Item 1. Financial Statements

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Item 1. Financial Statements

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

and Subsidiaries

CONSOLIDATED BA****LANCE SHEETS

(dollars in millions)


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Insurance and Other:
Cash and cash equivalents*	$	25,573	$	32,260
Short-term investments in U.S. Treasury Bills		126,401		92,774
Investments in fixed maturity securities		22,435		25,128
Investments in equity securities		318,621		308,793
Equity method investments		27,496		28,050
Loans and finance receivables		24,009		23,208
Other receivables		45,878		43,490
Inventories		24,755		25,366
Property, plant and equipment		21,758		21,113
Equipment held for lease		16,284		15,584
Goodwill		50,939		51,522
Other intangible assets		29,495		29,187
Deferred charges - retroactive reinsurance		9,265		9,870
Other		19,674		19,657
		762,583		726,002
Railroad, Utilities and Energy:
Cash and cash equivalents*		5,267		3,551
Receivables		6,848		4,795
Property, plant and equipment		173,456		160,268
Goodwill		34,713		26,597
Regulatory assets		5,694		5,062
Other		31,372		22,190
		257,350		222,463
	$	1,019,933	$	948,465

——————

*** *Includes U.S. Treasury Bills with maturities of three months or less when purchased of $*3.6 *billion at September 30, 2023 and $*2.6 billion at December 31, 2022.

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

and Subsidiaries

CON****SOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(dollars in millions)


	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Insurance and Other:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	109,824		$	107,472
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses - retroactive reinsurance contracts		33,919			35,415
Unearned premiums		31,914			28,657
Life, annuity and health insurance benefits		18,556			19,753
Other policyholder liabilities		11,105			11,370
Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities		32,259			33,201
Aircraft repurchase liabilities and unearned lease revenues		7,549			6,820
Notes payable and other borrowings		40,941			46,538
		286,067			289,226
Railroad, Utilities and Energy:
Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities		22,818			16,615
Regulatory liabilities		6,688			7,369
Notes payable and other borrowings		83,840			76,206
		113,346			100,190
Income taxes, principally deferred		85,793			77,368
Total liabilities		485,206			466,784
Redeemable noncontrolling interests		3,230			—
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock		8			8
Capital in excess of par value		34,473			35,167
Accumulated other comprehensive income		(4,272	)		(5,052	)
Retained earnings		569,776			511,127
Treasury stock, at cost		(74,655	)		(67,826	)
Berkshire Hathaway shareholders’ equity		525,330			473,424
Noncontrolling interests		6,167			8,257
Total shareholders’ equity		531,497			481,681
	$	1,019,933		$	948,465

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

and Subsidiaries

CONSOLIDATED STATEM****ENTS OF EARNINGS

(dollars in millions except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)


	Third Quarter						First Nine Months
	2023			2022			2023		2022
Revenues:
Insurance and Other:
Insurance premiums earned	$	21,360		$	18,754		$	61,717	$	54,323
Sales and service revenues		39,456			39,597			116,970		117,679
Leasing revenues		2,104			1,959			6,227		5,518
Interest, dividend and other investment income		4,047			2,378			11,122		7,101
		66,967			62,688			196,036		184,621
Railroad, Utilities and Energy:
Freight rail transportation revenues		5,828			6,663			17,637		19,219
Utility and energy operating revenues		19,033			6,090			53,543		15,843
Service revenues and other income		1,382			1,463			3,890		4,265
		26,243			14,216			75,070		39,327
Total revenues		93,210			76,904			271,106		223,948

Investment and derivative contract gains (losses)		(29,778	)		(13,465	)		38,041		(82,362	)

Costs and expenses:
Insurance and Other:
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses		13,719			16,005			42,029		42,957
Life, annuity and health insurance benefits		1,144			1,428			3,057		3,951
Insurance underwriting expenses		3,496			2,613			10,812		7,594
Cost of sales and services		31,049			31,292			91,989		92,710
Cost of leasing		1,489			1,418			4,423		4,148
Selling, general and administrative expenses		5,120			4,068			15,727		12,081
Interest expense		311			297			953		863
		56,328			57,121			168,990		164,304
Railroad, Utilities and Energy:
Freight rail transportation expenses		4,038			4,581			12,213		12,766
Utilities and energy cost of sales and other expenses		18,249			4,295			50,254		11,730
Other expenses		1,089			1,320			3,149		4,003
Interest expense		949			795			2,774		2,350
		24,325			10,991			68,390		30,849
Total costs and expenses		80,653			68,112			237,380		195,153
Earnings (loss) before income taxes and equity method earnings		(17,221	)		(4,673	)		71,767		(53,567	)
Equity method earnings		262			415			1,461		958
Earnings (loss) before income taxes		(16,959	)		(4,258	)		73,228		(52,609	)
Income tax expense (benefit)		(4,392	)		(1,560	)		13,839		(12,374	)
Net earnings (loss)		(12,567	)		(2,698	)		59,389		(40,235	)
Earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests		200			100			740		604
Net earnings (loss) attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders	$	(12,767	)	$	(2,798	)	$	58,649	$	(40,839	)
Net earnings (loss) per average equivalent Class A share	$	(8,824	)	$	(1,907	)	$	40,422	$	(27,768	)
Net earnings (loss) per average equivalent Class B share*	$	(5.88	)	$	(1.27	)	$	26.95	$	(18.51	)
Average equivalent Class A shares outstanding		1,446,925			1,466,946			1,450,934		1,470,714
Average equivalent Class B shares outstanding		2,170,387,690			2,200,419,462			2,176,400,554		2,206,070,294

——————

*** Net earnings per average equivalent Class B share outstanding are equal to one-fifteen-hundredth of the equivalent Class A amount. See Note 19.

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

and Subsidiaries

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS O****F COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(dollars in millions)

(Unaudited)


	Third Quarter						First Nine Months
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Net earnings (loss)	$	(12,567	)	$	(2,698	)	$	59,389		$	(40,235	)
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gains (losses) on investments		11			(527	)		217			(974	)
Applicable income taxes		(7	)		113			(39	)		208
Foreign currency translation		(801	)		(1,727	)		(169	)		(3,792	)
Applicable income taxes		(7	)		(38	)		(22	)		14
Long-duration insurance contract discount rate changes		920			1,782			1,040			7,594
Applicable income taxes		(204	)		(380	)		(253	)		(1,626	)
Defined benefit pension plans		14			29			66			70
Applicable income taxes		(1	)		(7	)		(13	)		(16	)
Other, net		23			44			(40	)		199
Other comprehensive income, net		(52	)		(711	)		787			1,677
Comprehensive income		(12,619	)		(3,409	)		60,176			(38,558	)
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests		180			46			747			518
Comprehensive income attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders	$	(12,799	)	$	(3,455	)	$	59,429		$	(39,076	)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

and Subsidiaries

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(dollars in millions)

(Unaudited)


	Berkshire Hathaway shareholders’ equity
	Common stock and capital in excess of par value			Accumulated other comprehensive income			Retained earnings			Treasury stock			Non- controlling interests			Total
For the third quarter and first nine months of 2023
Balance at December 31, 2022 as previously reported	$	35,175		$	(6,591	)	$	511,602		$	(67,826	)	$	8,257		$	480,617
Adoption of ASU 2018-12		—			1,539			(475	)		—			—			1,064
Balance at December 31, 2022 as revised		35,175			(5,052	)		511,127			(67,826	)		8,257			481,681
Net earnings		—			—			35,504			—			253			35,757
Other comprehensive income, net		—			76			—			—			6			82
Acquisition of common stock		—			—			—			(4,439	)		—			(4,439	)
Transactions with noncontrolling interests and other		(11	)		—			—			—			7			(4	)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	35,164		$	(4,976	)	$	546,631		$	(72,265	)	$	8,523		$	513,077
Net earnings		—			—			35,912			—			287			36,199
Other comprehensive income, net		—			736			—			—			21			757
Acquisition of common stock		—			—			—			(1,303	)		—			(1,303	)
Transactions with noncontrolling interests and other		(16	)		—			—			—			(163	)		(179	)
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	35,148		$	(4,240	)	$	582,543		$	(73,568	)	$	8,668		$	548,551
Net earnings (loss)		—			—			(12,767	)		—			200			(12,567	)
Other comprehensive income, net		—			(32	)		—			—			(20	)		(52	)
Acquisition of common stock		—			—			—			(1,087	)		—			(1,087	)
Transactions with noncontrolling interests and other		(667	)		—			—			—			(2,681	)		(3,348	)
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	34,481		$	(4,272	)	$	569,776		$	(74,655	)	$	6,167		$	531,497

For the third quarter and first nine months of 2022
Balance at December 31, 2021 as originally reported	$	35,600		$	(4,027	)	$	534,421		$	(59,795	)	$	8,731		$	514,930
Adoption of ASU 2018-12		—			(4,096	)		(535	)		—			—			(4,631	)
Balance at December 31, 2021 as revised		35,600			(8,123	)		533,886			(59,795	)		8,731			510,299
Net earnings		—			—			5,580			—			125			5,705
Other comprehensive income, net		—			2,019			—			—			(3	)		2,016
Acquisition of common stock		—			—			—			(3,111	)		—			(3,111	)
Transactions with noncontrolling interests and other		(6	)		—			—			—			(129	)		(135	)
Balance at March 31, 2022	$	35,594		$	(6,104	)	$	539,466		$	(62,906	)	$	8,724		$	514,774
Net earnings (loss)		—			—			(43,621	)		—			379			(43,242	)
Other comprehensive income, net		—			401			—			—			(29	)		372
Acquisition of common stock		—			—			—			(1,028	)		—			(1,028	)
Transactions with noncontrolling interests and other		(382	)		—			—			—			(650	)		(1,032	)
Balance at June 30, 2022	$	35,212		$	(5,703	)	$	495,845		$	(63,934	)	$	8,424		$	469,844
Net earnings (loss)		—			—			(2,798	)		—			100			(2,698	)
Other comprehensive income, net		—			(657	)		—			—			(54	)		(711	)
Acquisition of common stock		—			—			—			(1,038	)		—			(1,038	)
Transactions with noncontrolling interests and other		(14	)		—			—			—			(153	)		(167	)
Balance at September 30, 2022	$	35,198		$	(6,360	)	$	493,047		$	(64,972	)	$	8,317		$	465,230

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

and Subsidiaries

CONSOLIDATED STATEM****ENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(dollars in millions)

(Unaudited)


	First Nine Months
	2023			2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net earnings (loss)	$	59,389		$	(40,235	)
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to operating cash flows:
Investment (gains) losses		(38,041	)		82,089
Depreciation and amortization		9,357			8,141
Other		(5,556	)		(4,915	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses		848			4,551
Deferred charges - retroactive reinsurance		605			649
Unearned premiums		3,091			3,632
Receivables and originated loans		(2,861	)		(7,530	)
Inventories		275			(4,998	)
Other assets		(860	)		(634	)
Other liabilities		693			2,369
Income taxes		7,856			(16,080	)
Net cash flows from operating activities		34,796			27,039
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of equity securities		(9,142	)		(66,246	)
Sales of equity securities		32,786			17,343
Purchases of U.S. Treasury Bills and fixed maturity securities		(178,503	)		(139,359	)
Sales of U.S. Treasury Bills and fixed maturity securities		44,325			69,998
Redemptions and maturities of U.S. Treasury Bills and fixed maturity securities		106,879			47,512
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired		(8,564	)		(183	)
Purchases of property, plant and equipment and equipment held for lease		(13,701	)		(10,907	)
Other		608			333
Net cash flows from investing activities		(25,312	)		(81,509	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from borrowings of insurance and other businesses		1,306			6,981
Repayments of borrowings of insurance and other businesses		(5,657	)		(1,468	)
Proceeds from borrowings of railroad, utilities and energy businesses		5,013			3,185
Repayments of borrowings of railroad, utilities and energy businesses		(3,913	)		(1,791	)
Changes in short-term borrowings, net		252			(531	)
Acquisition of treasury stock		(6,978	)		(5,246	)
Other, principally transactions with noncontrolling interests		(4,292	)		(1,441	)
Net cash flows from financing activities		(14,269	)		(311	)
Effects of foreign currency exchange rate changes		(10	)		(569	)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		(4,795	)		(55,350	)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year*		36,399			88,706
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of third quarter*	$	31,604		$	33,356
*Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash are comprised of:
Beginning of year—
Insurance and Other	$	32,260		$	85,319
Railroad, Utilities and Energy		3,551			2,865
Restricted cash included in other assets		588			522
	$	36,399		$	88,706
End of third quarter—
Insurance and Other	$	25,573		$	28,869
Railroad, Utilities and Energy		5,267			3,757
Restricted cash included in other assets		764			730
	$	31,604		$	33,356

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

and Subsidiaries

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

September 30, 2023

Note 1. General

The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (“Berkshire” or “Company”) consolidated with the accounts of all its subsidiaries and affiliates in which Berkshire holds controlling financial interests as of the financial statement date. In these notes, the terms “us,” “we” or “our” refer to Berkshire and its consolidated subsidiaries. Reference is made to Berkshire’s most recently issued Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”), which includes information necessary or useful to understanding Berkshire’s businesses and financial statement presentations. Our significant accounting policies and practices were presented as Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Annual Report.

