Item 1. Financial Statements.

Cboe Global Markets, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(unaudited)

(in millions, except par value data and share amounts)

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		June 30,			December 31,
​	​	2024		​	2023
Assets
Current assets:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Cash and cash equivalents	​	$	614.6	​	$	543.2
Financial investments	​	​	83.7	​	​	57.5
Accounts receivable, net of $5.6 allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2024 and $4.5 at December 31, 2023	​	​	372.7	​	​	337.3
Margin deposits, clearing funds, and interoperability funds	​	​	2,728.8	​	​	848.8
Digital assets - safeguarded assets	​	​	6.9	​	​	51.3
Income taxes receivable	​		34.9	​		74.5
Other current assets	​		57.9	​		66.7
Total current assets	​		3,899.5	​		1,979.3
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Investments	​		359.5	​		345.3
Property and equipment, net	​	​	115.1	​	​	109.2
Property held for sale	​	​	—	​	​	8.7
Operating lease right of use assets	​	​	115.3	​	​	136.6
Goodwill	​	​	3,132.9	​	​	3,140.6
Intangible assets, net	​	​	1,424.7	​	​	1,561.5
Other assets, net	​		208.6	​		206.3
Total assets	​	$	9,255.6	​	$	7,487.5
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	​	$	290.9	​	$	412.7
Section 31 fees payable	​	​	120.6	​	​	51.9
Deferred revenue	​	​	9.9	​	​	5.9
Margin deposits, clearing funds, and interoperability funds	​	​	2,728.8	​	​	848.8
Digital assets - safeguarded liabilities	​	​	6.9	​	​	51.3
Income taxes payable	​	​	—	​		1.0
Current portion of contingent consideration liabilities	​		1.8	​		11.8
Total current liabilities	​		3,158.9	​		1,383.4
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Long-term debt	​		1,440.1	​	​	1,439.2
Non-current unrecognized tax benefits	​		270.9	​	​	243.8
Deferred income taxes	​		194.7	​	​	217.8
Non-current operating lease liabilities	​	​	126.3	​	​	150.8
Other non-current liabilities	​	​	43.0	​		67.5
Total liabilities	​	​	5,233.9	​	​	3,502.5
Commitments and contingencies	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Stockholders’ equity:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value: 20,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023	​	​	—	​	​	—
Common stock, $0.01 par value: 325,000,000 shares authorized, 105,962,230 and 104,788,542 shares issued and outstanding, respectively at June 30, 2024 and 105,556,817 and 105,527,815 shares issued and outstanding, respectively at December 31, 2023	​		1.1	​		1.1
Common stock in treasury, at cost, 1,173,688 shares at June 30, 2024 and 29,002 shares at December 31, 2023	​		(217.4)	​		(10.5)
Additional paid-in capital	​		1,506.0	​		1,478.6
Retained earnings	​		2,758.4	​		2,525.2
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net	​		(26.4)	​		(9.4)
Total stockholders’ equity	​		4,021.7	​		3,985.0
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	​	$	9,255.6	​	$	7,487.5

​

​

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

Cboe Global Markets, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income

(unaudited)

(in millions, except per share data)

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended					​	Six Months Ended					​
​	​	June 30,					​	June 30,					​
​		2024			2023			2024			2023		​
Revenues:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Cash and spot markets	​	$	386.4	​	$	341.3	​	$	767.3	​	$	748.3	​
Data and access solutions	​	​	142.1	​	​	135.3	​	​	282.3	​	​	264.7	​
Derivatives markets	​	​	445.5	​	​	431.2	​	​	881.6	​	​	883.0	​
Total revenues	​		974.0	​		907.8	​		1,931.2	​		1,896.0	​
Cost of revenues:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Liquidity payments	​		307.0	​		337.4	​		645.8	​		709.2	​
Routing and clearing	​	​	16.6	​	​	20.8	​	​	32.6	​	​	44.8	​
Section 31 fees	​	​	77.7	​	​	34.5	​	​	119.8	​	​	109.4	​
Royalty fees and other cost of revenues	​		58.9	​		48.0	​		117.1	​		94.1	​
Total cost of revenues	​		460.2	​		440.7	​		915.3	​		957.5	​
Revenues less cost of revenues	​		513.8	​		467.1	​		1,015.9	​		938.5	​
Operating expenses:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Compensation and benefits	​		116.1	​		106.5	​		231.4	​		216.9	​
Depreciation and amortization	​		31.8	​		39.8	​		69.1	​		81.2	​
Technology support services	​		24.6	​		28.3	​		48.8	​		50.5	​
Professional fees and outside services	​		25.8	​		20.4	​		47.3	​		44.3	​
Travel and promotional expenses	​		9.3	​		13.5	​		16.8	​		19.7	​
Facilities costs	​		6.1	​		6.2	​		12.6	​		13.8	​
Acquisition-related costs	​		0.6	​		0.7	​		1.2	​		7.1	​
Impairment of intangible assets	​	​	81.0	​	​	—	​	​	81.0	​	​	—	​
Other expenses	​	​	8.4	​	​	6.9	​	​	15.2	​	​	12.3	​
Total operating expenses	​		303.7	​		222.3	​		523.4	​		445.8	​
Operating income	​		210.1	​		244.8	​		492.5	​		492.7	​
Non-operating (expenses) income:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Interest expense	​	​	(12.8)	​	​	(16.7)	​	​	(25.8)	​	​	(33.8)	​
Interest income	​		4.6	​		2.8	​		8.7	​		4.8	​
Earnings on investments	​	​	14.2	​	​	9.3	​	​	28.2	​	​	24.6	​
Other (expense) income, net	​		(13.1)	​		1.6	​		(8.5)	​		1.7	​
Income before income tax provision	​		203.0	​		241.8	​		495.1	​		490.0	​
Income tax provision	​		62.6	​		74.0	​		145.2	​		148.8	​
Net income	​	​	140.4	​	​	167.8	​	​	349.9	​	​	341.2	​
Net income allocated to participating securities	​	​	(0.7)	​	​	(0.8)	​	​	(1.9)	​	​	(1.6)	​
Net income allocated to common stockholders	​	$	139.7	​	$	167.0	​	$	348.0	​	$	339.6	​
Basic earnings per share	​	$	1.33	​	$	1.58	​	$	3.30	​	$	3.21	​
Diluted earnings per share	​	$	1.33	​	$	1.57	​	$	3.29	​	$	3.20	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	​	​	105.1	​	​	105.7	​	​	105.4	​	​	105.8	​
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	​	​	105.4	​	​	106.1	​	​	105.8	​	​	106.1	​

​

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

​

Cboe Global Markets, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(unaudited)

(in millions)

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Three Months Ended					​	Six Months Ended
​	​	June 30,					​	June 30,					​
​		2024			2023		​	2024			2023
Net income	​	$	140.4	​	$	167.8	​	$	349.9	​	$	341.2	​
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of income tax:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Foreign currency translation adjustments	​		(2.7)	​	​	10.6	​		(16.2)	​	​	30.4	​
Unrealized holding losses on financial investments	​		(0.5)	​		(0.8)	​		(1.0)	​		(1.7)	​
Post-retirement benefit obligations	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	0.2	​	​	(0.1)	​
Comprehensive income	​	​	137.2	​	​	177.6	​	​	332.9	​	​	369.8	​
Comprehensive income allocated to participating securities	​	​	(0.7)	​	​	(0.8)	​	​	(1.9)	​	​	(1.6)	​
Comprehensive income allocated to common stockholders, net of income tax	​	$	136.5	​	$	176.8	​	$	331.0	​	$	368.2	​

​

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

​

​

Cboe Global Markets, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

Three and Six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023

(unaudited)

(in millions, except per share amounts)

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​		​	​		​	​		​	​		​	​		​	Accumulated		​	​
​	​	​		​	​		​	​		​	Additional		​	​		​	other		​	Total
​	​	Preferred		​	Common		​	Treasury		​	paid-in		​	Retained		​	comprehensive		​	stockholders’
​		Stock			Stock			Stock			capital			earnings			loss, net			equity
Balance at December 31, 2023	​	$	—	​	$	1.1	​	$	(10.5)	​	$	1,478.6	​	$	2,525.2	​	$	(9.4)	​	$	3,985.0
Cash dividends on common stock of $0.55 per share	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(58.5)	​	​	—	​	​	(58.5)
Stock-based compensation	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	11.7	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	11.7
Repurchases of common stock from employee stock plans	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(25.5)	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(25.5)
Purchase of common stock	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(89.3)	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(89.3)
Shares issued under employee stock purchase plan	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	5.0	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	5.0
Net income	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	209.5	​	​	—	​	​	209.5
Other comprehensive loss	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(13.8)	​	​	(13.8)
Balance at March 31, 2024	​	$	—	​	$	1.1	​	$	(125.3)	​	$	1,495.3	​	$	2,676.2	​	$	(23.2)	​	$	4,024.1
Cash dividends on common stock of $0.55 per share	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(58.2)	​	​	—	​	​	(58.2)
Stock-based compensation	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	10.3	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	10.3
Repurchases of common stock from employee stock plans	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(1.7)	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(1.7)
Purchase of common stock	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(90.4)	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(90.4)
Shares issued under employee stock purchase plan	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	0.4	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	0.4
Net income	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	140.4	​	​	—	​	​	140.4
Other comprehensive loss	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(3.2)	​	​	(3.2)
Balance at June 30, 2024	​	$	—	​	$	1.1	​	$	(217.4)	​	$	1,506.0	​	$	2,758.4	​	$	(26.4)	​	$	4,021.7
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Accumulated		​	​	​
​	​	​		​	​		​	​		​	Additional		​	​		​	other		​	Total
​	​	Preferred		​	Common		​	Treasury		​	paid-in		​	Retained		​	comprehensive		​	stockholders’
​		Stock			Stock			Stock			capital			earnings			loss, net			equity
Balance at December 31, 2022	​	$	—	​	$	1.1	​	$	(131.0)	​	$	1,455.1	​	$	2,171.1	​	$	(31.0)	​	$	3,465.3
Cash dividends on common stock of $0.50 per share	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(53.3)	​	​	—	​	​	(53.3)
Stock-based compensation	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	16.9	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	16.9
Repurchases of common stock from employee stock plans	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(12.7)	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(12.7)
Purchase of common stock	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(70.0)	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(70.0)
Shares issued under employee stock purchase plan	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	0.3	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	0.3
Net income	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	173.4	​	​	—	​	​	173.4
Other comprehensive income	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	18.8	​	​	18.8
Balance at March 31, 2023	​	$	—	​	$	1.1	​	$	(213.7)	​	$	1,472.3	​	$	2,291.2	​	$	(12.2)	​	$	3,538.7
Cash dividends on common stock of $0.50 per share	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(53.2)	​	​	—	​	​	(53.2)
Stock-based compensation	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	9.1	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	9.1
Repurchases of common stock from employee stock plans	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(0.3)	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(0.3)
Purchase of common stock	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(8.1)	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	(8.1)
Shares issued under employee stock purchase plan	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	0.6	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	0.6
Net income	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	167.8	​	​	—	​	​	167.8
Other comprehensive income	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	9.8	​	​	9.8
Balance at June 30, 2023	​	$	—	​	$	1.1	​	$	(222.1)	​	$	1,482.0	​	$	2,405.8	​	$	(2.4)	​	$	3,664.4

​

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

​

Cboe Global Markets, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(unaudited)

(in millions)

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Six Months Ended
​	​	June 30,
​	​	2024			2023
Cash flows from operating activities:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net income	​	$	349.9	​	$	341.2
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Depreciation and amortization	​		69.1	​		81.2
Amortization of debt issuance cost and debt discount	​	​	1.2	​	​	1.3
Loss on settlement of contingent consideration	​	​	3.0	​	​	—
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale financial investments	​	​	(0.9)	​	​	(1.6)
Provision for accounts receivable credit losses	​	​	1.6	​	​	1.8
Benefit for deferred income taxes	​	​	(21.2)	​	​	(17.3)
Stock-based compensation expense	​	​	22.0	​	​	26.0
Impairment of intangible assets	​	​	81.0	​	​	—
Impairment of minority investment	​	​	16.0	​	​	—
Impairment of property and equipment	​	​	0.3	​	​	—
Gain from Cboe Digital non-recourse notes and warrants wind down	​	​	(2.4)	​	​	—
Gain on sale of property held for sale	​	​	(1.0)	​	​	—
Gain on lease termination	​	​	(0.7)	​	​	—
Expenses from Cboe Digital wind down	​	​	0.8	​	​	—
Pyth tokens revenue	​	​	(1.0)	​	​	—
Equity earnings on investments	​	​	(26.5)	​	​	(22.9)
Changes in assets and liabilities:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Accounts receivable	​	​	(44.2)	​	​	12.6
Restricted cash and cash equivalents and customer bank deposits (included in margin deposits, clearing funds, and interoperability funds)	​	​	1,923.2	​	​	168.8
Income taxes receivable	​	​	39.6	​	​	10.3
Other current assets	​	​	5.2	​	​	(4.7)
Other assets	​	​	(12.9)	​	​	(17.2)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	​	​	(113.3)	​	​	(36.8)
Section 31 fees payable	​	​	68.7	​	​	(37.3)
Deferred revenue	​	​	4.0	​	​	2.8
Income taxes payable	​	​	(1.0)	​	​	(3.6)
Unrecognized tax benefits	​	​	27.1	​	​	27.6
Other liabilities	​	​	1.9	​	​	(4.5)
Net cash provided by operating activities	​		2,389.5	​	​	527.7
Cash flows from investing activities:	​		​	​	​	​
Purchases of available-for-sale financial investments	​		(46.3)	​	​	(69.7)
Proceeds from maturities of available-for-sale financial investments	​	​	20.6	​	​	64.4
Proceeds from sale of intangible assets	​	​	—	​	​	0.8
Proceeds from sale of property held for sale	​	​	3.3	​	​	—
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment	​	​	0.7	​	​	—
Proceeds from insurance	​	​	0.1	​	​	—
Contributions to investments	​	​	(3.7)	​	​	(18.1)
Purchases of property and equipment and leasehold improvements	​		(25.1)	​	​	(20.2)
Net cash used in investing activities	​		(50.4)	​	​	(42.8)
Cash flows used in financing activities:	​		​	​	​	​
Principal payments of current portion of long-term debt	​	​	—	​	​	(140.0)
Cash dividends on common stock	​		(116.7)	​	​	(106.5)
Repurchases of common stock from employee stock plans	​		(27.2)	​	​	(13.0)
Payments of contingent consideration related to acquisitions	​	​	(13.0)	​	​	(10.2)
Shares issued under employee stock purchase plan	​	​	(5.4)	​	​	(0.9)
Payments for Cboe Digital non-recourse notes and warrants wind down	​	​	(6.0)	​	​	—
Purchase of common stock	​		(177.9)	​	​	(78.1)
Net cash used in financing activities	​	​	(346.2)	​	​	(348.7)
Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents	​	​	(41.4)	​	​	20.3
Increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents	​	​	1,951.5	​	​	156.5
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Beginning of period	​	​	1,397.1	​	​	979.9
End of period	​	$	3,348.6	​	$	1,136.4
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Cash and cash equivalents	​	​	614.6	​	​	413.6
Restricted cash and cash equivalents (included in margin deposits, clearing funds, and interoperability funds)	​	​	2,723.8	​	​	699.6
Restricted cash and cash equivalents (included in other current assets)	​	​	5.2	​	​	4.0
Customer bank deposits (included in margin deposits, clearing funds, and interoperability funds)	​	​	5.0	​	​	19.2
Total	​	$	3,348.6	​	$	1,136.4
Supplemental disclosure of cash transactions:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds	​	$	178.3	​	$	129.5
Cash paid for interest	​	​	62.4	​	​	38.4
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing activities:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Note receivable from sale of property held for sale	​	$	6.4	​	$	—
Additions of intangible assets	​	​	1.0	​	​	—
Supplemental disclosure of noncash financing activities:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Unsettled purchases of common stock	​	$	(1.8)	​	$	—
Cboe Digital non-recourse notes and warrants asset	​	​	16.2	​	​	—
Cboe Digital non-recourse notes and warrants liability	​	​	(16.2)	​	​	—

​

​

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

​

​

Cboe Global Markets, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

1. ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Cboe Global Markets, Inc., the world’s leading derivatives and securities exchange network, delivers cutting-edge trading, clearing and investment solutions to people around the world. Cboe provides trading solutions and products in multiple asset classes, including equities, derivatives, and FX, across North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific. Above all, the Company is committed to building a trusted, inclusive global marketplace that enables people to pursue a sustainable financial future.

