Blackstone 10-K 2021-12-31
Filed 2022-02-25. 24 sections, 1202K characters. Original on sec.gov · Markdown · JSON
Cover and table of contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM
10-K
(Mark One)
| ☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021 |
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OR
| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO |
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Commission File Number:
001-33551

Blackstone Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| Delaware | 20-8875684 | |
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
345 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10154
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
(212)
583-5000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||
| Common Stock | BX | New York Stock Exchange |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes
☒
No
☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes
☐
No
☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes
☒
No
☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation
S-T
(§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes
☒
No
☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a
non-accelerated
filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer ☒ | Accelerated filer ☐ | |
| Non-accelerated filer ☐ | Smaller reporting company ☐ | |
| Emerging growth company ☐ |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule
12b-2
of the Act). Yes
☐
No
☒
As of June 30, 2021, the aggregate market value of the shares of common stock held by
non-affiliates
of the registrant was approximately $66.4 billion.
As of February 18, 2022, there were 700,387,302 shares of common stock of the registrant outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
None
Table of Contents
Forward-Looking Statements
This report may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, our operations, taxes, earnings and financial performance, and share repurchases and dividends. You can identify these forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “outlook,” “indicator,” “believes,” “expects,” “potential,” “continues,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seeks,” “approximately,” “predicts,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “opportunity,” “leads” or the negative version of these words or other comparable words. Such forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, there are or will be important factors that could cause actual outcomes or results to differ materially from those indicated in these statements. We believe these factors include but are not limited to the impact of the novel coronavirus
(“COVID-19”),
as well as those described under the section entitled “Risk Factors” in this report, as such factors may be updated from time to time in our periodic filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which are accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this report and in our other periodic filings. The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.
Risk Factor Summary
The following is only a summary of the principal risks that may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The following should be read in conjunction with the more complete discussion of the risk factors we face, which are set forth more fully in “Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors.”
Risks Related to Our Business
| • | Significant setbacks in the reopening of the global economy or reinstatement of restrictions as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may adversely impact our performance and results of operations. |
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| • | Our business could be adversely affected by difficult market and economic conditions, as well as geopolitical concerns or other global events, each of which could materially reduce our revenue, earnings and cash flow and adversely affect our financial prospects and condition. |
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| • | An increase in interest rates and other changes in the financial markets could negatively impact the values of certain assets or investments and the ability of our funds and their portfolio companies to access the capital markets on attractive terms, which could adversely affect investment and realization opportunities. |
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| • | A decline in the pace or size of investments made by, or poor performance of, our funds may adversely affect our revenues and obligate us to repay Performance Allocations previously paid to us, and could adversely affect our ability to raise capital. |
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| • | Our revenue, earnings, net income and cash flow can all vary materially, which may make it difficult for us to achieve steady earnings growth on a quarterly basis. |
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| • | Our business could be adversely affected by the loss of services from our founder and other key senior managing directors or future difficulty in recruiting and retaining professionals. |
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| • | The asset management business depends in large part on our ability to raise capital from third party investors and is intensely competitive. |
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| • | Changes in U.S. and foreign taxation of businesses and other tax laws, regulations or treaties could adversely affect us, including by adversely impacting our effective tax rate and tax liability. |
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| • | Cybersecurity or other operational risks could result in the loss of data, interruptions in our business and damage to our reputation, and subject us to regulatory actions, increased costs and financial losses. |
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| • | Extensive regulation of our businesses affects our activities, creates the potential for significant liabilities and penalties, may make it more difficult for us to deploy capital in certain jurisdictions or sell assets to certain buyers, and could result in additional burdens on our business. |
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| • | Employee misconduct could impair our ability to attract and retain clients and subject us to legal liability and reputational harm. Fraud, deceptive practices or other misconduct at portfolio companies or service providers could similarly subject us to liability and reputational damage and harm performance. |
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| • | We are subject to increasing scrutiny from regulators and certain investors with respect to the environmental, social and governance impacts of investments made by our funds. |
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| • | Climate change, climate change-related regulation and sustainability concerns could adversely affect our businesses and the operations of our portfolio companies, and any actions we take or fail to take in response to such matters could damage our reputation. |
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| • | We are subject to substantial litigation risks and may face significant liabilities and damage to our reputation as a result of such allegations and negative publicity. |
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| • | Certain policies and procedures implemented to mitigate potential conflicts of interest and other risk management activities may reduce the synergies across our various businesses, and failure to deal appropriately with conflicts of interest could damage our reputation and adversely affect our businesses. |
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| • | Valuation methodologies can be subject to a significant degree of subjectivity and judgment, and the expected fair value of assets may never be realized. |
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| • | We may be unable to consummate or successfully integrate additional development opportunities or increase the number and type of investment products, including those offered to retail investors and insurance companies. |
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| • | Dependence on significant leverage in investments by our funds could adversely affect our ability to achieve attractive rates of return on those investments. |
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| • | Investors may have certain redemption, termination or dissolution rights or may not satisfy their contractual obligation to fund capital calls when requested by us. |
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| • | Certain of our investment funds may invest in securities of companies that are experiencing significant financial or business difficulties. |
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| • | Investments in certain assets and industries, such as energy, infrastructure and real estate, may expose us to risks inherent to those assets and industries, including environmental liabilities and increased operational, construction, regulatory and market risks. |
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| • | Our funds’ and our performance may be adversely affected by inaccurate financial projections of our funds’ portfolio companies, contingent liabilities, counterparty defaults or forced disposal of investments at a disadvantageous time. |
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Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure
| • | The significant voting power of holders of our Series I preferred stock and Series II preferred stock may limit the ability of holders of our common stock to influence our business. |
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| • | We are not required to comply with certain provisions of U.S. securities laws relating to proxy statements and, as a controlled company, certain requirements of the New York Stock Exchange. |
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| • | Our certificate of incorporation provides the Series II Preferred Stockholder with certain rights that may affect or conflict with the interests of the other stockholders and could materially alter our operations. |
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| • | We are required to pay our senior managing directors for most of the benefits relating to certain additional tax depreciation or amortization deductions we may claim. |
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| • | If Blackstone Inc. were deemed an “investment company” under the 1940 Act, applicable restrictions could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated. |
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Risks Related to Our Common Stock
| • | The price of our common stock may decline due to the large number of shares of common stock eligible for future sale and exchange. |
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| • | Our certificate of incorporation provides us with a right to acquire all of the then outstanding shares of common stock under specified circumstances. |
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| • | Our bylaws designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or U.S. federal district courts, as applicable, as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings. |
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Website and Social Media Disclosure
We use our website (www.blackstone.com), Facebook page (www.facebook.com/blackstone), Twitter (www.twitter.com/blackstone), LinkedIn (www.linkedin.com/company/blackstonegroup), Instagram (www.instagram.com/blackstone), SoundCloud (www.soundcloud.com/blackstone-300250613), PodBean (www.blackstone.podbean.com), Spotify (https://spoti.fi/2LJ1tHG), YouTube (www.youtube.com/user/blackstonegroup) and Apple Podcast (https://apple.co/31Pe1Gg) accounts as channels of distribution of company information. The information we post through these channels may be deemed material. Accordingly, investors should monitor these channels, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts. In addition, you may automatically receive email alerts and other information about Blackstone when you enroll your email address by visiting the “Contact Us/Email Alerts” section of our website at http://ir.blackstone.com. The contents of our website, any alerts and social media channels are not, however, a part of this report.
Effective August 6, 2021, The Blackstone Group Inc. changed its name to Blackstone Inc. Blackstone Inc. was initially formed as The Blackstone Group L.P. (the “Partnership”) and converted from a Delaware limited partnership to a Delaware corporation, The Blackstone Group Inc. (the “Conversion”), effective July 1, 2019. This report includes the results for the Partnership prior to the Conversion and Blackstone Inc. following the Conversion. In this report, references to “Blackstone,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to (a) Blackstone Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries following the Conversion and (b) the Partnership and its consolidated subsidiaries prior to the Conversion. All references to shares or per share amounts prior to the Conversion refer to units or per unit amounts. Unless otherwise noted, all references to shares or per share amounts following the Conversion refer to shares or per share amounts of common stock. All references to dividends prior to the Conversion refer to distributions. See “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Organizational Structure.”
Effective February 26, 2021, Blackstone effectuated changes to rename its Class A common stock as “common stock,” and to reclassify its Class B and Class C common stock into a new “Series I preferred stock” and “Series II preferred stock,” respectively (the “share reclassification”). Each new stock has the same rights and powers of its predecessor. All references to common stock, Series I preferred stock and Series II preferred stock prior to the share reclassification refer to Class A, Class B and Class C common stock, respectively. See “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Organizational Structure.”
“Series I Preferred Stockholder” refers to Blackstone Partners L.L.C., the holder of the sole outstanding share of our Series I preferred stock.
“Series II Preferred Stockholder” refers to Blackstone Group Management L.L.C., the holder of the sole outstanding share of our Series II preferred stock.
“Blackstone Funds,” “our funds” and “our investment funds” refer to the funds and other vehicles that are managed by Blackstone. “Our carry funds” refers to funds managed by Blackstone that have commitment-based multi-year drawdown structures that pay carry on the realization of an investment.
We refer to our real estate opportunistic funds as Blackstone Real Estate Partners (“BREP”) funds and our real estate debt investment funds as Blackstone Real Estate Debt Strategies (“BREDS”) funds. We refer to our real estate investment trusts as “REITs,” to Blackstone Mortgage Trust, Inc., our NYSE-listed REIT, as “BXMT” and to Blackstone Real Estate Income Trust, Inc., our
non-listed
REIT, as “BREIT.” We refer to our real estate funds that target substantially stabilized assets in prime markets as Blackstone Property Partners (“BPP”) funds and our income-generating European real estate funds as Blackstone European Property Income (“BEPIF”) funds. We refer to BREIT, BPP and BEPIF collectively as our Core+ real estate strategies.
We refer to our flagship corporate private equity funds as Blackstone Capital Partners (“BCP”) funds, our energy-focused private equity funds as Blackstone Energy Partners (“BEP”) funds, our core private equity funds as Blackstone Core Equity Partners (“BCEP”), our opportunistic investment platform that invests globally across asset classes, industries and geographies as Blackstone Tactical Opportunities (“Tactical Opportunities”), our secondary fund of funds business as Strategic Partners Fund Solutions (“Strategic Partners”), our infrastructure-focused funds as Blackstone Infrastructure Partners (“BIP”), our life sciences investment platform, Blackstone Life Sciences (“BXLS”), our growth equity investment platform, Blackstone Growth (“BXG”), our multi-asset investment program for eligible high net worth investors offering exposure to certain of our key illiquid investment strategies through a single commitment as Blackstone Total Alternatives Solution (“BTAS”) and our capital markets services business as Blackstone Capital Markets (“BXCM”).
“Our hedge funds” refers to our funds of hedge funds, hedge funds, certain of our real estate debt investment funds, including a registered investment company, and certain other credit-focused funds which are managed by Blackstone.
We refer to our business development companies as “BDCs,” to Blackstone Private Credit Fund as “BCRED” and to Blackstone Secured Lending Fund as “BXSL.”
“BIS” refers to Blackstone Insurance Solutions, which partners with insurers to deliver capital-efficient investments tailored to each insurer’s needs and risk profile.
We refer to our separately managed accounts as “SMAs.”
“Total Assets Under Management” refers to the assets we manage. Our Total Assets Under Management equals the sum of:
| (a) | the fair value of the investments held by our carry funds and our side-by-side and co-investment entities managed by us plus the capital that we are entitled to call from investors in those funds and entities pursuant to the terms of their respective capital commitments, including capital commitments to funds that have yet to commence their investment periods, |
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| (b) | the net asset value of (1) our hedge funds, real estate debt carry funds, BPP, certain co-investments managed by us, certain credit-focused funds, and our Hedge Fund Solutions drawdown funds (plus, in each case, the capital that we are entitled to call from investors in those funds, including commitments yet to commence their investment periods), and (2) our funds of hedge funds, our Hedge Fund Solutions registered investment companies, BREIT, and BEPIF, |
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| (c) | the invested capital, fair value or net asset value of assets we manage pursuant to separately managed accounts, |
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| (d) | the amount of debt and equity outstanding for our collateralized loan obligations (“CLO”) during the reinvestment period, |
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| (e) | the aggregate par amount of collateral assets, including principal cash, for our CLOs after the reinvestment period, |
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| (f) | the gross or net amount of assets (including leverage where applicable) for our credit-focused registered investment companies, |
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| (g) | the fair value of common stock, preferred stock, convertible debt, term loans or similar instruments issued by BXMT, and |
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| (h) | borrowings under and any amounts available to be borrowed under certain credit facilities of our funds. |
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Our carry funds are commitment-based drawdown structured funds that do not permit investors to redeem their interests at their election. Our funds of hedge funds, hedge funds, funds structured like hedge funds and other open-ended funds in our Real Estate, Hedge Fund Solutions and Credit & Insurance segments generally have structures that afford an investor the right to withdraw or redeem their interests on a periodic basis (for example, annually or quarterly), typically with 30 to 95 days’ notice, depending on the fund and the liquidity profile of the underlying assets. In our Perpetual Capital vehicles where redemption rights exist, Blackstone has the ability to fulfill redemption requests only (a) in Blackstone’s or the vehicles’ board’s discretion, as applicable, or (b) to the extent there is sufficient new capital. Investment advisory agreements related to certain separately managed accounts in our Hedge Fund Solutions and Credit & Insurance segments, excluding our BIS separately managed accounts, may generally be terminated by an investor on 30 to 90 days’ notice. Our BIS separately managed accounts can generally only be terminated for long-term underperformance, cause and certain other limited circumstances, in each case subject to Blackstone’s right to cure.
“Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management” refers to the assets we manage on which we derive management fees and/or performance revenues. Our
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management equals the sum of:
| (a) | for our Private Equity segment funds and Real Estate segment carry funds including certain BREDS and Hedge Fund Solutions funds, the amount of capital commitments, remaining invested capital, fair value, net asset value or par value of assets held, depending on the fee terms of the fund, |
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| (b) | for our credit-focused carry funds, the amount of remaining invested capital (which may include leverage) or net asset value, depending on the fee terms of the fund, |
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| (c) | the remaining invested capital or fair value of assets held in co-investment vehicles managed by us on which we receive fees, |
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| (d) | the net asset value of our funds of hedge funds, hedge funds, BPP, certain co-investments managed by us, certain registered investment companies, BREIT, and certain of our Hedge Fund Solutions drawdown funds, |
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| (e) | the invested capital, fair value of assets or the net asset value we manage pursuant to separately managed accounts, |
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| (f) | the net proceeds received from equity offerings and accumulated distributable earnings of BXMT, subject to certain adjustments, |
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| (g) | the aggregate par amount of collateral assets, including principal cash, of our CLOs, and |
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| (h) | the gross amount of assets (including leverage) or the net assets (plus leverage where applicable) for certain of our credit-focused registered investment companies. |
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Each of our segments may include certain
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management on which we earn performance revenues but not management fees.
Our calculations of Total Assets Under Management and
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management may differ from the calculations of other asset managers, and as a result this measure may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other asset managers. In addition, our calculation of Total Assets Under Management includes commitments to, and the fair value of, invested capital in our funds from Blackstone and our personnel, regardless of whether such commitments or invested capital are subject to fees. Our definitions of Total Assets Under Management and
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management are not based on any definition of total assets under management and
fee-earning
assets under management that is set forth in the agreements governing the investment funds that we manage.
