 shares, which was exercised. The total gross proceeds from this offering were approximately $1.5 billion, before deducting expenses, underwriting discounts and commissions. In the first quarter of 2021, we made the following debt principal payments using the net proceeds from this underwritten public offering:

€123.8 million of the 1.125% notes due in November 2025
€393.0 million, the remaining balance, of the 1.875% Senior notes originally due in December 2021
$128.4 million of the 3.45% Senior notes due in November 2029
$200.0 million, the remaining balance, of the floating rate notes originally due in November 2022
€183.3 million, the outstanding balance, of the unsecured credit facility originally entered into on August 14, 2019, as amended and restated on December 15, 2020 (the “2019 Credit Facility”)
$325.0 million, the outstanding balance, of the commercial paper notes

On October 31, 2019, we completed the acquisition of a 60% interest in the Wodgina Project for a total purchase price of $1.3 billion. The purchase price is comprised of $820 million in cash and the transfer of 40% interest in certain lithium hydroxide conversion assets being built by Albemarle in Kemerton, Western Australia, valued at approximately $480 million. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2020, we paid $22.6 million of agreed upon purchase price adjustments. The cash consideration was funded by the unsecured credit facility entered into on August 14, 2019.

In November 2019, we issued notes totaling $500.0 million and €1.0 billion. The net proceeds from the issuance of these notes were used to repay the $1.0 billion balance of the unsecured credit facility entered into on August 14, 2019, a large portion of approximately $370 million of commercial paper notes, the remaining balance of $175.2 million of the senior notes issued on December 10, 2010 (“2010 Senior Notes”), and for general corporate purposes. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded a loss on early extinguishment of debt of $4.8 million in Interest and financing expenses, representing the tender premiums, fees, unamortized discounts and unamortized deferred financing costs from the redemption of the 2010 Senior Notes.

Capital expenditures were $953.7 million, $850.5 million and $851.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and were incurred mainly for plant, machinery and equipment, and mining resource development.


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

We expect our capital expenditures to be between $1.3 billion and $1.5 billion in 2022 primarily for Lithium growth and capacity increases, primarily in Australia, China and Silver Peak, Nevada, as well as productivity and continuity of operations projects in all segments. Train I of our Kemerton, Western Australia plant was completed in December 2021, but due to the ongoing labor shortages and COVID-19 pandemic travel restrictions in Western Australia, Train II construction is now expected to be completed in the second half of 2022. Commercial sales volume from Train I will begin in 2022 and Train II in 2023.

During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, we incurred $12.7 million, $17.3 million and $20.7 million of costs related to the acquisition, integration and potential divestitures for various significant projects, including the acquisition of the Wodgina Project in 2019, which primarily consisted of professional services and advisory fees.

The Company is permitted to repurchase up to a maximum of 15,000,000 shares under a share repurchase program authorized by our Board of Directors. There were no shares of our common stock repurchased during 2021, 2020 or 2019. At December 31, 2021, there were 7,396,263 remaining shares available for repurchase under the Company’s authorized share repurchase program.

Net current assets decreased to approximately $133.6 million at December 31, 2021 from $404.3 million at December 31, 2020. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in cash and cash equivalents to pay a portion of the legacy Rockwood legal matter and for capital expenditures, as well as the increase in accrued expenses for the remaining payment of the legacy Rockwood legal matter. This was partially offset by the repayment of the current portion of long-term debt using proceeds from our underwritten public offering of our common stock. Additional changes in the components of net current assets are primarily due to the timing of the sale of goods and other ordinary transactions leading up to the balance sheet dates and are not the result of any policy changes by the Company, and do not reflect any change in either the quality of our net current assets or our expectation of success in converting net working capital to cash in the ordinary course of business.

At December 31, 2021 and 2020, our cash and cash equivalents included $374.0 million and $492.8 million, respectively, held by our foreign subsidiaries. The majority of these foreign cash balances are associated with earnings that we have asserted are indefinitely reinvested and which we plan to use to support our continued growth plans outside the U.S. through funding of capital expenditures, acquisitions, research, operating expenses or other similar cash needs of our foreign operations. From time to time, we repatriate cash associated with earnings from our foreign subsidiaries to the U.S. for normal operating needs through intercompany dividends, but only from subsidiaries whose earnings we have not asserted to be indefinitely reinvested or whose earnings qualify as “previously taxed income” as defined by the Internal Revenue Code. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, we repatriated approximately $0.9 million, $1.8 million and $351.9 million of cash, respectively, as part of these foreign earnings cash repatriation activities.