Cboe’s subsidiaries include the largest options exchange and the third largest stock exchange operator in the U.S. In addition, the Company operates Cboe Europe, one of the largest stock exchanges by value traded in Europe, and owns Cboe Clear Europe, a leading pan-European equities and derivatives clearinghouse, BIDS Holdings, which owns a leading block-trading ATS by volume in the U.S., and provides block-trading services with Cboe market operators in Europe, Canada, Australia, and Japan, Cboe Australia, an operator of trading venues in Australia, Cboe Japan, an operator of trading venues in Japan, Cboe Digital Exchange, LLC, an operator of a regulated futures exchange, Cboe Clear Digital, an operator of a regulated clearinghouse, and Cboe Canada Inc., a recognized Canadian securities exchange. Cboe subsidiaries also serve collectively as a leading market globally for exchange-traded products (“ETPs”) listings and trading.

On April 25, 2024, the Company announced plans to refocus the digital asset business to leverage its core strengths in derivatives, technology, and product innovation. On May 31, 2024, the Company halted trading on Cboe Digital Exchange, LLC’s (“Cboe Digital Exchange”) spot market (“Cboe Digital spot market”), the Company’s spot digital asset trading platform, in-line with the Company’s plans to wind down the spot digital asset trading market by the third quarter of 2024. In addition, the company plans to transition its cash-settled Bitcoin and Ether futures contracts, currently available for trading on the Cboe Digital Exchange, to CFE in the first half of 2025, pending regulatory review. The Company plans to align Cboe Clear Digital with Cboe Clear Europe, under unified leadership, and expects to continue to facilitate the clearing of cash-settled Bitcoin and Ether futures contracts.

The Company is headquartered in Chicago with offices in Amsterdam, Belfast, Hong Kong, Kansas City, London, Manila, New York, San Francisco, Sarasota Springs, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo, and Toronto.

Basis of Presentation

These interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP as established by FASB for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for the full year.

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates based upon historical experience, observance of trends, information available from outside sources and various other assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different conditions or assumptions.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation of financial position, results of operations and cash flows at the dates and for the periods presented have been included.

Segment Information

The Company operates six reportable business segments: Options, North American Equities, Europe and Asia Pacific, Futures, Global FX, and Digital, which is reflective of how the Company's chief operating decision-maker reviews and operates the business. See Note 14 (“Segment Reporting”) for more information.

Update to Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no new or material changes to the significant accounting policies discussed for the Company for the periods presented, that are of significance, or potential significance, to the Company.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements – Adopted

There were no applicable material accounting pronouncements that have been adopted during the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2024.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Issued, not yet Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. For public entities, the update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company expects to adopt the update for the consolidated financial statements issued for the year ending December 31, 2024 and does not anticipate a material impact to the consolidated financial statements.

​

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-08, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60): Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets. This ASU addresses the accounting and disclosure requirements for certain crypto assets and requires entities to subsequently measure certain crypto assets at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in earnings in each reporting period. In addition, entities are required to provide additional disclosures about the holdings of certain crypto assets. For public entities, the update is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company expects to adopt the update for the condensed consolidated financial statements issued in the first quarter of 2025 and does not anticipate a material impact to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

​

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU addresses investor requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. For public entities, the update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company expects to adopt the update for the consolidated financial statements issued for the year ending December 31, 2025 and does not anticipate a material impact to the consolidated financial statements.

​

On March 6, 2024, the SEC adopted new climate disclosure rules, which requires companies to publish information that describes the climate-related risks that are reasonably likely to have a material impact on a company’s business or consolidated financial statements. The final rules would require companies to disclose material climate-related risks, activities to mitigate or adapt to such risks, information about the companies’ board of directors’ oversight of climate-related risks and management’s role in managing climate-related risks, and information on any climate-related targets or goals that are material to the companies’ business, results of operations or financial condition. On March 15, 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit granted an administrative stay of the SEC’s final Climate Disclosure Rules, in response to legal challenges unaffiliated with the Company. The Company expects to review any updates regarding the Court stay and update the financial statements and disclosures accordingly based on the outcome of the ongoing legal proceedings related to these rules.

There were no other recent applicable material accounting pronouncements that have been issued, but not yet adopted as of June 30, 2024.

2. REVENUE RECOGNITION

The Company presents three financial statement revenue captions within its condensed consolidated statements of income that reflect the Company’s diversified products, expansive geographical reach, and overall business strategy. Below is a summary of the Company’s financial statement revenue captions:

Revenues

	●	Cash and spot markets – includes associated transaction and clearing fees, the portion of market data fees relating to associated U.S. tape plan market data fees, associated regulatory fees, and associated other revenue from Cboe’s North American Equities, Europe and Asia Pacific, Global FX, and Digital segments.

	●	Data and access solutions – includes access and capacity fees, proprietary market data fees, and associated other revenue across Cboe’s six segments.

	●	Derivatives markets – includes associated transaction and clearing fees, the portion of market data fees relating to associated U.S. tape plan market data fees, associated regulatory fees, and associated other revenue from Cboe’s Options, Futures, Europe and Asia Pacific, and Digital segments.

The Company’s main types of revenue contracts consist of the following, which are disaggregated from the condensed consolidated statements of income.

	●	Transaction and clearing fees – Transaction fees represent fees charged by the Company for meeting the point-in-time performance obligation of executing a trade on its markets. These fees can be variable based on trade volume tiered discounts; however, as all tiered discounts are calculated monthly, the actual discount is recorded on a monthly basis. Transaction fees are recognized across all segments. Clearing fees, which include settlement fees, represent fees charged by the Company for meeting the point-in-time performance obligation for transactions cleared and settled by Cboe Clear Europe and Cboe Clear Digital, the derivatives clearing organization for Cboe Digital. Clearing fees can be variable based on trade volume tiered discounts; however, as all tiered discounts are calculated monthly, the actual discount is recorded on a monthly basis. Clearing fees are recognized in the Europe and Asia Pacific and Digital segments. Transaction and clearing fees, as well as any tiered volume discounts, are calculated and billed monthly in accordance with the Company’s published fee schedules.

	●	Access and capacity fees – Access and capacity fees represent fees assessed for the opportunity to trade, including fees for trading-related functionality across all segments, terminal and other equipment rights, maintenance services, trading floor space and telecommunications services. Facilities, systems services and other fees are generally monthly fee-based. These fees are billed monthly in accordance with the Company’s published fee schedules and recognized on a monthly basis when the performance obligations are met. All access and capacity fees associated with the trading floor are recognized over time in the Options segment, as the performance obligations are met.

	●	Market data fees – Market data fees represent the fees received by the Company from the U.S. tape plans and fees charged to customers for proprietary market data. Fees from the U.S. tape plans are collected monthly based on published fee schedules and distributed quarterly to the Exchanges based on a known formula. A contract for proprietary market data is entered into and charged on a monthly basis in accordance with the Company’s published fee schedules as the service is provided. Proprietary market data also includes revenue from various licensing agreements. Both types of market data are satisfied over time, and revenue is recognized on a monthly basis as the customer receives and consumes the benefit as the Company provides the data to meet its performance obligation. U.S. tape plan market data is recognized in the North American Equities and Options segments. Proprietary market data fees are recognized across all segments.

	●	Regulatory fees – There are two types of regulatory fees that the Company recognizes. The first type represents fees collected by the Company to cover the Section 31 fees charged to the Exchanges by the SEC for meeting the point-in-time performance obligation of executing a trade on its markets. The fees charged to customers are based on the fee set by the SEC per notional value of U.S. Equities exchange transactions and Options transactions executed on the Company’s U.S. securities markets. These fees are calculated and billed monthly and are recognized in the North American Equities and Options segments. As the Exchanges are responsible for the ultimate payment to the SEC, the Exchanges are considered the principal in these transactions. Regulatory fees also include the options regulatory fee (“ORF”) which supports the Company’s regulatory oversight function in the Options segment, along with other miscellaneous regulatory fees, and neither can be used for non-regulatory purposes. The ORF and miscellaneous fees are recognized when the performance obligation is fulfilled.

	●	Other revenue – Other revenue primarily includes interest income on investments (including from investments of interoperability fund deposits) from clearing operations, all fees related to the trade reporting facility operated in the Europe and Asia Pacific segment, listing fees, and revenue associated with advertisements through the Company’s websites.

​

All revenue recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of income is considered to be revenue from contracts with customers, with the exception of interest income from clearing operations. The following table depicts the disaggregated revenue contract types listed above within each respective financial statement caption in the condensed consolidated statements of income (in millions):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Cash		​	Data and		​	​		​	​
​	​	and Spot		​	Access		​	Derivatives		​	​
​		Markets			Solutions			Markets			Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Transaction and clearing fees	​	$	283.6	​	$	—	​	$	414.0	​	$	697.6
Access and capacity fees	​	​	—	​	​	90.5	​	​	—	​	​	90.5
Market data fees	​	​	14.6	​	​	50.9	​	​	8.2	​	​	73.7
Regulatory fees	​	​	63.2	​	​	—	​	​	22.7	​	​	85.9
Other revenue	​	​	25.0	​	​	0.7	​	​	0.6	​	​	26.3
​	​	$	386.4	​	$	142.1	​	$	445.5	​	$	974.0
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Cash		​	Data and		​	​		​	​
​	​	and Spot		​	Access		​	Derivatives		​	​
​	​	Markets			Solutions			Markets			Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Transaction and clearing fees	​	$	279.0	​	$	—	​	$	406.7	​	$	685.7
Access and capacity fees	​	​	—	​	​	86.9	​	​	—	​	​	86.9
Market data fees	​	​	17.7	​	​	47.7	​	​	8.1	​	​	73.5
Regulatory fees	​	​	28.7	​	​	—	​	​	15.7	​	​	44.4
Other revenue	​	​	15.9	​	​	0.7	​	​	0.7	​	​	17.3
​	​	$	341.3	​	$	135.3	​	$	431.2	​	$	907.8

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Cash		​	Data and		​	​		​	​
​	​	and Spot		​	Access		​	Derivatives		​	​
​	​	Markets			Solutions			Markets			Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Transaction and clearing fees	​	$	588.8	​	$	—	​	$	827.3	​	$	1,416.1
Access and capacity fees	​	​	—	​	​	180.6	​	​	—	​	​	180.6
Market data fees	​	​	30.6	​	​	100.2	​	​	14.9	​	​	145.7
Regulatory fees	​	​	98.1	​	​	—	​	​	38.0	​	​	136.1
Other revenue	​	​	49.8	​	​	1.5	​	​	1.4	​	​	52.7
​	​	$	767.3	​	$	282.3	​	$	881.6	​	$	1,931.2
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Cash		​	Data and		​	​		​	​	​
​	​	and Spot		​	Access		​	Derivatives		​	​	​
​	​	Markets		​	Solutions		​	Markets		​	Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Transaction and clearing fees	​	$	590.9	​	$	—	​	$	827.3	​	$	1,418.2
Access and capacity fees	​	​	—	​	​	171.1	​	​	—	​	​	171.1
Market data fees	​	​	35.6	​	​	92.2	​	​	16.6	​	​	144.4
Regulatory fees	​	​	91.3	​	​	—	​	​	37.6	​	​	128.9
Other revenue	​	​	30.5	​	​	1.4	​	​	1.5	​	​	33.4
​	​	$	748.3	​	$	264.7	​	$	883.0	​	$	1,896.0

​

​

The following table depicts the disaggregation of revenue according to segment (in millions):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	North		​	Europe		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	American		​	and Asia		​	​	​	​	Global		​	​		​	​	​
​		Options			Equities			Pacific			Futures			FX			Digital			Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
Transaction and clearing fees	​	$	385.9	​	$	227.2	​	$	38.9	​	$	28.1	​	$	17.1	​	$	0.4	​	$	697.6
Access and capacity fees	​	​	41.6	​	​	30.6	​	​	10.0	​	​	5.5	​	​	2.8	​	​	—	​	​	90.5
Market data fees	​	​	31.0	​	​	30.3	​	​	9.8	​	​	2.2	​	​	0.4	​	​	—	​	​	73.7
Regulatory fees	​	​	22.6	​	​	63.2	​	​	—	​	​	0.1	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	85.9
Other revenue	​	​	1.2	​	​	2.0	​	​	22.9	​	​	—	​	​	0.2	​	​	—	​	​	26.3
​	​	$	482.3	​	$	353.3	​	$	81.6	​	$	35.9	​	$	20.5	​	$	0.4	​	$	974.0
Timing of revenue recognition
Services transferred at a point in time	​	$	409.7	​	$	292.4	​	$	61.8	​	$	28.2	​	$	17.3	​	$	0.4	​	$	809.8
Services transferred over time	​	​	72.6	​	​	60.9	​	​	19.8	​	​	7.7	​	​	3.2	​	​	—	​	​	164.2
​	​	$	482.3	​	$	353.3	​	$	81.6	​	$	35.9	​	$	20.5	​	$	0.4	​	$	974.0
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
Transaction and clearing fees	​	$	384.3	​	$	229.4	​	$	35.6	​	$	22.4	​	$	15.0	​	$	(1.0)	​	$	685.7
Access and capacity fees	​	​	40.3	​	​	29.0	​	​	9.2	​	​	5.5	​	​	2.7	​	​	0.2	​	​	86.9
Market data fees	​	​	30.0	​	​	31.5	​	​	9.6	​	​	2.0	​	​	0.4	​	​	—	​	​	73.5
Regulatory fees	​	​	15.6	​	​	28.7	​	​	—	​	​	0.1	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	44.4
Other revenue	​	​	1.3	​	​	2.0	​	​	13.9	​	​	—	​	​	0.1	​	​	—	​	​	17.3
​	​	$	471.5	​	$	320.6	​	$	68.3	​	$	30.0	​	$	18.2	​	$	(0.8)	​	$	907.8
Timing of revenue recognition
Services transferred at a point in time	​	$	401.2	​	$	260.1	​	$	49.5	​	$	22.5	​	$	15.1	​	$	(1.0)	​	$	747.4
Services transferred over time	​	​	70.3	​	​	60.5	​	​	18.8	​	​	7.5	​	​	3.1	​	​	0.2	​	​	160.4
​	​	$	471.5	​	$	320.6	​	$	68.3	​	$	30.0	​	$	18.2	​	$	(0.8)	​	$	907.8