For our carry funds, Total Assets Under Management includes the fair value of the investments held and uncalled capital commitments, whereas
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management may include the total amount of capital commitments or the remaining amount of invested capital at cost depending on whether the investment period has expired or as specified by the fee terms of the fund. As such, in certain carry funds
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management may be greater than Total Assets Under Management when the aggregate fair value of the remaining investments is less than the cost of those investments.
“Perpetual Capital” refers to the component of assets under management with an indefinite term, that is not in liquidation, and for which there is no requirement to return capital to investors through redemption requests in the ordinary course of business, except where funded by new capital inflows. Perpetual Capital includes
co-investment
capital with an investor right to convert into Perpetual Capital.
This report does not constitute an offer of any Blackstone Fund.
Part I.
Item 1. Business
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Overview
Blackstone is one of the world’s leading investment firms, with Total Assets Under Management of $880.9 billion as of December 31, 2021. We seek to create positive economic impact and long-term value for our investors, the companies we invest in, and the communities in which we work. We do this by using extraordinary people and flexible capital to help companies solve problems. Our asset management businesses include investment vehicles focused on real estate, private equity, infrastructure, life sciences, growth equity, credit, real assets and secondary funds, all on a global basis.
Our businesses use a solutions-oriented approach to drive better performance. We believe our scale, diversified business, long record of investment performance, rigorous investment process and strong client relationships position us to continue to perform well in a variety of market conditions, expand our assets under management and add complementary businesses.
We invest across asset classes on behalf of our investors, including pension funds, insurance companies and individual investors. Our mission is to create long-term value through careful stewardship of their capital. To the extent our funds perform well, we can support a better retirement for tens of millions of pensioners, including teachers, nurses and firefighters. We view environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) principles as central to our mission of delivering strong returns for our clients, and use our scale and expertise to help strengthen our companies, assets and the communities in which they operate.
As of December 31, 2021, we employed approximately 3,795 people, including our 185 senior managing directors, at our headquarters in New York and around the world. Our employees are integral to Blackstone’s culture of integrity, professionalism and excellence. We believe hiring, training and retaining talented individuals, coupled with our rigorous investment process, has supported our excellent investment record over many years. This record, in turn, has enabled us to innovate into new strategies, drive growth and better serve our investors.
Business Segments
Our four business segments are: (a) Real Estate, (b) Private Equity, (c) Hedge Fund Solutions and (d) Credit & Insurance.
Information about our business segments should be read together with “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
For more information concerning the revenues and fees we derive from our business segments, see “— Fee Structure/Incentive Arrangements.”
Real Estate
Our Real Estate business is a global leader in real estate investing, with $279.5 billion of Total Assets Under Management as of December 31, 2021. Our Real Estate segment operates as one globally integrated business with approximately 720 employees and has investments across the globe, including in the Americas, Europe and Asia. Our real estate investment teams seek to utilize our global expertise and presence to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns for our investors and to make a positive impact on the communities in which we invest.
Our Blackstone Real Estate Partners (“BREP”) business is geographically diversified and targets a broad range of opportunistic real estate and real estate-related investments. The BREP funds include global funds as well as funds focused specifically on Europe or Asia investments. BREP seeks to invest thematically in high-quality assets, focusing where we see outsized growth potential driven by global economic and demographic trends. BREP has made significant investments in logistics, office, rental housing, hospitality and retail properties around the world, as well as in a variety of real estate operating companies.
Our Core+ strategy invests in substantially stabilized real estate globally primarily through perpetual capital vehicles. These include our Blackstone Property Partners funds (“BPP”), with a focus on high-quality assets in the Americas, Europe and Asia, as well as, Blackstone Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. (“BREIT”) and our Blackstone European Property Income (“BEPIF”) funds, which provide income-focused individual investors access to institutional quality real estate primarily in the Americas and Europe, respectively. In addition, in November 2020, we launched Blackstone BioMed Life Science Real Estate L.P. (“BPP Life Sciences”), a long-term, perpetual capital, Core+ vehicle that owns BioMed Realty and is focused on life science office investments primarily across the U.S.
Our Blackstone Real Estate Debt Strategies (“BREDS”) vehicles primarily target real estate-related debt investment opportunities. BREDS invests in both public and private markets, primarily in the U.S. and Europe. BREDS’ scale and investment mandates enable it to provide a variety of lending options for our borrowers and investment options for our investors, including commercial real estate and mezzanine loans, residential mortgage loan pools and liquid real estate-related debt securities. The BREDS platform includes high-yield real estate debt funds, liquid real estate debt funds and Blackstone Mortgage Trust, Inc. (“BXMT”), a NYSE-listed real estate investment trust (“REIT”).
Private Equity
Our Private Equity segment encompasses global businesses with a total of approximately 545 employees managing $261.5 billion of Total Assets Under Management as of December 31, 2021. Our Private Equity segment includes our corporate private equity business, which consists of: (a) our global private equity funds, Blackstone Capital Partners (“BCP”), (b) our sector-focused funds, including our energy-focused funds, Blackstone Energy Partners (“BEP”), (c) our Asia-focused private equity funds, Blackstone Capital Partners Asia and (d) our core private equity funds, Blackstone Core Equity Partners (“BCEP”). Our Private Equity segment also includes (a) our opportunistic investment platform that invests globally across asset classes, industries and geographies, Blackstone Tactical Opportunities (“Tactical Opportunities”), (b) our secondary fund of funds business, Strategic Partners Fund Solutions (“Strategic Partners”), (c) our infrastructure-focused funds, Blackstone Infrastructure Partners (“BIP”), (d) our life sciences investment platform, Blackstone Life Sciences (“BXLS”), (e) our growth equity investment platform, Blackstone Growth (“BXG”), (f) our multi-asset investment program for eligible high net worth investors offering exposure to certain of Blackstone’s key illiquid investment strategies through a single commitment, Blackstone Total Alternatives Solution (“BTAS”) and (g) our capital markets services business, Blackstone Capital Markets (“BXCM”).
We are a global leader in private equity investing. Our corporate private equity business pursues transactions across industries on a global basis. It strives to create value by investing in great businesses where our capital, strategic insight, global relationships and operational support can drive transformation. Our corporate private equity business’s investment strategies and core themes continually evolve in anticipation of, or in response to, changes in the global economy, local markets, regulation, capital flows and geopolitical trends. We seek to construct a differentiated portfolio of investments with a well-defined, interventionist, post-acquisition value creation strategy. Similarly, we seek investments that can generate strong unlevered returns regardless of entry or exit cycle timing. Blackstone Core Equity Partners pursues control-oriented investments in high-quality companies with durable businesses and seeks to offer a lower level of risk and a longer hold period than traditional private equity.
Tactical Opportunities pursues a thematically driven, opportunistic investment strategy. Our flexible, global mandate enables us to find differentiated opportunities across asset classes, industries, and g
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
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Risks Related to Our Business
Significant setbacks in the reopening of the global economy or reinstatement of lockdowns or other restrictions as a result of the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic may adversely impact our performance and results of operations.
The impact of the
COVID-19
pandemic has rapidly evolved around the globe, with many countries, at various times, taking meaningful measures to limit the spread of the virus by instituting quarantines or lockdowns, imposing travel restrictions and vaccination mandates for certain workers or activities and limiting operations of certain
non-essential
businesses. In 2021, the global economy began reopening and robust economic activity supported a continued recovery. However, the emergence of
COVID-19
variants and related surges in
COVID-19
cases have contributed to certain setbacks to reopening and could trigger the reinstatement of restrictions, including mandatory business shut-downs, travel restrictions, reduced business operations and social distancing requirements. Many medical and public health experts believe that
COVID-19
could perpetually reoccur for years, such as seasonally in winter, and even if generally ceasing to be fatal for most people, such reoccurrence could increase the possibility of periods of increased restrictions on business operations. The longer the pandemic impacts activity levels in the locations and sectors in which we and our portfolio companies operate, the more likely it is to have a sustained, material impact on the economy and on us. These and other factors may delay a return to
pre-pandemic,
ordinary course economic activity, or cause the U.S. economy or other major global economies to experience contraction or slower growth. In addition, the
COVID-19
pandemic continues to cause labor shortages and disrupt global supply chains, particularly given China’s strict recurrent COVID restrictions, which has contributed to prolonged disruptions. The
COVID-19
pandemic is also contributing to growing inflationary pressures, particularly in the U.S., where inflation continues to show signs of acceleration. All of the above may adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and prospects materially and would also exacerbate many of the other risks discussed in this “Risk Factors” section.
Even though the
COVID-19
pandemic has been gradually subsiding, the market turmoil and other changes associated with the pandemic may have lasting effects on our business and operations. The proliferation of remote working may result in long-term changed market and consumer and workplace practices that could negatively impact us and our business. Increased adoption of and familiarity with remote work practices could result in continued decreased demand for business and leisure travel, hotel stays, conference facilities, select U.S. urban residential and office assets, diesel fuel and gasoline. In addition, consumer practices and demands may permanently, or for an extended period, change from what they were prior to the onset of
COVID-19,
including avoiding activities where people are in close proximity to each other, which could adversely affect certain of our investments. Failure of our investment strategies to adapt to these and other changes could adversely impact the returns on our investments.
Adverse impacts on our business as a result of the
COVID-19
pandemic have included, and may in the future include, but are not limited to:
| • | Performance Revenues . During parts of 2020 and 2021, our ability to realize value from our investments was adversely impacted by decreased portfolio company revenues and earnings, lack of potential buyers with financial resources to pursue an acquisition, and limited access to the equity capital markets. Although the continuing market recovery has contributed to meaningful capital deployment and realizations, a potential market downturn, a slower economic recovery, inflationary pressures, and associated declines in the value of investments as well as limited capital deployment and realization opportunities could reduce our performance revenues. |
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| • | Management Fees . While continuing market recovery has contributed to meaningful capital deployment, realization and fundraising activity, another potential market downturn may cause us to experience a decline in the pace of our investments or in the pace of our fundraising for new or successor funds or in the value of funds charging management fees based on net asset value. In such a situation, our fee revenues could experience declining growth or decrease. |
|---|
| • | Investment Performance . Many of our investments are in industries that were materially impacted by COVID-19. For example, in 2020, certain investments in our real estate portfolio, such as those in the hospitality, location-based entertainment and retail sectors and, in certain geographies, in the office and residential sectors as well as in our private equity portfolio, such as those in the travel, leisure and events sectors, experienced material reductions in value. We have also seen an increasing focus toward rent regulation as a means to address residential affordability caused by undersupply of housing in certain markets in the U.S. and Europe. Such conditions (which may be across industries, sectors or geographies) may contribute to adverse operating performance, including by moderating rent growth in certain geographies and markets in our residential portfolio. While nearly all portfolio companies that completely or partially suspended operations during the pandemic have fully reopened, we cannot predict if any such companies will have to completely or partially suspend operations again in the future. If we experience another meaningful disruption in activity like the one caused by COVID-19, the businesses of impacted portfolio companies could suffer materially, which would decrease the value of our funds’ investments. Furthermore, such negative market conditions could potentially result in a portfolio company entering bankruptcy proceedings, thereby potentially resulting in a complete loss of the fund’s investment in such portfolio company and a significant negative impact to the investment fund’s performance and consequently to our operating results and cash flow, as well as to our reputation. |
|---|
| • | Liquidity . In 2020, our portfolio companies faced, and may face in the future, increased credit and liquidity risk due to volatility in financial markets, reduced revenue streams, and limited access or higher cost of financing, which may result in potential impairment of our or our funds’ investments. Changes in the debt financing markets impacted, and may in the future impact, the ability of our portfolio companies to meet their respective financial obligations. For example, the initial outbreak of the pandemic created additional pressure for certain of our portfolio companies’ and investments’ liquidity needs, including by |
|---|
| | adversely impacting rent collection and operational performance in certain sectors and geographies. Although we have multiple sources of liquidity to meet our capital needs, changes in the debt financing markets may also in the future impact our ability to refinance our debt obligations. In addition, borrowers of loans, notes and other credit instruments in our credit funds’ portfolios may be unable to meet their principal or interest payment obligations or satisfy financial covenants, and tenants leasing real estate properties owned by our funds may not be able to pay rents in a timely manner or at all, resulting in a decrease in value of our funds’ credit and real estate investments and lower than expected return. Another period of significant dislocation in the credit markets like the one we experience
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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
| --- | --- |
None.
Item 2. Properties
| --- | --- |
Our principal executive offices are located in leased office space at 345 Park Avenue, New York, New York. As of December 31, 2021, we also leased offices in Dublin, Hong Kong, London, Miami, Mumbai, San Francisco, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo and other cities around the world. We consider these facilities to be suitable and adequate for the management and operations of our business.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
| --- | --- |
We may from time to time be involved in litigation and claims incidental to the conduct of our business. Our businesses are also subject to extensive regulation, which may result in regulatory proceedings against us. See “— Item 1A. Risk Factors” above. We are not currently subject to any pending legal (including judicial, regulatory, administrative or arbitration) proceedings that we expect to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. However, given the inherent unpredictability of these types of proceedings and the potentially large and/or indeterminate amounts that could be sought, an adverse outcome in certain matters could have a material effect on Blackstone’s financial results in any particular period. See “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Note 19. Commitments and Contingencies — Contingencies — Litigation.”
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
| --- | --- |
Not applicable.
Part II.
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
| --- | --- |
Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “BX.”
The number of holders of record of our common stock as of February 18, 2022 was 64. This does not include the number of shareholders that hold shares in “street name” through banks or broker-dealers. Blackstone Partners L.L.C. is the sole holder of the single share of Series I preferred stock outstanding and Blackstone Group Management L.L.C. is the sole holder of the single share of Series II preferred stock outstanding.
The following table sets forth the quarterly per share dividends earned for the periods indicated. Each quarter’s dividends are declared and paid in the following quarter.
| 2021 | 2020 | |||||||
| First Quarter | $ | 0.82 | $ | 0.39 | ||||
| Second Quarter | 0.70 | 0.37 | ||||||
| Third Quarter | 1.09 | 0.54 | ||||||
| Fourth Quarter | 1.45 | 0.96 | ||||||
| $ | 4.06 | $ | 2.26 | |||||
Dividend Policy
Our intention is to pay to holders of common stock a quarterly dividend representing approximately 85% of Blackstone Inc.’s share of Distributable Earnings, subject to adjustment by amounts determined by our board of directors to be necessary or appropriate to provide for the conduct of our business, to make appropriate investments in our business and funds, to comply with applicable law, any of our debt instruments or other agreements, or to provide for future cash requirements such as
tax-related
payments, clawback obligations and dividends to shareholders for any ensuing quarter. The dividend amount could also be adjusted upward in any one quarter.
For Blackstone’s definition of Distributable Earnings, see “— Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Key Financial Measures and Indicators.”
All of the foregoing is subject to the qualification that the declaration and payment of any dividends are at the sole discretion of our board of directors and our board of directors may change our dividend policy at any time, including, without limitation, to reduce such quarterly dividends or even to eliminate such dividends entirely.