Financial information in this Quarterly Report reflects all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary to a fair statement of results for the interim periods in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). For several reasons, our results for interim periods are not normally indicative of results to be expected for the year. The timing and magnitude of catastrophe losses incurred by insurance subsidiaries and the estimation error inherent to the process of determining liabilities for unpaid losses of insurance subsidiaries can be more significant to results of interim periods than to results for a full year. Given the size of our equity security investment portfolio, changes in market prices and the related changes in unrealized gains and losses on equity securities will produce significant volatility in our interim and annual earnings. In addition, the magnitude of gains and losses from the periodic revaluation of certain assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies and asset impairment charges may cause significant variations in periodic net earnings.

To varying degrees, our operating businesses have been impacted by government and private sector actions to mitigate the adverse economic effects of the COVID-19 virus and its variants as well as by the development of geopolitical conflicts, supply chain disruptions and government actions to slow inflation. The economic effects from these events over longer terms cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. Accordingly, significant estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements, including those associated with evaluations of certain long-lived assets, goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment, expected credit losses on amounts owed to us and the estimations of certain losses assumed under insurance and reinsurance contracts, may be subject to significant adjustments in future periods.

Note 2. New accounting pronouncements

We adopted Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 “Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts” (“ASU 2018-12”) as of January 1, 2023, which modifies the accounting, reporting and disclosures related to long-duration insurance contracts, including the measurement of our long-duration life, annuity and health benefit liabilities. ASU 2018-12 was applied retrospectively to contracts in-force beginning as of January 1, 2021 (the “transition date”). As of the transition date, the after-tax impact of changes in cash flow assumptions were recorded in retained earnings and the after-tax effect of changes in discount rate assumptions were recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income. Our Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ending December 31, 2022 and 2021 and as of the transition date were revised for the effects of adopting ASU 2018-12. These effects were included in Part II, Item 5 to our Form 10-Q for the period ending March 31, 2023.

A summary of the effects of adopting ASU 2018-12 on our periodic payment annuity and life and health insurance benefits liabilities as of the transition date follows (in millions). The reclassifications to other policyholder liabilities are primarily related to certain liabilities arising under our variable annuity guarantee reinsurance contracts. These liabilities are not classified as life, annuity and health insurance benefits liabilities under ASU 2018-12.


	Periodic payment annuities			Life and health			Total
Balance at December 31, 2020, as previously reported	$	10,974		$	10,642		$	21,616
Reclassifications to other policyholder liabilities		(286	)		(929	)		(1,215	)
Change in discount rate assumptions		6,553			1,447			8,000
Change in cash flow assumptions		(117	)		552			435
Balance as of January 1, 2021	$	17,124		$	11,712		$	28,836

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 2. New accounting pronouncements (Continued)

Beginning as of January 1, 2021, the cash flow assumptions used to measure benefit liabilities are reviewed at least annually, with the effects of assumption changes recorded in earnings. The discount rate assumptions used to measure benefit liabilities are revised each quarterly reporting period with the effects of changes reported in other comprehensive income. Discount rates are based on the prevailing upper-medium grade corporate bond yields (generally single A credit ratings) that reflect the duration characteristics and currency attributes of the liabilities. In measuring benefit liabilities and amortizing capitalized acquisition costs under long-duration insurance contracts, we generally aggregate contracts by issuance year. See Note 16 for other disclosures related to our long-duration insurance contracts.

The effects of adopting ASU 2018-12 on our Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income for the third quarter and first nine months of 2022 follows in millions, except per share amounts.


	Third Quarter									First Nine Months
	Previously reported			Increase (decrease)			As revised			Previously reported			Increase (decrease)			As revised
Revenues:
Insurance premiums earned	$	18,810		$	(56	)	$	18,754		$	54,389		$	(66	)	$	54,323
Costs and expenses:
Life, annuity and health insurance benefits		1,450			(22	)		1,428			4,055			(104	)		3,951
Insurance underwriting expenses		2,506			107			2,613			7,734			(140	)		7,594
Earnings (loss) before income taxes		(4,117	)		(141	)		(4,258	)		(52,787	)		178			(52,609	)
Income tax expense (benefit)		(1,529	)		(31	)		(1,560	)		(12,408	)		34			(12,374	)
Net earnings (loss)		(2,588	)		(110	)		(2,698	)		(40,379	)		144			(40,235	)
Net earnings (loss) attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders	$	(2,688	)	$	(110	)	$	(2,798	)	$	(40,983	)	$	144		$	(40,839	)
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation, pre-tax		(1,727	)		—			(1,727	)		(3,794	)		2			(3,792	)
Long-duration insurance contracts, pre-tax		—			1,782			1,782			—			7,594			7,594
Applicable income taxes		—			(380	)		(380	)		—			(1,626	)		(1,626	)
Other comprehensive income, net		(2,113	)		1,402			(711	)		(4,293	)		5,970			1,677
Comprehensive income attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders	$	(4,747	)	$	1,292		$	(3,455	)	$	(45,190	)	$	6,114		$	(39,076	)
Net earnings (loss) per average equivalent Class A share	$	(1,832	)	$	(75	)	$	(1,907	)	$	(27,866	)	$	98		$	(27,768	)
Net earnings (loss) per average equivalent Class B share	$	(1.22	)	$	(0.05	)	$	(1.27	)	$	(18.58	)	$	0.07		$	(18.51	)

In March 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-02, “Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method” (“ASU 2023-02”). ASU 2023-02 permits reporting entities to elect to account for tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. Currently, the proportional amortization method is limited to certain affordable housing tax credit investments. ASU 2023-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and is applied either on a retrospective basis beginning as of the earliest period presented or a modified retrospective basis in the period of adoption. We are evaluating the effects this standard could have on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 3. Significant business acquisitions

Our long-held acquisition strategy is to acquire businesses that have consistent earning power, good returns on equity and able and honest management. Financial results attributable to business acquisitions are included in our Consolidated Financial Statements beginning on their respective acquisition dates.

On January 31, 2023, we acquired an additional 41.4% interest in Pilot Travel Centers, LLC (“PTC”) for approximately $8.2 billion. We now possess a controlling interest in PTC for financial reporting purposes and began consolidating PTC’s financial statements in our Consolidated Financial Statements on February 1, 2023. Since PTC’s most significant business activities involve purchasing and selling fuel (energy) on a wholesale and retail basis, and other energy-related businesses, we have included PTC within the railroad, utilities and energy sections of our Consolidated Balance Sheet and Consolidated Statement of Earnings beginning February 1, 2023. We previously owned a 38.6% interest in PTC, which we accounted for under the equity method through the end of January 2023.

PTC is headquartered in Knoxville, Tennessee and operates travel centers in North America (primarily under the names Pilot or Flying J) with more than 750 travel center locations across 44 states and six Canadian provinces. PTC also operates large wholesale fuel and fuel marketing platforms in the U.S. and a water hauling and disposal business in the oil fields sector.

PTC’s revenues and net earnings attributable to Berkshire shareholders included in our Consolidated Financial Statements for the eight months ending September 30, 2023 were $37.4 billion and $380 million, respectively. In applying the acquisition method of accounting, we were required to remeasure our previously held 38.6% investment in PTC to fair value. In the first quarter of 2023, we recognized a one-time, non-cash remeasurement gain of approximately $3.0 billion, representing the excess of the fair value of that interest over the carrying value under the equity method, as a component of investment gains (losses).

The holder of the remaining noncontrolling interests in PTC has the option to require us to redeem for cash, all or a portion of the interest beginning in 2024. The redemption price will be based on a multiple of PTC’s future earnings as adjusted per the terms of the option, with specified other adjustments for debt and cash. We concluded that the remaining PTC noncontrolling interests represent redeemable interests under GAAP and present such interests between liabilities and shareholders’ equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. We valued the noncontrolling interests at fair value as of the acquisition date. Thereafter, we will increase or decrease the redeemable noncontrolling interest by the share of the earnings or losses attributable to the interest and will further increase the balance if the current estimated redemption price exceeds the carrying value.

The preliminary values of PTC’s assets acquired, liabilities assumed and redeemable noncontrolling interests as of January 31, 2023 are summarized as follows (in millions). The acquisition date values of certain assets and liabilities have not been finalized and are provisional.


Assets acquired			Liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests
Property, plant and equipment	$	8,189	Notes payable	$	5,876
Goodwill and other intangible assets		13,202	Other liabilities		4,774
Other assets		6,994	Liabilities assumed		10,650
			Noncontrolling interests, predominantly redeemable		3,370
Assets acquired	$	28,385	Liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests	$	14,020

Net assets	$	14,365

On October 19, 2022, Berkshire acquired all of the outstanding common stock of Alleghany Corporation (“Alleghany”) for $11.5 billion. Alleghany operates a group of property and casualty reinsurance and insurance businesses. It also owns a portfolio of non-financial businesses. Goodwill arising from Berkshire’s acquisition is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. A summary of the values of the Alleghany assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of October 19, 2022 follows (in millions).


Assets acquired			Liabilities assumed
Cash, cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury Bills	$	3,762	Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	15,080
Investments in fixed maturity and equity securities		15,982	Unearned premiums		3,536
Loans and other receivables		5,650	Notes payable		2,169
Goodwill		3,900	Other liabilities		3,300
Other intangible assets		2,659
Other assets		3,637
Assets acquired	$	35,590	Liabilities assumed	$	24,085

Net assets	$	11,505

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 3. Significant business acquisitions (Continued)

Certain unaudited pro forma revenue and consolidated earnings (loss) data for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as if the Alleghany and PTC acquisitions were consummated on the same terms at the beginning of 2022 follows (in millions, except per share amounts).


	September 30, 2022
Revenues	$	287,682
Net earnings (loss) attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders		(41,161	)
Net earnings (loss) per equivalent Class A common share		(27,987	)

On September 1, 2023, a Berkshire Hathaway Energy (“BHE”) subsidiary acquired an additional 50% limited partnership interest in Cove Point LNG, LP (“Cove Point”) for $3.3 billion, which increased our economic interest from 25% to 75%. Prior to the transaction, we also owned 100% of the general partner interests. We previously treated Cove Point as a consolidated subsidiary for financial reporting purposes because we concluded we have the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect Cove Point, as well as the obligation to absorb losses and benefits that could be significant to Cove Point. Accordingly, the interest acquired in the third quarter was an acquisition of a noncontrolling interest. We recorded a charge at Berkshire’s ownership percentage of BHE of $667 million to capital in excess of par for the excess of the consideration paid over the carrying value of the noncontrolling interest acquired and deferred income tax assets arising from the transaction.