While we continue to closely monitor our cash generation, working capital management and capital spending in light of continuing uncertainties in the global economy, we believe that we will continue to have the financial flexibility and capability to opportunistically fund future growth initiatives. Additionally, we anticipate that future capital spending, including business acquisitions, share repurchases and other cash outlays, should be financed primarily with cash flow provided by operations and cash on hand, with additional cash needed, if any, provided by borrowings. The amount and timing of any additional borrowings will depend on our specific cash requirements.

Long-Term Debt

We currently have the following notes outstanding:


Issue Month/Year	Principal (in millions)	Interest Rate	Interest Payment Dates	Maturity Date
November 2019	€371.7	1.125%	November 25	November 25, 2025
November 2019	€500.0	1.625%	November 25	November 25, 2028
November 2019(a)	$171.6	3.45%	May 15 and November 15	November 15, 2029
November 2014(a)	$425.0	4.15%	June 1 and December 1	December 1, 2024
November 2014(a)	$350.0	5.45%	June 1 and December 1	December 1, 2044

(a) Denotes senior notes.

Our senior notes are senior unsecured obligations and rank equally with all our other senior unsecured indebtedness from time to time outstanding. The notes are effectively subordinated to all of our existing or future secured indebtedness and to the existing and future indebtedness of our subsidiaries. As is customary for such long-term debt instruments, each series of notes


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

outstanding has terms that allow us to redeem the notes before maturity, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount of these notes to be redeemed, or (ii) the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest thereon (exclusive of interest accrued to the date of redemption) discounted to the redemption date on a semi-annual basis using the comparable government rate (as defined in the indentures governing these notes) plus between 25 and 40 basis points, depending on the series of notes, plus, in each case, accrued interest thereon to the date of redemption. Holders may require us to purchase such notes at 101% upon a change of control triggering event, as defined in the indentures. These notes are subject to typical events of default, including bankruptcy and insolvency events, nonpayment and the acceleration of certain subsidiary indebtedness of $40 million or more caused by a nonpayment default.

Our Euro notes issued in 2019 are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations and rank equally in right of payment to all our other unsecured senior obligations. The Euro notes are effectively subordinated to all of our existing or future secured indebtedness and to the existing and future indebtedness of our subsidiaries. As is customary for such long-term debt instruments, each series of notes outstanding has terms that allow us to redeem the notes before their maturity, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed and (ii) the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments of principal thereof and interest thereon (exclusive of interest accrued to, but excluding, the date of redemption) discounted to the redemption date on an annual basis using the bond rate (as defined in the indentures governing these notes) plus between 25 and 35 basis points, depending on the series of notes, plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount being redeemed to, but excluding, the date of redemption. Holders may require us to purchase such notes at 101% upon a change of control triggering event, as defined in the indentures. These notes are subject to typical events of default, including bankruptcy and insolvency events, nonpayment and the acceleration of certain subsidiary indebtedness exceeding $100 million caused by a nonpayment default.

Our revolving, unsecured credit agreement dated as of June 21, 2018, as amended on August 14, 2019 and further amended on May 11, 2020 (the “2018 Credit Agreement”) currently provides for borrowings of up to $1.0 billion and matures on August 9, 2024. Borrowings under the 2018 Credit Agreement bear interest at variable rates based on an average LIBOR for deposits in the relevant currency plus an applicable margin which ranges from 0.910% to 1.500%, depending on the Company’s credit rating from Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services LLC (“S&P”), Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”) and Fitch Ratings, Inc. (“Fitch”). The applicable margin on the facility was 1.125% as of December 31, 2021. There were no borrowings outstanding under the 2018 Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2021.