Because Blackstone Inc. is a holding company and has no material assets, other than its ownership of partnership units in Blackstone Holdings (held through wholly owned subsidiaries), intercompany loans receivable and deferred tax assets, we fund any dividends by Blackstone Inc. by causing Blackstone Holdings to make distributions to its partners, including Blackstone Inc. (through its wholly owned subsidiaries). If Blackstone Holdings makes such distributions, the limited partners of Blackstone Holdings will be entitled to receive equivalent distributions
pro-rata
based on their partnership interests in Blackstone Holdings. Blackstone Inc. then dividends its share of such distributions, net of taxes and amounts payable under the tax receivable agreements, to our shareholders on a
pro-rata
basis.
Because the publicly traded entity and/or its wholly owned subsidiaries must pay taxes and make payments under the tax receivable agreements described in “— Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Note 18. Related Party Transactions,” the amounts ultimately paid as dividends by Blackstone Inc. to common shareholders in respect of each fiscal year are generally expected to be
less, on a per share or per unit basis, than the amounts distributed by the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships to the Blackstone personnel and others who are limited partners of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships in respect of their Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units. Following the Conversion, we expect to pay more corporate income taxes than we would have as a limited partnership, which will increase this difference between the per share dividend and per unit distribution amounts.
Dividends are treated as qualified dividends to the extent of Blackstone’s current and accumulated earnings and profits, with any excess dividends treated as a return of capital to the extent of the shareholder’s basis.
In addition, the partnership agreements of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships provide for cash distributions, which we refer to as “tax distributions,” to the partners of such partnerships if the wholly owned subsidiaries of Blackstone Inc. which are the general partners of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships determine that the taxable income of the relevant partnership will give rise to taxable income for its partners. Generally, these tax distributions will be computed based on our estimate of the net taxable income of the relevant partnership allocable to a partner multiplied by an assumed tax rate equal to the highest effective marginal combined U.S. federal, state and local income tax rate prescribed for an individual or corporate resident in New York, New York (taking into account the
non-deductibility
of certain expenses and the character of our income). The Blackstone Holdings Partnerships will make tax distributions only to the extent distributions from such partnerships for the relevant year were otherwise insufficient to cover such estimated assumed tax liabilities.
Share Repurchases in the Fourth Quarter of 2021
The following table sets forth information regarding repurchases of shares of our common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2021:
| Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased | Average Price Paid per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (a) | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program (Dollars in Thousands) (a) | ||||||||||||
| Oct. 1 - Oct. 31, 2021 | 41,666 | $ | 138.20 | 41,666 | $ | 396,822 | ||||||||||
| Nov. 1 - Nov. 30, 2021 | 437,493 | $ | 144.01 | 437,493 | $ | 333,817 | ||||||||||
| Dec. 1 - Dec. 31, 2021 | 3,739,687 | $ | 134.50 | 3,739,687 | $ | 1,500,000 | ||||||||||
| 4,218,846 | 4,218,846 | |||||||||||||||
| (a) | On December 7, 2021, Blackstone’s board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $2.0 billion of common stock and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units. Under the repurchase program, repurchases may be made from time to time in open market transactions, in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The timing and the actual numbers repurchased will depend on a variety of factors, including legal requirements, price and economic and market conditions. The repurchase program may be changed, suspended or discontinued at any time and does not have a specified expiration date. See “— Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Note 16. Earnings Per Share and Stockholders’ Equity — Share Repurchase Program” and “— Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Share Repurchase Program” for further information regarding this repurchase program. |
|---|
As permitted by, and subject to, our policies and procedures governing transactions in our securities by our directors, executive officers and other employees, from time to time some of these persons may establish plans or arrangements complying with
Rule 10b5-1
under the Exchange Act, and similar plans and arrangements relating to our shares and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units.
Item 6. (Reserved)
| --- | --- |
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
| --- | --- |
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with Blackstone Inc.’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes included within this Annual Report on
Form 10-K.
This section of this
Form 10-K
generally discusses 2021 and 2020 items and year to year comparisons between 2021 and 2020. For the discussion of 2020 compared to 2019 see “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of Blackstone’s Annual Report on
Form 10-K
for the year ended December 31, 2020, which specific discussion is incorporated herein by reference.
Effective August 6, 2021, The Blackstone Group Inc. changed its name to Blackstone Inc. Blackstone Inc. was initially formed as The Blackstone Group L.P. (the “Partnership”) and converted from a Delaware limited partnership to a Delaware corporation, The Blackstone Group Inc. (the “Conversion”), effective July 1, 2019. This report includes the results for the Partnership prior to the Conversion and Blackstone Inc. following the Conversion. In this report, references to “Blackstone,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to (a) Blackstone Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries following the Conversion and (b) the Partnership and its consolidated subsidiaries prior to the Conversion. All references to shares or per share amounts prior to the Conversion refer to units or per unit amounts. Unless otherwise noted, all references to shares or per share amounts following the Conversion refer to shares or per share amounts of common stock. All references to dividends prior to the Conversion refer to distributions. See “— Organizational Structure.”
Effective February 26, 2021, Blackstone effectuated changes to rename its Class A common stock as “common stock,” and to reclassify its Class B and Class C common stock into a new “Series I preferred stock” and “Series II preferred stock,” respectively. Each new stock has the same rights and powers of its predecessor. See “— Organizational Structure.”
Our Business
Blackstone is one of the world’s leading investment firms. Our business is organized into four segments: Real Estate, Private Equity, Hedge Fund Solutions and Credit & Insurance. For more information about our business segments, see “Part I. Item 1. Business — Business Segments.”
We generate revenue from fees earned pursuant to contractual arrangements with funds, fund investors and fund portfolio companies (including management, transaction and monitoring fees), and from capital markets services. We also invest in the funds we manage and we are entitled to a
pro-rata
share of the results of the fund (a
“pro-rata
allocation”). In addition to a
pro-rata
allocation, and assuming certain investment returns are achieved, we are entitled to a disproportionate allocation of the income otherwise allocable to the limited partners, commonly referred to as carried interest (“Performance Allocations”). In certain structures, we receive a contractual incentive fee from an investment fund in the event that specified cumulative investment returns are achieved (an “Incentive Fee,” and together with Performance Allocations, “Performance Revenues”). The composition of our revenues will vary based on market conditions and the cyclicality of the different businesses in which we operate. Net investment gains and investment income generated by the Blackstone Funds are driven by value created by our operating and strategic initiatives as well as overall market conditions. Fair values are affected by changes in the fundamentals of our portfolio company and other investments, the industries in which they operate, the overall economy and other market conditions.
Our Response to
COVID-19
Our primary focus during the
COVID-19
pandemic has been the safety and wellbeing of our employees and their families, as well as the seamless functioning of the firm in serving our investors who have entrusted us with their capital, and our shareholders. Where remote work has been appropriate or recommended under local government guidelines, our technology infrastructure has proven to be robust and capable of supporting a remote work model and we have implemented rigorous protocols for remote work across the firm, including increased cadence of group calls and updates, and frequent communication across leadership and working levels. We have also leveraged technology to ensure our teams stay connected and productive, and that our culture remains strong. To the extent we have not been meeting with our clients in person, we have continued to actively communicate with them through videoconference, teleconference and email. Our investment committees have also continued to convene as needed, and the firm has continued to operate across investment, asset management and corporate support functions. Our return to office protocols have been developed and implemented consistent with local government guidelines, with testing, contact-tracing and social distancing and other safety protocols in place, and we continue to closely monitor applicable public health and government guidance and the proliferation of variants.
Business Environment
Blackstone’s businesses are materially affected by conditions in the financial markets and economic conditions in the U.S., Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, elsewhere in the world.
In 2021, economic conditions strongly rebounded from the prior year, particularly in the U.S., which was significantly affected by the
COVID-19
pandemic in 2020. The Bureau of Economic Analysis’ advance estimate of U.S. real GDP growth indicated growth of 5.7% in 2021, after a 3.4% decline in GDP in 2020. This estimate for 2021 would equate to the fastest rate of economic growth in nearly 40 years. At the same time, in December 2021, annual U.S. inflation reached a
39-year
high of 7.0%, leading the U.S. Federal Reserve to indicate a plan to begin to increase interest rates in the near term. Despite strong equity market returns overall for 2021, concerns over inflation, higher interest rates and the impact of COVID variants on economic growth led to heightened equity market volatility exiting the year, and such volatility continued into early 2022. Global supply chains have also continued to be disrupted, particularly given China’s recurrent COVID restrictions. Such disruption has contributed to growing inflationary pressure and may further contribute to slower real GDP growth globally.
The S&P 500 Total Return Index increased 11% in the fourth quarter of 2021 and 29% in 2021, with strong appreciation across sectors, led by energy and real estate. The Bloomberg Commodity Index fell by
-1.6%
in the fourth quarter but rose more than 27% for the year. The price of West Texas Intermediate crude oil increased 55% to $75 per barrel for the year.
Credit markets also appreciated in 2021, as U.S. leveraged loans and high yield bonds returned 5.2% and 5.4%, respectively. High yield spreads tightened a total of 76 basis points in the year, while issuance increased 15%. Merger and acquisition activity accelerated, with global announced deal value increasing 63% in 2021 compared to 2020.
Throughout 2021, the U.S. Federal Reserve maintained the federal funds target range at
0.0%-0.25%,
the range set in March 2020 in response to the onset of
COVID-19.
The yield on the
ten-year
Treasury remained relatively flat in the fourth quarter, ending the year at 1.51%, but has risen sharply so far in 2022, to 1.96% as of February 17, 2022. Three-month LIBOR increased eight basis points in the fourth quarter to 0.21%, and further to 0.49% as of February 16, 2022. Subsequent to the end of 2021, the U.S. Federal Reserve indicated that it foresees up to three quarter-percentage-point interest rate increases in 2022, beginning as early as March 2022, with continued in
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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
| --- | --- |
Our predominant exposure to market risk is related to our role as general partner or investment adviser to the Blackstone Funds and the sensitivities to movements in the fair value of their investments, including the effect on management fees, performance revenues and investment income. See “Part I. — Item 1. Business — Investment Process and Risk Management.”
Effect on Fund Management Fees
Our management fees are based on (a) third parties’ capital commitments to a Blackstone Fund, (b) third parties’ capital invested in a Blackstone Fund or (c) the net asset value (“NAV”) or gross asset value (“GAV”) of a Blackstone Fund, vehicle or separately managed account, as described in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Management fees will only be directly affected by short-term changes in market conditions to the extent they are based on NAV, GAV or represent permanent impairments of value. These management fees will be increased (or reduced) in direct proportion to the effect of changes in the fair value of our investments in the related funds. The proportion of our management fees that are based on NAV or GAV is dependent on the number and types of Blackstone Funds, vehicles, or separately managed accounts in existence and the current stage of each fund’s life cycle. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the percentages of our fund management fees based on the NAV or GAV of the applicable funds or separately managed accounts, were as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||||||
| Fund Management Fees Based on the NAV or GAV of the Applicable Funds or Separately Managed Accounts | 40 | % | 33 | % |
Market Risk
The Blackstone Funds hold investments which are reported at fair value and Blackstone invests directly in securities measured at fair value. Based on the fair value as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we estimate that a 10% decline in the fair value of investments, excluding equity securities without a readily determinable fair value measured in accordance with the measurement alternative, would result in the following declines in Management and Advisory Fees, Net, Unrealized Performance Allocations, Net and Unrealized Principal Investment Income:
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Management and Advisory Fees, Net (a) | Unrealized Performance Allocations, Net (b) | Unrealized Principal Investment Income (c) | Management and Advisory Fees, Net (a) | Unrealized Performance Allocations, Net (b) | Unrealized Principal Investment Income (c) | |||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10% Decline in Fair Value of the Investments | $ | 289,686 | $ | 2,354,033 | $ | 325,681 | $ | 199,964 | $ | 1,773,930 | $ | 169,269 |
| (a) | Represents the annualized effect of the 10% decline. |
|---|
| (b) | Represents the reporting date effect of the 10% decline. Presented net of Unrealized Performance Allocations Compensation. |
|---|
| (c) | Represents the reporting date effect of the 10% decline. Also includes the net effect of consolidated funds, which reflects the change on Net Gains from Fund Investing Activities, net of Non-Controlling Interests. |
|---|
The fair value of our investments and securities can vary significantly based on a number of factors, including the diversity of the Blackstone Funds’ investment portfolio, market conditions, trading values, similar transactions, financial metrics, and industry comparatives. See “Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors” above. Also see “— Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies — Fair Value.” We believe these fair value amounts should be utilized with caution as our intent and strategy is to hold investments and securities until prevailing market conditions are beneficial for investment sales.
Exchange Rate Risk
Blackstone and the Blackstone Funds hold investments that are denominated in
non-U.S.
dollar currencies that may be affected by movements in the rate of exchange between the U.S. dollar and
non-U.S.
dollar currencies. Additionally, a portion of our management fees are denominated in
non-U.S.
dollar currencies. We estimate that as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, a 10% decline in the rate of exchange of all foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar would result in the following declines in Management and Advisory Fees, Net, Unrealized Performance Allocations, Net and Unrealized Principal Investment Income:
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Management and Advisory Fees, Net (a) | Unrealized Performance Allocations, Net (b)(c) | Unrealized Principal Investment Income (b) | Management and Advisory Fees, Net (a) | Unrealized Performance Allocations, Net (b)(c) | Unrealized Principal Investment Income (b) | |||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10% Decline in the Rate of Exchange of All Foreign Currencies Against the U.S. Dollar | $ | 36,154 | $ | 862,488 | $ | 115,235 | $ | 44,163 | $ | 559,875 | $ | 50,952 |
| (a) | Represents the annualized effect of the 10% decline. |
|---|
| (b) | Represents the reporting date effect of the 10% decline. |
|---|
| (c) | Presented net of Unrealized Performance Allocations Compensation. |
|---|
Interest Rate Risk
Blackstone may have debt obligations payable that accrue interest at variable rates. Interest rate changes may therefore affect the amount of our interest payments, future earnings and cash flows. As of December 31, 2021, Blackstone had $250.0 million outstanding under the revolver that bears interest at a variable rate. The annualized increase in interest expense due to a 1% increase in interest rates would be $2.5 million as a result of this borrowing, which was subsequently repaid on January 14, 2022. Blackstone did not have variable interest based debt obligations payable as of December 31, 2020 and therefore, interest expense was not impacted by changes in interest rates for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Blackstone has a diversified portfolio of liquid assets to meet the liquidity needs of various businesses. This portfolio includes cash, open-ended money market mutual funds, open-ended bond mutual funds, marketable investment securities, freestanding derivative contracts, repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements and other investments. If interest rates were to increase by one percentage point, we estimate that our annualized investment income would decrease, offset by an estimated increase in interest income on an annual basis from interest on floating rate assets, as follows:
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Annualized Decrease in Investment Income | Annualized Increase in Interest from Floating Rate Assets | Annualized Decrease in Investment Income | Annualized Increase in Interest from Floating Rate Assets | |||||||||||||
| (Dollars in Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| One Percentage Point Increase in Interest Rates | $ | 10,839 | (a) | $ | 12,944 | $ | 14,560 | (a) | $ | 19,670 |
| (a) | As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, this represents 0.6% and 0.4% of our portfolio of liquid assets, respectively. |
|---|
Blackstone has U.S. dollar and
non-U.S.
dollar based interest rate derivatives whose future cash flows and present value may be affected by movement in their respective underlying yield curves. We estimate that as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, a one percentage point increase parallel shift in global yield curves would result in the following impact on Other Revenue:
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||||||
| (Dollars in Thousands) | ||||||||
| Annualized Increase in Other Revenue Due to a One Percentage Point Increase in Interest Rates | $ | 8,499 | $ | 23,648 |
Credit Risk
Certain Blackstone Funds and the Investee Funds are subject to certain inherent risks through their investments.