Note 4. Investments in fixed maturity securities

Investments in fixed maturity securities are summarized by type below (in millions).


	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
September 30, 2023
U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	9,663	$	1	$	(131	)	$	9,533
Foreign governments		11,323		43		(130	)		11,236
Corporate bonds		1,247		190		(12	)		1,425
Other		229		17		(5	)		241
	$	22,462	$	251	$	(278	)	$	22,435
December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	10,039	$	12	$	(249	)	$	9,802
Foreign governments		10,454		50		(177	)		10,327
Corporate bonds		1,945		256		(6	)		2,195
Other		2,735		77		(8	)		2,804
	$	25,173	$	395	$	(440	)	$	25,128

As of September 30, 2023, the fair values of our investments in U.S. and foreign government securities that mature within the next twelve months were approximately $17.2 billion in the aggregate. As of September 30, 2023, approximately 94% of our foreign government holdings were rated AA or higher by at least one of the major rating agencies. The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities at September 30, 2023 are summarized below by contractual maturity dates (in millions). Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities due to prepayment rights held by issuers.


	Due in one year or less		Due after one year through five years		Due after five years through ten years		Due after ten years		Mortgage- backed securities		Total
Amortized cost	$	17,453	$	4,018	$	696	$	135	$	160	$	22,462
Fair value		17,261		3,999		867		138		170		22,435

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 5. Investments in equity securities

Investments in equity securities are summarized as follows (in millions).


	Cost Basis		Net Unrealized Gains		Fair Value
September 30, 2023*
Banks, insurance and finance	$	24,760	$	37,202	$	61,962
Consumer products		35,471		146,789		182,260
Commercial, industrial and other		51,153		23,246		74,399
	$	111,384	$	207,237	$	318,621

——————

*** Approximately 78*% of the aggregate fair value was concentrated in* five *companies (American Express Company – $*22.6 *billion; Apple Inc. – $*156.8 *billion; Bank of America Corporation – $*28.3 *billion; The Coca-Cola Company – $*22.4 *billion and Chevron Corporation – $*18.6 billion).


	Cost Basis		Net Unrealized Gains		Fair Value
December 31, 2022*
Banks, insurance and finance	$	25,893	$	43,663	$	69,556
Consumer products		40,508		112,384		152,892
Commercial, industrial and other		65,209		21,136		86,345
	$	131,610	$	177,183	$	308,793

——————

*** Approximately 75*% of the aggregate fair value was concentrated in* five *companies (American Express Company – $*22.4 *billion; Apple Inc. – $*119.0 *billion; Bank of America Corporation – $*34.2 *billion; The Coca-Cola Company – $*25.4 *billion and Chevron Corporation – $*30.0 billion).

In 2019, we invested $10 billion in non-voting Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock of Occidental Petroleum Corporation (“Occidental”) and in Occidental common stock warrants. During 2022, we began acquiring common stock of Occidental. Our aggregate voting interest in Occidental common stock exceeded 20% on August 4, 2022, and we adopted the equity method as of that date. See Note 6. Our investments in the Occidental preferred stock and Occidental common stock warrants are recorded at fair value and included as equity securities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, as such investments are not in-substance common stock under GAAP and are not eligible for the equity method.

The Occidental preferred stock accrues dividends at 8% per annum and is redeemable at the option of Occidental commencing in 2029 at a redemption price equal to 105% of the liquidation value, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. As of September 30, 2023, our investment in Occidental preferred stock had an aggregate liquidation value of approximately $8.5 billion. During the first nine months of 2023, Occidental issued mandatory redemption notifications for approximately $1.5 billion of the aggregate liquidation value at a price of 110% of the liquidation value, plus accrued and unpaid dividends. The mandatory redemptions were due to excess distributions by Occidental to its common stockholders, as defined under the terms of Occidental preferred stock certificate of designations.

The Occidental common stock warrants allow us to purchase up to 83.86 million shares of Occidental common stock at an exercise price of $59.62 per share. The warrants are exercisable in whole or in part until one year after the date the preferred stock is fully redeemed.

On September 30, 2023, we owned 151.6 million shares of American Express Company (“American Express”) common stock representing 20.8% of the outstanding common stock of American Express. Since 1995, we have been party to an agreement with American Express whereby we agreed to vote a significant portion of our shares in accordance with the recommendations of the American Express Board of Directors. We have also agreed to passivity commitments as requested by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, which collectively, in our judgment, restrict our ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of American Express. Accordingly, we do not use the equity method with respect to our investment in American Express common stock, and we continue to record our investment at fair value.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 6. Equity method investments

Berkshire and its subsidiaries hold investments in certain businesses that are accounted for pursuant to the equity method. Currently, the most significant of these are our investments in the common stock of The Kraft Heinz Company (“Kraft Heinz”) and Occidental. As of September 30, 2023, we owned 26.5% of the outstanding Kraft Heinz common stock and 25.3% of the outstanding Occidental common stock, which excludes the potential effect of the exercise of the Occidental common stock warrants.

Kraft Heinz manufactures and markets food and beverage products, including condiments and sauces, cheese and dairy, meals, meats, refreshment beverages, coffee and other grocery products. Occidental is an international energy company, whose activities include oil and natural gas exploration, development and production and chemicals manufacturing businesses. Occidental’s financial information is not available in time for concurrent reporting in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Therefore, we report the equity method effects for Occidental on a one-quarter lag.

The common stock of Kraft Heinz and Occidental are publicly traded. The fair values and our carrying values of these investments in addition to the carrying values of our other significant equity method investments are summarized as follows (in millions).


	Carrying Value				Fair Value
	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Kraft Heinz	$	13,073	$	12,937	$	10,948	$	13,249
Occidental		13,987		11,484		14,541		12,242
Other		436		3,629
	$	27,496	$	28,050

We evaluated our investment in Kraft Heinz for other-than-temporary impairment as of September 30, 2023, and based on the prevailing facts and circumstances, concluded the recognition of an impairment charge in earnings was not required.

Our other significant equity method investments included our 50% interest in Berkadia Commercial Mortgage LLC (“Berkadia”), in which Jefferies Financial Group Inc. (“Jefferies”) owns the other 50% interest and PTC through January 31, 2023. Berkadia provides capital solutions, investment sales advisory and mortgage servicing for multifamily and commercial real estate. Berkadia’s commercial paper borrowing capacity (currently limited to $1.5 billion) is supported by a surety policy issued by a Berkshire insurance subsidiary. Jefferies is obligated to indemnify us for one-half of any losses incurred under the policy.

Beginning February 1, 2023, we ceased accounting for PTC under the equity method and began consolidating PTC for financial reporting purposes. Our investment in PTC under the equity method was $3.2 billion at December 31, 2022. Equity method earnings attributable to PTC were $105 million for the month ending January 31, 2023, $275 million for the third quarter of 2022 and $477 million for the first nine months of 2022.

The carrying values of our investments in Kraft Heinz and Berkadia approximate our share of the net equity of each of these entities. The carrying value of our investment in Occidental common stock exceeded our share of its shareholders’ equity as of June 30, 2023 by approximately $8.8 billion. Based upon the limited information available to us, we concluded the excess represents goodwill.

As previously indicated, we are reporting the equity method results for Occidental on a one-quarter lag. Thus, the earnings we recorded in 2023 related to Occidental’s earnings for the fourth quarter of 2022 and first six months of 2023. Our earnings and distributions received from equity method investments are summarized in the following table (in millions).


	Equity in Earnings								Distributions Received
	Third Quarter				First Nine Months				Third Quarter				First Nine Months
	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Kraft Heinz	$	69	$	114	$	556	$	391	$	131	$	131	$	391	$	391
Occidental		169		—		773		—		40		—		101		—
Other		24		301		132		567		22		74		43		164
	$	262	$	415	$	1,461	$	958	$	193	$	205	$	535	$	555

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 6. Equity method investments (Continued)

Summarized consolidated financial information of Kraft Heinz follows (in millions).


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Assets	$	89,656	$	90,513
Liabilities		40,198		41,643


	Third Quarter				First Nine Months
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Sales	$	6,570	$	6,505	$	19,780	$	19,104
Net earnings attributable to Kraft Heinz common shareholders		262		432		2,098		1,473

Summarized consolidated financial information of Occidental follows (in millions).


	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Assets	$	71,199	$	72,609
Liabilities		42,088		42,524


	Quarter ending June 30, 2023		Nine months ending June 30, 2023
Total revenues and other income	$	6,731	$	22,315
Net earnings attributable to Occidental common shareholders		605		3,315

Note 7. Investment and derivative contract gains (losses)

Investment and derivative contract gains (losses) in the third quarter and first nine months of 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows (in millions).


	Third Quarter						First Nine Months
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Investment gains (losses):
Equity securities:
Change in unrealized investment gains (losses) during the period on securities held at the end of the period	$	(30,354	)	$	(12,902	)	$	33,267		$	(80,496	)
Investment gains (losses) on securities sold during the period		605			(165	)		1,748			(1,085	)
		(29,749	)		(13,067	)		35,015			(81,581	)
Fixed maturity securities:
Gross realized gains		3			6			135			18
Gross realized losses		(29	)		(433	)		(106	)		(509	)
Other		(3	)		(6	)		2,997			(17	)
Investment gains (losses)		(29,778	)		(13,500	)		38,041			(82,089	)
Derivative contract gains (losses)		—			35			—			(273	)
	$	(29,778	)	$	(13,465	)	$	38,041		$	(82,362	)

Equity securities gains and losses include unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair values during the period on equity securities we still own, as well as gains and losses on securities we sold during the period. In the preceding table, investment gains and losses on equity securities sold during the period represent the difference between the sales proceeds and the fair value of the equity securities sold at the beginning of the applicable period or, if later, the purchase date. As reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, we received proceeds from sales of equity securities of approximately $32.8 billion in the first nine months of 2023 and $17.3 billion in the first nine months of 2022. Taxable gains and losses on equity securities sold are generally the difference between the proceeds from sales and original cost. Equity securities sold produced taxable gains of $759 million in the third quarter and $5.4 billion in the first nine months of 2023 compared to taxable gains of $3 million in the third quarter and taxable losses of $660 million in the first nine months of 2022. Other investment gains in the first nine months of 2023 included approximately $3.0 billion from the remeasurement of our pre-existing 38.6% interest in PTC through the application of acquisition accounting under GAAP.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 8. Loans and finance receivables

Loans and finance receivables are summarized as follows (in millions).


	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Loans and finance receivables before allowances and discounts	$	25,573		$	24,664
Allowances for credit losses		(926	)		(856	)
Unamortized acquisition discounts and points		(638	)		(600	)
	$	24,009		$	23,208

Loans and finance receivables are principally manufactured home loans, and to a lesser extent, commercial loans and site-built home loans. Reconciliations of the allowance for credit losses on loans and finance receivables for the first nine months of 2023 and 2022 follow (in millions).


	First Nine Months
	2023			2022
Balance at beginning of year	$	856		$	765
Provision for credit losses		122			45
Charge-offs, net of recoveries		(52	)		(25	)
Balance at September 30	$	926		$	785

As of September 30, 2023, substantially all manufactured and site-built home loans were evaluated collectively for impairment, and we considered approximately 96% of these loans to be current as to payment status. A summary of performing and non-performing home loans before discounts and allowances by year of loan origination as of September 30, 2023 follows (in millions).


	Origination Year
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Total
Performing	$	4,474	$	4,466	$	3,394	$	2,633	$	1,861	$	7,681	$	24,509
Non-performing		4		6		10		8		8		42		78
	$	4,478	$	4,472	$	3,404	$	2,641	$	1,869	$	7,723	$	24,587

We are also a lender under commercial loan agreements, which had an aggregate principal value of approximately $1.0 billion at September 30, 2023 and $1.9 billion at December 31, 2022. The decline in loan balances during the first nine months of 2023 was attributable to prepayments and dispositions. Our commercial loans are generally secured by real estate properties or by other assets.