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	North		​	Europe		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	American		​	and Asia		​	​	​	​	Global		​	​		​	​	​
​		Options			Equities			Pacific			Futures			FX			Digital			Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
Transaction and clearing fees	​	$	775.7	​	$	478.9	​	$	77.7	​	$	51.6	​	$	32.6	​	$	(0.4)	​	$	1,416.1
Access and capacity fees	​	​	83.3	​	​	60.3	​	​	20.1	​	​	11.2	​	​	5.6	​	​	0.1	​	​	180.6
Market data fees	​	​	60.1	​	​	61.0	​	​	19.5	​	​	4.4	​	​	0.7	​	​	—	​	​	145.7
Regulatory fees	​	​	37.9	​	​	98.1	​	​	—	​	​	0.1	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	136.1
Other revenue	​	​	2.7	​	​	4.6	​	​	45.0	​	​	—	​	​	0.4	​	​	—	​	​	52.7
​	​	$	959.7	​	$	702.9	​	$	162.3	​	$	67.3	​	$	39.3	​	$	(0.3)	​	$	1,931.2
Timing of revenue recognition
Services transferred at a point in time	​	$	816.3	​	$	581.6	​	$	122.7	​	$	51.7	​	$	33.0	​	$	(0.4)	​	$	1,604.9
Services transferred over time	​	​	143.4	​	​	121.3	​	​	39.6	​	​	15.6	​	​	6.3	​	​	0.1	​	​	326.3
​	​	$	959.7	​	$	702.9	​	$	162.3	​	$	67.3	​	$	39.3	​	$	(0.3)	​	$	1,931.2
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Transaction and clearing fees	​	$	780.1	​	$	484.4	​	$	77.7	​	$	47.2	​	$	30.8	​	$	(2.0)	​	$	1,418.2
Access and capacity fees	​	​	79.2	​	​	57.4	​	​	18.1	​	​	10.8	​	​	5.3	​	​	0.3	​	​	171.1
Market data fees	​	​	58.0	​	​	63.4	​	​	18.3	​	​	4.0	​	​	0.7	​	​	—	​	​	144.4
Regulatory fees	​	​	37.5	​	​	91.3	​	​	—	​	​	0.1	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	128.9
Other revenue	​	​	2.8	​	​	3.9	​	​	26.5	​	​	—	​	​	0.2	​	​	—	​	​	33.4
​	​	$	957.6	​	$	700.4	​	$	140.6	​	$	62.1	​	$	37.0	​	$	(1.7)	​	$	1,896.0
Timing of revenue recognition
Services transferred at a point in time	​	$	820.4	​	$	579.6	​	$	104.2	​	$	47.3	​	$	31.0	​	$	(2.0)	​	$	1,580.5
Services transferred over time	​	​	137.2	​	​	120.8	​	​	36.4	​	​	14.8	​	​	6.0	​	​	0.3	​	​	315.5
​	​	$	957.6	​	$	700.4	​	$	140.6	​	$	62.1	​	$	37.0	​	$	(1.7)	​	$	1,896.0

​

​

Contract liabilities as of June 30, 2024 primarily represent prepayments of transaction fees and certain access and capacity and market data fees to the Exchanges. The revenue recognized from contract liabilities and the remaining balance is shown below (in millions):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		**Balance at****December 31,**2023			Cash****Additions			Revenue****Recognized			**Balance at****June 30,**2024
Liquidity provider sliding scale (1)	​	$	—	​	$	7.2	​	$	(3.6)	​	$	3.6
Other, net	​	​	6.1	​	​	9.7	​	​	(9.3)	​	​	6.5
Total deferred revenue	​	$	6.1	​	$	16.9	​	$	(12.9)	​	$	10.1

(1)	Liquidity providers are eligible to participate in the sliding scale program, which involves prepayment of transaction fees, and to receive reduced fees based on the achievement of certain volume thresholds within a calendar month. These transaction fees are amortized and recorded ratably as the transactions occur over the period.

​

3. ACQUISITIONS

Acquisition-related costs relate to acquisitions and other strategic opportunities. The Company expensed $0.6 million and $0.7 million of acquisition-related costs during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, all of which related to professional fees and other expenses. These acquisition-related expenses are included in acquisition-related costs in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

The Company expensed $1.2 million and $7.1 million of acquisition-related costs during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, all of which related to professional fees and other expenses. These acquisition-related expenses are included in acquisition-related costs in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

4. INVESTMENTS

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s investments were comprised of the following (in millions):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	June 30,		​	December 31,
​		2024			2023
Equity method investments:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Investment in 7Ridge Investments 3 LP	​	$	321.3	​	$	292.0
Total equity method investments	​	​	321.3	​	​	292.0
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Other equity investments:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Investment in Eris Innovations Holdings, LLC	​	​	20.0	​	​	20.0
Investment in Globacap Technology Limited	​	​	—	​	​	16.0
Investment in CSD Br	​	​	5.9	​	​	5.9
Investment in Coin Metrics Inc.	​	​	5.0	​	​	5.0
Investment in Cboe Vest Financial Group, Inc.	​	​	2.9	​	​	2.9
Investment in OCC	​	​	0.3	​	​	0.3
Other equity investments	​		4.1	​		3.2
Total other equity investments	​	​	38.2	​	​	53.3
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total investments	​	$	359.5	​	$	345.3

​

Equity Method Investments

The Company’s investment in 7Ridge Investments 3 LP (“7Ridge Fund”), represents a nonconsolidated variable interest entity (“VIE”). The Company has determined that consolidation of the VIE is not required as the Company is not the primary beneficiary of the 7Ridge Fund, as it does not have controlling financial interest and lacks the ability to unilaterally remove the general partner, 7Ridge Investments 3 GP Limited, direct material strategic decisions, or dissolve the entity (i.e., the Company does not have unilateral substantive “kick-out” or “liquidation” rights).

The Company’s interest in the 7Ridge Fund is equal to the carrying value of the investment as of June 30, 2024, or $321.3 million, which includes periodic capital contributions to the 7Ridge Fund, as well as the Company’s share of

7Ridge Fund’s profit or loss, including gains or losses arising from the fair value measurement of the investment held by the 7Ridge Fund, booked against the investment account. The carrying value of the investment is included in investments within the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s maximum loss exposure, in the unlikely event that all of the VIE’s assets become worthless, is limited to the carrying value of Company’s investment.

The Company holds an exit option to acquire Trading Technologies International Inc. (“Trading Technologies”), which is wholly owned by the 7Ridge Fund, that becomes exercisable on the earlier of (i) December 21, 2026 or (ii) the satisfaction by the general partner of 7Ridge Fund of certain performance goals set forth in the investment agreements. The exit option can be exercised individually or jointly by the limited partners of 7Ridge Fund. If the exit option is not exercised by the limited partners, the general partner of 7Ridge Fund may market Trading Technologies for sale to a third party. If Trading Technologies is sold to a third party, the general partner of the 7Ridge Fund would be entitled to receive a variable portion of the sales proceeds determined based upon the satisfaction of certain contractual performance goals. As of June 30, 2024 the exit option was not exercisable.

Other Equity Investments

The carrying value of other equity investments is included in investments in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company accounts for these investments using the measurement alternative given the absence of readily determinable fair values for the respective investments and due to the Company’s inability to exercise significant influence over the investments based upon the respective ownership interests held.

In the second quarter of 2024, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $16.0 million on its minority investment in Globacap Technology Limited based on management’s assessment of the fair value of the investment. The impairment was recorded in other (expense) income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

5. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in millions):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	June 30,		​	December 31,
​		2024			2023
Construction in progress	​	$	5.1	​	$	1.5
Furniture and equipment	​		288.4	​		322.9
Total property and equipment	​		293.5	​		324.4
Less accumulated depreciation	​		(178.4)	​		(215.2)
Property and equipment, net	​	$	115.1	​	$	109.2

​

Depreciation expense using the straight-line method was $8.0 million and $8.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $16.6 million and $16.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The sale of the Company’s former headquarters including the associated land, building, and certain furniture and equipment of the former headquarters location (“the Property”) was completed on June 28, 2024. In connection with the sale, the Company provided seller financing to the purchaser of the Property (“the Purchaser”) in the form of a secured promissory note for a portion of the purchase price of the Property. The total purchase price of the Property was $12.0 million and was comprised of $5.0 million cash and $7.0 million of seller financing. On June 30, 2024, the Company recognized a gain on the sale of property held for sale of $1.0 million representing the difference between the property held for sale balance and the net present value of the consideration on the date of disposal of the Property, less expenses incurred.

The $7.0 million in seller financing is in the form of a secured promissory note receivable to be repaid with an interest rate of 4.0% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears. The loan shall be repaid to the Company upon the earlier of the following (a) the second anniversary of the closing date of the sale of the Property or (b) the closing of a sale of the Property by the Purchaser to a third party who is not related to the Purchaser. The Company will accrue interest income monthly based on the agreed upon principal amount and interest rate.

​

6. CREDIT LOSSES

Current expected credit losses are estimated for accounts receivable and certain notes receivable.

Accounts receivable represent amounts due from the Company’s member firms. The allowance for accounts receivable credit losses is calculated using an aging schedule.

The allowance for notes receivable credit losses is associated with notes receivable included within other assets, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and relates to promissory notes to fund the implementation and operation of the consolidated audit trail (“CAT”), a portion of which notes are expected to be repaid by Consolidated Audit Trail, LLC (“CATLLC”). CAT involves the creation of an audit trail that is required by Rule 613 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Rule 613”), and it strives to enhance regulators’ ability to monitor trading activity in the U.S. national securities markets through a phased implementation. CATLLC is a national market system plan that was created by self-regulatory organizations that include the Cboe U.S. national securities exchanges, the other U.S. national securities exchanges and FINRA (who collectively are referred to as the “SROs” or “Plan Participants”) to implement and operate the CAT. The funding of the CAT’s implementation and operations is ultimately expected to be provided by Plan Participants and by broker-dealers (who are referred to as “Industry Members”). However, to date the funding of the CAT has been provided solely by the Plan Participants in exchange for promissory notes.

On September 6, 2023, the SEC issued an order approving an amendment to the CAT national market system plan to implement a revised funding model (“CAT Funding Model”) for CATLLC to fund the CAT. The approved CAT Funding Model contemplates two categories of CAT fees calculated based on the “executed equivalent shares” of transactions in eligible securities: (i) CAT fees assessed by CATLLC to Industry Members who are CAT Executing Brokers (the brokers responsible for executing each side of the transaction) to recover a portion of historical CAT costs previously paid to CATLLC by the Plan Participants; and (ii) CAT fees assessed by CATLLC to CAT Executing Brokers and Plan Participants to fund a portion of prospective CAT costs. To date, the funding of the CAT has solely been provided by the Plan Participants in exchange for promissory notes. The funds generated from the assessment of CAT fees to recover a portion of historical CAT costs will be used by CATLLC to repay a portion of the promissory notes to the Plan Participants.

The Plan Participants submitted fee filings during the first week of January 2024 with the SEC to implement the applicable transaction-based fee rates that are to be assessed by CATLLC to CAT Executing Brokers to recover a portion of historical CAT costs incurred prior to 2022. On January 17, 2024, the SEC issued orders suspending each Plan Participant’s fee filing and instituting proceedings to determine whether to approve or disapprove the fees, which orders were published in the Federal Register on February 13, 2024. SEC action on the fee filings is still pending as of the date of this filing.

Additional CAT fees related to a portion of other historical CAT costs and to prospective CAT costs are planned to be introduced at a later time through separate fee filings submitted by the Plan Participants. Once the CAT fee related to ongoing prospective CAT costs becomes effective through fee filings submitted by the Plan Participants, it is anticipated the Plan Participants will no longer continue to fund CATLLC in exchange for promissory notes.

Until the fees for historical CAT costs that are associated with the promissory notes are collected from CAT Executing Brokers and remitted by CATLLC to the Plan Participants, and until the CAT fee assessed by CATLLC to CAT Executing Brokers and Plan Participants to fund prospective CAT costs is implemented, the Plan Participants may continue to incur additional significant costs, including additional promissory notes to fund CAT. Additionally, portions of promissory notes related to the funding of the implementation and operation of the CAT may not be collectible, including if the SEC finds that the Plan Participants did not satisfy any of the financial accountability milestones. The allowance for notes receivable credit losses associated with the CAT is calculated using a methodology that is primarily based on the structure of the notes and various potential outcomes under the CAT Funding Model. See Note 21 (“Commitments, Contingencies, and Guarantees”) for more information.

The following represents the changes in allowance for credit losses during the six months ended June 30, 2024 (in millions):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Allowance fornotes receivablecredit losses		​	Allowance foraccounts receivablecredit losses		​	Totalallowance forcredit losses
Balance at December 31, 2023	​	$	30.1	​	$	4.5	​	$	34.6
Current period provision for expected credit losses	​	​	—	​	​	1.6	​	​	1.6
Write-offs charged against the allowance	​	​	—	​	​	(0.5)	​	​	(0.5)
Recoveries collected	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Balance at June 30, 2024	​	$	30.1	​	$	5.6	​	$	35.7

​

​

​

​

​

​

7. OTHER ASSETS, NET

Other assets, net consisted of the following as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in millions):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	June 30,		​	December 31,
​		2024			2023
Software development work in progress	​	$	4.6	​	$	3.5
Data processing software	​	​	126.9	​	​	128.1
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	​		(93.3)	​		(88.3)
Data processing software, net	​		38.2	​		43.3
Other assets (1)	​	​	170.4	​	​	163.0
Other assets, net	​	$	208.6	​	$	206.3

(1)

At June 30, 2024, the majority of the balance included notes receivable, net of allowance, and long-term prepaid assets. At December 31, 2023, the majority of the balance included notes receivable, net of allowance, a contra-revenue asset, and long-term prepaid assets. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the notes receivable, net balance was $154.7 million and $136.9 million, respectively. See Note 5 (“Property and Equipment, Net”) and Note 6 (“Credit Losses”) for more information on the notes receivable, net of allowance, included within other assets, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. See Note 17 (“Stock-Based Compensation”) for more information on the contra-revenue asset related to the issuance and the repurchase of Cboe Digital Restricted Common Units and Warrant Units included within other assets, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the contra-revenue asset balance was zero and $18.1 million, respectively.

Amortization expense related to data processing software was $2.5 million and $2.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $5.0 million and $4.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

​

8. GOODWILL, INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET, AND DIGITAL ASSETS HELD

The following table presents the details of goodwill by segment (in millions):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​		​	North American		​	Europe and		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Options			Equities			Asia Pacific			Global FX			Digital			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2023	​	$	305.8	​	$	2,004.4	​	$	563.2	​	$	267.2	​	$	—	​	$	3,140.6
Changes in foreign currency exchange rates	​		—	​		(5.2)	​		(2.5)	​		—	​		—	​		(7.7)
Balance as of June 30, 2024	​	$	305.8	​	$	1,999.2	​	$	560.7	​	$	267.2	​	$	—	​	$	3,132.9

​

Goodwill has been allocated to specific reporting units for purposes of impairment testing - Options, North American Equities, Europe and Asia Pacific, and Global FX. No goodwill has been allocated to the Futures and Digital segments. Goodwill impairment testing is performed annually in the fiscal fourth quarter or more frequently if conditions exist that indicate that the asset may be impaired.