On August 14, 2019, the Company entered into the $1.2 billion 2019 Credit Facility with several banks and other financial institutions, which was amended and restated on December 15, 2020 and again on December 10, 2021. The lenders’ commitment to provide new loans under the amended 2019 Credit Facility permits up to four borrowings by the Company in an aggregate amount equal to $750 million. The 2019 Credit Facility terminates on December 9, 2022, with each such loan maturing 364 days after the funding of such loan. The Company can request that the maturity date of loans be extended for a period of up to four additional years, but any such extension is subject to the approval of the lenders. At the option of the Company, the borrowings under the 2019 Credit Facility bear interest at variable rates based on either the base rate or LIBOR for deposits in U.S. dollars, in each case plus an applicable margin which ranges from 0.000% to 0.375% for base rate borrowings or 0.875% to 1.375% for LIBOR borrowings, depending on the Company’s credit rating from S&P, Moody’s and Fitch. The applicable margin on the 2019 Credit Facility was 1.125% as of December 31, 2021. There were no borrowings outstanding under the 2019 Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2021.

Borrowings under the under the 2019 Credit Facility and 2018 Credit Agreement (together the “Credit Agreements”) are conditioned upon satisfaction of certain conditions precedent, including the absence of defaults. The Company is subject to one financial covenant, as well as customary affirmative and negative covenants. The financial covenant requires that the Company’s consolidated net funded debt to consolidated EBITDA ratio (as such terms are defined in the Credit Agreements) be less than or equal to 4.00:1 for the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2021 and 3.50:1 for fiscal quarters thereafter, subject to adjustments in accordance with the terms of the Credit Agreements relating to a consummation of an acquisition where the consideration includes cash proceeds from issuance of funded debt in excess of $500 million. The Credit Agreements also contain customary default provisions, including defaults for non-payment, breach of representations and warranties, insolvency, non-performance of covenants and cross-defaults to other material indebtedness. The occurrence of an event of default under the Credit Agreements could result in all loans and other obligations becoming immediately due and payable and each such Credit Agreement being terminated. Certain representations, warranties and covenants under the 2018 Credit Agreement were conformed to those under the 2019 Credit Facility following the amendments to those agreements.

On May 29, 2013, we entered into agreements to initiate a commercial paper program on a private placement basis under which we may issue unsecured commercial paper notes (the “Commercial Paper Notes”) from time-to-time up to a maximum


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

aggregate principal amount outstanding at any time of $750.0 million. The proceeds from the issuance of the Commercial Paper Notes are expected to be used for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of other debt of the Company. The Credit Agreements are available to repay the Commercial Paper Notes, if necessary. Aggregate borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreements and the Commercial Paper Notes will not exceed the $1.75 billion current maximum amount available under the Credit Agreements. The Commercial Paper Notes will be sold at a discount from par, or alternatively, will be sold at par and bear interest at rates that will vary based upon market conditions at the time of issuance. The maturities of the Commercial Paper Notes will vary but may not exceed 397 days from the date of issue. The definitive documents relating to the commercial paper program contain customary representations, warranties, default and indemnification provisions. At December 31, 2021, we had $388.5 million of Commercial Paper Notes outstanding bearing a weighted-average interest rate of approximately 0.46% and a weighted-average maturity of 20 days. The Commercial Paper Notes are classified as Current portion of long-term debt in our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2021 and 2020.

The non-current portion of our long-term debt amounted to $2.00 billion at December 31, 2021, compared to $2.77 billion at December 31, 2020. In addition, at December 31, 2021, we had the ability to borrow $1.36 billion under our commercial paper program and the Credit Agreements, and $210.6 million under other existing lines of credit, subject to various financial covenants under our Credit Agreements. We have the ability and intent to refinance our borrowings under our other existing credit lines with borrowings under the Credit Agreements, as applicable. Therefore, the amounts outstanding under those credit lines, if any, are classified as long-term debt. We believe that as of December 31, 2021 we were, and currently are, in compliance with all of our debt covenants. For additional information about our long-term debt obligations, see Note 14, “Long-Term Debt,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In the normal course of business with customers, vendors and others, we have entered into off-balance sheet arrangements, including bank guarantees and letters of credit, which totaled approximately $81.2 million at December 31, 2021. None of these off-balance sheet arrangements has, or is likely to have, a material effect on our current or future financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources.

Liquidity Outlook

We anticipate that cash on hand and cash provided by operating activities, divestitures and borrowings will be sufficient to pay our operating expenses, satisfy debt service obligations, fund any capital expenditures and share repurchases, make acquisitions, make pension contributions and pay dividends for the foreseeable future. Our main focus during the continued uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic is to continue to maintain financial flexibility by continuing our cost savings initiative, while still protecting our employees and customers, committing to shareholder returns and maintaining an investment grade rating. Over the next three years, in terms of uses of cash, we will continue to invest in growth of the businesses and return value to shareholders. Additionally, we will continue to evaluate the merits of any opportunities that may arise for acquisitions of businesses or assets, which may require additional liquidity.