Our portfolio of liquid assets contains certain credit risks including, but not limited to, exposure to uninsured deposits with financial institutions, unsecured corporate bonds and mortgage-backed securities. These exposures are actively monitored on a continuous basis and positions are reallocated based on changes in risk profile, market or economic conditions.
We estimate that our annualized investment income would decrease, if credit spreads were to increase by one percentage point, as follows:
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||||||
| (Dollars in Thousands) | ||||||||
| Decrease in Annualized Investment Income Due to a One Percentage Point Increase in Credit Spreads (a) | $ | 21,831 | $ | 56,927 |
| (a) | As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, this represents 1.2% and 1.4% of our portfolio of liquid assets, respectively. |
|---|
Certain of our entities hold derivative instruments that contain an element of risk in the event that the counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of such agreements. We minimize our risk exposure by limiting the counterparties with which we enter into contracts to banks and investment banks that meet established credit and capital guidelines. We do not expect any counterparty to default on its obligations and therefore do not expect to incur any loss due to counterparty default.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
| --- | --- |
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Blackstone Inc.:
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Blackstone Inc. (
formerly known as The Blackstone Group Inc. through August 6, 2021
) and subsidiaries (“Blackstone”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). We also have audited Blackstone’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in
Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)
issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”).
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Blackstone as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, Blackstone maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in
Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)
issued by COSO.
Basis for Opinions
Blackstone’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying management report on internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and an opinion on Blackstone’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to Blackstone in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures to respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (a) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company, (b) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company, and (c) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (a) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (b) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Fair Value of Underlying Investments to determine Performance Allocations and Accrued Performance Allocations — Refer to Notes 2 and 4 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
Blackstone, as a general partner, is entitled to an allocation of income from certain Blackstone Funds (“Blackstone Funds”) assuming certain investment returns are achieved, referred to as “Performance Allocations”. Performance Allocations are made based on cumulative fund performance to date, subject to a preferred return to limited partners. The change in the fair value of the underlying investments held by the Blackstone Funds is the significant input into this calculation.
As the fair value of underlying investments varies between reporting periods, adjustments are made to amounts recorded as Accrued Performance Allocations to reflect either (a) positive performance resulting in an increase in the Accrued Performance Allocation or (b) negative performance that would c
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Item 8A. Unaudited Supplemental Presentation of Statements of Financial Condition
| --- | --- |
Blackstone Inc.
Unaudited Consolidating Statements of Financial Condition
(Dollars in Thousands)
| December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Operating Partnerships | Consolidated Blackstone Funds (a) | Reclasses and Eliminations | Consolidated | |||||||||||||
| Assets | ||||||||||||||||
| Cash and Cash Equivalents | $ | 2,119,738 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 2,119,738 | ||||||||
| Cash Held by Blackstone Funds and Other | — | 79,994 | — | 79,994 | ||||||||||||
| Investments | 27,041,225 | 2,018,829 | (395,011 | ) | 28,665,043 | |||||||||||
| Accounts Receivable | 571,936 | 64,680 | — | 636,616 | ||||||||||||
| Due from Affiliates | 4,652,295 | 15,031 | (10,459 | ) | 4,656,867 | |||||||||||
| Intangible Assets, Net | 284,384 | — | — | 284,384 | ||||||||||||
| Goodwill | 1,890,202 | — | — | 1,890,202 | ||||||||||||
| Other Assets | 492,685 | 251 | — | 492,936 | ||||||||||||
| Right-of-Use Assets | 788,991 | — | — | 788,991 | ||||||||||||
| Deferred Tax Assets | 1,581,637 | — | — | 1,581,637 | ||||||||||||
| Total Assets | $ | 39,423,093 | $ | 2,178,785 | $ | (405,470 | ) | $ | 41,196,408 | |||||||
| Liabilities and Equity | ||||||||||||||||
| Loans Payable | $ | 7,748,062 | $ | 101 | $ | — | $ | 7,748,163 | ||||||||
| Due to Affiliates | 1,812,223 | 104,334 | (10,459 | ) | 1,906,098 | |||||||||||
| Accrued Compensation and Benefits | 7,905,070 | — | — | 7,905,070 | ||||||||||||
| Securities Sold, Not Yet Purchased | 4,292 | 23,557 | — | 27,849 | ||||||||||||
| Repurchase Agreements | 42,000 | 15,980 | — | 57,980 | ||||||||||||
| Operating Lease Liabilities | 908,033 | — | — | 908,033 | ||||||||||||
| Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities | 926,749 | 10,420 | — | 937,169 | ||||||||||||
| Total Liabilities | 19,346,429 | 154,392 | (10,459 | ) | 19,490,362 | |||||||||||
| Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities | 22,002 | 46,026 | — | 68,028 | ||||||||||||
| Equity | ||||||||||||||||
| Common Stock | 7 | — | — | 7 | ||||||||||||
| Series I Preferred Stock | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Series II Preferred Stock | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Additional Paid-in-Capital | 5,794,727 | 349,822 | (349,822 | ) | 5,794,727 | |||||||||||
| Retained Earnings (Deficit) | 3,647,785 | 45,189 | (45,189 | ) | 3,647,785 | |||||||||||
| Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | (19,626 | ) | — | — | (19,626 | ) | ||||||||||
| Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities | 4,017,297 | 1,583,356 | — | 5,600,653 | ||||||||||||
| Non-Controlling Interests in Blackstone Holdings | 6,614,472 | — | — | 6,614,472 | ||||||||||||
| Total Equity | 20,054,662 | 1,978,367 | (395,011 | ) | 21,638,018 | |||||||||||
| Total Liabilities and Equity | $ | 39,423,093 | $ | 2,178,785 | $ | (405,470 | ) | $ | 41,196,408 | |||||||
Blackstone Inc.
Unaudited Consolidating Statements of Financial Condition—Continued
(Dollars in Thousands)
| December 31, 2020 | ||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Operating Partnerships | Consolidated Blackstone Funds (a) | Reclasses and Eliminations | Consolidated | |||||||||||||
| Assets | ||||||||||||||||
| Cash and Cash Equivalents | $ | 1,999,484 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,999,484 | ||||||||
| Cash Held by Blackstone Funds and Other | — | 64,972 | — | 64,972 | ||||||||||||
| Investments | 14,425,035 | 1,455,008 | (262,901 | ) | 15,617,142 | |||||||||||
| Accounts Receivable | 746,059 | 120,099 | — | 866,158 | ||||||||||||
| Due from Affiliates | 3,224,522 | 10,001 | (13,008 | ) | 3,221,515 | |||||||||||
| Intangible Assets, Net | 347,955 | — | — | 347,955 | ||||||||||||
| Goodwill | 1,901,485 | — | — | 1,901,485 | ||||||||||||
| Other Assets | 480,760 | 262 | — | 481,022 | ||||||||||||
| Right-of-Use Assets | 526,943 | — | — | 526,943 | ||||||||||||
| Deferred Tax Assets | 1,242,576 | — | — | 1,242,576 | ||||||||||||
| Total Assets | $ | 24,894,819 | $ | 1,650,342 | $ | (275,909 | ) | $ | 26,269,252 | |||||||
| Liabilities and Equity | ||||||||||||||||
| Loans Payable | $ | 5,644,554 | $ | 99 | $ | — | $ | 5,644,653 | ||||||||
| Due to Affiliates | 1,070,955 | 77,095 | (13,009 | ) | 1,135,041 | |||||||||||
| Accrued Compensation and Benefits | 3,433,260 | — | — | 3,433,260 | ||||||||||||
| Securities Sold, Not Yet Purchased | 9,324 | 41,709 | — | 51,033 | ||||||||||||
| Repurchase Agreements | — | 76,808 | — | 76,808 | ||||||||||||
| Operating Lease Liabilities | 620,844 | — | — | 620,844 | ||||||||||||
| Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities | 679,883 | 37,221 | — | 717,104 | ||||||||||||
| Total Liabilities | 11,458,820 | 232,932 | (13,009 | ) | 11,678,743 | |||||||||||
| Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities | 21,999 | 43,162 | — | 65,161 | ||||||||||||
| Equity | ||||||||||||||||
| Common Stock | 7 | — | — | 7 | ||||||||||||
| Series I Preferred Stock | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Series II Preferred Stock | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Additional Paid-in-Capital | 6,332,105 | 269,235 | (269,235 | ) | 6,332,105 | |||||||||||
| Retained Earnings (Deficit) | 335,762 | (6,335 | ) | 6,335 | 335,762 | |||||||||||
| Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | (15,831 | ) | — | — | (15,831 | ) | ||||||||||
| Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities | 2,930,809 | 1,111,348 | — | 4,042,157 | ||||||||||||
| Non-Controlling Interests in Blackstone Holdings | 3,831,148 | — | — | 3,831,148 | ||||||||||||
| Total Equity | 13,414,000 | 1,374,248 | (262,900 | ) | 14,525,348 | |||||||||||
| Total Liabilities and Equity | $ | 24,894,819 | $ | 1,650,342 | $ | (275,909 | ) | $ | 26,269,252 | |||||||
| (a) | The Consolidated Blackstone Funds consisted of the following: |
|---|
Blackstone / GSO Global Dynamic Credit Feeder Fund (Cayman) LP
Blackstone / GSO Global Dynamic Credit Funding Designated Activity Company
Blackstone / GSO Global Dynamic Credit Master Fund
Blackstone / GSO Global Dynamic Credit USD Feeder Fund (Ireland)
Blackstone Annex Onshore Fund L.P.*
Blackstone Horizon Fund L.P.*
Blackstone Real Estate Special Situations Holdings L.P.
Blackstone Strategic Alliance Fund L.P.
BTD CP Holdings LP
Mezzanine
side-by-side
investment vehicles
Private equity
side-by-side
investment vehicles
Real estate
side-by-side
investment vehicles
Hedge Fund Solutions
side-by-side
investment vehicles.
| * | Consolidated as of December 31, 2021 only. |
|---|
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
| --- | --- |
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
| --- | --- |
We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined in Rules
13a-15(e)
and
15d-15(e)
under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing disclosure controls and procedures, our management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired objectives.
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule
13a-15
under the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule
13a-15(e)
under the Exchange Act) are effective at the reasonable assurance level to accomplish their objectives of ensuring that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a–15(f) and 15d–15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during our most recent quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management of Blackstone Inc. and subsidiaries (“Blackstone”) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Blackstone’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of its principal executive and principal financial officers to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of its consolidated financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Blackstone’s internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect transactions and dispositions of assets; provide reasonable assurances that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the directors; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of Blackstone’s assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of Blackstone’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 based on the framework established in
Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)
issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management has determined that Blackstone’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 was effective.
Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited Blackstone’s financial statements included in this report on
Form 10-K
and issued its report on the effectiveness of Blackstone’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, which is included herein.
Item 9B. Other Information
| --- | --- |
None.
Item 9C. Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
| --- | --- |
Not applicable.
Part III.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
| --- | --- |
Directors and Executive Officers of Blackstone Inc.
Our directors and executive officers as of the date of this filing are:
| Name | Age | Position | ||||
| Stephen A. Schwarzman | 75 | Founder, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and Director | ||||
| Jonathan D. Gray | 52 | President, Chief Operating Officer and Director | ||||
| Michael S. Chae | 53 | Chief Financial Officer | ||||
| John G. Finley | 65 | Chief Legal Officer | ||||
| Joseph P. Baratta | 51 | Director | ||||
| Kelly A. Ayotte | 53 | Director | ||||
| James W. Breyer | 60 | Director | ||||
| Reginald J. Brown | 54 | Director | ||||
| Sir John Antony Hood | 70 | Director | ||||
| Rochelle B. Lazarus | 74 | Director | ||||
| Jay O. Light | 80 | Director | ||||
| The Right Honorable Brian Mulroney | 82 | Director | ||||
| William G. Parrett | 76 | Director | ||||
| Ruth Porat | 64 | Director |
Stephen A. Schwarzman
is the Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and
Co-Founder
of Blackstone and the Chairman of our board of directors. Mr. Schwarzman was elected Chairman of the board of directors effective March 20, 2007. He also sits on the firm’s Management Committee. Mr. Schwarzman has been involved in all phases of the firm’s development since its founding in 1985. Mr. Schwarzman is an active philanthropist with a history of supporting education, as well as culture and the arts, among other things. In 2020, he signed The Giving Pledge, committing to give the majority of his wealth to philanthropic causes. In both business and philanthropy, Mr. Schwarzman has dedicated himself to tackling big problems with transformative solutions. In June 2019, he pledged £150 million to the University of Oxford to help redefine the study of the humanities for the 21st century. His gift – the largest single donation to Oxford since the renaissance – will create a new Centre for the Humanities which unites all humanities faculties under one roof for the first time in Oxford’s history, and will offer new performing arts and exhibition venues as well as a new Institute for Ethics in AI. In October 2018, he announced a foundational $350 million gift to establish the MIT Schwarzman College of Computing, an interdisciplinary hub which will reorient MIT to address the opportunities and challenges presented by the rise of artificial intelligence, including critical ethical and policy considerations to ensure that the technologies are employed for the common good. In 2015, Mr. Schwarzman pledged $150 million to Yale University to establish the Schwarzman Center, a
first-of-its-kind
campus center in Yale’s historic “Commons” building, and also gave a founding gift of $40 million to the Inner-City Scholarship Fund, which provides tuition assistance to underprivileged children attending Catholic schools in the Archdiocese of New York. In 2013, he founded an international scholarship program, “Schwarzman Scholars,” at Tsinghua University in Beijing to educate future leaders about China. At over $575 million, the program is modeled on the Rhodes Scholarship and is the single largest philanthropic effort in China’s history coming largely from international donors. Mr. Schwarzman is
Co-Chair
of the Board of Trustees of Schwarzman Scholars. In 2007, Mr. Schwarzman donated $100 million to the New York Public Library on whose board he serves. In 2019, Mr. Schwarzman published his first book,
What It Takes: Lessons in the Pursuit of Excellence
, a New York Times Best Seller which draws from his experience in business, philanthropy and public service. Mr. Schwarzman is a member of The Council on Foreign Relations, The Business Council, The Business Roundtable, and The International Business Council of the World Economic Forum. He is the former
co-chair
of the Partnership for New
York City and serves on the boards of The Asia Society and New York Presbyterian Hospital, as well as on The Advisory Board of the School of Economics and Management at Tsinghua University, Beijing. He is a Trustee of The Frick Collection in New York City and Chairman Emeritus of the board of directors of The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. In 2007, Mr. Schwarzman was included in TIME’s “100 Most Influential People.” In 2016, he topped Forbes Magazine’s list of the most influential people in finance and in 2018 was ranked in the Top 50 on Forbes’ list of the “World’s Most Powerful People.” The Republic of France has awarded Mr. Schwarzman both the Légion d’Honneur and the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres at the Commandeur level. Mr. Schwarzman is one of the only Americans to receive both awards recognizing significant contributions to France. He was also awarded the Order of the Aztec Eagle, Mexico’s highest honor for foreigners, for his work on behalf of the U.S. in support of the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement in 2018. He is also the former Chairman of the President’s Strategic and Policy Forum, which was charged with providing direct input to the President of the United States from business leaders through a
non-partisan,
non-bureaucratic
exchange of ideas. Mr. Schwarzman holds a BA from Yale University and an MBA from Harvard Business School. He has served as an adjunct professor at the Yale School of Management and on the Harvard Business School Board of Dean’s Advisors.