The following table presents the details of the intangible assets by segment (in millions):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​		​	North American		​	Europe and		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Options			Equities			Asia Pacific			Global FX			Digital			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2023	​	$	134.1	​	$	935.3	​	$	352.5	​	$	56.2	​	$	83.4	​	$	1,561.5
Additions	​	​	—	​		1.0	​		—	​		—	​		—	​	​	1.0
Amortization	​		(4.2)	​		(26.2)	​		(8.4)	​	​	(6.4)	​	​	(2.3)	​		(47.5)
Changes in foreign currency exchange rates	​		—	​		(2.4)	​	​	(6.9)	​		—	​		—	​		(9.3)
Impairment	​		—	​		—	​	​	—	​		—	​		(81.0)	​		(81.0)
Balance as of June 30, 2024	​	$	129.9	​	$	907.7	​	$	337.2	​	$	49.8	​	$	0.1	​	$	1,424.7

​

Following the April 2024 announcement of the Cboe Digital spot market wind down and unwinding of the minority ownership structure in the holding company parent of the Cboe Digital entities, the Company performed an interim impairment test for the intangible assets recognized in the Digital reporting unit as the announcement was considered a

potential indication of impairment. The Company concluded that the carrying value of the trading registrations and licenses and technology exceeded their estimated fair value, as their projected future cash flows, subsequent to the decision to wind down the business, did not support their valuation, and recorded an impairment charge of $81.0 million in the condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, amortization expense was $21.3 million and $29.3 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, amortization expense was $47.5 million and $60.2 million, respectively. The estimated future amortization expense is $41.2 million for the remainder of 2024, $69.9 million for 2025, $62.6 million for 2026, $55.9 million for 2027, and $50.3 million for 2028.

The following tables present the categories of intangible assets by segment as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in millions, except as stated):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	June 30, 2024														​	Weighted
​	​	​	​	​	North		​	Europe		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Average
​	​	​		​	American		​	and Asia		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Amortization
​		Options			Equities			Pacific			Global FX			Digital			Period (in years)
Trading registrations and licenses	​	$	95.5	​	$	605.0	​	$	206.6	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	Indefinite
Customer relationships	​		46.6	​		412.3	​		211.4	​		140.0	​		—	​	15
Market data customer relationships	​		53.6	​		322.0	​		61.0	​		64.4	​		—	​	8
Technology	​		28.1	​		56.3	​		33.8	​		22.5	​		—	​	6
Trademarks and tradenames	​		12.9	​		8.2	​		2.4	​		1.2	​		—	​	6
Digital assets held	​	​	—	​	​	1.0	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	0.1	​	Indefinite
Accumulated amortization	​		(106.8)	​		(497.1)	​		(178.0)	​		(178.3)	​		—	​	​
​	​	$	129.9	​	$	907.7	​	$	337.2	​	$	49.8	​	$	0.1	​	​

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	December 31, 2023														​	Weighted
​	​	​	​	​	North		​	Europe		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Average
​	​	​		​	American		​	and Asia		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Amortization
​		Options			Equities			Pacific			Global FX			Digital			Period (in years)
Trading registrations and licenses	​	$	95.5	​	$	606.0	​	$	209.6	​	$	—	​	$	25.0	​	Indefinite
Customer relationships	​		46.6	​	​	413.9	​	​	216.1	​	​	140.0	​	​	—	​	15
Market data customer relationships	​		53.6	​	​	322.0	​	​	61.6	​	​	64.4	​	​	—	​	8
Technology	​		28.1	​	​	56.9	​	​	34.2	​	​	22.5	​	​	70.0	​	7
Trademarks and tradenames	​		12.9	​	​	8.2	​	​	2.4	​	​	1.2	​	​	—	​	6
Digital assets held	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	0.1	​	Indefinite
Accumulated amortization	​		(102.6)	​	​	(471.7)	​	​	(171.4)	​	​	(171.9)	​	​	(11.7)	​	​
​	​	$	134.1	​	$	935.3	​	$	352.5	​	$	56.2	​	$	83.4	​	​

​

Cboe Digital holds customer digital assets in customer accounts, referred to as wallets, either through a licensed trust company, third-party custodian or in separate and distinct wallets managed by Cboe Digital. Cboe Digital, together with its third-party custodian, secures customers’ digital assets and protects them from loss or theft. Customer digital assets are held in omnibus wallets for the benefit of customers of Cboe Digital and Cboe Digital maintains the records of the amount and type of digital asset owned by each of its customers in omnibus wallets. The amount of customer digital assets held by Cboe Digital is reflected within digital assets – safeguarded assets and digital assets – safeguarded liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. In addition, Cboe Digital maintains an immaterial amount of its own digital assets to facilitate customer trading.

In October 2022, the Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiary Cboe NL, entered into a Data Provider Agreement with Pyth Data Association (“Pyth”) to create a data feed and begin publishing limited derived equities market data for certain symbols from one of its four U.S. equities exchanges on the Pyth Network, a decentralized financial market data distribution platform for aggregated data. In exchange, Pyth granted Cboe NL 16,666,666 restricted PYTH tokens which unlock annually over a four-year period in equal tranches; the first 25% tranche of PYTH tokens unlocked in May 2024. The PYTH tokens, which are included within intangible assets, net in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, are carried at their historical value of $0.06 per token and are reviewed each reporting period for potential impairment. In May 2024, the Company recorded $1.0 million in market data fees revenue on the condensed consolidated statements of income, which represents the historical value of the grant of 16,666,666 restricted PYTH tokens earned for satisfying the performance obligations outlined in the Data Provider Agreement.

9. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities consisted of the following as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in millions):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		June 30,		​	December 31,
​	​	2024			2023
Compensation and benefit-related liabilities	​	$	53.9	​	$	77.1
Royalties	​	​	43.1	​	​	44.9
Accrued liabilities	​		56.7	​	​	70.3
Current operating lease liabilities	​	​	21.6	​	​	20.8
Rebates payable	​	​	68.1	​	​	75.1
Marketing fee payable	​		18.1	​	​	17.5
Current unrecognized tax benefits	​	​	4.7	​	​	82.3
Accounts payable	​		24.7	​	​	24.7
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities	​	$	290.9	​	$	412.7

​

​

10. DEBT

The Company’s debt consisted of the following as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in millions):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		June 30,		​	December 31,
​	​	2024			2023
$650 million fixed rate Senior Notes due January 2027, stated rate of 3.650%	​	$	648.3	​	$	647.9
$500 million fixed rate Senior Notes due December 2030, stated rate of 1.625%	​	​	495.1	​	​	494.8
$300 million fixed rate Senior Notes due March 2032, stated rate of 3.000%	​	​	296.7	​	​	296.5
Revolving Credit Agreement	​	​	—	​	​	—
Cboe Clear Europe Credit Facility	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total debt	​	$	1,440.1	​	$	1,439.2

​

Senior Notes

On January 12, 2017, the Company entered into an indenture (the “Indenture”), by and between the Company and Computershare Trust Company, N.A. (as successor to Wells Fargo Bank, National Association), as trustee, in connection with the issuance of $650 million aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 3.650% Senior Notes due 2027 (“3.650% Senior Notes”). The form and terms of the 3.650% Senior Notes were established pursuant to an Officer’s Certificate, dated as of January 12, 2017, supplementing the Indenture. The Company used a portion of the net proceeds from the 3.650% Senior Notes to fund, in part, the Merger, including the payment of related fees and expenses and the repayment of Bats’ existing indebtedness, and the remainder for general corporate purposes. The 3.650% Senior Notes mature on January 12, 2027 and bear interest at the rate of 3.650% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 12 and July 12 of each year, commencing July 12, 2017.

On December 15, 2020, the Company issued $500 million aggregate principal amount of 1.625% Senior Notes due 2030 ("1.625% Senior Notes"). The form and terms of the 1.625% Senior Notes were established pursuant to an Officer’s Certificate, dated as of December 15, 2020, supplementing the Indenture. The Company used the net proceeds from the 1.625% Senior Notes to finance the acquisition of BIDS Trading, repay a portion of amounts outstanding under the term loan facility and all outstanding indebtedness under the revolving credit facility and the remainder for general corporate purposes, which may include the financing of future acquisitions or the repayment of other outstanding indebtedness. The 1.625% Senior Notes mature on December 15, 2030 and bear interest at the rate of 1.625% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, commencing June 15, 2021.

On March 16, 2022, the Company issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 3.000% Senior Notes due 2032 (“3.000% Senior Notes” and, together with the 1.625% Senior Notes and the 3.650% Senior Notes, the “Senior Notes”). The form and terms of the 3.000% Senior Notes were established pursuant to an Officer’s Certificate, dated as of March 16, 2022, supplementing the Indenture. The Company used the net proceeds from the 3.000% Senior Notes, together with cash on hand, and the proceeds of additional borrowings, to partially fund its acquisition of Cboe Digital. The 3.000% Senior Notes mature on March 16, 2032 and bear interest at the rate of 3.000% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on March 16 and September 16 of each year, commencing September 16, 2022.

The Senior Notes are unsecured obligations of the Company and rank equally with all of the Company’s other existing and future unsecured, senior indebtedness, but are effectively junior to the Company’s secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, and will be structurally subordinated to the secured and unsecured indebtedness of the Company’s subsidiaries.

The Company has the option to redeem some or all of the Senior Notes, at any time in whole or from time to time in part, at the redemption prices set forth in the applicable Officer’s Certificate. The Company may also be required to offer to repurchase the Senior Notes upon the occurrence of a Change of Control Triggering Event (as such term is defined in the applicable Officer’s Certificate) at a repurchase price equal to 101 percent of the aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes to be repurchased.

Indenture

Under the Indenture, the Company may issue debt securities, which includes the Senior Notes, at any time and from time to time, in one or more series without limitation on the aggregate principal amount. The Indenture governing the Senior Notes contains customary restrictions, including a limitation that restricts the Company’s ability and the ability of certain of the Company’s subsidiaries to create or incur secured debt. Such Indenture also limits certain sale and leaseback transactions and contains customary events of default. At June 30, 2024, the Company was in compliance with these covenants.

Revolving Credit Agreement

On February 25, 2022, the Company entered into a Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Revolving Credit Agreement”), which amended and restated the prior revolving credit agreement.

The Revolving Credit Agreement provides for a senior unsecured $400 million three-year revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) that includes a $25 million swing line sub-facility. The Company may also, subject to the agreement of the applicable lenders, increase the commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility by up to $200 million, for a total of $600 million. Subject to specified conditions, the Company may designate one or more of its subsidiaries as additional borrowers under the Revolving Credit Agreement provided that the Company guarantees all borrowings and other obligations of any such subsidiaries under the Revolving Credit Agreement. As of June 30, 2024, no subsidiaries were designated as additional borrowers.

Funds borrowed under the Revolving Credit Agreement may be used to fund working capital and for other general corporate purposes, including the making of any acquisitions the Company may pursue in the ordinary course of its business. As of June 30, 2024, no borrowings were outstanding under the Revolving Credit Agreement. Accordingly, at June 30, 2024, $400 million of borrowing capacity was available for the purposes permitted by the Revolving Credit Agreement.

Loans under the Revolving Credit Agreement will bear interest, at the Company’s option, at either (i) the Relevant Rate (defined herein) plus a margin (based on the Company’s public debt ratings) ranging from 0.75 percent per annum to 1.25 percent per annum or (ii) a daily fluctuating rate based on the administrative agent’s prime rate (subject to certain minimums based upon the federal funds effective rate or Term SOFR), which is subject to a 1 percent floor, plus a margin (based on the Company’s public debt ratings) ranging from zero percent per annum to 0.25 percent per annum. “Relevant Rate” means with respect to any committed borrowing or swingline borrowing denominated in (a) Dollars, Term SOFR plus a spread adjustment of 0.10 percent per annum, (b) Sterling, SONIA plus a spread adjustment of 0.0326 percent per annum and (c) Euros, EURIBOR, as applicable, provided that each Relevant Rate is subject to a 0 percent floor.

Subject to certain conditions stated in the Revolving Credit Agreement, the Company and any subsidiaries designated as additional borrowers may borrow, prepay and reborrow amounts under the Revolving Credit Facility at any time during the term of the Revolving Credit Agreement. The Revolving Credit Agreement will terminate and all amounts owing thereunder will be due and payable on February 25, 2027, unless the commitments are terminated earlier, either at the request of the Company or, if an event of default occurs, by the lenders (or automatically in the case of certain bankruptcy-related events). The Revolving Credit Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants for facilities of its type, including financial covenants, events of default and indemnification provisions in favor of the lenders. The negative covenants include restrictions regarding the incurrence of liens, the incurrence of indebtedness by the Company’s subsidiaries and fundamental changes, subject to certain exceptions in each case. The financial covenants require the Company to meet a quarterly financial test with respect to a minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio of not less than 4.00 to 1.00 and a maximum consolidated leverage ratio of

not greater than 3.50 to 1.00; provided that the consolidated leverage ratio may, subject to certain triggering events set forth in the Revolving Credit Agreement, be increased to 4.25 to 1.00 on one occasion and 4.00 to 1.00 on another occasion, in each case, for four consecutive fiscal quarters; provided that, prior to the exercise of the second such financial covenant step-up, the maximum consolidated leverage ratio shall have returned to a level of 3.50 to 1.00 for at least two consecutive fiscal quarters. At June 30, 2024, the Company was in compliance with these covenants and did not exercise financial covenant step-up.

Cboe Clear Europe Credit Facility

On July 1, 2020, Cboe Clear Europe, as borrower, the Company, as guarantor, entered into a Facility Agreement (as subsequently amended and restated, the “Facility” or “Cboe Clear Europe Credit Facility”) with Bank of America Merrill Lynch International Designated Activity Company, as co-ordinator, facility agent, lender, sole lead arranger and sole bookrunner, Citibank N.A., as security agent, and certain other lenders named therein. The Facility was amended and restated, on July 1, 2021, June 30, 2022, June 29, 2023, and June 28, 2024, as described below.

The Facility provides for a €1.20 billion committed syndicated multicurrency revolving and swingline credit facility (i) that is available to be drawn by Cboe Clear Europe towards (a) financing unsettled amounts in connection with the settlement of transactions in securities and other items processed through Cboe Clear Europe’s clearing system and (b) financing any other liability or liquidity requirement that Cboe Clear Europe incurred in the operation of its clearing system and (ii) under which the scheduled interest and fees on borrowings (but not the principal amount of any borrowings) are guaranteed by the Company. Subject to certain conditions, Cboe Clear Europe is able to increase the commitments under the Facility by up to €500 million, to a total of €1.70 billion.

Borrowings under the Facility are secured by cash, eligible government bonds and eligible equity assets deposited by Cboe Clear Europe into secured accounts. In addition, Cboe Clear Europe must ensure that at all times the aggregate of (a) each clearing participant’s contribution to the relevant clearing fund, (b) each clearing participant’s margin amount and (c) any cash equities purchased using the proceeds of the assets described in (a) and (b), less the amount of any such clearing participant contribution, margin amount or cash equities which have been transferred to (or secured in favor of) any provider of settlement or custody services to Cboe Clear Europe, is not less than €500 million.

Borrowings under the Facility’s revolving loans and non-U.S. dollar swingline loans bear interest at the relevant floating base rate plus a margin of 1.60 percent per annum and (subject to certain conditions) borrowings under the Facility’s U.S. dollar swingline loans bear interest at the higher of the relevant agent’s prime commercial lending rate for U.S. dollars and 0.5 percent per annum over the federal funds effective rate. A commitment fee of 0.300 percent per annum is payable on the unused and uncalled amount of the Facility during the availability period.

Subject to certain conditions stated in the Facility, Cboe Clear Europe may borrow, prepay and reborrow amounts under the Facility at any time during the term of the Facility. The Facility will terminate and all amounts owing thereunder will be due and payable on June 27, 2025, unless the commitments are terminated earlier, either at the request of Cboe Clear Europe or, if an event of default occurs, by the Lenders (or automatically in the case of certain bankruptcy-related events).

The Facility contains customary representations, warranties and covenants for facilities of its type, including events of default of the Company and Cboe Clear Europe and indemnification provisions in favor of the Lenders. In particular, the covenants include restrictions regarding the incurrence of liens by Cboe Clear Europe and its subsidiaries, and an event of default will be triggered if Cboe Clear Europe ceases its business, subject to certain exceptions in each case. There is also a requirement for the net worth of (a) the Company to be no less than $1.75 billion on the date of each drawdown and delivery of compliance certificates and (b) Cboe Clear Europe to be the higher of €30 million and any such amount required for Cboe Clear Europe to meet minimum liquidity regulations under applicable regulation at all times.