Our growth investments include the recently announced the signing of a definitive agreement to acquire all of the outstanding equity of Tianyuan for approximately $200 million in cash. Tianyuan's operations include a recently constructed lithium processing plant that has designed annual conversion capacity of up to 25,000 metric tons of LCE and is capable of producing battery-grade lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide. We expect the transaction, which is subject to customary closing conditions, to close in the first half of 2022. In addition, we announced agreements for strategic investments in China with plans to build two lithium hydroxide conversion plants, each initially targeting 50,000 metric tons per year. We expect construction of these conversion plants to begin in 2022 and be completed by the end of 2024.

Overall, with generally strong cash-generative businesses and no significant long-term debt maturities before November 2024, we believe we have, and will be able to maintain, a solid liquidity position. Our annual maturities of long-term debt as of December 31, 2021 are as follows (in millions): 2022—$389.9; 2023—$0.0; 2024—$425.0; 2025—$426.6; 2026—$0.0; thereafter—$1,166.4. Obligations in 2022 primarily include our outstanding Commercial Paper Notes of $388.5 million with a weighted average maturity of 20 days. In addition, we expect to make interest payments on those long-term debt obligations as follows (in millions): 2022—$58.5; 2023—$56.6; 2024—$55.1; 2025—$38.5; 2026—$34.1; thereafter—$378.1. For variable-rate debt obligations, projected interest payments are calculated using the December 31, 2021 weighted average interest rate of approximately 0.40%.

In addition, we expect our capital expenditures to be between $1.3 billion and $1.5 billion in 2022, primarily for Lithium growth and capacity increases, primarily in Australia, China and Silver Peak, Nevada, as well as productivity and continuity of operations projects in all segments. Train I of our Kemerton, Western Australia plant was completed in December 2021, but due to the ongoing labor shortages and COVID-19 pandemic travel restrictions in Western Australia, Train II construction is now


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

expected to be completed in the second half of 2022. Commercial sales volume from Train I will begin in 2022 and Train II in 2023. As of December 31, 2021, we have also committed to approximately $99.4 million of payments to third-party vendors in the normal course of business to secure raw materials for our production processes, with approximately $78.3 million to be paid in 2022. In order to secure materials, sometimes for long durations, these contracts mandate a minimum amount of product to be purchased at predetermined rates over a set timeframe.

See Note 18, “Leases,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for our annual expected payments under our operating lease obligations at December 31, 2021.

In 2022, we expect to pay $23.8 million of the $258.0 million balance remaining from the transition tax on foreign earnings as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) signed into law in December 2017. The one-time transition tax imposed by the TCJA is based on our total post-1986 earnings and profits that we previously deferred from U.S. income taxes and is payable over an eight-year period, with the final payment made in 2026.

Contributions to our domestic and foreign qualified and nonqualified pension plans, including our supplemental executive retirement plan, are expected to approximate $12 million in 2022. We may choose to make additional pension contributions in excess of this amount. We made contributions of approximately $27.6 million to our domestic and foreign pension plans (both qualified and nonqualified) during the year ended December 31, 2021.

The liability related to uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties, recorded in Other noncurrent liabilities totaled $27.7 million and $14.7 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Related assets for corresponding offsetting benefits recorded in Other assets totaled $32.9 million and $24.1 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We cannot estimate the amounts of any cash payments during the next twelve months associated with these liabilities and are unable to estimate the timing of any such cash payments in the future at this time.

Our cash flows from operations may be negatively affected by adverse consequences to our customers and the markets in which we compete as a result of moderating global economic conditions and reduced capital availability. The COVID-19 pandemic has not had a material impact on our liquidity to date; however, we cannot predict the overall impact in terms of cash flow generation as that will depend on the length and severity of the outbreak. As a result, we are planning for various economic scenarios and actively monitoring our balance sheet to maintain the financial flexibility needed.