Jonathan D. Gray
is President and Chief Operating Officer of Blackstone and a member of our board of directors. Mr. Gray was elected to the board of directors effective February 24, 2012. He also sits on the firm’s Management Committee and previously served as Global Head of Real Estate, which he helped build into the largest real estate platform in the world. Mr. Gray joined Blackstone in 1992. He currently serves as Chairman of the board of directors of Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc. Mr. Gray also previously served as a board member of Nevada Property 1 LLC (The Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas), Invitation Homes Inc., Brixmor Property Group Inc. and La Quinta Holdings Inc. He also serves on the board of Harlem Village Academies. Mr. Gray and his wife, Mindy, established the Basser Center for BRCA at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine focused on the prevention and treatment of certain genetically caused cancers. They also established NYC Kids RISE in partnership with the City of New York to accelerate college savings for low income children. Mr. Gray received a BS in Economics from the Wharton School, as well as a BA in English from the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania.
Michael S. Chae
is Blackstone’s Chief Financial Officer and a member of the firm’s Management Committee. Mr. Chae has management responsibility over the firm’s global finance, treasury, technology and corporate development functions. Since joining Blackstone in 1997, Mr. Chae has served in a broad range of leadership roles including Head of International Private Equity, Head of Private Equity for Asia/Pacific, and overseeing Private Equity investments in various sectors and the investment process for Tactical Opportunities. Mr. Chae led or was involved in numerous Blackstone investments over that time period. Before joining Blackstone, Mr. Chae worked at the Carlyle Group, L.P. and prior to that at Dillon, Read & Co. He has served on numerous boards of private and publicly traded portfolio companies. Mr. Chae previously served as President of the Board of Trustees of the Lawrenceville School, and he is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Board of Trustees of the Asia Society and the St. Bernard’s School. Mr. Chae established the Chae Initiative in Private Sector Leadership at Yale Law School. Mr. Chae received an AB from Harvard College, an MPhil. in International Relations from Cambridge University and a JD from Yale Law School.
John G. Finley
is a Senior Managing Director and Chief Legal Officer of Blackstone and a member of the firm’s Management Committee. Before joining Blackstone in 2010, Mr. Finley had been a partner with Simpson Thacher & Bartlett where he was a member of that law firm’s Executive Committee and
Co-Head
of Global Mergers & Acquisitions. Mr. Finley is an Adviser on the American Law Institute’s Restatement of the Law, Corporate Governance project and a member of the U.S. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, Dean’s Advisory Board of Harvard Law School, Advisory Board of the Harvard Law School Program on Corporate Governance, Board of Advisors of the Penn Institute for Law and Economics, National Advisory Board of the Netter Center for Community Partnerships of the University of Pennsylvania. Mr. Finley is also a director at Tradeweb. He has served on the Committee of Securities Regulation of the New York State Bar Association and the Board of Advisors of the Knight-Bagehot Fellowship in Economics and Business Journalism at Columbia University. Mr. Finley received a B.S. in Economics from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, a B.A. in History from the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Pennsylvania, and a J.D. from Harvard Law School.
Joseph P. Baratta
is Global Head of Private Equity at Blackstone and a member of the board of directors. Mr. Baratta was elected to the board of directors effective March 2, 2020. He also sits on the firm’s Management Committee. Mr. Baratta joined Blackstone in 1998 and in 2001 he moved to London to help establish Blackstone’s corporate private equity business in Europe. Before joining Blackstone, Mr. Baratta was with Tinicum Incorporated and McCown De Leeuw & Company. Mr. Baratta also worked at Morgan Stanley in its mergers and acquisitions department. Mr. Baratta has served on the boards of a number of Blackstone portfolio companies and currently serves as a member or observer on the boards of directors of First Eagle Investment Management, Refinitiv, SESAC, Ancestry, Candle Media and Merlin Entertainments Group. He is also a member of the Board of Trustees of Georgetown University, is a trustee of the Tate Foundation, and serves on the board of Year Up, an organization focused on youth employment.
Kelly A. Ayotte
is a member of our board of directors. Ms. Ayotte was elected to the board of directors effective May 13, 2019. Ms. Ayotte represented New Hampshire in the United States Senate from 2011 to 2016, where she chaired the Armed Services Subcommittee on Readiness and the Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation Operations. Ms. Ayotte also served on the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Budget, Small Business and Entrepreneurship, and Aging Committees. Ms. Ayotte served as the “Sherpa” for Justice Neil Gorsuch, leading the effort to secure his confirmation to the United States Supreme Court. From 2004 to 2009, Ms. Ayotte served as New Hampshire’s first female Attorney General having been appointed to that position by Republican Governor Craig Benson and reappointed twice by Democratic Governor John Lynch. Prior to that, she served as the Deputy Attorney General, Chief of the Homicide Prosecution Unit and as Legal Counsel to Governor Craig Benson. Ms. Ayotte began her career as a law clerk to the New Hampshire Supreme Court and as an associate at the Mclane Middleton law firm. Ms. Ayotte serves on the board of directors of Caterpillar Inc. and its nomination, governance and public policy committee, the board of directors of News Corporation and its nomination and governance committee and the board of directors of Boston Properties, Inc. and as chair of its compensation committee and a member of its nomination and governance committee. Ms. Ayotte also serves on the board of directors of Blink Health LLC and BAE Systems Inc., where she chairs the compensation committee, and previously she served on the board of directors of Bloom Energy Corporation and chaired its nomination and governance committee. Ms. Ayotte also serves on the advisory boards of Microsoft, Chubb Insurance and Cirtronics. Ms. Ayotte is a Senior Advisor to Citizens for Responsible Energy Solutions. Ms. Ayotte also serves on the
non-profit
boards of the One Campaign, International Republican Institute, the McCain Institute, Winning for Women, NH Veteran’s Count and NH Swim with a Mission. Ms. Ayotte is also a member of the Board of Advisors for the Center on Military and Political Power at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies.
James W. Breyer
is a member of our board of directors. Mr. Breyer was elected to the board of directors effective July 14, 2016. Mr. Breyer is the Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Breyer Capital, a premier venture capital firm based in Menlo Park, California. Mr. Breyer has been an early investor in over 40 technology companies that have completed successful public offerings or mergers. He served as Partner at Accel Partners from 1990 to 2016 and Managing Partner from 1995 to 2011. Mr. Breyer also has a long record of investing in China and partnering with Chinese entrepreneurs. He is
Co-Chairman
of IDG Capital, based in Beijing and the first firm to bring venture capital into China. Over the past several years, Mr. Breyer has developed a deep personal and investment interest in long-term oriented entrepreneurs and teams working in artificial/augmented intelligence and human-assisted intelligence and has made numerous investments in this space. Mr. Breyer previously served on the board of directors of Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc. from 2011 to 2019, Facebook, Inc. from 2005 to 2013, Etsy, Inc. from 2008 to 2016, Dell, Inc. from 2009 to 2013 and
Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc. from 2001 to 2013, as well as a number of other technology companies. Mr. Breyer is currently the Chairman of the Advisory Board at the Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management, a member of Harvard Business School’s Board of
Dean’s Advisors, a member of Harvard University’s Global Advisory Council, a founding member of the Dean’s Advisory Board of Stanford University’s School of Engineering, Chairman of the Stanford Engineering Venture Fund and founding member of the Stanford Institute for Human-Assisted Artificial Intelligence Advisory Board. In addition, Mr. Breyer is a long-time active volunteer as a Trustee of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the American Film Institute and Stanford’s Center for Philanthropy and Civil Society.
Reginald J. Brown
is a member of the board of directors of Blackstone. Mr. Brown was elected to the board of directors effective September 15, 2020. Mr. Brown is a partner in the Washington, D.C., office of Kirkland & Ellis LLP. Prior to joining Kirkland, Mr. Brown was a partner at WilmerHale, where he served as chairman of the firm’s Financial Institutions Group and led the firm’s congressional investigations practice as vice chair of the Crisis Management and Strategic Response Group. From 2003 to 2005, Mr. Brown served as associate White House Counsel and special assistant to the President and worked as Assistant to the CEO and Vice President for Corporate Strategy at Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company. Mr. Brown is a member of the boards of the Foundation for Excellence in Education, the Property and Environment Research Center, the American Council on Germany and the National Center for State Courts. Mr. Brown holds a BA from Yale University and a JD from Harvard Law School.
Sir John Antony Hood
is a member of our board of directors. Sir John was elected to the board of directors effective May 14, 2018. Sir John previously served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Robertson Foundation, the Chair of the Rhodes Trust, on the board of the Mandela Rhodes Foundation, as Chairman of BMT Group, Ltd, and as a director of WPP plc, where he was chairman of the compensation committee. He currently serves on the Advisory Boards of the Blavatnik School of Government and the Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment at Oxford. In addition, Sir John serves on the boards of the Fletcher Trust, the British Heart Foundation, Success Academy, and the Said Business School Foundation, and on the advisory board for the African Leadership Academy. From 2004 to 2009, Sir John served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, and from 1999 to 2004, he served as Vice-Chancellor of The University of Auckland. Sir John earned a Bachelor of Engineering and a PhD in Civil Engineering from The University of Auckland. Upon completing his doctorate, he was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study at the University of Oxford. There he read for an MPhil in Management Studies and was a member of Worcester College. Sir John has been appointed a Knight Companion to the New Zealand Order of Merit.
Rochelle B. Lazarus
is a member of our board of directors. Ms. Lazarus was elected to the board of directors effective July 9, 2013. Ms. Lazarus is Chairman Emeritus of Ogilvy & Mather and served as Chairman of that company from 1997 to June 2012. Prior to becoming Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, she also served as President of O&M Direct North America, Ogilvy & Mather New York, and Ogilvy & Mather North America. Ms. Lazarus currently serves on the boards of Rockefeller Capital Management, Organon, World Wildlife Fund, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and the Partnership for New York City. She also previously served on the board of General Electric Company and Merck & Co. Ms. Lazarus is a trustee of the New York Presbyterian Hospital and is a member of the Board of Overseers of Columbia Business School.
Jay O. Light
is a member of our board of directors. Mr. Light was elected to the board of directors effective September 18, 2008. Mr. Light is the Dean Emeritus of Harvard Business School and the George F. Baker Professor of Administration Emeritus. Prior to that, Mr. Light was the Dean of Harvard Business School from 2006 to 2010. Before becoming the Dean of Harvard Business School, Mr. Light was Senior Associate Dean, Chairman of the Finance Area, and a professor teaching Investment Management, Capital Markets, and Entrepreneurial Finance for 30 years. Mr. Light was also previously the lead director of the board of directors of HCA Holdings, Inc., a director of the Harvard Management Company and a director of Partners HealthCare (the Mass General and Brigham & Women’s Hospitals), where he served as Chairman of its Investment Committee until 2015. In prior years until 2008, Mr. Light was a Trustee of the GMO Trusts, a family of mutual funds for institutional investors.
The Right Honorable Brian Mulroney
is a member of our board of directors. Mr. Mulroney was elected to the board of directors effective June 21, 2007. Mr. Mulroney is a senior partner for Norton Rose Fulbright Canada LLP. Prior to joining Norton Rose Fulbright Canada, Mr. Mulroney was the eighteenth Prime Minister of Canada from 1984 to 1993 and leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. He served as the Executive Vice President of the Iron Ore Company of Canada and President beginning in 1977. Prior to that, Mr. Mulroney served on the Cliché Commission of Inquiry in 1974. Mr. Mulroney is a Senior Advisor of Global Affairs at Barrick Gold Corporation, where he previously served as a member of the board of directors, and is the Chairman of their International Advisory Board. Mr. Mulroney is also Chairman of the board of directors of Quebecor Inc. and a member of the board of directors of Acreage Holdings Inc., and he previously served on the board of directors of Wyndham Hotels & Resorts, Inc., Archer Daniels Midland Company and Quebecor World Inc.
William G. Parrett
is a member of our board of directors. Mr. Parrett was elected to the board of directors effective November 9, 2007. Until May 31, 2007, Mr. Parrett served as the Chief Executive Officer of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu and Senior Partner of Deloitte (USA). Certain of the member firms of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu or their subsidiaries and affiliates provide professional services to Blackstone or its affiliates. Mr. Parrett
co-
founded the Global Financial Services Industry practice of Deloitte and served as its first Chairman. Mr. Parrett is a member of the board of directors of New York Foundation for Senior Citizens, ThoughtWorks, where he is the chair of the audit committee, Oracle Corporation, where he is a member of the nominating and governance committee, and UBS America, where he is Chairman of the board of directors. Mr. Parrett was also previously a member of the board of directors of Eastman Kodak Company, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., UBS AG and Conduent Inc. Mr. Parrett is a Senior Trustee of the United States Council for International Business and a past Chairman of the Board of Trustees of United Way Worldwide. Mr. Parrett is a Certified Public Accountant with an active license.
Ruth Porat
is a member of the board of directors of Blackstone. Ms. Porat was elected to the board of directors effective June 25, 2020. Ms. Porat joined Google as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in May 2015 and has also held the same title at Alphabet since it was created in October 2015. She is responsible for Finance, Business Operations and Real Estate & Workplace Services. Prior to joining Google, Ms. Porat was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Morgan Stanley. At Morgan Stanley, Ms. Porat held roles that included Vice Chairman of Investment Banking,
Co-Head
of Technology Investment Banking and Global Head of the Financial Institutions Group. Ms. Porat is a member of the Board of Directors of the Stanford Management Company, the University’s endowment, and previously served ten years on the Stanford University Board of Trustees. Ms. Porat is a member of the Board of Directors of the Council on Foreign Relations, and a member of the Advisory Council of the Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy at the Brookings Institution and the Aspen Institute Economic Strategy Group. Ms. Porat holds a BA from Stanford University, an MSc from The London School of Economics and an MBA from the Wharton School.
Governance and Board Composition
Our capital stock consists of common stock, Series I preferred stock and Series II preferred stock. Under our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and Delaware law, holders of our common stock are entitled to vote, together with holders of our Series I preferred stock, voting as a single class, on a number of significant matters, including certain sales, exchanges or other dispositions of all or substantially all of our assets, a merger, consolidation or other business combination, the removal of the Series II Preferred Stockholder and forced transfer by the Series II Preferred Stockholder (as defined below) of its shares of Series II preferred stock and the designation of a successor Series II Preferred Stockholder. The single share of outstanding Series II preferred stock is currently held by Blackstone Group Management L.L.C. (the “Series II Preferred Stockholder”), an entity owned by our senior managing directors and controlled by our founder, Mr. Schwarzman.
The Series II Preferred Stockholder elects our board of directors in accordance with the Series II Preferred Stockholder’s limited liability company agreement, where our senior managing directors have agreed that our founder, Mr. Schwarzman will have the power to vote upon, act upon, consent to, approve or otherwise determine any matters to be voted upon, acted upon, consented to, approved or otherwise determined by the members of
the Series II Preferred Stockholder. The limited liability company agreement of our Series II Preferred Stockholder provides that at such time as Mr. Schwarzman should cease to be a founding member, Jonathan D. Gray will thereupon succeed Mr. Schwarzman as the sole founding member of our Series II Preferred Stockholder, and thereafter such power will revert to the members of Series II Preferred Stockholder holding a majority in interest in the Series II Preferred Stockholder.