As of June 30, 2024, no borrowings were outstanding under the Facility. Accordingly, at June 30, 2024, €1.20 billion of borrowing capacity was available for the purposes permitted by the Facility. At June 30, 2024, the Company and Cboe Clear Europe were in compliance with applicable covenants.

​

Notes Payments and Contractual Interest

The future expected repayments related to the Senior Notes as of June 30, 2024 are as follows (in millions):

​	​	​	​
Remainder of 2024		$	—
2025	​	​	—
2026	​	​	—
2027	​	​	650.0
2028	​	​	—
Thereafter	​	​	800.0
Principal amounts repayable	​	​	1,450.0
Debt issuance costs	​	​	(5.5)
Unamortized discounts on notes	​	​	(4.4)
Total debt outstanding	​	$	1,440.1

​

Interest expense recognized on the Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “Term Loan Agreement”), the Senior Notes, and the Revolving Credit Agreement is included in interest expense in the condensed consolidated statements of income. As of December 31, 2023 the Term Loan Agreement matured and was repaid in full and therefore the Company no longer incurs interest expense related to the Term Loan Agreement. The Company is also obligated to pay commitment fees under the terms of the Revolving Credit Agreement and Facility, which are also included in interest expense.

Components of interest expense, net recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (in millions):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended					​	Six Months Ended
​	​	June 30,					​	June 30,
​		2024			2023			2024			2023
Components of interest expense:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Contractual interest	​	$	12.2	​	$	16.1	​	$	24.6	​	$	32.5
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs	​		0.6	​		0.6	​		1.2	​		1.3
Interest expense	​	$	12.8	​	$	16.7	​	$	25.8	​	$	33.8
Interest income	​	​	(4.6)	​	​	(2.8)	​	​	(8.7)	​	​	(4.8)
Interest expense, net	​	$	8.2	​	$	13.9	​	$	17.1	​	$	29.0

​

​

11. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS, NET

​

The following represents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net by component (in millions):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Foreign		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Total Accumulated
​	​	Currency			Unrealized		​	​		​	Other
​	​	Translation			Investment		​	Post-Retirement		​	Comprehensive
​		Adjustment			Loss			Benefits			Loss, Net
Balance at December 31, 2023	​	$	(5.6)	​	$	(3.7)	​	$	(0.1)	​	$	(9.4)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	​		(16.2)	​	​	(1.0)	​	​	0.2	​	​	(17.0)
Balance at June 30, 2024	​	$	(21.8)	​	$	(4.7)	​	$	0.1	​	$	(26.4)

​

​

12. CLEARING OPERATIONS

​

Cboe operates two clearing houses, Cboe Clear Europe and Cboe Clear Digital, each of which acts as a central counterparty that provides clearing and settlement services.

Cboe Clear Europe

Cboe Clear Europe is a European equities central counterparty that provides post-trade services to stock exchanges, MTFs, over-the-counter (“OTC”) equities trades and an equity derivatives exchange. Cboe Clear Europe clears equities from eighteen European markets and the United States, as well as Depositary Receipts, ETFs, and equity-like instruments. In September 2021, Cboe Clear Europe began clearing equity derivatives for ten European markets, initially index futures and options and as of November 2023, single stock options. Through a novation process, Cboe Clear

Europe becomes the buyer for every seller and the seller for every buyer, thereby protecting clearing participants from counterparty risk and allowing the settlement of trades in the event of a clearing participant default.

​

Cboe Clear Europe only assumes the guarantor role if it has an equal and offsetting claim against a clearing participant. For the period ended June 30, 2024, there have been no events of default for which a liability is required to be recognized in accordance with GAAP.

Cboe Clear Europe Clearing Participant Deposits

Cboe Clear Europe generally requires all clearing participants to deposit collateral to help mitigate Cboe Clear Europe’s exposure to credit risk in the event that a clearing participant fails to meet a financial or contractual obligation.

Margin Deposits

Margin deposits, which are predominately in the form of cash and cash equivalents, are deposits made by each clearing participant to Cboe Clear Europe to cover some or all of the credit risk of its failure to fulfill its obligations in the trade. Cboe Clear Europe maintains and manages all cash deposits related to margin deposits. Substantially all risks and rewards of cash and cash equivalents margin deposit ownership, including net interest income, belong to Cboe Clear Europe and are recorded in cash and spot markets on the condensed consolidated statements of income. In the event of a default, Cboe Clear Europe can access the defaulting participant’s margin deposits to cover the defaulting participant’s losses. For more information, see “Default and Liquidity Waterfalls” below.

​

Clearing Funds

The clearing fund mutualizes the risk of default among all clearing participants. Depending on their membership, clearing participants contribute to the cash-equity and/or derivatives segment of the clearing fund. Although the entire clearing fund is available to cover potential losses in the event that the margin deposits and the clearing fund deposits of a defaulting clearing participant are inadequate to fulfill that clearing participant’s outstanding financial obligations, the clearing fund first uses the product class segment of the Clearing Fund in which the defaulting participants was active (see “Default and Liquidity Waterfalls” below). In the event of a default, Cboe Clear Europe is generally required to liquidate the defaulting clearing participant’s open positions. To the extent that the positions remain open, Cboe Clear Europe is required to assume the defaulting clearing participant’s obligations related to the open positions. Clearing participants are required to make contributions to the clearing fund that are proportional to their risk exposure in the form of cash or non-cash contributions, which generally consist of highly liquid securities.

Interoperability Fund

For the cash equity business line, Cboe Clear Europe has entered into interoperable arrangements with two other central counterparties (“CCPs”). Under these arrangements, margin is pledged to and from interoperable CCPs. The interoperability fund consists of collateral provided by clearing participants that is pledged by Cboe Clear Europe to the other interoperable CCPs, to cover margin calls Cboe Clear Europe receives from such interoperable CCPs.

Effective August 14, 2023, Cboe Clear Europe enacted changes to its rules, and is able to invest the cash collateral received in the form of interoperability fund deposits from clearing participants in certain investments, typically securities issued by pre-approved sovereign issuers and reverse repurchase agreements with overnight maturities. When investments are made in accordance with Cboe Clear Europe’s Investment Policy, Cboe Clear Europe receives the amount of investment earnings and pays clearing participants those earnings minus a set basis point cost of collateral. As Cboe Clear Europe is able to direct the investment of the cash interoperability fund deposits received from the clearing participants within the program parameters and receives an economic benefit from those investments, these amounts are included in the margin deposits, clearing funds, and interoperability funds captions in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and the related interest income and expense is recorded in other revenue and other cost of revenue, respectively, on the condensed consolidated statements of income.

​

Cboe Clear Europe Default and Liquidity Waterfalls

The default waterfall is the priority order in which the capital resources are expected to be utilized in the event of a default where the defaulting clearing participant’s collateral would not be sufficient to cover the cost to liquidate its portfolio. If a default occurs and the defaulting clearing participant’s collateral, including margin deposits and clearing fund deposits, are depleted, then additional capital is utilized in the following order:

	●	Cboe Clear Europe’s dedicated own resources: The Cboe Clear Europe default waterfall first utilizes its dedicated own resources in two forms and totaling 35% of Cboe Clear Europe capital requirements; the ‘first skin in the game’, equal to 25% of Cboe Clear Europe capital requirements before the use of clearing fund contributions described below and the ‘second skin in the game’, an amount between 10-25% of capital requirements as discussed in Note 16 (“Regulatory Capital”).

	●	Clearing fund: Second, the Cboe Clear Europe default waterfall utilizes traditional CCP risk mutualization, in the event that default losses fully exhaust Cboe Clear Europe’s dedicated own resources amount, whereby contributions applicable to a particular product class are applied first to any loss attributable to that product class.

	●	Pro rata contributions: Third, if the default losses caused cannot be covered by the first two layers, the non-defaulting clearing participants shall on demand make additional payments to Cboe Clear Europe on a pro rata basis in proportion to the amount of their clearing fund contributions to cover any such remaining losses, which is limited to an amount equal to twice their clearing fund contribution as established under Cboe Clear Europe’s rules and regulations. In this scenario, contributions applicable to a particular product class are first applied to any losses attributable to that product class.

In addition to the default waterfall, the liquidity waterfall is the priority order in which the liquidity resources are expected to be utilized for Cboe Clear Europe’s ordinary course business operations and in situations when additional liquidity resources and liquidity measures may be activated in case of a potential liquidity shortfall. Liquidity, intraday or overnight, is mainly required for securities settlement. In ordinary course business circumstances, liquidity resources include the collateral directly deposited with Cboe Clear Europe, FX swap arrangements, and reverse repurchase agreements, as well as the use of the Facility.

Cboe Clear Digital

Cboe Clear Digital is a digital asset derivatives clearinghouse and central counterparty that provides clearing and settlement of digital asset trades. Cboe Clear Digital is registered as a Derivatives Clearing Organization (“DCO”) regulated by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) and is registered with the U.S. Treasury Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”) as a money services business (“MSB”). Cboe Clear Digital is in the process of surrendering money transmitter licenses that were necessary for engagement with the Cboe Digital spot market. Before the surrendering process was initiated, Cboe Clear Digital was authorized by license or not subject to licensing to conduct MSB services in 50 U.S. jurisdictions. Cboe Clear Digital performs a guarantee function whereby Cboe Clear Digital helps to ensure that the obligations of the transactions it clears are fulfilled. Cboe Clear Digital attempts to mitigate this risk by performing internal compliance and due diligence procedures as well as implementing internal risk controls. Cboe Clear Digital's due diligence procedures include review of the personal and corporate information, financial position of the member participant, and monitoring of Cboe Clear Digital's risk exposure thresholds. A clearing member is required to deposit collateral, which are in the form of cash and digital assets for spot products and cash for futures products to cover some or all of the credit risk of its failure to fulfill its obligations. As of June 30, 2024, Cboe Clear Digital does not expect a material loss concerning credit risk on any member participant.

​

Cboe Clear Digital Clearing Participant Deposits

Customer Bank Deposits

Cboe Clear Digital holds cash on behalf of its customers for the purposes of supporting clearing transactions. Customer cash may be invested in approved investments and any interest or gain received, or loss incurred on invested funds is recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of income. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, interest on invested funds totaled $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively. The Company includes customer cash

related to the clearing activity on the condensed consolidated balance sheets in margin deposits, clearing funds, and interoperability funds, with a corresponding liability.

Digital Assets - Safeguarded Assets

The Company holds digital assets on behalf of its customers. In accordance with the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin 121 (“SAB 121”), the Company includes customer digital assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets in digital assets - safeguarded assets, with a corresponding offset in digital assets - safeguarded liabilities. Digital assets – safeguarded assets totaled $6.9 million and $51.3 million at June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The following depicts the Company’s valuation of digital assets – safeguarded assets and safeguarded liabilities as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	June 30, 2024
Digital Asset		​	Number of Units		Valuation per Unit			Fair Value (in millions)
Bitcoin ("BTC")	​	​	70	​	$	61,900	​	$	4.4
Ethereum ("ETH")	​	​	708	​	​	3,416	​	​	2.4
Litecoin ("LTC")	​	​	1,323	​	​	75	​	​	0.1
Bitcoin Cash ("BCH")	​	​	95	​	​	392	​	​	—
USD Coin ("USDC")	​	​	4,277	​	​	1	​	​	—
Total	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	$	6.9

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	December 31, 2023
Digital Asset		​	Number of Units		Valuation per Unit			Fair Value (in millions)
Bitcoin ("BTC")	​	​	821	​	$	42,492	​	$	34.9
Ethereum ("ETH")	​	​	6,270	​	​	2,282	​	​	14.3
Litecoin ("LTC")	​	​	16,329	​	​	74	​	​	1.2
Bitcoin Cash ("BCH")	​	​	1,374	​	​	261	​	​	0.4
USD Coin ("USDC")	​	​	506,652	​	​	1	​	​	0.5
Total	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	$	51.3

​

Margin Deposits, Clearing Funds, and Interoperability Funds

The details of margin deposits, clearing funds, and interoperability funds as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, are as follows (in millions):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	June 30, 2024
​		Margin Deposits			Clearing Funds			Interoperability Funds			Total
Cboe Clear Europe central bank account	​	$	1,146.2	​	$	173.8	​	$	354.5	​	$	1,674.5
Cboe Clear Europe reverse repurchase and other	​	​	728.4	​	​	—	​	​	320.9	​	​	1,049.3
Cboe Clear Digital customer bank deposits	​	​	5.0	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	5.0
Total cash margin deposits, clearing funds, and interoperability funds	​	$	1,879.6	​	$	173.8	​	$	675.4	​	$	2,728.8
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	June 30, 2024
​	​	Margin Deposits			Clearing Funds			Interoperability Funds			Total
Cboe Clear Europe non-cash contributions (1)	​	$	522.2	​	$	80.4	​	$	305.2	​	$	907.8

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	December 31, 2023
​		Margin Deposits			Clearing Funds			Interoperability Funds			Total
Cboe Clear Europe central bank account	​	$	361.3	​	$	140.1	​	$	271.0	​	$	772.4
Cboe Clear Europe reverse repurchase and other	​	​	2.7	​	​	4.1	​	​	55.6	​	​	62.4
Cboe Clear Digital customer bank deposits	​	​	14.0	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	14.0
Total cash margin deposits, clearing funds, and interoperability funds	​	$	378.0	​	$	144.2	​	$	326.6	​	$	848.8
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	December 31, 2023
​	​	Margin Deposits			Clearing Funds			Interoperability Funds			Total
Cboe Clear Europe non-cash contributions (1)	​	$	637.0	​	$	65.6	​	$	228.0	​	$	930.6

(1)	These amounts are not reflected in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, as Cboe Clear Europe does not have the ability to sell or repledge the amounts absent a clearing participant default.

​

13. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT

Fair value is the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid upon the transfer of a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date and in the principal or most advantageous market for that asset or liability. The fair value should be calculated based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, not on assumptions specific to the entity. In addition, the fair value of liabilities should include consideration of non-performance risk, including the Company’s own credit risk.

The Company applied FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820 — Fair Value Measurement, which provides guidance for using fair value to measure assets and liabilities by defining fair value and establishing the framework for measuring fair value. ASC 820 applies to financial and nonfinancial instruments that are measured and reported on a fair value basis. The three-level hierarchy of fair value measurements is based on whether the inputs to those measurements are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. The fair value hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available and consists of the following levels:

	●	Level 1—Unadjusted inputs based on quoted markets for identical assets or liabilities.

	●	Level 2—Observable inputs, either direct or indirect, not including Level 1 measurements, corroborated by market data or based upon quoted prices in non-active markets.

	●	Level 3—Unobservable inputs that reflect management’s best assumptions of what market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability.