Although we maintain business relationships with a diverse group of financial institutions as sources of financing, an adverse change in their credit standing could lead them to not honor their contractual credit commitments to us, decline funding under our existing but uncommitted lines of credit with them, not renew their extensions of credit or not provide new financing to us. While the global corporate bond and bank loan markets remain strong, periods of elevated uncertainty related to the COVID-19 pandemic or global economic and/or geopolitical concerns may limit efficient access to such markets for extended periods of time. If such concerns heighten, we may incur increased borrowing costs and reduced credit capacity as our various credit facilities mature. If the U.S. Federal Reserve or similar national reserve banks in other countries decide to tighten the monetary supply in response, for example, to improving economic conditions, we may incur increased borrowing costs (as interest rates increase on our variable rate credit facilities, as our various credit facilities mature or as we refinance any maturing fixed rate debt obligations), although these cost increases would be partially offset by increased income rates on portions of our cash deposits.

On February 6, 2017, Huntsman, a subsidiary of Huntsman Corporation, filed a lawsuit in New York state court against Rockwood, Rockwood Specialties, Inc., certain former executives of Rockwood and its subsidiaries—Seifollah Ghasemi, Thomas Riordan, Andrew Ross, and Michael Valente, and Albemarle. The lawsuit arises out of Huntsman’s acquisition of certain Rockwood subsidiaries in connection with a stock purchase agreement (the “SPA”), dated September 17, 2013. Before that transaction closed on October 1, 2014, Albemarle began discussions with Rockwood to purchase all outstanding equity of Rockwood and did so in a transaction that closed on January 12, 2015. Huntsman’s complaint asserted that certain technology that Rockwood had developed for a production facility in Augusta, Georgia, and which was among the assets that Huntsman acquired pursuant to the SPA, did not work, and that Rockwood and the defendant executives had intentionally misled Huntsman about that technology in connection with the Huntsman-Rockwood transaction. The complaint asserted claims for, among other things, fraud, negligent misrepresentation, and breach of the SPA, and sought certain costs for completing construction of the production facility.

On March 10, 2017, Albemarle moved in New York state court to compel arbitration, which was granted on January 8, 2018 (although Huntsman unsuccessfully appealed that decision). Huntsman’s arbitration demand asserted claims substantially similar to those asserted in its state court complaint, and sought various forms of legal remedies, including cost overruns, compensatory damages, expectation damages, punitive damages, and restitution. After a trial, the arbitration panel issued an


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

award on October 28, 2021, awarding approximately $600 million (including interest) to be paid by Albemarle to Huntsman, in addition to the possibility of attorney’s fees, costs and expenses. Following the arbitration panel decision, Albemarle reached a settlement with Huntsman to pay $665 million in two equal installments, with the first payment made in December 2021. As a result, the consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2021, includes expense of $657.4 million ($508.5 million net of income tax), inclusive of legal fees incurred by Huntsman and other related obligations, to reflect the agreed upon resolution of this legal matter.

In addition, as first reported in 2018, following receipt of information regarding potential improper payments being made by third-party sales representatives of our Refining Solutions business, within our Catalysts segment, we promptly retained outside counsel and forensic accountants to investigate potential violations of the Company’s Code of Conduct, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and other potentially applicable laws. Based on this internal investigation, we have voluntarily self-reported potential issues relating to the use of third-party sales representatives in our Refining Solutions business, within our Catalysts segment, to the DOJ, the SEC, and the DPP, and are cooperating with the DOJ, the SEC, and the DPP in their review of these matters. In connection with our internal investigation, we have implemented, and are continuing to implement, appropriate remedial measures. We have commenced discussions with the SEC about a potential resolution.

At this time, we are unable to predict the duration, scope, result, or related costs associated with the investigations. We also are unable to predict what action may be taken by the DOJ, the SEC, or the DPP, or what penalties or remedial actions they may ultimately seek. Any determination that our operations or activities are not, or were not, in compliance with existing laws or regulations could result in the imposition of fines, penalties, disgorgement, equitable relief, or other losses. We do not believe, however, that any such fines, penalties, disgorgement, equitable relief, or other losses would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or liquidity. However, an adverse resolution could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in a particular period.

We had cash and cash equivalents totaling $439.3 million as of December 31, 2021, of which $374.0 million is held by our foreign subsidiaries. This cash represents an important source of our liquidity and is invested in bank accounts or money market investments with no limitations on access. The cash held by our foreign subsidiaries is intended for use outside of the U.S. We anticipate that any needs for liquidity within the U.S. in excess of our cash held in the U.S. can be readily satisfied with borrowings under our existing U.S. credit facilities or our commercial paper program.