In identifying candidates for membership on the board of directors, Mr. Schwarzman, acting on behalf of the Series II Preferred Stockholder, takes into account (a) minimum individual qualifications, such as strength of character, mature judgment, industry knowledge or experience and an ability to work collegially with the other members of the board of directors, and (b) all other factors he considers appropriate.
After conducting an initial evaluation of a candidate, Mr. Schwarzman will interview that candidate if he believes the candidate might be suitable to be a director and may also ask the candidate to meet with other directors and senior management. If, following such interview and any consultations with directors and senior management, Mr. Schwarzman believes a candidate would be a valuable addition to the board of directors, he will appoint that individual to the board of directors.
When considering whether the board’s directors have the experience, qualifications, attributes and skills, taken as a whole, to enable the board to satisfy its oversight responsibilities effectively in light of Blackstone’s business and structure, Mr. Schwarzman focused on the information described in each of the board members’ biographical information set forth above. In particular, with regard to Ms. Ayotte, Mr. Schwarzman considered her distinguished career in government and public service, especially her service as a United States Senator and as New Hampshire Attorney General. With regard to Mr. Breyer, Mr. Schwarzman considered his extensive financial background and significant investment experience at Breyer Capital and Accel Partners. With regard to Mr. Brown, Mr. Schwarzman considered his distinguished career in public service and experience advising large institutions and prominent figures in the private and public sector. With regard to Sir John, Mr. Schwarzman considered his distinguished experience playing a key role in the management and oversight of leading, complex institutions and philanthropic organizations around the world. With regard to Ms. Lazarus, Mr. Schwarzman considered her extensive business background and her management experience in a variety of senior leadership roles at Ogilvy & Mather. With regard to Mr. Light, Mr. Schwarzman considered his distinguished career as a professor and dean at Harvard Business School with extensive knowledge and expertise of the investment management and capital markets industries. With regard to Mr. Mulroney, Mr. Schwarzman considered his distinguished career of government service, especially his service as the Prime Minister of Canada. With regard to Mr. Parrett, Mr. Schwarzman considered his significant experience, expertise and background with regard to auditing and accounting matters, his leadership role at Deloitte and his extensive experience serving as a director on boards of directors. With regard to Ms. Porat, Mr. Schwarzman considered her extensive experience in the financial industry and her leadership roles with Alphabet, Google and Morgan Stanley. With regard to Messrs. Gray and Baratta, Mr. Schwarzman considered their leadership and extensive knowledge of our business and operations gained through their years of service at our firm and, with regard to himself, Mr. Schwarzman considered his role as founder and long-time Chief Executive Officer of our firm.
Controlled Company Exception and Director Independence
Because the Series II Preferred Stockholder holds more than 50% of the voting power for the election of directors, we are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the NYSE. Under these standards, a “controlled company” may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance standards, including the requirements (a) that a majority of its board of directors consist of independent directors, (b) that its board of directors have a compensation committee that is comprised entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities and (c) that its board of directors have a nominating and corporate governance committee that is comprised entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities. See “Part I. Item 1A Risk Factors —
Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure — We are a controlled company and as a result fall within the exceptions from certain corporate governance and other requirements under the rules of the New York Stock Exchange.” We currently utilize the second and third of these exemptions. In the event that we cease to be a “controlled company” and our shares of common stock continue to be listed on the NYSE, we will be required to comply with these provisions within the applicable transition periods. While we are exempt from the NYSE rules requiring a majority of independent directors, we currently have and intend to continue to maintain a majority independent board of directors.
Our board of directors has a total of twelve members, including nine members, Messrs. Breyer, Brown, Hood, Light, Mulroney and Parrett, and Mses. Ayotte, Lazarus and Porat, who are independent under NYSE rules relating to corporate governance matters and the independence standards described in our governance policy.
Board Committees
Our board of directors has three standing committees: the audit committee, the compensation committee and the executive committee.
Audit Committee
. The audit committee consists of Messrs. Parrett (Chairman), Breyer, Hood and Light and Mses. Ayotte, Lazarus and Porat. The purpose of the audit committee is, among other things, to assist the board of directors in fulfilling its responsibility with respect to its oversight of (a) the quality and integrity of our financial statements, (b) our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, (c) our independent auditor’s qualification, independence and performance, and (d) the performance of our internal audit function. The audit committee’s responsibilities also include reviewing with management, the independent auditors and internal audit, the areas of material risk to our operations and financial results, including major financial risks and exposures and our guidelines and policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management. The members of the audit committee meet the independence standards and financial literacy requirements for service on an audit committee of a board of directors pursuant to the NYSE listing standards and SEC rules applicable to audit committees. The board of directors has determined that each of Mr. Parrett and Mses. Lazarus and Porat is an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation
S-K.
The audit committee has a charter, which is available on our website at http://ir.blackstone.com under “Corporate Governance.”
Compensation Committee
. The compensation committee consists of Mr. Schwarzman. The purpose of the compensation committee is, among other things, to fix, and establish policies for, the compensation of officers and employees of the Company and its subsidiaries.
Executive Committee
. The executive committee consists of Messrs. Schwarzman, Gray and Baratta. The board of directors has delegated all of the power and authority of the full board of directors to the executive committee to act when the board of directors is not in session.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
We have a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and a Code of Ethics for Financial Professionals, which apply to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. Each of these codes is available on our website at http://ir.blackstone.com under “Corporate Governance.” We intend to disclose any amendment to or waiver of the Code of Ethics for Financial Professionals and any waiver of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics on behalf of an executive officer or director either on our website or in an
8-K filing.
Corporate Governance Guidelines
The board of directors has a Governance Policy, which addresses matters such as the board of directors’ responsibilities and duties and the board of directors’ composition and compensation. The Governance Policy is available on our website at http://ir.blackstone.com under “Corporate Governance.”
Communications to the Board of Directors
The
non-management
members of our board of directors meet at least quarterly. The presiding director at these
non-management
board member meetings is Mr. Parrett. All interested parties, including any employee or shareholder, may send communications to the
non-management
members of our board of directors by writing to: Blackstone Inc., Attn: Audit Committee, 345 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10154.
Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports
Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, requires our executive officers and directors, and persons who own more than ten percent of a registered class of Blackstone Inc.’s equity securities to file initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership with the SEC and furnish us with copies of all Section 16(a) forms they file. To our knowledge, based solely on our review of the copies of such reports furnished to us or written representations from such persons that they were not required to file a Form 5 to report previously unreported ownership or changes in ownership, we believe that, with respect to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, such persons complied with all such filing requirements, with the exception of the following late filings, due to an administrative oversight and related to grants of deferred restricted shares of common stock under our Amended & Restated 2007 Equity Incentive Plan: a Form 4 report on April 1, 2021 by each of Messrs. Baratta, Chae, Gray, Finley and Striano.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
| --- | --- |
Compensation Discussion and Analysis
Overview of Compensation Philosophy and Program
The intellectual capital collectively possessed by our senior managing directors (including our named executive officers) and other employees is the most important asset of our firm. We invest in people. We hire qualified people, train them, encourage them to provide their best thinking to the firm for the benefit of the investors in the funds we manage, and compensate them in a manner designed to retain and motivate them and align their interests with those of the investors in our funds and our shareholders.
Our overriding compensation philosophy for our senior managing directors and certain other employees is that compensation should be composed primarily of (a) annual cash bonus payments tied to the performance of the applicable business unit(s) in which such employee works, (b) performance interests (composed primarily of Performance Allocations, commonly referred to as carried interest, and incentive fee interests) tied to the performance of the investments made by the funds in the business unit in which such employee works or for which he or she has responsibility, (c) deferred equity awards reflecting the value of our common stock, and (d) additional cash payments and equity awards tied to extraordinary performance of such employee or other circumstances (for example, if there has been a change of role or responsibility). We believe base salary should represent a significantly lesser component of total compensation. We believe the appropriate combination of annual cash bonus payments and performance interests or deferred equity awards encourages our senior managing directors and other employees to focus on the underlying performance of our investment funds, as well as the overall performance of the firm and interests of our shareholders. To that end, the primary form of compensation to our senior managing directors and other employees who work in operations related to our carry funds or funds that pay incentive fees is generally a combination of annual cash bonus payments tied to the performance of the applicable business unit in which such employee works, carried interest or incentive fee interests and deferred equity awards. Along the same lines, the primary form of compensation to our senior managing directors and other employees who do not work in such fund operations is generally a combination of annual cash bonus payments tied to the performance of the applicable business unit in which such employee works and deferred equity awards.
Employees at higher total compensation levels are generally targeted to receive a greater percentage of their total compensation payable in annual cash bonuses, participation in performance interests, and deferred equity awards and a lesser percentage in the form of base salary compared to employees at lower total compensation levels. We believe that the proportion of compensation that is “at risk” should increase as an employee’s level of responsibility rises.
Our compensation program includes significant elements that discourage excessive risk-taking and aligns the compensation of our employees with the long-term performance of the firm. For example, notwithstanding the fact that for accounting purposes we accrue compensation for the Performance Plans (as defined below) related to our carry funds as increases in the carrying value of the portfolio investments are recorded in those carry funds, we only make cash payments to our employees related to carried interest when profitable
investments have been realized and cash is distributed first to the investors in our funds, followed by the firm and only then to employees of the firm. Moreover, if a carry fund fails to achieve specified investment returns due to diminished performance of later investments, our Performance Plans entitle us to “clawback” carried interest payments previously made to an employee for the benefit of the limited partner investors in that fund, and we escrow a portion of all carried interest payments made to employees to help fund their potential future “clawback” obligations, all of which further discourages excessive risk-taking by our employees. Similarly, for our investment funds that pay incentive fees, those incentive fees are only paid to the firm and employees of the firm to the extent an applicable fund’s portfolio of investments has profitably appreciated in value (in most cases above a specified level) during the applicable period. In addition, and as noted below with respect to our named executive officers, the requirement that we have our professional employees invest in certain of the funds they manage directly aligns the interests of our professionals and our fund investors. In most cases, these investments represent a significant percentage of employees’
after-tax
compensation. Lastly, because our equity awards have significant vesting or deferral provisions, the actual amount of compensation realized by the recipient will be tied directly to the long-term performance of our common stock. In addition, in applicable jurisdictions, specifically in the European Union and the United Kingdom, our compensation program includes additional remuneration policies that may limit or otherwise alter the compensation for certain employees consistent with local regulatory requirements and aimed at, among other things, discouraging inappropriate risk-taking and aligning compensation with the firm’s strategy and long-term interests consistent with our general compensation program.
We believe our current compensation and benefit allocations for senior professionals are best in class and are consistent with companies in the alternative asset management industry. We do not generally rely on compensation surveys or compensation consultants. Our senior management periodically reviews the effectiveness and competitiveness of our compensation program, and such reviews may in the future involve the assistance of independent consultants.
Personal Investment Obligations
. As part of our compensation philosophy and program, we require our named executive officers to personally invest their own capital in and alongside the funds that we manage. We believe that this strengthens the alignment of interests between our named executive officers and the investors in those investment funds. (See “— Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence — Investment In or Alongside Our Funds.”) In determining compensation for our named executive officers, we do not take into account the gains or losses attributable to the personal investments by our named executive officers in our investment funds.
Minimum Retained Ownership Requirements
. We believe the continued ownership by our named executive officers of significant amounts of our equity affords significant alignment of interests with our shareholders. For equity awards granted from 2019 and onward, our named executive officers are required to hold 25% of their vested equity (other than vested common stock awarded under our Bonus Deferral Plan) for two years after each vesting event, unless the named executive officer’s employment terminates prior to release, in which case the vested equity will be released two years after termination of employment. The minimum retained ownership requirements for our named executive officers are further described below under “— Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table and Grants of Plan-Based Awards in 2021 — Terms of Discretionary Equity Awards — Minimum Retained Ownership Requirements.”
Named Executive Officers
In 2021, our named executive officers were:
| Executive | Title | |
| Stephen A. Schwarzman | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer | |
| Jonathan D. Gray | President and Chief Operating Officer | |
| Hamilton E. James | Former Executive Vice Chairman* | |
| Michael S. Chae |
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Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units as of February 18, 2022 by:
| • | each person known to us to beneficially own 5% of any class of the outstanding voting securities of Blackstone Inc., |
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| • | each member of our board of directors, |
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| • | each of our named executive officers, and |
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| • | all our current directors and executive officers as a group. |
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The amounts and percentage of common stock and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units beneficially owned are reported on the basis of regulations of the SEC governing the determination of beneficial ownership of securities. Under the rules of the SEC, a person is deemed to be a “beneficial owner” of a security if that person has or shares “voting power,” which includes the power to vote or to direct the voting of such security, or “investment power,” which includes the power to dispose of or to direct the disposition of such security. A person is also deemed to be a beneficial owner of any securities of which that person has a right to acquire beneficial ownership within 60 days of February 18, 2022. Under these rules, more than one person may be deemed a beneficial owner of the same securities and a person may be deemed a beneficial owner of securities as to which he has no economic interest. Except as indicated by footnote, the persons named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all securities shown as beneficially owned by them, subject to community property laws where applicable. Unless otherwise included, for purposes of this table, the principal business address for each such person is c/o Blackstone Inc., 345 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10154.