Note 9. Other receivables

Other receivables are comprised of the following (in millions). Receivables of the railroad, utilities and energy businesses at September 30, 2023 included approximately $2.0 billion related to PTC.


	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Insurance and other:
Insurance premiums receivable	$	19,646		$	18,395
Reinsurance recoverables		7,185			7,106
Trade receivables		15,454			14,510
Other		4,259			4,154
Allowances for credit losses		(666	)		(675	)
	$	45,878		$	43,490
Railroad, utilities and energy:
Trade receivables	$	5,795		$	4,182
Other		1,219			754
Allowances for credit losses		(166	)		(141	)
	$	6,848		$	4,795

Aggregate provisions for credit losses in the first nine months with respect to receivables in the preceding table were $399 million in 2023 and $328 million in 2022. Charge-offs, net of recoveries, in the first nine months were $384 million in 2023 and $284 million in 2022.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 10. Inventories

Inventories of our insurance and other businesses are comprised of the following (in millions).


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Raw materials	$	6,350	$	6,381
Work in process and other		3,501		3,464
Finished manufactured goods		5,243		5,739
Goods acquired for resale		9,661		9,782
	$	24,755	$	25,366

Inventories of our railroad, utilities and energy businesses are included in other assets and were approximately $5.0 billion at September 30, 2023, of which approximately $2.5 billion was attributable to PTC.

Note 11. Property, plant and equipment

A summary of property, plant and equipment of our insurance and other businesses follows (in millions).


	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Land, buildings and improvements	$	14,772		$	14,761
Machinery and equipment		27,973			26,690
Furniture, fixtures and other		5,443			4,847
		48,188			46,298
Accumulated depreciation		(26,430	)		(25,185	)
	$	21,758		$	21,113

A summary of property, plant and equipment of railroad and utilities and energy businesses follows (in millions). The utility generation, transmission and distribution systems and interstate natural gas pipeline assets are owned by regulated public utility and natural gas pipeline subsidiaries. Assets of PTC are included in land, buildings, improvements and other within the utilities and energy section below.


	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Railroad:
Land, track structure and other roadway	$	69,731		$	67,350
Locomotives, freight cars and other equipment		16,125			16,031
Construction in progress		1,919			1,743
		87,775			85,124
Accumulated depreciation		(19,046	)		(17,899	)
		68,729			67,225
Utilities and energy:
Utility generation, transmission and distribution systems		93,667			92,759
Interstate natural gas pipeline assets		18,800			18,328
Independent power plants and other assets		14,668			14,650
Land, buildings, improvements and other		8,560			—
Construction in progress		8,947			5,357
		144,642			131,094
Accumulated depreciation		(39,915	)		(38,051	)
		104,727			93,043
	$	173,456		$	160,268

Depreciation expense for the first nine months of 2023 and 2022 is summarized below (in millions).


	First Nine Months
	2023		2022
Insurance and other	$	1,776	$	1,690
Railroad, utilities and energy		5,302		4,646
	$	7,078	$	6,336

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 12. Equipment held for lease

Equipment held for lease includes railcars, aircraft and other equipment, including over-the-road trailers, intermodal tank containers, cranes, storage units and furniture. Equipment held for lease is summarized below (in millions).


	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Railcars	$	9,912		$	9,612
Aircraft		11,840			10,667
Other		5,430			5,212
		27,182			25,491
Accumulated depreciation		(10,898	)		(9,907	)
	$	16,284		$	15,584

Depreciation expense for equipment held for lease in the first nine months was $935 million in 2023 and $900 million in 2022. Fixed and variable operating lease revenues for the third quarter and first nine months of 2023 and 2022 are summarized below (in millions).


	Third Quarter				First Nine Months
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Fixed lease revenue	$	1,502	$	1,344	$	4,397	$	3,796
Variable lease revenue		602		615		1,830		1,722
	$	2,104	$	1,959	$	6,227	$	5,518

Note 13. Goodwill and other intangible assets

Reconciliations of the changes in the carrying value of goodwill for the first nine months of 2023 and for the year ended December 31, 2022 follow (in millions).


	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Balance at beginning of year	$	78,119		$	73,875
Business acquisitions		8,382			4,657
Other, including acquisition period remeasurements and foreign currency translation		(849	)		(413	)
Balance at end of period*	$	85,652		$	78,119

——————

*** Net of accumulated goodwill impairments of $*11.0 *billion as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022*.*

Other intangible assets are summarized below (in millions).


	September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying value		Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying value
Insurance and other:
Customer relationships	$	28,266	$	7,716	$	20,550	$	27,765	$	7,174	$	20,591
Trademarks and trade names		5,619		842		4,777		5,603		822		4,781
Patents and technology		5,083		3,984		1,099		4,943		3,748		1,195
Other		4,804		1,735		3,069		4,150		1,530		2,620
	$	43,772	$	14,277	$	29,495	$	42,461	$	13,274	$	29,187
Railroad, utilities and energy:
Customer relationships and contracts	$	5,276	$	753	$	4,523	$	1,507	$	541	$	966
Trademarks and trade names		2,228		57		2,171		217		39		178
Other		1,106		91		1,015		190		42		148
	$	8,610	$	901	$	7,709	$	1,914	$	622	$	1,292

Other intangible assets of the railroad, utilities and energy businesses are included in other assets. The net carrying value of such assets at September 30, 2023 included $6.4 billion related to PTC.

Intangible asset amortization expense in the first nine months was $1.3 billion in 2023 and $905 million in 2022. Intangible assets with indefinite lives were $20.5 billion as of September 30, 2023 and $18.3 billion as of December 31, 2022 and primarily related to certain customer relationships and trademarks and trade names.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 14. Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses

Reconciliations of the changes in unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (“claim liabilities”), excluding liabilities under retroactive reinsurance contracts (see Note 15), for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 follows (in millions).


	2023			2022
Balances at beginning of year:
Gross liabilities	$	107,472		$	86,664
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses		(5,025	)		(2,960	)
Net liabilities		102,447			83,704
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses:
Current accident year		44,537			44,472
Prior accident years		(3,126	)		(2,141	)
Total		41,411			42,331
Paid losses and loss adjustment expenses:
Current accident year		(16,962	)		(17,543	)
Prior accident years		(22,171	)		(18,564	)
Total		(39,133	)		(36,107	)
Foreign currency effect		68			(1,044	)
Balances at September 30:
Net liabilities		104,793			88,884
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses		5,031			2,758
Gross liabilities	$	109,824		$	91,642

Our claim liabilities under property and casualty insurance and reinsurance contracts are based upon estimates of the ultimate claim costs associated with claim occurrences as of the balance sheet date and include estimates for incurred-but-not-reported (“IBNR”) claims. Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses shown in the preceding table were recorded in earnings and related to insured events occurring in the current year (“current accident year”) and events occurring in all prior years (“prior accident years”). Incurred and paid losses and loss adjustment expenses are net of reinsurance recoveries. Current accident year incurred losses in the first nine months from significant catastrophe events (losses in excess of $150 million per event) were approximately $590 million in 2023 from a cyclone and floods in New Zealand in the first quarter and $3.9 billion in 2022, primarily from Hurricane Ian in the third quarter.

In the first nine months, we recorded net reductions of estimated ultimate liabilities for prior accident years of $3.1 billion in 2023 and $2.1 billion in 2022, which reduced incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses. These reductions, as percentages of the net liabilities at the beginning of each year, were 3.1% in 2023 and 2.6% in 2022.

We reduced estimated ultimate liabilities for prior accident years of primary insurance businesses in the first nine months by $1.6 billion in 2023 and $734 million in 2022. In 2023, the reductions were driven by private passenger auto claims, whereas the decreases in 2022 reflected reductions of liabilities for private passenger auto, medical professional liability and workers’ compensation claims. In the first nine months, estimated ultimate liabilities for prior accident years of property and casualty reinsurance businesses were reduced $1.5 billion in 2023 and $1.4 billion in 2022.

Note 15. Retroactive reinsurance contracts

Retroactive reinsurance policies provide indemnification of losses and loss adjustment expenses of short-duration insurance contracts with respect to underlying loss events that occurred prior to the contract inception date. Reconciliations of the changes in estimated liabilities for retroactive reinsurance unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 follow (in millions).


	2023			2022
Balances at beginning of year	$	35,415		$	37,855
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses	13				(23	)
Paid losses and loss adjustment expenses		(1,471	)		(1,567	)
Foreign currency effect		(38	)		(289	)
Balances at September 30	$	33,919		$	35,976
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	13		$	(23	)
Deferred charge amortization and adjustments		605			649
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings	$	618		$	626

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 15. Retroactive reinsurance contracts (Continued)

In the preceding table, incurred and paid losses and loss adjustment expenses related to contracts incepting in prior years. Claims payments under our contracts may commence immediately after the contract date or, when applicable, after a contractual retention amount has been reached. Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings include changes in estimated liabilities and related deferred charge asset amortization and adjustments arising from the changes in the estimated timing and amount of future loss payments. Unamortized deferred charges related to retroactive reinsurance contracts were $9.3 billion at September 30, 2023 and $9.9 billion at December 31, 2022.

Note 16. Long-duration insurance contracts

We write periodic payment annuity and life and health insurance contracts, which are considered long-duration insurance contracts under GAAP. Our life, annuity and health insurance benefits liabilities as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, disaggregated for our two primary product categories, periodic payment annuities and life and health insurance, were as follows (in millions). Other liabilities primarily consist of incurred-but-not-reported claims and claims in the course of settlement.


	September 30,
	2023		2022
Periodic payment annuities	$	9,940	$	10,109
Life and health		5,365		5,474
Other liabilities		3,251		3,330
	$	18,556	$	18,913

Reconciliations of our periodic payment annuity and life and health insurance benefits liabilities for the first nine months of 2023 and 2022 follow (in millions). The information reflects the changes in discounted present values of expected future policy benefits and expected future net premiums before reinsurance ceded. In this context, net premiums represent the portion of expected gross premiums that are required to provide for future policy benefits and variable expenses.


	Periodic payment annuities						Life and health
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Expected future policy benefits:
Balance at beginning of period	$	10,640		$	16,153		$	52,008		$	63,648
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate		11,549			11,261			63,584			60,133
Effect of cash flow assumption changes		—			—			346			1,342
Effect of actual from expected results		3			126			(425	)		742
Change in benefits, net		(349	)		(235	)		(2,059	)		(2,022	)
Interest accrual		402			404			1,288			1,221
Foreign currency effect		27			(127	)		(528	)		(2,887	)
Ending balance at original discount rate		11,632			11,429			62,206			58,529
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions		(1,692	)		(1,320	)		(13,434	)		(11,400	)
Expected future policy benefits at September 30	$	9,940		$	10,109		$	48,772		$	47,129

Expected future net premiums:
Balance at beginning of period							$	46,129		$	55,960
Balance at beginning of period at original discount rate								56,535			53,277
Effect of cash flow assumption changes								276			1,333
Effect of actual from expected results								(266	)		472
Change in premiums, net								(1,833	)		(1,609	)
Interest accrual								1,125			1,062
Foreign currency effect								(502	)		(2,717	)
Ending balance at original discount rate								55,335			51,818
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions								(11,928	)		(10,163	)
Expected future net premiums at September 30							$	43,407		$	41,655

Liability for future policy benefits at September 30	$	9,940		$	10,109		$	5,365		$	5,474
Reinsurance recoverables		—			—			(1,399	)		(1,493	)
Liability for future policy benefits at September 30, net of reinsurance recoverables	$	9,940		$	10,109		$	3,966		$	3,981

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 16. Long-duration insurance contracts (Continued)

The undiscounted and discounted expected future gross premiums to be collected and undiscounted expected future benefits for periodic payment annuities and life and health insurance as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 are summarized below (in millions).