Guarantor Financial Information

Albemarle Wodgina Pty Ltd Issued Notes

Albemarle Wodgina Pty Ltd (the “Issuer”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Albemarle Corporation, issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.45% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “3.45% Senior Notes”) in November 2019. The 3.45% Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed (the “Guarantee”) on a senior unsecured basis by Albemarle Corporation (the “Parent Guarantor”). No direct or indirect subsidiaries of the Parent Guarantor guarantee the 3.45% Senior Notes (such subsidiaries are referred to as the “Non-Guarantors”).

In 2019, we completed the acquisition of a 60% interest in MRL’s Wodgina Project in Western Australia and formed an unincorporated joint venture with MRL, MARBL, for the exploration, development, mining, processing and production of lithium and other minerals (other than iron ore and tantalum) from the Wodgina spodumene mine and for the operation of the Kemerton assets in Western Australia. We participate in the Wodgina Project through our ownership interest in the Issuer.

The Parent Guarantor conducts its U.S. Bromine and Catalysts operations directly, and conducts its other operations (other than operations conducted through the Issuer) through the Non-Guarantors.

The 3.45% Senior Notes are the Issuer’s senior unsecured obligations and rank equally in right of payment to the senior indebtedness of the Issuer, effectively subordinated to all of the secured indebtedness of the Issuer, to the extent of the value of the assets securing that indebtedness, and structurally subordinated to all indebtedness and other liabilities of its subsidiaries. The Guarantee is the senior unsecured obligation of the Parent Guarantor and ranks equally in right of payment to the senior indebtedness of the Parent Guarantor, effectively subordinated to the secured debt of the Parent Guarantor to the extent of the value of the assets securing the indebtedness and structurally subordinated to all indebtedness and other liabilities of its subsidiaries.

For cash management purposes, the Parent Guarantor transfers cash among itself, the Issuer and the Non-Guarantors through intercompany financing arrangements, contributions or declaration of dividends between the respective parent and its subsidiaries. The transfer of cash under these activities facilitates the ability of the recipient to make specified third-party payments for principal and interest on the Issuer and/or the Parent Guarantor’s outstanding debt, common stock dividends and


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

common stock repurchases. There are no significant restrictions on the ability of the Issuer or the Parent Guarantor to obtain funds from subsidiaries by dividend or loan.

The following tables present summarized financial information for the Parent Guarantor and the Issuer on a combined basis after elimination of (i) intercompany transactions and balances among the Issuer and the Parent Guarantor and (ii) equity in earnings from and investments in any subsidiary that is a Non-Guarantor. Each entity in the combined financial information follows the same accounting policies as described herein.

Summarized Statement of Operations


	Year ended December 31,
$ in thousands	2021
Net sales(a)	$	1,412,913
Gross profit	241,739
Loss before income taxes and equity in net income of unconsolidated investments(b)(c)	(607,995)
Net loss attributable to the Guarantor and the Issuer(c)	(558,342)

(a) Includes net sales to Non-Guarantors of $715.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

(b) Includes intergroup expenses to Non-Guarantors of $114.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

(c) Includes Parent Guarantor’s portion of the gain on sale of the FCS business on June 1, 2021 and the loss for the legacy Rockwood legal matter. In addition, includes Issuer’s loss related to anticipated cost overruns for MRL’s 40% interest in lithium hydroxide conversion assets being built in Kemerton.

Summarized Balance Sheet


	At December 31,
$ in thousands	2021
Current assets(a)	$	961,003
Net property, plant and equipment	2,979,034
Other non-current assets	534,695

Current liabilities(b)	$	2,329,212
Long-term debt	1,002,009
Other non-current liabilities(c)	7,008,857

(a) Includes receivables from Non-Guarantors of $466.6 million at December 31, 2021.

(b) Includes current payables to Non-Guarantors of $1,105.2 million at December 31, 2021.