| Common Units, Beneficially Owned | Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units Beneficially Owned (a) | |||||||||||||||
| Name of Beneficial Owner | Number | % of Class | Number | % of Class | ||||||||||||
| 5% Stockholders | ||||||||||||||||
| The Vanguard Group, Inc. (b) | 39,935,913 | 5.7 | % | — | — | |||||||||||
| BlackRock, Inc. (c) | 36,485,682 | 5.2 | % | — | — | |||||||||||
| Directors and Executive Officers (d)(e) | ||||||||||||||||
| Stephen A. Schwarzman (f)(g) | — | — | 231,924,793 | 51.5 | % | |||||||||||
| Jonathan D. Gray (g) | 603,134 | * | 40,585,300 | 9.0 | % | |||||||||||
| Hamilton E. James (g) | * | 16,055,951 | 3.6 | % | ||||||||||||
| Michael S. Chae (g) | 124,936 | * | 6,122,373 | 1.4 | % | |||||||||||
| John G. Finley (g) | 126,901 | * | 387,535 | 0.1 | % | |||||||||||
| Kelly A. Ayotte | 9,527 | * | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Joseph P. Baratta | 297,206 | * | 5,227,402 | 1.2 | % | |||||||||||
| James W. Breyer | 23,087 | * | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Reginald J. Brown | 3,953 | * | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Sir John Hood | 10,088 | * | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Rochelle B. Lazarus (g) | 51,039 | * | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Jay O. Light | 66,465 | * | — | — | ||||||||||||
| The Right Honorable Brian Mulroney | 173,007 | * | — | — | ||||||||||||
| William G. Parrett (g)(h) | 90,045 | * | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Ruth Porat | 3,818 | * | — | — | ||||||||||||
| All current executive officers and directors as a group (14 persons) (i) | 1,583,206 | * | 284,247,403 | 63.2 | % |
| * | Less than one percent |
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| (a) | Subject to certain requirements and restrictions, the partnership units of Blackstone Holdings are exchangeable for shares of our common stock on a one-for-one basis. A Blackstone Holdings limited partner must exchange one partnership unit in each of the five Blackstone Holdings Partnerships to effect an exchange for a share of our common stock. See “— Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence — Exchange Agreement.” Beneficial ownership of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units reflected in this table has not been also reflected as beneficial ownership of our shares of common stock for which such units may be exchanged. |
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| (b) | Reflects shares of common stock beneficially owned by The Vanguard Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries based on the amended Schedule 13G filed by The Vanguard Group, Inc. on February 9, 2022. The address of The Vanguard Group, Inc. is 100 Vanguard Boulevard, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355. |
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| (c) | Reflects shares of common stock beneficially owned by BlackRock, Inc. and its subsidiaries based on the Schedule 13G filed by BlackRock, Inc. on February 4, 2022. The address of BlackRock, Inc. is 55 East 52nd Street, New York, NY 10055. |
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| (d) | The shares of common stock and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units beneficially owned by the directors and executive officers reflected above do not include the following number of securities that will be delivered to the respective individual more than 60 days after February 26, 2022: Mr. Gray—708,601 deferred restricted Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units and 1,383,438 deferred restricted common units; Mr. Chae—538,183 deferred restricted Backstone Holdings Partnership Units and 374,323 deferred restricted common units; Mr. Finley—47,241 deferred restricted Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units and 251,774 deferred restricted common units; Mr. Baratta – 1,785,323 deferred restricted Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units and 921,482 deferred restricted common units; Ms. Ayotte—2,462 deferred restricted common units; Mr. Mulroney—2,151 deferred restricted common units; Mr. Parrett—1,527 deferred restricted common units; Ms. Lazarus— 2,123 deferred restricted common units; Mr. Light—1,553 deferred restricted common units; Mr. Breyer—2,109 deferred restricted common units Mr. Hood—2,421 deferred restricted common units; Ms. Porat—2,124 deferred restricted common units; and Mr. Brown—1,582 deferred restricted common units. |
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| (e) | The Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units shown in the table above include the following number of vested units being held back under our minimum retained ownership requirements: Mr. Schwarzman—12,110,448 Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units; Mr. James—14,648,744 Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units; Mr. Gray—11,477,971 Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units and 18,930 deferred restricted common units; Mr. Chae—3,304,896 Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units and 5,408 deferred restricted common units; and Mr. Finley—187,881 Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units and 2,704 deferred restricted common units; and Mr. Baratta – 3,599,567 Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units and 267,685 deferred restricted common units. |
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| (f) | On those few matters that may be submitted for a vote of the sole holder of the Series I preferred stock, Blackstone Partners L.L.C., an entity owned by senior managing directors of Blackstone and controlled by Mr. Schwarzman, is entitled to an aggregate number of votes on any matter that may be submitted for a vote of our common stock that is equal to the aggregate number of vested and unvested Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units held by the limited partners of Blackstone Holdings on the relevant record date and entitles it to participate in the vote on the same basis as our common stock. Our senior managing directors have agreed in the limited liability company agreement of Blackstone Partners L.L.C. that our founder, Mr. Schwarzman, will have the power to determine how the Series I preferred stock held by Blackstone Partners L.L.C. will be voted. Following the withdrawal, death or disability of Mr. Schwarzman (and any successor founder), this power will revert to the members of Blackstone Partners L.L.C. holding a majority in interest in that entity. The limited liability company agreement of Blackstone Partners L.L.C. provides that at such time as Mr. Schwarzman should cease to be a founding member, Jonathan D. Gray will thereupon succeed Mr. Schwarzman as the sole founding member of Blackstone Partners L.L.C. If Blackstone Partners L.L.C. directs us to do so, we will issue shares of Series I preferred stock to each of the limited partners of Blackstone Holdings, whereupon each holder of Series I preferred stock will be entitled to a number of votes that is equal to the number of vested and unvested Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units held by such Series I preferred stockholder on the relevant record date. |
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| (g) | The Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units shown in the table above for such named executive officers and directors include (a) the following units held for the benefit of family members with respect to which the named executive officer or director, as applicable, disclaims beneficial ownership: Mr. Schwarzman—2,252,956 units held in various trusts for which Mr. Schwarzman is the investment trustee, Mr. James—1,407,207 units held in various trusts for which Mr. James and his brother are trustees (but Mr. James does not have or share investment control with respect to the units), Mr. Gray—2,068,818 units held in a trust for which Mr. Gray is the investment trustee, and Mr. Chae—1,150,070 units held in a trust for which Mr. Chae is the investment trustee, and Mr. Finley – 80,964 units held in a trust for which Mr. Finley is the investment trustee, and Mr. Baratta – 142,237 units held in a trust for which Mr. Baratta is the investment trustee, (b) the following units held in grantor retained annuity trusts for which the named executive officer or director, as applicable, is the investment trustee: Mr. Schwarzman—1,996,681 units, Mr. Gray—17,118,332 units, and (c) the following units held by a corporation for which the named executive officer is a controlling shareholder: Mr. Schwarzman—1,438,529 units, and Mr. Baratta – 4,541,950 units and (d) 5,000,000 units that have been pledged by Mr. Schwarzman as security to a third party to secure payment for a loan made by such third party. Mr. Schwarzman also directly, or through a corporation for which he is the controlling shareholder, beneficially owns an additional 364,278 partnership units in each of Blackstone Holdings II L.P., Blackstone Holdings III L.P. and Blackstone Holdings IV L.P. In addition, with respect to Mr. Schwarzman, the above table excludes partnership units of Blackstone Holdings held by his children or in trusts for the benefit of his family as to which he has no voting or investment control. The Blackstone common stock shown in the table above for each named executive officer and director include (a) the following shares held for the benefit of family members with respect to which the named executive officer or director, as applicable, disclaims beneficial ownership: Mr. Finley—32,523 shares held in a family limited liability company and 4,000 shares held in a trust for the benefit of his spouse of which he is a trustee, and Ms. Lazarus—2,950 shares held in a trust for the benefit of family members over which she shares investment control and (b) Mr. Finley—11,000 shares held in a trust for the benefit of Mr. Finley and his family of which he is a trustee. |
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| (h) | The common stock shown in the table above for Mr. Parrett includes 10,000 shares that are pledged to a third party to secure payment for a loan. |
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| (i) | Amounts reported for all current executive officers and directors as a group do not include any securities owned by Mr. James, who retired effective January 31, 2022. |
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Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The table set forth below provides information concerning the awards that may be issued under the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan as of December 31, 2021:
| Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (a) | Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (b) | ||||||||||
| Equity Compensation Plans Approved by Security Holders | 58,454,722 | — | 158,080,558 | |||||||||
| Equity Compensation Plans Not Approved by Security Holders | — | — | — | |||||||||
| 58,454,722 | — | 158,080,558 | ||||||||||
| (a) | Reflects the outstanding number of our deferred restricted common stock units and deferred restricted Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units granted under the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan as of December 31, 2021. |
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| (b) | The aggregate number of our common stock and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units covered by the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan is increased on the first day of each fiscal year during its term by a number of shares of common stock equal to the positive difference, if any, of (a) 15% of the aggregate number of shares of our common stock and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year (excluding Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units held by Blackstone Inc. or its wholly owned subsidiaries) minus (b) the aggregate number of shares of our common stock and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units covered by the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan as of such date (unless the administrator of the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan should decide to increase the number of shares of our common stock and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units covered by the plan by a lesser amount). As of January 1, 2022, pursuant to this formula, 171,096,250 shares of common stock, which is equal to 0.15 times the number of shares of our common stock and Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units outstanding on December 31, 2021, were available for issuance under the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan. We have filed a registration statement and intend to file additional registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register shares of common stock covered by the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan (including pursuant to automatic annual increases). Any such Form S-8 registration statement will automatically become effective upon filing. Accordingly, shares of common stock registered under such registration statement will be available for sale in the open market. |
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Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Transactions with Related Persons
Tax Receivable Agreements
We used a portion of the proceeds from the IPO and the sale of
non-voting
common units to Beijing Wonderful Investments to purchase interests in the predecessor businesses from the predecessor owners. In addition, holders of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units (other than Blackstone Inc.’s wholly owned subsidiaries), subject to the vesting and minimum retained ownership requirements and transfer restrictions set forth in the partnership agreements of the Blackstone Holdings partnerships, may up to four times each year (subject to the terms of the exchange agreement) exchange their Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units for shares of our common stock on a
one-for-one
basis. A Blackstone Holdings limited partner must exchange one partnership unit in each of the Blackstone Holdings partnerships to effect an exchange for a share of common stock. Blackstone Holdings I L.P. and Blackstone Holdings II L.P. have made an election under Section 754 of the Internal Revenue Code effective for each taxable year in which an exchange of partnership units for a share of common stock occurs, which may result in an adjustment to the tax basis of the assets of such Blackstone Holdings Partnerships at the time of an exchange of partnership units. Other Blackstone Holdings Partnerships and certain subsidiary partnerships are expected to make such elections for the 2021 and subsequent taxable years with the filing of their federal income tax returns for such tax years. The purchase and subsequent exchanges of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units are expected to result in increases in the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of Blackstone Holdings that otherwise would not have been available. These increases in tax basis may increase (for tax purposes) depreciation and amortization and therefore reduce the amount of tax that we would otherwise be required to pay in the future. We have entered into a tax receivable agreement with holders of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units that provides for the payment by us to such holders of 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that we actually realize (or are deemed to realize in the case of an early termination payment by the corporate taxpayers or a change in control, as discussed below) as a result of these increases in tax basis and of certain other tax benefits related to our entering into the tax receivable agreement, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the tax receivable agreement. This payment obligation is an obligation of us (and certain of our subsidiaries that are treated as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes which we refer to as “the corporate taxpayers”) and not of Blackstone Holdings. The corporate taxpayers expect to benefit from the remaining 15% of cash savings, if any, in income tax that they realize. For purposes of the tax receivable agreement, cash savings in income tax will be computed by comparing the actual income tax liability of the corporate taxpayers to the amount of such taxes that the corporate taxpayer would have been required to pay had there been no increase to the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of Blackstone Holdings as a result of the exchanges and had the corporate taxpayers not entered into the tax receivable agreement. The term of the tax receivable agreement commenced upon consummation of our IPO and will continue until all such tax benefits have been utilized or expired, unless the corporate taxpayers exercise their right to terminate the tax receivable agreement for an amount based on the agreed payments remaining to be made under the agreement.
Assuming no future material changes in the relevant tax law and that the corporate taxpayers earn sufficient taxable income to realize the full tax benefit of the increased amortization of the assets, the expected future payments under the tax receivable agreement (which are taxable to the recipients) in respect of the purchase and exchanges will aggregate $1.6 billion over the next 15 years. The
after-tax
net present value of these estimated payments totals $434.5 million assuming a 15% discount rate and using an estimate of timing of the benefit to be received. Future payments under the tax receivable agreement in respect of subsequent exchanges would be in addition to these amounts. The payments under the tax receivable agreement are not conditioned upon continued ownership of Blackstone equity interests by the holders of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units mentioned above.
Subsequent to December 31, 2021, payments totaling $47.4 million were made to certain holders of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units mentioned above in accordance with the tax receivable agreement and related to tax benefits the Partnership received for the 2020 taxable year. Those payments included payments of $3.7 million to Mr. Schwarzman and investment vehicles controlled by relatives of Mr. Schwarzman; $2.1 million to Mr. James and a trust for which Mr. James is the investment trustee; $0.3 million to Mr. Chae and a trust for which Mr. Chae is the investment trustee; $0.1 million to Mr. Finley; and $0.7 million to Mr. Baratta and a trust for which Mr. Baratta is the investment trustee.
In addition, the tax receivable agreement provides that upon certain mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations or other changes of control, the corporate taxpayers’ (or their successors’) obligations with respect to exchanged or acquired units (whether exchanged or acquired before or after such transaction) would be based on certain assumptions, including that the corporate taxpayers would have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the benefits arising from the increased tax deductions and tax basis and other similar benefits. Upon a subsequent actual exchange, any additional increase in tax deductions, tax basis and other similar benefits in excess of the amounts assumed at the change in control will also result in payments under the tax receivable agreement.
Decisions we make in the course of running our business, such as with respect to mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations or other changes in control, may influence the timing and amount of payments that are received by an exchanging or selling holder of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units under the tax receivable agreement. For example, the earlier disposition of assets following an exchange or acquisition transaction will generally accelerate payments under a tax receivable agreement and increase the present value of such payments, and the disposition of assets before an exchange or acquisition transaction will increase the tax liability of a holder of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units without giving rise to any rights of a holder of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units to receive payments under any tax receivable agreements.
Although we are not aware of any issue that would cause the IRS to challenge a tax basis increase, the corporate taxpayers will not be reimbursed for any payments previously made under a tax receivable agreement. As a result, in certain circumstances, payments could be made under a tax receivable agreement in excess of the corporate taxpayers’ cash tax savings.
Registration Rights Agreement
In connection with the restructuring and IPO, we entered into a registration rights agreement with our
pre-IPO
owners, which was subsequently amended in connection with the Conversion, pursuant to which we granted them, their affiliates and certain of their transferees the right, under certain circumstances and subject to certain restrictions, to require us to register under the Securities Act shares of common stock delivered in exchange for Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units or shares of common stock (and other securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for our shares of common stock) otherwise held by them. In addition, newly-admitted Blackstone senior managing directors and certain others who acquire Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units have subsequently become parties to the registration rights agreement. In addition, our founder, Stephen A. Schwarzman, has the right to request that we register the sale of shares of common stock held by holders of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units an unlimited number of times and may require us to make available shelf registration statements permitting sales of shares of common stock into the market from time to time over an extended period. In addition, Mr. Schwarzman has the ability to exercise certain piggyback registration rights in respect of shares of common stock held by holders of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units in connection with registered offerings requested by other registration rights holders or initiated by us.
Tsinghua University Education Foundation
As part of an initiative announced in 2013, Mr. Schwarzman, through the Stephen A. Schwarzman Education Foundation, personally committed $100 million to create and endow a post-graduate scholarship program at Tsinghua University in Beijing, entitled “Schwarzman Scholars,” and fund the construction of a residential and academic building. He is leading a fundraising campaign to raise $600 million to support the “Schwarzman Endowment Fund.” The Tsinghua University Education Foundation (“TUEF”) will hold the Schwarzman Endowment Fund and has agreed to delegate management of the fund to Blackstone. We have agreed that TUEF, and certain entities affiliated with TUEF, will not be required to pay Blackstone a management fee for managing the Schwarzman Endowment Fund and, to the extent Blackstone allocates and invests assets of the Schwarzman Endowment Fund in our funds, which may take the form of funded or unfunded general partner commitments to our investment funds, we anticipate that such investments will be subject to reduced or waived management fees and/or carried interest.
Joseph P. Baratta
Mr. Baratta received a base salary of $350,000 and an annual cash bonus payment of $10,150,000. The cash payment was based upon the performance of our private equity business, including the contribution of all current and past funds within the business dating back to before the IPO. The ultimate cash payment to Mr. Baratta was, however, determined in the discretion of Mr. Schwarzman and Mr. Gray. In April 2021, Mr. Baratta was awarded a discretionary award of 84,258 deferred restricted common stock units with a grant date fair value of $6,335,359. This award reflected 2020 performance and was intended to further promote retention and to incentivize future performance. See “— Item 11. Executive Compensation — Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table and Grants of Plan-Based Awards in 2021 — Terms of Discretionary Equity Awards” for discussion of the vesting terms applicable to Mr. Baratta’s equity awards.