The Company has included a tabular disclosure for financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables present the Company’s fair value hierarchy for those assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in millions):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	June 30, 2024
​		Total			Level 1			Level 2			Level 3
Assets:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
U.S. Treasury securities (1)	​	$	47.1	​	$	47.1	​	$	—	​	$	—
Marketable securities (1):	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Mutual funds	​	​	18.8	​	​	18.8	​	​	—	​	​	—
Money market funds	​		17.8	​		17.8	​		—	​		—
Digital assets - safeguarded assets	​	​	6.9	​	​	—	​	​	6.9	​	​	—
Note receivable - building sale (2)	​	​	6.4	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	6.4
Total assets	​	$	97.0	​	$	83.7	​	$	6.9	​	$	6.4
Liabilities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Contingent consideration liabilities	​	$	1.8	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	1.8
Digital assets - safeguarded liabilities	​	​	6.9	​	​	—	​	​	6.9	​	​	—
Total liabilities	​	$	8.7	​	$	—	​	$	6.9	​	$	1.8

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	December 31, 2023
​		Total			Level 1			Level 2			Level 3
Assets:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
U.S. Treasury securities (1)	​	$	20.8	​	$	20.8	​	$	—	​	$	—
Marketable securities (1):	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Mutual funds	​	​	17.1	​	​	17.1	​	​	—	​	​	—
Money market funds	​	​	19.6	​	​	19.6	​	​	—	​	​	—
Digital assets - safeguarded assets	​	​	51.3	​	​	—	​	​	51.3	​	​	—
Total assets	​	$	108.8	​	$	57.5	​	$	51.3	​	$	—
Liabilities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Contingent consideration liabilities	​	$	11.8	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	11.8
Digital assets - safeguarded liabilities	​	​	51.3	​	​	—	​	​	51.3	​	​	—
Cboe Digital restricted common units liability (3)	​	​	18.7	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	18.7
Cboe Digital warrant liability (3)	​	​	5.9	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	5.9
Total liabilities	​	$	87.7	​	$	—	​	$	51.3	​	$	36.4

(1)	These amounts are reflected within financial investments in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(2)	This amount is reflected within other assets, net in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(3)	These amounts are reflected within other non-current liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

​

The following is a description of the Company’s valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

Financial Investments

Financial investments consist of highly liquid U.S. Treasury securities, and marketable securities held in a trust for the Company’s non-qualified retirement and benefit plans, also referred to as deferred compensation plan assets. The deferred compensation plan assets have an equal and offsetting deferred compensation plan liability based on the value of the deferred compensation plan assets. These securities are valued by obtaining feeds from a number of live data sources, including active market makers and inter-dealer brokers and therefore categorized as Level 1. No material adjustments were made to the carrying value of financial investments for the period ended June 30, 2024. See Note 15 (“Employee Benefit Plans”) for more information.

Digital Assets – Safeguarded Assets and Liabilities

Digital assets – safeguarded assets and liabilities represents the Company’s holdings of Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash, and USD Coin on behalf of the Company’s customers. The Company valued digital assets – safeguarded assets and digital assets – safeguarded liabilities by using the closing prices at 4:00pm Central Time on the CoinDesk Indices Price Index as of June 30, 2024 for the underlying digital assets held on behalf of the Company’s customers. See Note 12 (“Clearing Operations”) for additional details regarding digital assets held on behalf of customers.

Contingent Consideration Liabilities

In connection with the acquisitions of Cboe Asia Pacific and Cboe Canada, the Company entered into contingent consideration arrangements with the sellers. The total fair value of the liabilities at June 30, 2024 was $1.8 million, which relate to the acquisition of Cboe Canada. In connection with the contingent consideration arrangements, the Company paid a total of $10.0 million in contingent consideration to the sellers of Cboe Asia Pacific during the three months ended June 30, 2024. In May 2024, Cboe Japan achieved milestones resulting in the payment of $5.7 million of contingent consideration, resulting in a reversal of a previously recorded gain. Additionally, Cboe Asia Pacific’s contingent consideration expired in June 2024 and the remaining balance was not achieved, resulting in an equivalent gain of $2.7 million. The aforementioned updates resulted in a total $3.0 million loss on Cboe Asia Pacific contingent consideration liabilities during the period. Because the fair value measurements relating to the contingent consideration liabilities are subject to management judgment, measurement uncertainty is inherent in the valuation of the contingent consideration liabilities as of the reporting date. Based on the recorded balance of the liabilities, any measurement uncertainty related to this Level 3 measurement is immaterial as of June 30, 2024.

Note Receivable – Building Sale

The Company provided seller financing in the form of a secured promissory note for a portion of the purchase price of the Property sale completed on June 28, 2024. See Note 5 (“Property and Equipment, Net”) for more information. The Company has elected the fair value option available under ASC 825 for this note and subsequent changes in fair value are reported in other (expense) income, net on the condensed consolidated statements of income. The fair value was calculated using the initial projected amortization schedule, credit risk assumptions, and implied interest rates for similar instruments. These inputs are considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The note is within other assets, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2024. The fair value option was not elected for other notes receivable described in Note 7 (“Other Assets, Net”) due to uncertain payment terms and credit and legal risks as described in Note 6 (“Credit Losses”). The note receivable related to the building sale was not 90 days or more past due or in non-accrual status as of June 30, 2024.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

Certain assets, such as goodwill and intangible assets, are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. For goodwill, the process involves using a market approach and income approach (using discounted estimated cash flows) to determine the fair value of each reporting unit on a stand-alone basis. That fair value is compared to the carrying value of the reporting unit, including its recorded goodwill. In connection with the annual impairment evaluation of goodwill and indefinite lived intangibles, impairment is considered to have occurred if the fair value of the reporting unit is lower than the carrying value of the reporting unit. For equity method investments and intangible assets, other than digital assets held, the process also involves using a discounted cash flow method to determine the fair value of each asset. Impairment is considered to have occurred if the fair value of the asset is lower than its carrying value. These measurements are considered Level 3 and these assets are recognized at fair value if they are deemed to be impaired.

Equity investments without readily determinable fair values that are valued using the measurement alternative are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. Other than the impairment charge recorded on the Company’s minority investment in Globacap Technology Limited, no observable transactions or impairments impacted the measurements of the investments accounted for as other equity investments. See Note 4 (“Investments”) for more information. These measurements are considered Level 3 and these assets are recognized at fair value if they are deemed to be impaired.

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

The following tables present the Company’s fair value hierarchy for certain assets and liabilities held by the Company as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in millions):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	June 30, 2024
​		Total			Level 1			Level 2			Level 3
Assets:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
U.S. Treasury securities (1)	​	$	47.1	​	$	47.1	​	$	—	​	$	—
Deferred compensation plan assets (1)	​	​	36.6	​	​	36.6	​	​	—	​	​	—
Digital assets - safeguarded assets	​	​	6.9	​	​	—	​	​	6.9	​	​	—
Note receivable - building sale (2)	​	​	6.4	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	6.4
Total assets	​	$	97.0	​	$	83.7	​	$	6.9	​	$	6.4
Liabilities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Contingent consideration liabilities	​	$	1.8	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	1.8
Deferred compensation plan liabilities (4)	​	​	36.6	​	​	36.6	​	​	—	​	​	—
Digital assets - safeguarded liabilities	​	​	6.9	​	​	—	​	​	6.9	​	​	—
Debt (5)	​		1,294.1	​		—	​		1,294.1	​	​	—
Total liabilities	​	$	1,339.4	​	$	36.6	​	$	1,301.0	​	$	1.8

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	December 31, 2023
​		Total			Level 1			Level 2			Level 3
Assets:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
U.S. Treasury securities (1)	​	$	20.8	​	$	20.8	​	$	—	​	$	—
Deferred compensation plan assets (1)	​		36.7	​		36.7	​		—	​		—
Digital assets - safeguarded assets	​	​	51.3	​	​	—	​	​	51.3	​	​	—
Digital assets held (3,5)	​	​	0.1	​	​	0.1	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total assets	​	$	108.9	​	$	57.6	​	$	51.3	​	$	—
Liabilities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Contingent consideration liabilities	​	$	11.8	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	11.8
Deferred compensation plan liabilities (4)	​	​	36.7	​	​	36.7	​	​	—	​	​	—
Digital assets - safeguarded liabilities	​	​	51.3	​	​	—	​	​	51.3	​	​	—
Cboe Digital restricted common units liability (4)	​	​	18.7	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	18.7
Cboe Digital warrant liability (4)	​	​	5.9	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	5.9
Debt (5)	​		1,305.7	​		—	​		1,305.7	​		—
Total liabilities	​	$	1,430.1	​	$	36.7	​	$	1,357.0	​	$	36.4

(1)	These amounts are reflected within financial investments in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(2)	This amount is reflected within other assets, net in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(3)	These amounts are reflected within intangible assets, net in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(4)	These amounts are reflected within other non-current liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(5)	These balances are presented at fair value in this table, but are carried at their historical value within the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Certain financial assets and liabilities, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, income tax receivable, accounts payable and Section 31 fees payable, and notes receivable are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, but the carrying values approximate fair value due to their liquid or short-term nature.

Debt

The debt balance consists of fixed rate Senior Notes. The fair values of the Senior Notes are classified as Level 2 under the fair value hierarchy and are estimated using prevailing market quotes.

At June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair values of the Company’s debt obligations were as follows (in millions):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​
​	Fair Value
​	June 30, 2024		​	December 31, 2023
3.650% Senior Notes	$	627.9	​	$	628.5
1.625% Senior Notes	​	408.8	​	​	412.7
3.000% Senior Notes	​	257.4	​	​	264.5

​

Information on Level 3 Financial Assets and Liabilities

The following table sets forth a summary of changes in the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial assets and liabilities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 (in millions):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Level 3 Financial Assets and Liabilities for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
​	​	Balance at		​	Realized (Losses)		​	​		​	​		​	​		​	Foreign		​	Balance at
​	​	Beginning of		​	Gains during		​	​		​	​		​	​		​	Currency		​	End of
​		Period			Period			Adjustments			Additions			Settlements		​	Translation			Period
Assets:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Note receivable - building sale	​	$	—	​	$	(0.6)	​	$	—	​	$	7.0	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	6.4
Total assets	​	$	—	​	$	(0.6)	​	$	—	​	$	7.0	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	6.4
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Balance at		​	Realized Losses		​	​		​	​		​	​		​	Foreign		​	Balance at
​	​	Beginning of		​	(Gains) during		​	​		​	​		​	​		​	Currency		​	End of
​	​	Period			Period			Adjustments			Additions			Settlements		​	Translation			Period
Liabilities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Contingent consideration liabilities		$	8.8	​	$	3.0	​	$	—	​	$	—		$	(10.0)	​	$	—	​	$	1.8
Cboe Digital restricted common units liability	​	​	18.4	​	​	(0.7)	​	​	(12.1)	​	​	—	​	​	(5.6)	​	​	—	​	​	—
Cboe Digital warrant liability		​	5.8	​	​	(1.3)	​	​	(4.1)	​	​	—		​	(0.4)	​	​	—		​	—
Total liabilities	​	$	33.0	​	$	1.0	​	$	(16.2)	​	$	—	​	$	(16.0)	​	$	—	​	$	1.8

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Level 3 Financial Assets and Liabilities for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
​	​	Balance at		​	Realized (Losses)		​	​		​	​		​	​		​	Foreign		​	Balance at
​	​	Beginning of		​	Gains during		​	​		​	​		​	​		​	Currency		​	End of
​		Period			Period			Adjustments			Additions			Settlements		​	Translation			Period
Assets:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Note receivable - building sale	​	$	—	​	$	(0.6)	​	$	—	​	$	7.0	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	6.4
Total assets	​	$	—	​	$	(0.6)	​	$	—	​	$	7.0	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	6.4
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Balance at		​	Realized Losses		​	​		​	​		​	​		​	Foreign		​	Balance at
​	​	Beginning of		​	(Gains) during		​	​		​	​		​	​		​	Currency		​	End of
​	​	Period			Period			Adjustments			Additions			Settlements		​	Translation			Period
Liabilities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Contingent consideration liabilities		$	11.8	​	$	3.0	​	$	—	​	$	—		$	(13.0)	​	$	—	​	$	1.8
Cboe Digital restricted common units liability	​	​	18.7	​	​	(1.0)	​	​	(12.1)	​	​	—	​	​	(5.6)	​	​	—	​	​	—
Cboe Digital warrant liability		​	5.9	​	​	(1.4)	​	​	(4.1)	​	​	—		​	(0.4)	​	​	—		​	—
Total liabilities	​	$	36.4	​	$	0.6	​	$	(16.2)	​	$	—	​	$	(19.0)	​	$	—	​	$	1.8

​

​

​

14. SEGMENT REPORTING

The Company operates six reportable business segments: Options, North American Equities, Europe and Asia Pacific, Futures, Global FX, and Digital which is reflective of how the Company's chief operating decision-maker reviews and operates the business, as discussed in Note 1 (“Organization and Basis of Presentation”). Segment performance is primarily evaluated based on operating income (loss). The Company’s chief operating decision-maker does not use

segment-level assets or income and expenses below operating income (loss) as key performance metrics; therefore, such information is not presented below. The Company has aggregated all of its corporate costs, as well as other business ventures, within the Corporate Items and Eliminations totals based on the decision that those activities should not be used to evaluate the operating performance of the segments; however, operating expenses that relate to activities of a specific segment have been allocated to that segment.

Options. The Options segment includes options on market indices (“index options”), as well as on the stocks of individual corporations (“equity options”), and on ETPs, such as exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) and exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”), which are “multi-listed” options and listed on a non-exclusive basis. These options are eligible to trade, as applicable, on Cboe Options, C2, BZX, EDGX, and/or other U.S. national security exchanges. Cboe Options is the Company’s primary options market and offers trading in listed options through a single system that integrates electronic trading and traditional open outcry trading on the Cboe Options trading floor in Chicago. C2 Options, BZX Options, and EDGX Options are all-electronic options exchanges, and typically operate with different market models and fee structures than Cboe Options. The Options segment also includes applicable market data fees revenues generated from the consolidated tape plans, the licensing of proprietary options market data, index licensing, routing services, and access and capacity services.

North American Equities. The North American Equities segment includes U.S. equities and ETP transaction services that occur on fully electronic exchanges owned and operated by BZX, BYX, EDGX, and EDGA, equities transactions that occur on the BIDS Trading platform in the U.S. and Canada, and Canadian equities and other transaction services that occur on or through Cboe Canada Inc.’s order books. The North American Equities segment also includes listing services on Cboe Canada Inc., corporate and ETP listings on BZX, applicable market data fees revenues generated from the consolidated tape plans, the licensing of proprietary equities market data, routing services, and access and capacity services.

Europe and Asia Pacific. The Europe and Asia Pacific segment includes the pan-European listed equities and derivatives transaction services, ETPs, exchange-traded commodities, and international depository receipts that are hosted on MTFs operated by Cboe Europe Equities (Cboe Europe and Cboe NL equities exchanges) and Cboe Europe Derivatives (“CEDX”). It also includes the ETP listings business on RMs and clearing activities of Cboe Clear Europe, as well as the equities transaction services of Cboe Australia and Cboe Japan, operators of trading venues in Australia and Japan, respectively, along with equities transactions that occur on the BIDS Trading platform in Australia and Japan. Cboe Europe operates lit and dark books, a periodic auctions book, and Cboe BIDS Europe, a Large-in-Scale (“LIS”) trading negotiation facility predominately for UK and Swiss symbols. Cboe NL, based in Amsterdam, operates similar business functionality to that offered by Cboe Europe, and provides for trading only in European Economic Area (“EEA”) symbols. Cboe Europe Derivatives, a pan-European derivatives platform, offers futures and options based on Cboe Europe equity indices, and single stock options. This segment also includes Cboe Europe, Cboe NL, CEDX, Cboe Australia and Cboe Japan revenue generated from the licensing of proprietary market data and from access and capacity services.

Futures. The Futures segment includes transaction services provided by CFE, a fully electronic futures exchange, which includes offerings for trading of VIX futures, and other futures products, the licensing of proprietary market data, as well as access and capacity services. On April 25, 2024, the Company announced plans to transition its cash-settled Bitcoin and Ether futures contracts, currently available for trading on the Cboe Digital Exchange, to CFE in the first half of 2025, pending regulatory review.