	Undiscounted expected future gross premiums				Discounted expected future gross premiums				Undiscounted expected future benefits
	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Periodic payment annuities	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	31,049	$	31,065
Life and health		106,518		101,577		64,394		60,734		101,882		97,031

Gross premiums earned on long-duration insurance contracts are included in insurance premiums earned, and interest expense associated with long-duration insurance contracts is included as a component of life, annuity and health benefits in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Gross premiums earned and interest expense before reinsurance ceded for the first nine months of 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in millions).


	Gross Premiums				Interest Expense
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Periodic payment annuities	$	—	$	529	$	402	$	404
Life and health		2,587		2,700		163		159

The weighted average discount rates, interest accretion rates and the average contract durations as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 for periodic payment annuities and life and health insurance are summarized below.


	2023			2022
Periodic payment annuities
Weighted average discount rate		5.9	%		5.5	%
Weighted average accretion rate		4.8	%		4.7	%
Weighted average duration	16 years			17 years
Life and health
Weighted average discount rate		5.4	%		5.0	%
Weighted average accretion rate		3.4	%		3.4	%
Weighted average duration	14 years			14 years

We also reinsure closed blocks of guaranteed minimum death and living benefits associated with variable annuity products, referred to as market risk benefits. These liabilities are included in other policyholder liabilities and are measured at estimated fair value. Such liabilities were approximately $895 million as of September 30, 2023 and $1.25 billion as of December 31, 2022. During the first nine months of 2023, we reduced liability estimates by $316 million, for the effects of changes in securities markets, interest rates and other inputs.

Note 17. Notes payable and other borrowings

Notes payable and other borrowings of our insurance and other businesses are summarized below (in millions). The weighted average interest rates and maturity date ranges are based on borrowings as of September 30, 2023.


	Weighted Average Interest Rate			September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Insurance and other:
Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (“Berkshire”):
U.S. Dollar denominated due 2025-2047		3.5	%	$	3,737	$	6,231
Euro denominated due 2024-2041		1.1	%		5,884		7,344
Japanese Yen denominated due 2024-2060		0.7	%		7,585		7,818
Berkshire Hathaway Finance Corporation (“BHFC”):
U.S. Dollar denominated due 2027-2052		3.6	%		14,462		14,458
Great Britain Pound denominated due 2039-2059		2.5	%		2,099		2,078
Euro denominated due 2030-2034		1.8	%		1,316		1,332
Other subsidiary borrowings due 2023-2051		4.6	%		4,951		5,967
Subsidiary short-term borrowings		7.1	%		907		1,310
				$	40,941	$	46,538

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 17. Notes payable and other borrowings (Continued)

In the first nine months of 2023, Berkshire repaid approximately $4.3 billion of maturing senior notes. In April 2023, Berkshire issued ¥164.4 billion (approximately $1.2 billion) of senior notes. Borrowings of BHFC, a wholly owned finance subsidiary of Berkshire, consist of senior unsecured notes used to fund manufactured housing loans originated or acquired and equipment held for lease of certain subsidiaries. BHFC borrowings are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Berkshire. Berkshire also guarantees certain debt of other subsidiaries, aggregating approximately $2.7 billion at September 30, 2023. Generally, Berkshire’s guarantee of a subsidiary’s debt obligation is an absolute, unconditional and irrevocable guarantee for the full and prompt payment when due of all payment obligations.

The carrying values of Berkshire and BHFC non-U.S. Dollar denominated senior notes (€6.85 billion, £1.75 billion and ¥1,137 billion par at September 30, 2023) reflect the applicable exchange rates as of each balance sheet date. The effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates during the period are recorded in earnings as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses. Changes in the exchange rates produced pre-tax gains of $582 million in the third quarter and $1.1 billion in the first nine months of 2023 as compared to pre-tax gains of $1.2 billion in the third quarter and $3.3 billion in the first nine months of 2022.

Notes payable and other borrowings of our railroad, utilities and energy businesses are summarized below (in millions). The weighted average interest rates and maturity date ranges are based on borrowings as of September 30, 2023.


	Weighted Average Interest Rate			September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Railroad, utilities and energy:
Berkshire Hathaway Energy Company (“BHE”) and subsidiaries:
BHE senior unsecured debt due 2023-2053		4.4	%	$	13,600	$	13,996
Subsidiary and other debt due 2023-2064		4.4	%		39,119		37,639
Short-term borrowings		5.9	%		1,617		1,119
Pilot Travel Centers (“PTC”) and subsidiaries due 2023-2028		7.2	%		5,999		—
Burlington Northern Santa Fe (“BNSF”) and subsidiaries due 2023-2097		4.6	%		23,505		23,452
				$	83,840	$	76,206

BHE subsidiary debt represents amounts issued pursuant to separate financing agreements. Substantially all of the assets of certain BHE subsidiaries are, or may be, pledged or encumbered to support or otherwise secure such debt. These borrowing arrangements generally contain various covenants, including covenants which pertain to leverage ratios, interest coverage ratios and/or debt service coverage ratios. In the first nine months of 2023, BHE subsidiaries issued $3.5 billion of term debt ($2.3 billion in the third quarter) with a weighted average interest rate of 5.7% and maturity dates ranging from 2034 to 2054. During the first nine months of 2023, BHE and its subsidiaries repaid approximately $2.3 billion of term debt.

PTC’s borrowings primarily represent secured syndicated loans. BNSF’s borrowings are primarily senior unsecured debentures. During the first nine months of 2023, BNSF issued $1.6 billion of 5.2% debentures due in 2054 and repaid approximately $1.5 billion of term debt. As of September 30, 2023, BHE, BNSF and PTC and their subsidiaries were in compliance with all applicable debt covenants. Berkshire does not guarantee any debt, borrowings or lines of credit of BHE, BNSF, PTC or their subsidiaries.

Our subsidiaries have unused lines of credit and commercial paper capacity to support short-term borrowing programs and provide additional liquidity. Unused lines of credit were approximately $12.4 billion at September 30, 2023, which included approximately $9.3 billion related to BHE and its subsidiaries.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 18. Fair value measurements

Our financial assets and liabilities are summarized below, with fair values shown according to the fair value hierarchy (in millions). The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, U.S. Treasury Bills, other receivables and accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities are considered to be reasonable estimates of or otherwise approximate the fair values.


	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
September 30, 2023
Investments in fixed maturity securities:
U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	9,533	$	9,533	$	9,499	$	34	$	—
Foreign governments		11,236		11,236		10,978		258		—
Corporate bonds		1,425		1,425		—		813		612
Other		241		241		—		241		—
Investments in equity securities		318,621		318,621		307,907		11		10,703
Investments in Kraft Heinz & Occidental common stock		27,060		25,489		25,489		—		—
Loans and finance receivables		24,009		24,370		—		892		23,478
Derivative contract assets (1)		470		470		48		401		21
Derivative contract liabilities (1)		198		198		4		94		100
Notes payable and other borrowings:
Insurance and other		40,941		35,245		—		35,210		35
Railroad, utilities and energy		83,840		73,371		—		73,371		—

December 31, 2022
Investments in fixed maturity securities:
U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	9,802	$	9,802	$	9,733	$	69	$	—
Foreign governments		10,327		10,327		9,854		473		—
Corporate bonds		2,195		2,195		—		1,546		649
Other		2,804		2,804		—		2,804		—
Investments in equity securities		308,793		308,793		296,610		9		12,174
Investments in Kraft Heinz & Occidental common stock		24,421		25,491		25,491		—		—
Loans and finance receivables		23,208		23,428		—		1,513		21,915
Derivative contract assets (1)		589		589		56		474		59
Derivative contract liabilities (1)		242		242		8		122		112
Notes payable and other borrowings:
Insurance and other		46,538		41,961		—		41,061		900
Railroad, utilities and energy		76,206		67,651		—		67,651		—

——————

(1)

Assets are included in other assets and liabilities are included in accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 18. Fair value measurements (Continued)

The fair values of substantially all of our financial instruments were measured using market or income approaches. The hierarchy for measuring fair value consists of Levels 1 through 3, which are described below.

Level 1 – Inputs represent unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities exchanged in active markets.

Level 2 – Inputs include directly or indirectly observable inputs (other than Level 1 inputs) such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities exchanged in active or inactive markets; quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities exchanged in inactive markets; other inputs that may be considered in fair value determinations of the assets or liabilities, such as interest rates and yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates; and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. Pricing evaluations generally reflect discounted expected future cash flows, which incorporate yield curves for instruments with similar characteristics, such as credit ratings, estimated durations and yields for other instruments of the issuer or entities in the same industry sector.

Level 3 – Inputs include unobservable inputs used in the measurement of assets and liabilities. Management is required to use its own assumptions regarding unobservable inputs because there is little, if any, market activity in the assets or liabilities and it may be unable to corroborate the related observable inputs. Unobservable inputs require management to make certain projections and assumptions about the information that would be used by market participants in valuing assets or liabilities.

Reconciliations of significant assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value on a recurring basis with the use of significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 follow (in millions).


	Balance at January 1		Gains in earnings		Acquisitions (dispositions)			Transfers out of Level 3		Balance at September 30
Investments in equity securities:
2023	$	12,169	$	190	$	(1,661	)	$	—	$	10,698
2022		11,480		581		—			—		12,061

Quantitative information as of September 30, 2023 for the significant assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value on a recurring basis with the use of significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) follows (dollars in millions).


	Fair Value		Principal Valuation Techniques	Unobservable Inputs	Weighted Average
Investments in equity securities:
Preferred stock	$	8,519	Discounted cash flow	Expected duration	6 years
				Discounts for liquidity and subordination	372 bps
Common stock warrants		2,179	Warrant pricing model	Expected duration	6 years
				Volatility	41%

Investments in equity securities in the preceding table include our investments in certain preferred stock and common stock warrants that do not have readily determinable market values as defined under GAAP. These investments are private placements with contractual terms that restrict transfers and currently prevent us from economically hedging our investments. We applied discounted cash flow techniques in valuing the preferred stock and we made assumptions regarding the expected duration of the investment and the effects of liquidity and subordination in liquidation. In valuing the common stock warrants, we used a warrant valuation model. While most of the inputs to the model are observable, we made assumptions regarding the expected duration and volatility.

Note 19. Common stock

Changes in Berkshire’s issued, treasury and outstanding common stock during the first nine months of 2023 are shown in the table below. In addition to our common stock, 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock are authorized, but none are issued.


	Class A, $5 Par Value (1,650,000 shares authorized)									Class B, $0.0033 Par Value (3,225,000,000 shares authorized)
	Issued			Treasury			Outstanding			Issued		Treasury			Outstanding
Balances at December 31, 2022		651,450			(59,886	)		591,564			1,509,969,352		(207,715,276	)		1,302,254,076
Conversions of Class A to Class B common stock		(10,185	)		—			(10,185	)		15,277,500		—			15,277,500
Treasury stock acquired		—			(8,044	)		(8,044	)		—		(9,214,983	)		(9,214,983	)
Balances at September 30, 2023		641,265			(67,930	)		573,335			1,525,246,852		(216,930,259	)		1,308,316,593

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 19. Common stock (Continued)

Each Class A common share is entitled to one vote per share. Class B common stock possesses dividend and distribution rights equal to one-fifteen-hundredth (1/1,500) of such rights of Class A common stock. Each Class B common share possesses voting rights equal to one-ten-thousandth (1/10,000) of the voting rights of a Class A share. Unless otherwise required under Delaware General Corporation Law, Class A and Class B common shares vote as a single class. Each share of Class A common stock is convertible, at the option of the holder, into 1,500 shares of Class B common stock. Class B common stock is not convertible into Class A common stock. On an equivalent Class A common stock basis, there were 1,445,546 shares outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and 1,459,733 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2022.