The 3.45% Senior Notes are structurally subordinated to the indebtedness and other liabilities of the Non-Guarantors. The Non-Guarantors are separate and distinct legal entities and have no obligation, contingent or otherwise, to pay any amounts due pursuant to the 3.45% Senior Notes or the Indenture under which the 3.45% Senior Notes were issued, or to make any funds available therefor, whether by dividends, loans, distributions or other payments. Any right that the Parent Guarantor has to receive any assets of any of the Non-Guarantors upon the liquidation or reorganization of any Non-Guarantor, and the consequent rights of holders of the 3.45% Senior Notes to realize proceeds from the sale of any of a Non-Guarantor’s assets, would be effectively subordinated to the claims of such Non-Guarantor’s creditors, including trade creditors and holders of preferred equity interests, if any, of such Non-Guarantor. Accordingly, in the event of a bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization of any of the Non-Guarantors, the Non-Guarantors will pay the holders of their debts, holders of preferred equity interests, if any, and their trade creditors before they will be able to distribute any of their assets to the Parent Guarantor.

The 3.45% Senior Notes are obligations of the Issuer. The Issuer’s cash flow and ability to make payments on the 3.45% Senior Notes could be dependent upon the earnings it derives from the production from MARBL for the Wodgina Project. Absent income received from sales of its share of production from MARBL, the Issuer’s ability to service the 3.45% Senior Notes could be dependent upon the earnings of the Parent Guarantor’s subsidiaries and other joint ventures and the payment of those earnings to the Issuer in the form of equity, loans or advances and through repayment of loans or advances from the Issuer.


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

The Issuer’s obligations in respect of MARBL are guaranteed by the Parent Guarantor. Further, under MARBL pursuant to a deed of cross security between the Issuer, the joint venture partner and the manager of the project (the “Manager”), each of the Issuer, and the joint venture partner have granted security to each other and the Manager for the obligations each of the Issuer and the joint venture partner have to each other and to the Manager. The claims of the joint venture partner, the Manager and other secured creditors of the Issuer will have priority as to the assets of the Issuer over the claims of holders of the 3.45% Senior Notes.

Albemarle Corporation Issued Notes

In March 2021, Albemarle New Holding GmbH (the “Subsidiary Guarantor”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Albemarle Corporation, added a full and unconditional guarantee (the “Upstream Guarantee”) to all securities issued and outstanding by Albemarle Corporation (the “Parent Issuer”) and issuable by the Parent Issuer pursuant to the Indenture, dated as of January 20, 2005, as amended and supplemented from time to time (the “Indenture”). No other direct or indirect subsidiaries of the Parent Issuer guarantee these securities (such subsidiaries are referred to as the “Upstream Non-Guarantors”). See Long-term debt section above for a description of the securities issued by the Parent Issuer.

The current securities outstanding under the Indenture are the Parent Issuer’s unsecured and unsubordinated obligations and rank equally in right of payment with all other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. With respect to any series of securities issued under the Indenture, the Upstream Guarantee is, and will be, an unsecured and unsubordinated obligation of the Subsidiary Guarantor, ranking pari passu with all other existing and future unsubordinated and unsecured indebtedness of the Subsidiary Guarantor.

For cash management purposes, the Parent Issuer transfers cash among itself, the Subsidiary Guarantor and the Upstream Non-Guarantors through intercompany financing arrangements, contributions or declaration of dividends between the respective parent and its subsidiaries. The transfer of cash under these activities facilitates the ability of the recipient to make specified third-party payments for principal and interest on the Parent Issuer and/or the Subsidiary Guarantor’s outstanding debt, common stock dividends and common stock repurchases. There are no significant restrictions on the ability of the Parent Issuer or the Subsidiary Guarantor to obtain funds from subsidiaries by dividend or loan.

The following tables present summarized financial information for the Subsidiary Guarantor and the Parent Issuer on a combined basis after elimination of (i) intercompany transactions and balances among the Parent Issuer and the Subsidiary Guarantor and (ii) equity in earnings from and investments in any subsidiary that is an Upstream Non-Guarantor.

Summarized Statement of Operations


	Year ended December 31,
$ in thousands	2021
Net sales(a)	$	1,412,913
Gross profit	259,314
Loss before income taxes and equity in net income of unconsolidated investments(b)(c)	(368,737)
Net loss attributable to the Subsidiary Guarantor and the Parent Issuer(c)	(320,726)

(a) Includes net sales to Non-Guarantors of $715.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

(b) Includes intergroup expenses to Non-Guarantors of $17.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

(c) Includes the Parent Issuer’s portion of the gain on sale of the FCS business on June 1, 2021 and the loss for the legacy Rockwood legal matter.