Global FX. The Global FX segment includes institutional FX trading services that occur on the Cboe FX fully electronic trading platform, non-deliverable forward FX transactions (“NDFs”) offered for execution on Cboe SEF, as well as revenue generated from the licensing of proprietary market data and from access and capacity services. The segment includes transaction services for U.S. government securities executed on the Cboe Fixed Income fully electronic trading platform.

Digital. The Digital segment includes a U.S.-based spot digital asset trading market, regulated futures exchange, and a regulated clearinghouse, as well as revenue generated from the licensing of proprietary market data and from access and capacity services. In-line with the Company’s plans to wind down the spot digital asset trading market by the third quarter of 2024, on May 31, 2024, the Company halted trading on the Cboe Digital spot market. The Company plans to transition its cash-settled Bitcoin and Ether futures contracts, currently available for trading on the Cboe Digital Exchange, to CFE in the first half of 2025, pending regulatory review. The Company intends to continue to present Digital as a distinct reportable business segment through at least the year ending December 31, 2024.

Summarized financial data of reportable segments was as follows (in millions):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​			North			Europe			​			​			​			Corporate			​
​	​	​		​	American		​	and Asia		​	​		​	​		​	​		​	Items and		​	​
​		Options			Equities			Pacific			Futures			Global FX			Digital			Eliminations			Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Revenues	​	$	482.3	​	$	353.3	​	$	81.6	​	$	35.9	​	$	20.5	​	$	0.4	​	$	—	​	$	974.0
Operating income (loss)	​		215.6	​	​	45.3	​	​	9.2	​	​	26.3	​	​	9.2	​	​	(90.3)	​	​	(5.2)	​	​	210.1
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Revenues	​	$	471.5	​	$	320.6	​	$	68.3	​	$	30.0	​	$	18.2	​	$	(0.8)	​	$	—	​	$	907.8
Operating income (loss)	​		203.7	​	​	22.8	​	​	5.5	​	​	18.4	​	​	5.0	​	​	(11.0)	​	​	0.4	​	​	244.8
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​			North			Europe			​			​			​			Corporate			​
​	​	​		​	American		​	and Asia		​	​		​	​		​	​		​	Items and		​	​
​		Options			Equities			Pacific			Futures			Global FX			Digital			Eliminations			Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Revenues	​	$	959.7	​	$	702.9	​	$	162.3	​	$	67.3	​	$	39.3	​	$	(0.3)	​	$	—	​	$	1,931.2
Operating income (loss)	​	​	432.4	​	​	83.3	​	​	19.4	​	​	48.4	​	​	15.8	​	​	(100.5)	​	​	(6.3)	​	​	492.5
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Revenues	​	$	957.6	​	$	700.4	​	$	140.6	​	$	62.1	​	$	37.0	​	$	(1.7)	​	$	—	​	$	1,896.0
Operating income (loss)	​	​	404.7	​	​	51.2	​	​	16.8	​	​	39.3	​	​	9.7	​	​	(22.4)	​	​	(6.6)	​	​	492.7

​

Geographical Information

The following summarizes revenues less cost of revenues based on primary jurisdiction (in millions):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	United States		​	Non-U.S.		​	Total
Revenues less cost of revenues:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Three months ended June 30, 2024	$	450.2	​	$	63.6	​	$	513.8
Three months ended June 30, 2023	​	408.0	​	​	59.1	​	​	467.1

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	United States		​	Non-U.S.		​	Total
Revenues less cost of revenues:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Six months ended June 30, 2024	$	889.7	​	$	126.2	​	$	1,015.9
Six months ended June 30, 2023	​	819.6	​	​	118.9	​	​	938.5

​

​

​

15. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

Eligible U.S. employees are eligible to participate in the Cboe Options SMART Plan (“SMART Plan”). The SMART Plan is a defined contribution plan, which is qualified under Internal Revenue Code Section 401(k). In addition, eligible employees may participate in the Supplemental Employee Retirement Plan and the Deferred Compensation Plan, which are defined contribution plans that are non-qualified under the Internal Revenue Code. The non-qualified plans assets, held in a trust, are subject to the claims of general creditors of the Company and totaled $36.6 million and $36.7 million at June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively. Although the value of the plan is recorded in financial investments on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, there is an equal and offsetting liability in other non-current liabilities. The investment results of the non-qualified plans have no impact on net income as the investment results are recorded in equal amounts to both other (expense) income, net and compensation and benefits expense in the condensed consolidated statements of income. The Company matches a portion of employee contributions made to the SMART Plan and Supplemental Employee Retirement Plan. The Company contributed $4.2 million and $4.1 million to these plans for the three months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively, and $7.9 million and $7.7 million to the defined contribution plans for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Eligible employees outside of the U.S., which includes employees of Cboe Europe, Cboe NL, Cboe Clear Europe, BIDS, Cboe Asia Pacific, and Cboe Canada Inc. are eligible to participate in various employee-selected stakeholder contribution plans or plans covered by local jurisdictions or by applicable laws. The Company’s contribution amounted to $1.1 million and $1.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $2.5 million and $2.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. This expense is included in compensation and benefits in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

Effective January 1, 2023, Directors may contribute a percentage of their cash and equity compensation to cash and equity deferred compensation plans that are maintained by the Company and defer income taxes thereon.

16. REGULATORY CAPITAL

As broker-dealers registered with the SEC, Cboe Trading, BIDS Trading, and Cboe Fixed Income are subject to the SEC’s Uniform Net Capital Rule (“Rule 15c3-1”), which requires the maintenance of minimum net capital, as defined therein. The SEC’s requirement also provides that equity capital may not be withdrawn or a cash dividend paid if certain minimum net capital requirements are not met. Cboe Trading, BIDS Trading, and Cboe Fixed Income compute the net capital requirements under the basic method provided for in Rule 15c3-1. As of June 30, 2024, Cboe Trading and BIDS Trading were required to maintain net capital equal to the greater of 6.67% of aggregate indebtedness items, as defined, or $0.1 million. Cboe Fixed Income was required to maintain net capital equal to the greater of 6.67% of aggregate indebtedness items, as defined, or $5.0 thousand.

As entities regulated by the FCA, Cboe Europe is subject to the Financial Resource Requirement (“FRR”) and Cboe Chi-X Europe is subject to the Capital Resources Requirement (“CRR”). As a RIE, Cboe Europe computes its FRR in accordance with its Financial Risk Assessment, as agreed by the FCA. In accordance with the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive of the FCA requirements, Cboe Chi-X Europe computes its CRR as the greater of the base requirement of $0.1 million at June 30, 2024, or the summation of the credit risk, market risk and fixed overheads requirements, as defined.

On March 8, 2019, Cboe NL received approval from the Dutch Ministry of Finance to operate a RM, a MTF, and an approved publication arrangement in the Netherlands. As a RM, Cboe NL is subject to minimum capital requirements, as established by the Dutch Ministry of Finance in the license dated March 8, 2019.

Cboe Clear Europe was granted authorization under European Market Infrastructure Regulation (“EMIR”) by the National Competent Authority, DNB. Cboe Clear Europe is required by the EMIR, to maintain a minimum amount of capital to reflect an estimate of the capital required to wind down or restructure the activities of the clearinghouse, cover operational, legal and business risks and to reserve capital to meet credit, counterparty and market risks not covered by the clearing participants’ collateral and clearing funds.

As a designated contract market regulated by the CFTC, CFE is required to meet two capital adequacy tests: (i) its financial resources must be equal to at least twelve months of its projected operating costs and (ii) its unencumbered, liquid financial assets, which may include a line of credit, must be equal to at least six months of its projected operating costs. The amounts presented below represent the greater of the two capital adequacy requirements.

As a swap execution facility regulated by the CFTC, Cboe SEF is required to meet two capital adequacy tests: (i) its financial resources must exceed at least twelve months of its projected operating costs and (ii) its unencumbered, liquid financial assets must be equal to the greater of: (a) three months of projected operating costs or (b) its projected wind down costs. The amounts presented below represent the greater of the two capital adequacy requirements.

As a designated contract organization regulated by the CFTC, Cboe Digital Exchange is required to meet two capital adequacy tests: (i) its financial resources must be equal to at least twelve months of its projected operating costs and (ii) its unencumbered, liquid financial assets, which may include a line of credit, must be equal to at least six months of its projected operating costs. The amounts presented below represent the greater of the two capital adequacy requirements.

As a derivatives clearing organization regulated by the CFTC, Cboe Clear Digital is required to meet two capital adequacy tests: (i) its financial resources must be equal to at least twelve months of its projected operating costs and (ii) its unencumbered, liquid financial assets, which may include a line of credit, must be equal to at least six months of its projected operating costs. The amounts presented below represent the greater of the two capital adequacy requirements.

Cboe Canada Inc. is regulated by the Ontario Securities Commission (“OSC”). Cboe Canada Inc. is required to maintain sufficient financial resources for the proper performance of its functions and to meet its responsibilities. Cboe Canada Inc. must calculate the following financial ratios monthly: (i) current ratio, (ii) a debt to cash flow ratio, and (iii) a financial leverage ratio. Cboe Canada Inc. must report the monthly calculations to the OSC on a quarterly basis.

Cboe Australia is regulated by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (“ASIC”). Cboe Australia is required to maintain sufficient financial resources to operate the market properly in accordance with Section 794A(d) of the Corporations Act, which Cboe Australia satisfies by maintaining a prudent cash reserve, which must be equal to at least six months of its projected operating expenses.

Cboe Japan is regulated by the Japanese Financial Services Agency (“JFSA”) and the Japan Securities Dealers Association (“JSDA”). Cboe Japan is required to maintain a minimum level of regulatory capital ratio of 120% in accordance with such requirements prescribed by the JFSA and JSDA.

The following table presents the Company’s subsidiaries with regulatory capital requirements discussed above, as well as the actual and minimum regulatory capital requirements of the subsidiary as of June 30, 2024 (in millions):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Minimum
Subsidiary	​	Regulatory Authority	​	Actual		​	Requirement
Cboe Trading	​	FINRA/SEC	​	$	10.6	​	$	0.8
BIDS Trading	​	FINRA/SEC	​	​	11.8	​	​	0.2
Cboe Fixed Income	​	FINRA/SEC	​	​	5.4	​	​	0.1
Cboe Europe	​	FCA	​	​	74.9	​	​	32.8
Cboe Chi-X Europe	​	FCA	​	​	0.1	​	​	0.1
Cboe NL	​	Dutch Authority for Financial Markets	​	​	17.9	​	​	7.6
Cboe Clear Europe	​	DNB	​	​	91.4	​	​	64.2
CFE	​	CFTC	​	​	60.3	​	​	44.3
Cboe SEF	​	CFTC	​	​	2.5	​	​	2.1
Cboe Digital Exchange	​	CFTC	​	​	40.9	​	​	5.5
Cboe Clear Digital	​	CFTC	​	​	33.2	​	​	4.0
Cboe Australia	​	ASIC	​	​	17.9	​	​	5.2
Cboe Japan	​	JFSA	​	​	9.0	​	​	4.3

​

​

17. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Stock-based compensation is based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant, which is recognized over the related service period, net of actual forfeitures. The service period is the period over which the related service is performed, which is generally the same as the vesting period. Vesting may be accelerated for certain officers and employees as a result of attaining certain age and service-based requirements in the Company’s long-term incentive plan and award agreements.

Stock-based compensation expense relating to employee awards is included in compensation and benefits and acquisition-related costs in the condensed consolidated statements of income. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to employee awards of $9.8 million and $9.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $21.3 million and $26.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense relating to non-employee director awards is included in professional fees and outside services in the condensed consolidated statements of income. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-employee director awards of $0.5 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $0.8 million and $0.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense relating to Restricted Common Units and Warrant Units granted to former investor members of Cboe Digital was recorded as contra-revenue in the condensed consolidated statements of income and is outlined further below.

The activity in the Company’s restricted stock, consisting of restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”) for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was as follows:

RSUs

The following table summarizes RSU activity during the six months ended June 30, 2024:

​

​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	Weighted
​	​	Number of	​	average grant
​		Shares		date fair value
Nonvested stock at December 31, 2023		638,181	​	$	125.25
Granted		223,399	​	​	183.04
Vested		(263,071)	​	​	113.90
Forfeited		(20,307)	​	​	144.77
Nonvested stock at June 30, 2024		578,202	​	$	152.06

​

RSUs entitle the holder to one share of common stock upon vesting with the exception of certain jurisdictions where the RSUs are settled in cash, typically vest over a three-year period, and vesting accelerates upon death, disability, or the occurrence of a qualified termination following a change in control. Vesting will also accelerate upon a qualified retirement where applicable and permitted. Where applicable and permitted, qualified retirement eligibility occurs once achieving 55 years of age and 10 years of service. Starting in 2024, in connection with grants of new equity awards, the award agreements provide that in the event of a participant’s retirement, all unvested outstanding RSUs and a pro rata portion of unvested outstanding PSUs will remain outstanding and be distributed in accordance with the award’s original vesting and settlement schedule, even after the applicable retirement date. Retirement eligibility will require, in addition to attaining 55 years of age and 10 years of continuous service, submission of 6 months of advanced written notice of a retirement and submission, approval, and satisfactory completion of a transition plan. Unvested RSUs will be forfeited if the officer, or employee leaves the Company prior to the applicable vesting date, except in limited circumstances.

RSUs granted to non-employee members of the Board of Directors have a one-year vesting period and vesting accelerates upon the occurrence of a change in control of the Company. Unvested portions of the RSUs will be forfeited if the director leaves the Board of Directors prior to the applicable vesting date.

The RSUs have no voting rights but entitle the holder to receive dividend equivalents.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, to satisfy employees’ tax obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock, the Company purchased 99,194 shares of common stock totaling $18.5 million as a result of the vesting of 262,717 shares of restricted stock.

PSUs

The following table summarizes restricted stock units contingent upon achievement of performance conditions, also known as PSUs, activity during the six months ended June 30, 2024:

​

​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	Weighted
​	​	Number of	​	average grant
​		Shares		date fair value
Nonvested stock at December 31, 2023		134,484	​	$	127.72
Granted		86,996	​	​	145.21
Vested		(110,376)	​	​	100.50
Forfeited		—	​	​	—
Nonvested stock at June 30, 2024		111,104	​	$	168.45

​

PSUs include awards related to earnings per share during the performance period as well as awards related to total shareholder return during the performance period. The Company used the Monte Carlo valuation model method to estimate the fair value of the total shareholder return PSUs which incorporated the following assumptions for awards granted in February 2024: risk-free interest rate (4.41)%, 2.86-year volatility (21.56)% and 2.86-year correlation with S&P 500 Index (0.39). Each of these performance shares has a performance condition under which the number of units ultimately awarded will vary from 0% to 200% of the original grant, with each unit representing the contingent right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock. The vesting period for the PSUs contingent on the achievement of performance conditions is three years. For each of the performance awards, the PSUs will be settled in shares of the Company’s common stock following vesting of the PSU assuming that the participant has been continuously employed during the vesting period, subject to acceleration upon death, disability, or the occurrence of a qualified termination following a change in control. Participants have no voting rights with respect to the PSUs until the issuance of the shares of common stock. Dividends are accrued by the Company and will be paid once the PSUs, contingent on the achievement of performance conditions, vest.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, to satisfy employees’ tax obligations upon the vesting of performance stock, the Company purchased 46,867 shares of common stock totaling $8.6 million as a result of the vesting of 110,376 shares of performance stock.