Since we have two classes of common stock, we provide earnings per share data on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings for average equivalent Class A shares outstanding and average equivalent Class B shares outstanding. Class B shares are economically equivalent to one-fifteen-hundredth (1/1,500) of a Class A share. Average equivalent Class A shares outstanding represents average Class A shares outstanding plus one-fifteen-hundredth (1/1,500) of the average Class B shares outstanding. Average equivalent Class B shares outstanding represents average Class B shares outstanding plus 1,500 times the average Class A shares outstanding.

Berkshire’s common stock repurchase program permits Berkshire to repurchase its shares any time that Warren Buffett, Berkshire’s Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, and Charlie Munger, Vice Chairman of the Board, believe that the repurchase price is below Berkshire’s intrinsic value, conservatively determined. The program continues to allow share repurchases in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions and does not specify a maximum number of shares to be repurchased. However, repurchases will not be made if they would reduce the total value of Berkshire’s consolidated cash, cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury Bill holdings below $30 billion. The repurchase program does not obligate Berkshire to repurchase any specific dollar amount or number of Class A or Class B shares and there is no expiration date to the program.

Note 20. Income taxes

Our consolidated effective income tax rates were 25.9% in the third quarter and 18.9% in the first nine months of 2023 compared to 36.6% in the third quarter and 23.5% in the first nine months of 2022. Our effective income tax rate normally reflects recurring benefits from dividends-received deductions applicable to investments in certain equity securities and production tax credits related to wind-powered electricity generation placed in service in the U.S. Our periodic effective income tax rate will also vary due to the changes in mix of pre-tax earnings, including realized and unrealized investment gains or losses with respect to our investments in equity securities, the amount of non-deductible goodwill impairment charges and other expenses and the underlying income tax rates applicable in the various taxing jurisdictions, and enacted changes thereto.

Note 21. Accumulated other comprehensive income

A summary of the net changes in after-tax accumulated other comprehensive income attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders for the nine months ending September 30, 2023 and 2022 follows (in millions).


	Unrealized gains (losses) on investments			Foreign currency translation			Long-duration insurance contracts			Defined benefit pension plans			Other			Total
First nine months of 2023
Beginning of year as previously reported	$	(187	)	$	(6,140	)	$	—		$	(552	)	$	288		$	(6,591	)
Adoption of ASU 2018-12		—			(2	)		1,541			—			—			1,539
Beginning balance as revised		(187	)		(6,142	)		1,541			(552	)		288			(5,052	)
Other comprehensive income		178			(187	)		786			51			(48	)		780
Balance at end of period	$	(9	)	$	(6,329	)	$	2,327		$	(501	)	$	240		$	(4,272	)

First nine months of 2022
Beginning of year as previously reported	$	369		$	(4,092	)	$	—		$	(347	)	$	43		$	(4,027	)
Adoption of ASU 2018-12		—			—			(4,096	)		—			—			(4,096	)
Beginning balance as revised		369			(4,092	)		(4,096	)		(347	)		43			(8,123	)
Other comprehensive income		(767	)		(3,674	)		5,968			47			189			1,763
Balance at end of period	$	(398	)	$	(7,766	)	$	1,872		$	(300	)	$	232		$	(6,360	)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 22. Supplemental cash flow information

A summary of supplemental cash flow information follows (in millions).


	First Nine Months
	2023		2022
Cash paid during the period for:
Income taxes	$	5,768	$	3,474
Interest:
Insurance and other		1,077		917
Railroad, utilities and energy		2,670		2,323
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Liabilities assumed in connection with business acquisitions		10,832		39

Note 23. Contingencies and commitments

We are parties in a variety of legal actions that routinely arise out of the normal course of business, including legal actions seeking to establish liability directly through insurance contracts or indirectly through reinsurance contracts issued by Berkshire subsidiaries. Plaintiffs occasionally seek punitive or exemplary damages. Generally, we do not believe that such normal and routine litigation will have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

PacifiCorp, a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire’s 92% owned subsidiary, Berkshire Hathaway Energy Company (“BHE”), operates as a regulated electric utility in Oregon and other Western states. In September 2020, a severe weather event resulting in high winds, low humidity and warm temperatures, contributed to several major wildfires (the “2020 Wildfires”), which resulted in real and personal property and natural resource damage, personal injuries and loss of life and widespread power outages in Oregon and Northern California. The wildfires spread across certain parts of PacifiCorp’s service territory and surrounding areas across multiple counties in Oregon and California, including Siskiyou County, California; Jackson County, Oregon; Douglas County, Oregon; Marion County, Oregon; Lincoln County, Oregon; and Klamath County, Oregon, burning over 500,000 acres in aggregate. Third-party reports for these wildfires indicate over 2,000 structures destroyed, including residences; several structures damaged; multiple individuals injured; and several fatalities.

On July 29, 2022, the 2022 McKinney Fire began in the Oak Knoll Ranger District of the Klamath National Forest in Siskiyou County, California located in PacifiCorp’s service territory (the “2022 Wildfire”). Third-party reports indicate that the 2022 Wildfire resulted in 11 structures damaged, 185 structures destroyed, 12 injuries and four fatalities and consumed 60,000 acres in aggregate. The 2020 Wildfires and 2022 Wildfire, together, are referred to as the “Wildfires”.

Investigations into the cause and origin of each of the Wildfires are complex and ongoing and have been or are being conducted by various entities, including the U.S. Forest Service, the California Public Utilities Commission, the Oregon Department of Forestry, the Oregon Department of Justice, PacifiCorp and various experts engaged by PacifiCorp.

Numerous lawsuits on behalf of plaintiffs related to the 2020 Wildfires have been filed in Oregon and California, including a class action complaint against PacifiCorp that was filed in 2020, captioned Jeanyne James et al. v. PacifiCorp et al., in Multnomah County Circuit Court, Oregon (the “James case”). The plaintiffs seek damages for economic losses, non-economic losses, including mental suffering, emotional distress, personal injury and loss of life, punitive damages, other damages and attorneys’ fees. Amounts sought in the lawsuits, complaints and demands filed in Oregon total nearly $8 billion, excluding any doubling or trebling of damages included in the complaints. Generally, the complaints filed in California do not specify damages sought and are not included in this amount. Final determinations of liability will only be made following the completion of comprehensive investigations, litigation and similar processes. Multiple lawsuits have also been filed in California on behalf of plaintiffs related to the 2022 Wildfire. The plaintiffs seek damages for economic losses, non-economic losses, including mental suffering, emotional distress, personal injury and loss of life, punitive damages, other damages and attorneys’ fees, but the amount of damages sought is not specified.

Several insurance carriers have filed subrogation complaints in Oregon and California with allegations similar to those made in the aforementioned lawsuits. Additionally, certain governmental agencies have informed PacifiCorp that they are contemplating filing actions in connection with certain of the Oregon 2020 Wildfires.

In June 2023, a jury issued its verdict for the 17 named plaintiffs in the James case finding PacifiCorp liable to the 17 individual plaintiffs and to the class with respect to the four 2020 Wildfires. The jury awarded the 17 named plaintiffs $90 million of damages, including $4 million of economic and property damages, $68 million of non-economic damages and $18 million of punitive damages based on a 0.25 multiplier of the economic and non-economic damages.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 23. Contingencies and commitments (Continued)

In September 2023, the Multnomah County Circuit Court ordered trial dates for two consolidated jury trials including approximately 10 class members each and a third trial for certain commercial timber plaintiffs wherein plaintiffs in each of the three trials will present evidence regarding their damages. The trials are scheduled at various dates from January to April 2024. A fourth jury trial is scheduled in May 2024 relating to certain non-class plaintiffs associated with one of the 2020 Wildfires. Hearings on PacifiCorp’s post-trial motions are scheduled to be held November 9, 2023. Under Oregon Revised Statute 82.010, interest at a rate of 9% per annum will accrue on the judgment commencing at the date the judgment is entered unless otherwise specified in the judgment. No judgment has yet been entered by the Multnomah County Circuit Court. PacifiCorp intends to appeal the jury’s findings and damage awards in the James case, including whether the case can proceed as a class action. The appeals process and further actions could take several years.

A provision for a loss contingency is recorded when it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. PacifiCorp evaluates the related range of reasonably estimated losses and records a loss based on its best estimate within that range or the lower end of the range if there is no better estimate.

Estimated probable losses associated with the Wildfires were based on the information available to the date of this filing, including (i) ongoing cause and origin investigations; (ii) ongoing settlement and mediation discussions; (iii) other litigation matters and upcoming legal proceedings; and (iv) the status of the James case. Wildfire estimated losses include estimates for fire suppression costs, real and personal property damages, natural resource damages for certain areas and non-economic damages such as personal injury damages and loss of life damages that are considered probable of being incurred and that it is able to reasonably estimate at this time and which is subject to change as additional relevant information becomes available.

PacifiCorp increased its liability for estimated pre-tax probable Wildfire losses, before expected related insurance recoveries, by $1.4 billion in the third quarter and by $1.9 billion in the first nine months of 2023. Expected probable Wildfire losses, net of expected insurance recoveries, were approximately $1.3 billion in the third quarter and $1.7 billion in the first nine months of 2023. Such amounts were included in energy operating expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Earnings. PacifiCorp’s cumulative charges to date for estimated probable Wildfire losses were $2.4 billion through September 30, 2023.

It is reasonably possible PacifiCorp will incur significant additional Wildfire losses beyond the amounts currently accrued; however, we are currently unable to reasonably estimate the range of possible additional losses that could be incurred due to the number of properties and parties involved, including claimants in the class to the James case, the variation in those types of properties and lack of available details and the ultimate outcome of legal actions.

HomeServices of America, Inc. (“HomeServices”), a wholly owned subsidiary of BHE, is currently defending against four antitrust cases, all in federal district courts. In each case, plaintiffs claim HomeServices and certain of its subsidiaries conspired with co-defendants to artificially inflate real estate commissions by following and enforcing multiple listing service (“MLS”) rules that require listing agents to offer a commission split to cooperating agents in order for the property to appear on the MLS (“Cooperative Compensation Rule”). None of the complaints specify damages sought.

In one of these cases, a jury trial commenced on October 16, 2023, and the jury returned a verdict for the plaintiffs on October 31, 2023, finding that the named defendants participated in a conspiracy to follow and enforce the Cooperative Compensation Rule, which had the purpose or effect of raising, inflating, or stabilizing broker commission rates paid by home sellers. The jury further found that the class plaintiffs had proved damages in the amount of $1.8 billion. Federal law authorized trebling of damages and the award of pre-judgment interest and attorney fees. Joint and several liability applies for the co-defendants. HomeServices intends to vigorously appeal on multiple grounds the jury’s findings and damage award. The appeals process and further actions could take several years. While it is likely that HomeServices may incur a loss, HomeServices is currently unable to reasonably estimate such loss due to, among other reasons, the joint and several nature of the liability and the early state of the appeals process.

It is also reasonably possible that HomeServices will incur losses from the three other antitrust cases. However, HomeServices is unable to reasonably estimate a specific range of possible losses that could be incurred due to, among other reasons, lack of information about the size of the plaintiff class and potential damages, as well as the joint and several nature of potential liability of the defendants.

Berkshire and certain of its subsidiaries are also involved in other kinds of legal actions, some of which assert or may assert claims or seek to impose fines and penalties. We currently believe that liabilities that may arise as a result of such other pending legal actions will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 24. Revenues from contracts with customers

The following tables summarize customer contract revenues disaggregated by reportable segment and the source of the revenue for the third quarter and first nine months of 2023 and 2022 (in millions). Revenues from PTC in 2023 are for the eight months ending September 30, 2023. Other revenues, which are not considered to be revenues from contracts with customers under GAAP, are primarily insurance premiums earned, interest, dividend and other investment income and leasing revenues.