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

Summarized Balance Sheet


	At December 31,
$ in thousands	2021
Current assets(a)	$	1,039,391
Net property, plant and equipment	754,818
Other non-current assets(b)	1,634,883

Current liabilities(c)	$	2,174,360
Long-term debt	1,755,026
Other non-current liabilities(d)	6,404,958

(a) Includes current receivables from Non-Guarantors of $576.1 million at December 31, 2021.

(b) Includes noncurrent receivables from Non-Guarantors of $1.1 billion at December 31, 2021.

(d) Includes non-current payables to Non-Guarantors of $5.8 billion at December 31, 2021.

These securities are structurally subordinated to the indebtedness and other liabilities of the Upstream Non-Guarantors. The Upstream Non-Guarantors are separate and distinct legal entities and have no obligation, contingent or otherwise, to pay any amounts due pursuant to these securities or the Indenture under which these securities were issued, or to make any funds available therefor, whether by dividends, loans, distributions or other payments. Any right that the Subsidiary Guarantor has to receive any assets of any of the Upstream Non-Guarantors upon the liquidation or reorganization of any Upstream Non-Guarantors, and the consequent rights of holders of these securities to realize proceeds from the sale of any of an Upstream Non-Guarantor’s assets, would be effectively subordinated to the claims of such Upstream Non-Guarantor’s creditors, including trade creditors and holders of preferred equity interests, if any, of such Upstream Non-Guarantor. Accordingly, in the event of a bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization of any of the Upstream Non-Guarantors, the Upstream Non-Guarantors will pay the holders of their debts, holders of preferred equity interests, if any, and their trade creditors before they will be able to distribute any of their assets to the Subsidiary Guarantor.

Safety and Environmental Matters

We are subject to federal, state, local and foreign requirements regulating the handling, manufacture and use of materials (some of which may be classified as hazardous or toxic by one or more regulatory agencies), the discharge of materials into the environment and the protection of the environment. To our knowledge, we are currently complying and expect to continue to comply in all material respects with applicable environmental laws, regulations, statutes and ordinances. Compliance with existing federal, state, local and foreign environmental protection laws is not expected to have a material effect on capital expenditures, earnings or our competitive position, but the costs associated with increased legal or regulatory requirements could have an adverse effect on our operating results.

Among other environmental requirements, we are subject to the federal Superfund law, and similar state laws, under which we may be designated as a PRP, and may be liable for a share of the costs associated with cleaning up various hazardous waste sites. Management believes that in cases in which we may have liability as a PRP, our liability for our share of cleanup is de minimis. Further, almost all such sites represent environmental issues that are quite mature and have been investigated, studied and in many cases settled. In de minimis situations, our policy generally is to negotiate a consent decree and to pay any apportioned settlement, enabling us to be effectively relieved of any further liability as a PRP, except for remote contingencies. In other than de minimis PRP matters, our records indicate that unresolved PRP exposures should be immaterial. We accrue and expense our proportionate share of PRP costs. Because management has been actively involved in evaluating environmental matters, we are able to conclude that the outstanding environmental liabilities for unresolved PRP sites should not have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations or financial condition.

Our environmental and safety operating costs charged to expense were $43.2 million, $44.9 million and $48.0 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, excluding depreciation of previous capital expenditures, and are expected to be in the same range in the next few years. Costs for remediation have been accrued and payments related to sites are charged against accrued liabilities, which at December 31, 2021 totaled approximately $46.6 million, an increase of $0.8 million from $45.8 million at December 31, 2020. See Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for a reconciliation of our environmental liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.


Albemarle Corporation and Subsidiaries

We believe that any sum we may be required to pay in connection with environmental remediation and asset retirement obligation matters in excess of the amounts recorded should occur over a period of time and should not have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows on a consolidated annual basis, although any such sum could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows in a particular quarterly reporting period.

Capital expenditures for pollution-abatement and safety projects, including such costs that are included in other projects, were approximately $55.4 million, $40.4 million and $44.4 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. In the future, capital expenditures for these types of projects may increase due to more stringent environmental regulatory requirements and our efforts in reaching sustainability goals. Management’s estimates of the effects of compliance with governmental pollution-abatement and safety regulations are subject to (a) the possibility of changes in the applicable statutes and regulations or in judicial or administrative construction of such statutes and regulations and (b) uncertainty as to whether anticipated solutions to pollution problems will be successful, or whether additional expenditures may prove necessary.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for a discussion of our Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements.

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