Mr. Baratta also participated in the performance fees of our funds, consisting of carried interest in our carry funds and incentive fees in our funds that pay incentive fees. The compensation paid to Mr. Baratta in respect of carried interest in our carry funds primarily relates to Mr. Baratta’s participation in the private equity funds (which were formed both before and after the IPO). The amount of distributions, whether cash or
in-kind,
in respect of carried interest or incentive fee allocations to Mr. Baratta for 2021 was $30,920,621. Any
in-kind
distributions in respect of carried interest are reported based on the market value of the securities distributed as of the date of distribution. See “— Item 11. Executive Compensation — Compensation Elements for Named Executive Officers” in this report for additional discussion of the elements of our compensation program.
Blackstone Holdings Partnership Agreements
As a result of the reorganization and the IPO, Blackstone Inc. (at that time, The Blackstone Group L.P.) became a holding partnership and, through wholly owned subsidiaries, held equity interests in the five holdings partnerships (i.e., Blackstone Holdings I L.P., Blackstone Holdings II L.P., Blackstone Holdings III L.P., Blackstone Holdings IV L.P. and Blackstone Holdings V L.P.). On January 1, 2009, in order to simplify our structure and ease the related administrative burden and costs, we effected an internal restructuring to reduce the number of holding partnerships from five to four by causing Blackstone Holdings III L.P. to transfer all of its assets and liabilities to Blackstone Holdings IV L.P. In connection therewith, Blackstone Holdings IV L.P. was renamed Blackstone Holdings III L.P. and Blackstone Holdings V L.P. was renamed Blackstone Holdings IV L.P. On October 1, 2015, Blackstone formed a new holding partnership, Blackstone Holdings AI L.P., which holds certain operating entities and operates in a manner similar to the other Blackstone Holdings Partnerships. The economic interests of Blackstone Inc. in Blackstone’s business remains entirely unaffected. “Blackstone Holdings” refers to (a) Blackstone Holdings I L.P., Blackstone Holdings II L.P., Blackstone Holdings III L.P., Blackstone Holdings IV L.P. and Blackstone Holdings V L.P. prior to the January 2009 reorganization, (b) Blackstone Holdings I L.P., Blackstone Holdings II L.P., Blackstone Holdings III L.P. and Blackstone Holdings IV L.P. from January 1, 2009 through October 1, 2015 and (c) Blackstone Holdings I L.P., Blackstone Holdings II L.P., Blackstone Holdings III L.P., Blackstone Holdings IV L.P. and Blackstone Holdings AI L.P. subsequent to the October 2015 creation of Blackstone Holdings AI L.P.
Wholly owned subsidiaries of Blackstone Inc. which are the general partners of those partnerships have the right to determine when distributions will be made to the partners of Blackstone Holdings and the amount of any such distributions. If a distribution is authorized, such distribution will be made to the partners of Blackstone Holdings
pro-rata
in accordance with the percentages of their respective partnership interests as described under “Part II. Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities — Dividend Policy.”
Each of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships has an identical number of partnership units outstanding, and we use the terms “Blackstone Holdings Partnership Unit” or “partnership unit in/of Blackstone Holdings” to refer, collectively, to a partnership unit in each of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships. The holders of partnership units in Blackstone Holdings, including Blackstone Inc.’s wholly owned subsidiaries, will incur U.S. federal, state and local income taxes on their proportionate share of any net taxable income of Blackstone Holdings. Net profits and net
losses of Blackstone Holdings will generally be allocated to its partners (including Blackstone Inc.’s wholly owned subsidiaries)
pro-rata
in accordance with the percentages of their respective partnership interests as described under “Part II. Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities — Dividend Policy.” The partnership agreements of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships provide for cash distributions, which we refer to as “tax distributions,” to the partners of such partnerships if the wholly owned subsidiaries of Blackstone Inc. which are the general partners of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships determine that the taxable income of the relevant partnership will give rise to taxable income for its partners. Generally, these tax distributions are computed based on our estimate of the net taxable income of the relevant partnership allocable to a partner multiplied by an assumed tax rate equal to the highest effective marginal combined U.S. federal, state and local income tax rate prescribed for an individual or corporate resident in New York, New York (taking into account the
non-deductibility
of certain expenses and the character of our income). Tax distributions are made only to the extent all distributions from such partnerships for the relevant year are insufficient to cover such tax liabilities.
Subject to the vesting and minimum retained ownership requirements and transfer restrictions set forth in the partnership agreements of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships, Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units may be exchanged for shares of common stock as described under “— Exchange Agreement” below. In addition, the Blackstone Holdings partnership agreements authorize the wholly owned subsidiaries of Blackstone Inc., which are the general partners of those partnerships, to issue an unlimited number of additional partnership securities of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships with such designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties that are different from, and may be senior to, those applicable to the Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units, and which may be exchangeable for shares of our common stock.
See “— Item 11. Executive Compensation — Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table and Grants of Plan-Based Awards in 2021 — Terms of Discretionary Equity Awards” for a discussion of minimum retained ownership requirements and transfer restrictions applicable to the Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units. The generally applicable minimum retained ownership requirements and transfer restrictions are outlined in the sections referenced in the preceding sentence. There may be some different arrangements for some individuals in some instances. In addition, we may waive these requirements and restrictions from time to time.
In addition, substantially all of our expenses, including substantially all expenses solely incurred by or attributable to Blackstone Inc. but not including obligations incurred under the tax receivable agreement by Blackstone Inc.’s wholly owned subsidiaries, income tax expenses of Blackstone Inc.’s wholly owned subsidiaries and payments on indebtedness incurred by Blackstone Inc.’s wholly owned subsidiaries, are borne by Blackstone Holdings.
Exchange Agreement
In connection with the reorganization and IPO, we entered into an exchange agreement with the holders of partnership units in Blackstone Holdings (other than Blackstone Inc.’s wholly owned subsidiaries). In addition, certain Blackstone senior managing directors and others who have acquired Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units also have become parties to the exchange agreement. Under the exchange agreement, as amended, subject to the vesting and minimum retained ownership requirements and transfer restrictions set forth in the partnership agreements of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships, each such holder of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units (and certain transferees thereof) may up to four times each year (subject to the terms of the exchange agreement) exchange these partnership units for shares of our common stock on a
one-for-one
basis, subject to customary conversion rate adjustments for splits, unit distributions and reclassifications. Under the exchange agreement, to effect an exchange a holder of partnership units in Blackstone Holdings must simultaneously exchange one partnership unit in each of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships. As a holder exchanges its Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units, Blackstone Inc.’s indirect interest in the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships will be correspondingly increased.
Share Repurchase
On December 7, 2021, we repurchased 3,718,854 shares of our common stock from Mr. James (the “Repurchase”) for an aggregate purchase price of $499,999,920, which reflected the same price per share received by Mr. James in a concurrent sale of shares of our common stock to a third-party financial institution. At the time of such Repurchase, Mr. James served as our Executive Vice Chairman and as a member of our board of directors.
Payments to Kirkland & Ellis LLP
Reginald J. Brown, a member of our board of directors, is a partner at the law firm of Kirkland & Ellis LLP (“Kirkland”). We have engaged Kirkland from time to time in the ordinary course of business to provide legal services to us and our subsidiaries. Our relationship with Kirkland
pre-dates
Mr. Brown’s appointment to our board of directors. During 2021, we paid Kirkland approximately $69.6 million in legal fees (the “Fees”), and Mr. Brown’s interest in the Fees is estimated to be less than 1% of the Fees. Mr. Brown does not receive any direct compensation, specific origination bonus or other disproportionate allocation from legal fees we pay to Kirkland.
Firm Use of Private Aircraft
Certain entities controlled by Mr. Schwarzman wholly own aircraft that we use for business purposes in the course of our operations, and in 2021, we made payments of $0.2 million for the use of such aircraft, which included $0.1 million paid directly to the managers of the aircraft. An entity controlled by Mr. Gray wholly owns aircraft that we use for business purposes in the course of our operations, and in 2021, we made payments of $0.1 million for the use of such aircraft. An entity jointly controlled by Mr. Baratta and two other individuals owns aircraft that we use for business purposes in the course of our operations, and in 2021, we made payments of $0.2 million for the use of such aircraft. Each of Messrs. Schwarzman, Gray, and Baratta paid for his respective ownership interest in his aircraft himself and bore his respective share of all operating, personnel and maintenance costs associated with the operation of such aircraft. The hourly payments we made for use of such aircraft were based on current market rates.
Investment In or Alongside Our Funds
Our directors and executive officers may invest their own capital in or alongside our funds and other vehicles we manage, in some instances, without being subject to management fees, carried interest or incentive fees. For our carry funds, these investments may be made through the applicable fund general partner and fund a portion of the general partner capital commitments to our funds. These investment opportunities are available to all of our senior managing directors and to those of our employees whom we have determined to have a status that reasonably permits us to offer them these types of investments and in compliance with applicable laws. During the year ended December 31, 2021, our directors and executive officers (and, in some cases, certain investment trusts or other family vehicles or charitable organizations controlled by them or their immediate family members) had the following gross contributions relating to their personal investments (and the investments of any such trusts) in Blackstone funds and other Blackstone-managed vehicles: Mr. Schwarzman, Mr. Gray, Mr. James, Mr. Baratta, Mr. Chae, Mr. Breyer, Ms. Porat, Mr. Finley, Mr. Parrett, Mr. Brown, Mr. Mulroney, Mr. Light, and Ms. Ayotte made gross contributions of $619.8 million, $155.4 million, $153.1 million, $10.3 million, $8.9 million, $6.7 million, $1.8 million, $1.3 million, $0.4 million, $0.3 million, $0.1 million, $0.1 million, and $0.01 million, respectively.
Statement of Policy Regarding Transactions with Related Persons
Our board of directors has adopted a written statement of policy regarding transactions with related persons, which we refer to as our “related person policy.” Our related person policy requires that a “related person” (as defined as in paragraph (a) of Item 404 of Regulation
S-K)
must promptly disclose to the Chief Legal Officer any “related person transaction” (defined as any transaction that is reportable by us under Item 404(a) of Regulation
S-K
in which we were or are to be a participant and the amount involved exceeds $120,000 and in which any related
person had or will have a direct or indirect material interest) and all material facts with respect thereto. The Chief Legal Officer will then promptly communicate that information to the board of directors. No related person transaction will be consummated without the approval or ratification of the board of directors or any committee of the board of directors consisting exclusively of independent and disinterested directors. It is our policy that directors interested in a related person transaction will recuse themselves from any vote of a related person transaction in which they have an interest.
Non-Competition
and
Non-Solicitation
Agreements
We have entered into a
non-competition
and
non-solicitation
agreement with each of our professionals, including each of our executive officers. See “— Item 11. Executive Compensation —
Non-Competition
and
Non-Solicitation
Agreements” for a description of the material terms of such agreements.
Director Independence
See “— Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance — Controlled Company Exception and Director Independence” for information on director independence.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
| --- | --- |
The following table summarizes the aggregate fees for professional services provided by Deloitte & Touche LLP, the member firms of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu and their respective affiliates (collectively, the “Deloitte Entities”):
| Year Ended December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||
| The Blackstone Group Inc. | Blackstone Entities, Principally Fund Related (c) | Blackstone Funds, Transaction Related (d) | Total | |||||||||||||
| (Dollars in Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Audit Fees | $ | 9,957 | (a) | $ | 46,924 | $ | — | $ | 56,881 | |||||||
| Audit-Related Fees | 70 | 1,227 | 29,887 | 31,184 | ||||||||||||
| Tax Fees | 736 | (b) | 80,411 | 11,145 | 92,292 | |||||||||||
| All Other Fees | — | 33 | — | 33 | ||||||||||||
| $ | 10,763 | $ | 128,595 | $ | 41,032 | $ | 180,390 | |||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2020 | ||||||||||||||||
| The Blackstone Group Inc. | Blackstone Entities, Principally Fund Related (c) | Blackstone Funds, Transaction Related (d) | Total | |||||||||||||
| (Dollars in Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Audit Fees | $ | 9,720 | (a) | $ | 43,444 | $ | — | $ | 53,164 | |||||||
| Audit-Related Fees | 445 | 1,700 | 16,257 | 18,402 | ||||||||||||
| Tax Fees | 972 | (b) | 71,680 | 19,748 | 92,400 | |||||||||||
| All Other Fees | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
| $ | 11,137 | $ | 116,824 | $ | 36,005 | $ | 163,966 | |||||||||
| (a) | Audit Fees consisted of fees for (1) the audits of our consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and services attendant to, or required by, statute or regulation, (2) reviews of the interim condensed consolidated financial statements included in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and (3) consents and other services related to SEC and other regulatory filings. |
|---|
| (b) | Tax Fees consisted of fees for services rendered for tax compliance and tax planning and advisory services. |
|---|
| (c) | The Deloitte Entities also provide audit, audit-related and tax services (primarily tax compliance and related services) to certain Blackstone Funds and other corporate entities. |
|---|
| (d) | Audit-Related and Tax Fees included merger and acquisition due diligence services provided in connection with potential acquisitions of portfolio companies for investment purposes primarily to certain private equity and real estate funds managed by Blackstone in its capacity as the general partner. In addition, the Deloitte Entities provide audit, audit-related, tax and other services to the portfolio companies, which are approved directly by the portfolio company’s management and are not included in the amounts presented here. |
|---|
Our audit committee charter, which is available on our website at http://ir.blackstone.com under “Corporate Governance,” requires the audit committee to
pre-approve
all audit and
non-audit
services to be provided by our independent registered public accounting firm in accordance with the charter of the audit committee. All services reported in the Audit, Audit-Related, Tax and All Other Fees categories above were approved by the audit committee.
Part IV.
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
| --- | --- |
| (a) | The following documents are filed as part of this annual report. |
|---|
| 1. | Financial Statements: |
|---|
See Item 8 above.
| 2. | Financial Statement Schedules: |
|---|
Schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the SEC are not required under the related instructions or are not applicable, and therefore have been omitted.
| 3. | Exhibits: |
|---|
Showing the first 8K of 72K characters. Open the full section
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
| --- | --- |
None.
Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Date: February 25, 2022
| Blackstone Inc. | ||
| /s/ Michael S. Chae | ||
| Name: | Michael S. Chae | |
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer | |
| (Principal Financial Officer and Authorized Signatory) |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on this 25th day of February, 2022.
| /s/ Stephen A. Schwarzman Stephen A. Schwarzman, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors (Principal Executive Officer) | /s/ Reginald J. Brown Reginald J. Brown, Director | |
| /s/ Jonathan D. Gray Jonathan D. Gray, President, Chief Operating Officer and Director | /s/ Sir John Antony Hood Sir John Antony Hood, Director | |
| /s/ Michael S. Chae Michael S. Chae, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) | /s/ Rochelle B. Lazarus Rochelle B. Lazarus, Director | |
| /s/ David Payne David Payne, Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) | /s/ Jay O. Light Jay O. Light, Director | |
| /s/ Joseph P. Baratta Joseph P. Baratta, Director | /s/ Brian Mulroney Brian Mulroney, Director | |
| /s/ Kelly A. Ayotte Kelly A. Ayotte, Director | /s/ William G. Parrett William G. Parrett, Director | |
| /s/ James W. Breyer James W. Breyer, Director | /s/ Ruth Porat Ruth Porat, Director |