	Manufacturing		McLane		Service and Retailing		BNSF		Berkshire Hathaway Energy		PTC		Insurance, Corporate and other		Total
Three months ending September 30, 2023
Manufactured products:
Industrial and commercial products	$	7,008	$	—	$	53	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	7,061
Building products		5,211		—		—		—		—		—		—		5,211
Consumer products		4,578		—		—		—		—		—		—		4,578
Grocery and convenience store distribution		—		8,212		—		—		—		—		—		8,212
Food and beverage distribution		—		4,775		—		—		—		—		—		4,775
Auto sales		—		—		2,752		—		—		—		—		2,752
Other retail and wholesale distribution		807		—		3,933		—		—		688		—		5,428
Service		385		250		1,390		5,811		1,141		79		—		9,056
Electricity, natural gas and fuel		—		—		—		—		5,804		12,320		—		18,124
Total		17,989		13,237		8,128		5,811		6,945		13,087		—		65,197
Other revenues		1,179		42		1,793		18		324		58		24,599		28,013
	$	19,168	$	13,279	$	9,921	$	5,829	$	7,269	$	13,145	$	24,599	$	93,210

Nine months ending September 30, 2023
Manufactured products:
Industrial and commercial products	$	21,458	$	—	$	172	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	21,630
Building products		15,147		—		—		—		—		—		—		15,147
Consumer products		12,956		—		—		—		—		—		—		12,956
Grocery and convenience store distribution		—		23,540		—		—		—		—		—		23,540
Food and beverage distribution		—		14,439		—		—		—		—		—		14,439
Auto sales		—		—		8,106		—		—		—		—		8,106
Other retail and wholesale distribution		2,420		—		12,301		—		—		1,791		—		16,512
Service		1,086		747		4,106		17,587		3,169		188		—		26,883
Electricity, natural gas and fuel		—		—		—		—		15,874		35,238		—		51,112
Total		53,067		38,726		24,685		17,587		19,043		37,217		—		190,325
Other revenues		3,440		131		5,247		51		1,015		157		70,740		80,781
	$	56,507	$	38,857	$	29,932	$	17,638	$	20,058	$	37,374	$	70,740	$	271,106

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 24. Revenues from contracts with customers (Continued)


	Manufacturing		McLane		Service and Retailing		BNSF		Berkshire Hathaway Energy		Insurance, Corporate and other		Total
Three months ending September 30, 2022
Manufactured products:
Industrial and commercial products	$	6,145	$	—	$	51	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,196
Building products		5,928		—		—		—		—		—		5,928
Consumer products		4,753		—		—		—		—		—		4,753
Grocery and convenience store distribution		—		8,315		—		—		—		—		8,315
Food and beverage distribution		—		4,946		—		—		—		—		4,946
Auto sales		—		—		2,686		—		—		—		2,686
Other retail and wholesale distribution		803		—		4,189		—		—		—		4,992
Service		328		277		1,006		6,646		1,328		—		9,585
Electricity and natural gas		—		—		—		—		5,905		—		5,905
Total		17,957		13,538		7,932		6,646		7,233		—		53,306
Other revenues		1,012		32		1,609		17		320		20,608		23,598
	$	18,969	$	13,570	$	9,541	$	6,663	$	7,553	$	20,608	$	76,904

Nine months ending September 30, 2022
Manufactured products:
Industrial and commercial products	$	18,219	$	—	$	148	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	18,367
Building products		17,317		—		—		—		—		—		17,317
Consumer products		15,355		—		—		—		—		—		15,355
Grocery and convenience store distribution		—		24,000		—		—		—		—		24,000
Food and beverage distribution		—		14,510		—		—		—		—		14,510
Auto sales		—		—		7,888		—		—		—		7,888
Other retail and wholesale distribution		2,343		—		12,629		—		—		—		14,972
Service		894		739		3,090		19,173		4,001		—		27,897
Electricity and natural gas		—		—		—		—		15,359		—		15,359
Total		54,128		39,249		23,755		19,173		19,360		—		155,665
Other revenues		2,962		97		4,470		46		748		59,960		68,283
	$	57,090	$	39,346	$	28,225	$	19,219	$	20,108	$	59,960	$	223,948

A summary of the transaction price allocated to the significant unsatisfied remaining performance obligations relating to contracts with expected durations exceeding one year as of September 30, 2023 and the timing of when the performance obligations are expected to be satisfied follows (in millions).


	Less than 12 months		Greater than 12 months		Total
Electricity, natural gas and fuel	$	3,191	$	20,278	$	23,469
Other sales and service contracts		3,096		5,178		8,274

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Note 25. Business segment data

Our operating businesses include a large and diverse group of insurance, freight rail transportation, utilities and energy, manufacturing, service and retailing businesses. We organize our reportable business segments in a manner that reflects how management views those business activities. Certain businesses are grouped together for segment reporting based upon similar products or product lines and marketing, selling and distribution characteristics, even though those business units are operated under separate local management. We acquired control of Pilot Travel Centers (“PTC”) on January 31, 2023 and PTC is considered a reportable segment beginning February 1, 2023. In this presentation, the revenues and pre-tax earnings of the PTC segment are for the eight months ending September 30, 2023. Previously, our earnings from PTC were determined under the equity method and are included in earnings from equity method investments. Revenues and earnings (loss) before income taxes by segment for the third quarter and first nine months of 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in millions).


	Third Quarter				First Nine Months
	2023		2022		2023			2022
Revenues of Operating Businesses
Insurance:
Underwriting:
GEICO	$	9,844	$	9,808	$	29,184		$	29,169
Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group		4,449		3,485		12,643			9,916
Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group		7,067		5,461		19,890			15,238
Investment income		2,948		1,683		8,258			5,331
Total insurance		24,308		20,437		69,975			59,654
BNSF		5,847		6,693		17,694			19,301
Berkshire Hathaway Energy (“BHE”)		7,281		7,557		20,094			20,122
Pilot Travel Centers (“PTC”)		13,166		—		37,428			—
Manufacturing		19,174		19,000		56,565			57,193
McLane		13,477		13,569		39,419			39,346
Service and retailing		9,946		9,567		30,018			28,299
		93,199		76,823		271,193			223,915
Reconciliation of segments to consolidated amount
Corporate, eliminations and other		11		81		(87	)		33
	$	93,210	$	76,904	$	271,106		$	223,948


	Third Quarter						First Nine Months
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Earnings (Loss) Before Income Taxes of Operating Businesses
Insurance:
Underwriting:
GEICO	$	1,053		$	(759	)	$	2,270		$	(1,424	)
Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group		510			(281	)		1,050			53
Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group		1,437			(251	)		2,495			1,191
Investment income		2,933			1,678			8,230			5,322
Total insurance		5,933			387			14,045			5,142
BNSF		1,608			1,884			4,872			5,844
BHE		(147	)		1,347			700			2,651
PTC		291			—			613			—
Manufacturing		3,077			2,883			8,791			8,735
McLane		116			112			358			270
Service and retailing		1,186			1,202			3,669			3,536
		12,064			7,815			33,048			26,178
Reconciliation of segments to consolidated amount
Investment and derivative gains (losses)		(29,778	)		(13,465	)		38,041			(82,362	)
Interest expense, not allocated to segments		(100	)		(99	)		(317	)		(303	)
Equity method investments		262			415			1,461			958
Corporate, eliminations and other		593			1,076			995			2,920
	$	(16,959	)	$	(4,258	)	$	73,228		$	(52,609	)

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Results of Operations

Net earnings (loss) attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders are disaggregated in the table that follows. Amounts are after deducting income taxes and exclude earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests (in millions).


	Third Quarter						First Nine Months
	2023			2022			2023		2022
Insurance – underwriting	$	2,422		$	(1,072	)	$	4,580	$	(190	)
Insurance – investment income		2,470			1,408			6,808		4,484
BNSF		1,221			1,442			3,732		4,477
Berkshire Hathaway Energy (“BHE”)		498			1,601			1,699		3,165
Pilot Travel Centers (“PTC”)		183			—			380		—
Manufacturing, service and retailing		3,341			3,247			9,712		9,521
Non-controlled businesses***		226			346			1,329		810
Investment and derivative contract gains (losses)		(23,528	)		(10,449	)		29,780		(65,067	)
Other		400			679			629		1,961
Net earnings (loss) attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders	$	(12,767	)	$	(2,798	)	$	58,649	$	(40,839	)

——————

** Includes certain businesses in which Berkshire had between a 20% and 50% ownership interest.*

Through our subsidiaries, we engage in numerous diverse business activities. We manage our operating businesses on an unusually decentralized basis. There are few centralized or integrated business functions. Our senior corporate management team participates in and is ultimately responsible for significant capital allocation decisions, investment activities and the selection of the Chief Executive to head each of the operating businesses. The business segment data (Note 25 to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements) should be read in conjunction with this discussion.

To varying degrees, our operating businesses have been impacted by government and private sector actions taken to mitigate the adverse economic effects of the COVID-19 virus and its variants as well as by the development of global geopolitical conflicts, supply chain disruptions and government actions to slow inflation. We cannot reliably predict the future economic effects of these events on our businesses.

Insurance underwriting generated earnings of $2.4 billion in the third quarter and $4.6 billion in the first nine months of 2023 versus losses of $1.1 billion in the third quarter and $190 million in the first nine months of 2022. Earnings in 2023 benefited from relatively low catastrophe losses, while earnings in the third quarter and first nine months of 2022 included after-tax incurred losses of approximately $2.7 billion attributable to Hurricane Ian. Underwriting earnings in 2023 also reflected improved results at GEICO. The retrospective adoption of ASU 2018-12 increased insurance underwriting losses $110 million in the third quarter of 2022 and reduced underwriting losses $144 million in the first nine months of 2022 from the previously reported amounts. Earnings from insurance investment income increased $1.1 billion in the third quarter and $2.3 billion in the first nine months of 2023 compared to 2022. The increases were primarily due to the impact of higher short-term interest rates, partly offset by lower dividend income.

Earnings of BNSF declined 15.3% in the third quarter and 16.6% in the first nine months of 2023 compared to 2022. The decreases were primarily attributable to lower overall freight volumes and higher non-fuel operating costs, partially offset by lower fuel costs. After-tax earnings of BHE declined 68.9% in the third quarter and 46.3% in the first nine months of 2023 compared to 2022. The earnings decline in the first nine months reflected lower earnings from the U.S. regulated utilities, reflecting increased wildfire loss estimates, as well as lower earnings from other energy businesses and real estate brokerage businesses.

As disclosed in Note 3 to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements, we increased our ownership in PTC from 38.6% to 80% on January 31, 2023 and we began consolidating PTC’s results of operations on February 1, 2023. In 2022 and through January 31, 2023, our share of earnings from PTC on our 38.6% interest was determined under the equity method and is included in earnings from non-controlled businesses in the preceding table.

Earnings from our manufacturing, service and retailing businesses increased 2.9% in the third quarter and 2.0% in the first nine months of 2023 versus 2022. While results of certain industrial products manufacturers and services businesses improved versus 2022, results of several of our building products, consumer products, service and retailing businesses deteriorated.

Investment and derivative contract gains (losses) in each period of 2023 and 2022 predominantly derived from our investments in equity securities and included significant net unrealized gains and losses from market price changes. We believe that investment gains and losses on investments in equity securities, whether realized from dispositions or unrealized from changes in market prices, are generally meaningless in understanding our reported quarterly or annual results or evaluating the economic performance of our operating businesses. These gains and losses have caused and will continue to cause significant volatility in our periodic earnings. Investment and derivative contract gains (losses) also included an after-tax non-cash remeasurement gain of approximately $2.4 billion in the first quarter of 2023 related to our previously held 38.6% interest in PTC through the application of the acquisition accounting method.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Results of Operations (Continued)

Other earnings included after-tax foreign exchange rate gains of $447 million in the third quarter and $895 million in the first nine months of 2023 and $858 million in the third quarter and $2.4 billion in the first nine months of 2022. These gains related to the non-U.S. Dollar denominated debt issued by Berkshire and its U.S.-based finance subsidiary, Berkshire Hathaway Finance Corporation (“BHFC”).

Insurance—Underwriting

Our management views our insurance business as possessing two distinct activities – underwriting and investing. Underwriting decisions are the responsibility of the unit managers, while investing decisions are the responsibility of Berkshire’s Chairman and CEO, Warren E. Buffett, and Berkshire’s corporate investment managers. Accordingly, we evaluate the economic performance of underwriting operations without any allocation of investment income or investment gains and losses. We consider investment income as an integral component of our aggregate insurance operating results. However, we consider investment gains and losses, whether realized or unrealized, as non-operating. We believe that such gains and losses are not meaningful in understanding the quarterly or annual operating results of our insurance businesses.

The timing and magnitude of catastrophe losses can produce significant volatility in our periodic underwriting results, particularly with respect to our reinsurance businesses. We currently consider pre-tax incurred losses exceeding $150 million from a current year catastrophic event to be significant. Significant catastrophe events in 2023 were a cyclone and floods in New Zealand in the first quarter. In 2022, significant events were Hurricane Ian in the third quarter and floods in Australia in the first six months.

Changes in estimates for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, including amounts established for occurrences in prior years, can also significantly affect our periodic underwriting results. Unpaid loss estimates, including estimates under retroactive reinsurance contracts, were approximately $143.7 billion as of September 30, 2023. Our periodic underwriting results may also include significant foreign currency transaction gains and losses arising from the changes in the valuation of non-U.S. Dollar denominated liabilities of our U.S.-based subsidiaries due to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.

We provide primary insurance and reinsurance products covering property and casualty risks, as well as life and health risks. Our insurance and reinsurance businesses are GEICO, Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group (“BH Primary”) and Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group (“BHRG”). Berkshire acquired Alleghany Corporation (“Alleghany”) on October 19, 2022. Alleghany operates a property and casualty insurance business through its subsidiaries, RSUI Group Inc. and CapSpecialty, Inc. (“RSUI and CapSpecialty” or “Alleghany Insurance”), and a reinsurance business through Transatlantic Reinsurance Company and affiliates (“TransRe Group”). Underwriting results of Alleghany Insurance are included in BH Primary and underwriting results of TransRe Group are included in BHRG.

We strive to produce pre-tax underwriting earnings (premiums earned less insurance losses/benefits incurred and underwriting expenses) over the long term in all business categories, except for BHRG’s retroactive reinsurance and periodic payment annuity contracts businesses. Time-value-of-money is an important element in establishing prices for policies written by these businesses. We normally receive all premiums at the contract inception date, which are immediately available for investment. Ultimate claim payments can extend for decades and are expected to exceed premiums, producing underwriting losses over the claim settlement periods, primarily through deferred charge asset amortization and discounted liability accretion charges.

Underwriting results of our insurance businesses are summarized below (dollars in millions). The retrospective adoption of ASU 2018-12 increased BHRG’s pre-tax underwriting losses $141 million in the third quarter and increased pre-tax underwriting earnings $178 million in the first nine months of 2022 from the amounts previously reported.


	Third Quarter						First Nine Months
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss):
GEICO	$	1,053		$	(759	)	$	2,270		$	(1,424	)
Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group		510			(281	)		1,050			53
Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group		1,437			(251	)		2,495			1,191
Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss)		3,000			(1,291	)		5,815			(180	)
Income taxes and noncontrolling interests		578			(219	)		1,235			10
Net underwriting earnings (loss)	$	2,422		$	(1,072	)	$	4,580		$	(190	)
Effective income tax rate		19.2	%		16.9	%		21.2	%	*

——————

** Not meaningful.*

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Insurance—Underwriting (Continued)

GEICO

GEICO primarily writes private passenger automobile insurance, offering coverages to insureds in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. GEICO markets its policies mainly by direct response methods where most customers apply for coverage directly to the company via the Internet or over the telephone. GEICO also operates an insurance agency that offers primarily homeowners and renters insurance to its auto policyholders. A summary of GEICO’s underwriting results follows (dollars in millions).


	Third Quarter									First Nine Months
	2023				2022					2023				2022
	Amount		%		Amount			%		Amount		%		Amount			%
Premiums written	$	10,420			$	10,137				$	29,929			$	29,818
Premiums earned	$	9,844		100.0	$	9,808			100.0	$	29,184		100.0	$	29,169			100.0
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		7,879		80.0		9,515			97.0		24,063		82.5		27,164			93.1
Underwriting expenses		912		9.3		1,052			10.7		2,851		9.7		3,429			11.8
Total losses and expenses		8,791		89.3		10,567			107.7		26,914		92.2		30,593			104.9
Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss)	$	1,053			$	(759	)			$	2,270			$	(1,424	)

GEICO’s pre-tax underwriting earnings in the first nine months of 2023 reflected higher average premiums per auto policy, lower claims frequencies, reductions in prior accident years’ claims estimates and a reduction in advertising costs. However, average claims severities continued to rise in 2023.

Premiums written increased $283 million (2.8%) in the third quarter and were substantially unchanged in the first nine months of 2023 compared to 2022. Premiums written in 2023 reflected rate increases during the past 12 months that produced higher average premiums per auto policy (16.8%) and a 2.3 million decrease (12.7%) in policies-in-force over that period. GEICO significantly reduced advertising in 2023 and 2022 which contributed to the reduction in policies-in-force. Premiums earned were substantially unchanged in the third quarter and first nine months of 2023 compared to 2022.

Losses and loss adjustment expenses declined $1.6 billion (17.2%) in the third quarter and $3.1 billion (11.4%) in the first nine months of 2023 compared to 2022. GEICO’s loss ratio (losses and loss adjustment expenses to premiums earned) was 80.0% in the third quarter and 82.5% in the first nine months of 2023, decreases of 17.0 percentage points and 10.6 percentage points, respectively, compared to 2022. The loss ratio declines reflected the impact of higher average premiums per auto policy, increased favorable development of prior accident years’ claims estimates and lower claims frequencies, partially offset by increases in average claims severities.

Losses and loss adjustment expenses in the first nine months included reductions in the ultimate loss estimates for prior accident years’ claims of $1.2 billion in 2023 compared to $386 million in 2022. The reductions in 2023 and 2022 reflected decreased estimates across several coverages, partially offset by an increase in property damage coverage in 2022. Claims frequencies in the first nine months of 2023 were lower for property damage and collision coverages (seven to eight percent range), while claims frequencies increased for bodily injury coverage (two to three percent range). Average claims severities in the first nine months of 2023 were higher for property damage (seventeen to nineteen percent range), collision (five to seven percent range) and bodily injury (six to eight percent range) coverages.

Underwriting expenses decreased $140 million (13.3%) in the third quarter and $578 million (16.9%) in the first nine months of 2023 compared to 2022. GEICO’s expense ratio (underwriting expense to premiums earned) was 9.3% in the third quarter and 9.7% in the first nine months of 2023, decreases of 1.4 percentage points and 2.1 percentage points, respectively, compared to 2022. The decreases in the expense ratios reflected the impact of increased rates and a 54% reduction in year-to-date advertising expenses incurred. The earnings from GEICO’s insurance agency (third party commissions net of operating expenses) are included as a reduction of underwriting expenses in the table above.

Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group

The Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group consists of several independently managed businesses that provide a variety of primarily commercial insurance solutions, including healthcare professional liability, workers’ compensation, automobile, general liability, property and specialty coverages for small, medium and large clients. BH Primary’s insurers include Berkshire Hathaway Specialty Insurance (“BH Specialty”), Berkshire Hathaway Homestate Companies (“BHHC”), MedPro Group, Berkshire Hathaway GUARD Insurance Companies (“GUARD”), National Indemnity Company (“NICO Primary”), Berkshire Hathaway Direct Insurance Company (“BH Direct”) and U.S. Liability Insurance Company (“USLI”). This group also includes RSUI and CapSpecialty beginning October 19, 2022.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Insurance—Underwriting (Continued)

Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group (Continued)

A summary of BH Primary’s underwriting results follows (dollars in millions).


	Third Quarter									First Nine Months
	2023				2022					2023				2022
	Amount		%		Amount			%		Amount		%		Amount		%
Premiums written	$	4,990			$	3,895				$	13,905			$	10,791
Premiums earned	$	4,449		100.0	$	3,485			100.0	$	12,643		100.0	$	9,916		100.0
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		2,733		61.4		2,825			81.1		8,250		65.3		7,342		74.0
Underwriting expenses		1,206		27.1		941			27.0		3,343		26.4		2,521		25.5
Total losses and expenses		3,939		88.5		3,766			108.1		11,593		91.7		9,863		99.5
Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss)	$	510			$	(281	)			$	1,050			$	53

Premiums written increased $1.1 billion (28.1%) in the third quarter and $3.1 billion (28.9%) in the first nine months of 2023 compared to 2022. The increases were primarily due to the inclusion of RSUI and CapSpecialty ($610 million in the third quarter and $1.9 billion in the first nine months), as well as comparative increases from several BH Primary insurers, led by BH Specialty and BH Direct.

Losses and loss adjustment expenses decreased $92 million (3.3%) in the third quarter and increased $908 million (12.4%) in the first nine months of 2023 compared to 2022. The loss ratio decreased 19.7 percentage points in the third quarter and 8.7 percentage points in the first nine months of 2023 compared to 2022, reflecting lower incurred losses from current year catastrophes and changes in business mix, including the impact of RSUI and CapSpecialty.

Incurred losses from significant catastrophes occurring in the first nine months were $35 million in 2023 and $740 million in 2022, including $660 million in the third quarter from Hurricane Ian. Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses in the first nine months also reflected net reductions in estimated ultimate liabilities for prior accident years’ claims of $396 million in 2023 and $348 million in 2022. BH Primary insurers write significant levels of workers’ compensation, commercial and professional liability insurance and the related claim costs may be subject to high severity and long claim-tails. Ultimate claims liabilities could be greater than anticipated due to a variety of factors, including from adverse legal and judicial rulings.

Underwriting expenses increased $265 million (28.2%) in the third quarter and $822 million (32.6%) in the first nine months of 2023 compared to 2022. The increase in the expense ratio in the first nine months of 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily attributable to changes in business mix, including the effects of RSUI and CapSpecialty.

Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group

The Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group (“BHRG”) offers excess-of-loss and quota-share reinsurance coverages on property and casualty risks to insurers and reinsurers worldwide through several subsidiaries, led by National Indemnity Company (“NICO”), General Reinsurance Corporation, General Reinsurance AG and, beginning October 19, 2022, TransRe Group. We also write life and health reinsurance coverages through General Re Life Corporation, General Reinsurance AG and Berkshire Hathaway Life Insurance Company of Nebraska (“BHLN”). We assume property and casualty risks under retroactive reinsurance contracts written through NICO and we write periodic payment annuity contracts through BHLN.

A summary of BHRG’s premiums and pre-tax underwriting results follows (in millions). The retrospective adoption of ASU 2018-12 increased pre-tax underwriting losses $141 million in the third quarter and increased pre-tax underwriting earnings $178 million in the first nine months of 2022 from the previously reported amounts. These revisions were primarily attributable to reductions in certain variable annuity guarantee liabilities and foreign currency exchange effects on periodic payment annuity liabilities.


	Third Quarter										First Nine Months
	Premiums earned				Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss)						Premiums earned				Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss)
	2023		2022		2023			2022			2023		2022		2023			2022
Property/casualty	$	5,739	$	4,013	$	1,488		$	23		$	16,213	$	10,943	$	3,002		$	1,404
Life/health		1,328		1,256		50			18			3,677		3,766		234			116
Retroactive reinsurance		—		—		(126	)		(83	)		—		—		(584	)		(325	)
Periodic payment annuity		—		192		(91	)		(254	)		—		529		(466	)		(427	)
Variable annuity		—		—		116			45			—		—		309			423
	$	7,067	$	5,461	$	1,437		$	(251	)	$	19,890	$	15,238	$	2,495		$	1,191

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