As of June 30, 2024, there were $74.6 million in total unrecognized compensation costs related to restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance stock units. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In May 2018, the Company’s stockholders approved an Employee Stock Purchase Plan, (“ESPP”), under which a total of 750,000 shares of the Company’s common stock will be made available for purchase to employees. The ESPP is a broad-based plan that permits employees to contribute up to 10% of wages and base salary to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discount, subject to applicable annual Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) limitations. Under the ESPP, a participant may not purchase more than a maximum of 312 shares of the Company’s common stock during any single offering period. No participant may accrue options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a rate that exceeds $25,000 in fair market value of the Company’s common stock (determined at the time such options are granted) for each calendar year in which such rights are outstanding at any time. The exercise price per share of common stock shall be 85% (for eligible U.S. and international employees) of the lesser of the fair value of the stock on the first day of the applicable offering period or the applicable exercise date.

The Company records compensation expense over the offering period related to the discount that is given to employees, which totaled $0.5 million and $0.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $1.3 million and $0.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, 520,414 shares were reserved for future issuance under the ESPP.

Cboe Digital Restricted Common Units

On November 18, 2022, Cboe Digital Holdings entered into minority interest purchase agreements with certain digital asset industry participants, pursuant to which Cboe Digital Holdings agreed to issue 185 Restricted Common Units in Cboe Digital. In addition, certain former investor members and their affiliates are our customers, including trading permit holders, trading privilege holders, participants, and members. Certain former Cboe Digital investor members paid for the Restricted Common Units through the issuance of promissory notes, which were nonrecourse in nature. The issuances of Restricted Common Units for nonrecourse promissory notes are accounted for as in-substance stock options. The promissory notes generally bore interest at a rate of 5% per annum and matured upon the earlier of the sale of vested Restricted Common Units, or either November 18, 2032 or November 18, 2037. One former Cboe Digital investor member paid for the Restricted Common Units in exchange for cash.

As of March 31, 2024, 185 Restricted Common Units (all unvested) were outstanding, with a weighted average exercise price of $0.3 million and a weighted average remaining contractual term of 5 years. On April 25, 2024, the Company announced plans to wind down the spot digital asset trading market currently offered by Cboe Digital and to dissolve its minority ownership structure.

In connection with winding down the Cboe Digital spot market, on June 12, 2024, the Company entered into Unit Repurchase Agreements with holders of Cboe Digital Restricted Common Units to repurchase its outstanding Restricted Common Units in exchange for forgiveness of the related promissory note. Certain former investor members also received a cash payment in addition to the forgiveness of their promissory note. The former Cboe Digital investor who paid for their Restricted Common Units in cash also received an additional payment equal to the amount they paid for their Restricted Common Units. As a result, all Cboe Digital Restricted Common Units were forfeited as of June 30, 2024. The Company paid $3.3 million in total to settle the Restricted Common Units.

Vesting of Restricted Common Units was based on certain conditions relating to the participation and performance of the former Cboe Digital investor members on the Cboe Digital platforms, generally over a five-year period. Performance was generally measured based on participation on the Cboe Digital platforms and the former investor members maintaining certain average daily volumes on the platforms. Due to the existence of an option for former investor members to sell their shares immediately after vesting, the options were liability classified. The options were due to expire upon the maturity of the promissory notes, which was either November 18, 2032 or November 18, 2037, unless the options were exercised.

The cost associated with the options was recognized as contra-revenue, net of actual forfeitures and based on the continued probability of the satisfaction of performance conditions ratably over the vesting period. The wind down of the Cboe Digital spot market resulted in a forfeiture of all Cboe Digital Restricted Common Units and a reversal of contra-revenue previously recorded. Cash payments to former investor members attributable to the Restricted Common Units (other than payments to the former investor member to refund their cash payment for the Restricted Common Units) were recorded as contra-revenue. As a result, $2.4 million of contra-revenue was reversed in the three months ended June 30, 2024. All amounts previously recorded within other assets, net relating to the Restricted Common Units were reversed.

Any impact to other (expense) income, net for changes in the fair value of the Cboe Digital Restricted Common Units was reversed.

Changes in the fair value of the options, subsequent to the grant date, were recognized in other (expense) income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of income in the period in which the fair value of the options changed. The Company used a Black Scholes pricing model to estimate the fair value of the in-substance stock options which incorporated the following assumptions as of December 31, 2023: risk-free interest rate range (3.81 to 3.90)%, expected dividend rate (0)%, expected volatility (60 to 65)%, and expected term of 3.9 to 5.9 years. For the three months ended June 30, 2024, there was $(0.3) million recognized in other (expense) income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of income related to a reversal of previously recognized fair value adjustments of the options.

Prior to the execution of Unit Repurchase Agreements, certain former Cboe Digital investor members were able to earn additional Incentive Program Units. The Incentive Program Units were subject to the same terms and conditions as the other Restricted Common Units and were similarly liability-classified awards. Cboe Digital authorized a maximum of 20 Common Units to be distributed over the two-year life of the incentive program.

The wind down of the Cboe Digital spot market resulted in a forfeiture of all earned Incentive Program Units and a reversal of contra-revenue previously recorded. Cash payments to former investor members attributable to the Incentive Program Units were recorded as contra-revenue. The Company paid $2.3 million in total to settle the Incentive Program Units. As a result, $1.4 million of contra-revenue was recorded in the three months ended June 30, 2024, due to the cash payments exceeding the amount of contra-revenue previously recorded for Incentive Program Units. All amounts previously recorded within other assets, net and other (expense) income, net for changes in the fair value relating to the Restricted Common Units were reversed.

Cboe Digital Warrants Units

On November 18, 2022, Cboe Digital Holdings entered into a Warrant Agreement with a former investor member to acquire up to 80 Common Units of Cboe Digital, subject to certain vesting events. The former investor member is a customer of Cboe Digital.

The vesting of the Warrant Units was based upon the achievement of certain conditions relating to the service provided by the former investor member over a two-year period, of which some conditions represented conditions that are not service, performance, or market conditions and, therefore, the Warrant Units were liability classified. As of March 31, 2024, 40 Warrant Units (with a weighted average exercise price of $0.2 million) had vested, but no Warrant Units were exercised.

In connection with winding down the spot digital asset trading market, this former investor member agreed to settle their outstanding Warrant Units for a one-time cash payment as a part of their Unit Repurchase Agreement. Unvested Warrant Units were forfeited. The Company paid $0.4 million in total to settle the Warrant Units.

The cost associated with the Warrant Units was recognized as contra-revenue ratably throughout the expected life of the Warrant before exercise. Changes in the fair value of the Warrant Units, subsequent to the grant date, were recognized in other (expense) income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of income in the period in which the fair value of the Warrant Units changed. The Company used a Black Scholes pricing model to estimate the fair value of the Warrant Units which incorporated the following assumptions as of December 31, 2023: risk-free interest rate (3.89)%, expected dividend rate (0)%, expected volatility (65)%, and expected term of 4.0 years. Given the cash payment to the Warrant Units holder relates to a settlement of a vested instrument, the difference between the liability previously recorded for the vested Warrant Units and the amount of the Unit Repurchase Agreement was recorded as $1.3 million recognized in other (expense) income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of income in the three months ended June 30, 2024.

18. EQUITY

Common Stock

The Company’s common stock is listed on Cboe BZX under the trading symbol CBOE. As of June 30, 2024, 325,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock were authorized, $0.01 par value, and 105,962,230 and 104,788,542 shares were issued and outstanding, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, 325,000,000 shares of the

Company’s common stock were authorized, $0.01 par value, and 105,556,817 and 105,527,815 shares were issued and outstanding, respectively. The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share.

Common Stock in Treasury, at Cost

The Company accounts for the purchase of treasury stock under the cost method with the shares of stock repurchased reflected as a reduction to Cboe stockholders’ equity and included in common stock in treasury, at cost in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Shares repurchased under the Company’s share repurchase program are retired or they are available to be redistributed. When treasury shares are redistributed, they are recorded at the average cost of the treasury shares acquired. When treasury shares are retired, they are removed from the common stock in treasury balance. The Company held 1,173,688 and 29,002 shares of common stock in treasury as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Share Repurchase Program

In 2011, the Board of Directors approved an initial authorization for the Company to repurchase shares of its outstanding common stock of $100 million and subsequently approved additional authorizations for a total authorization of $1.8 billion. The Company expects to fund repurchases primarily through the use of existing cash balances. The program permits the Company to purchase shares, through a variety of methods, including in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, in accordance with applicable securities laws. It does not obligate the Company to make any repurchases at any specific time or situation.

The table below shows the repurchased shares of common stock under the Company’s share repurchase program during the period presented as follows:

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended****June 30,
​		2024			2023
Number of shares of common stock repurchased		​	514,239	​	​	61,141
Average price paid per share		$	175.76	​	$	132.45
Total purchase price (in millions)		$	90.4	​	$	8.1

​

Since inception of the program through June 30, 2024, the Company has repurchased 20,614,013 shares of common stock at an average cost per share of $77.40, for a total value of $1.6 billion.

As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company had $204.4 million and $139.8 million of availability remaining under its existing share repurchase authorizations, respectively.

Purchase of Common Stock from Employees

The Company purchased 9,073 and 2,006 shares that were not part of the publicly announced share repurchase authorization from employees for an average price paid per share of $182.61 and $144.90 during the three months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively. These shares consisted of shares retained to cover payroll withholding taxes or option costs in connection with the vesting of restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, and performance share awards.

Preferred Stock

The Company has authorized the issuance of 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, issuable from time to time in one or more series. As of June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company had no shares of preferred stock issued or outstanding.

Dividends

During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company declared and paid cash dividends per share of $0.55 for an aggregate payout of $58.2 million. During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company declared and paid cash dividends per share of $0.50 for an aggregate payout of $53.2 million.

Each share of common stock, including RSUs and PSUs, is entitled to receive dividend and dividend equivalents, respectively, if, as and when declared by the Board of Directors of the Company. The Company’s expectation is to continue to pay dividends. The decision to pay a dividend, however, remains within the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors and may be affected by various factors, including earnings, financial condition, capital requirements, level of indebtedness and other considerations the Board of Directors deems relevant. Future debt obligations and statutory provisions, among other things, may limit, or in some cases prohibit, the Company’s ability to pay dividends.

As a holding company, the Company’s ability to declare and continue to pay dividends in the future with respect to its common stock will also be dependent upon the ability of its subsidiaries to pay dividends to it under applicable corporate law.

19. INCOME TAXES

The Company records income tax expense during interim periods based on the best estimate of the full year’s tax rate as adjusted for discrete items, if any, that are taken into account in the relevant interim period. Each quarter, the Company updates its estimate of the annual effective tax rate and any change in the estimated rate is recorded on a cumulative basis. The effective tax rate from continuing operations was 30.8% and 30.6% for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and 29.3% and 30.4% for the six months ended June 30, 3034 and 2023, respectively.

The higher effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 is primarily due to the valuation allowance associated with the impairment of the Globacap Technology Limited investment. The lower effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 is primarily due to the excess tax benefits from the vesting of equity awards that occurred during the first quarter of 2024.

20. EARNINGS PER SHARE

The computation of basic net income per common share is calculated by reducing net income for the period by dividends paid or declared and undistributed net income for the period that are allocated to participating securities to arrive at net income allocated to common stockholders. Net income allocated to common stockholders is divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period to determine net income per share allocated to common stockholders.

The computation of diluted net income per share is calculated by dividing net income allocated to common stockholders by the sum of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus all additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive common shares had been issued. The dilutive effect is calculated using the more dilutive of the two-class or treasury stock method.

​

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (in millions, except per share data):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended****June 30,					​	Six Months Ended****June 30,
​		2024			2023			2024			2023
Basic earnings per share numerator:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net income	​	$	140.4	​	$	167.8	​	$	349.9	​	$	341.2
Net income allocated to participating securities	​		(0.7)	​		(0.8)	​		(1.9)	​		(1.6)
Net income allocated to common stockholders	​	$	139.7	​	$	167.0	​	$	348.0	​	$	339.6
Basic earnings per share denominator:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Weighted average shares outstanding	​	​	105.1	​	​	105.7	​	​	105.4	​	​	105.8
Basic earnings per share	​	$	1.33	​	$	1.58	​	$	3.30	​	$	3.21
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Diluted earnings per share numerator:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net income	​	$	140.4	​	$	167.8	​	$	349.9	​	$	341.2
Net income allocated to participating securities	​		(0.7)	​		(0.8)	​		(1.9)	​		(1.6)
Net income allocated to common stockholders	​	$	139.7	​	$	167.0	​	$	348.0	​	$	339.6
Diluted earnings per share denominator:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Weighted average shares outstanding	​	​	105.1	​	​	105.7	​	​	105.4	​	​	105.8
Dilutive common shares issued under stock program	​	​	0.3	​	​	0.4	​	​	0.4	​	​	0.3
Total dilutive weighted average shares	​	​	105.4	​	​	106.1	​	​	105.8	​	​	106.1
Diluted earnings per share	​	$	1.33	​	$	1.57	​	$	3.29	​	$	3.20

​

For the periods presented, the Company did not have shares of stock-based compensation that would have an anti-dilutive effect on the computation of diluted earnings per share.

​

21. COMMITMENTS, CONTINGENCIES, AND GUARANTEES

Legal Proceedings

As of June 30, 2024, the Company was subject to the various legal proceedings and claims discussed below, as well as certain other legal proceedings and claims that have not been fully resolved and that have arisen in the ordinary course of business.

The Company reviews its legal proceedings and claims, regulatory reviews and inspections and other legal proceedings on an ongoing basis and follows appropriate accounting guidance when making accrual and disclosure decisions. The Company establishes accruals for those contingencies where the incurrence of a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated, and the Company discloses the amount accrued and the amount of a reasonably possible loss in excess of the amount accrued, if such disclosure is necessary for the condensed consolidated financial statements to not be misleading. The Company does not record liabilities when the likelihood that the liability has been incurred is probable, but the amount cannot be reasonably estimated, or when the liability is believed to be only reasonably possible or remote. The Company’s assessment of whether a loss is remote, reasonably possible, or probable is based on its assessment of the ultimate outcome of the matter following all appeals.

As of June 30, 2024, the Company does not believe that there is a reasonable possibility that any material loss exceeding the amounts already recognized for these legal proceedings and claims, regulatory reviews, inspections or other legal proceedings, if any, has been incurred. While the consequences of certain unresolved proceedings are not presently determinable, the outcome of any proceeding is inherently uncertain and an adverse outcome from certain matters could have a material effect on the financial position, results of operations, or cash flows of the Company in any given reporting period.

CAT Funding Model Order Litigation

On September 6, 2023, the SEC issued an order approving an amendment to the CAT National Market System Plan to implement a revised funding model for CATLLC to fund the CAT (“CAT Funding Model Order”). The approved CAT Funding Model contemplates two categories of CAT fees calculated based on the “executed equivalent shares” of transactions in eligible securities: (i) CAT fees assessed by CATLLC to Industry Members who are CAT Executing

Brokers to recover a portion of historical CAT costs previously paid to CATLLC by the Plan Participants; and (ii) CAT fees assessed by CATLLC to CAT Executing Brokers and Plan Participants to fund prospective CAT costs.

On October 17, 2023, the American Securities Association (“ASA”) and Citadel Securities, LLC (“Citadel”) filed a Petition for Review of the CAT Funding Model Order in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit (“11th Circuit”). On November 16, 2023, the Cboe U.S. national securities exchanges, the NYSE U.S. national securities exchanges, the Nasdaq U.S. national securities exchanges and CATLLC filed motions to intervene on behalf of the SEC. On January 17, 2024, the 11th Circuit granted each of the motions to intervene on behalf of the SEC and established a briefing schedule. Briefing concluded in the second quarter of 2024 and the 11th Circuit is expected to schedule oral argument to occur in the second half of 2024. This challenge or any other challenge to the CAT Funding Model Order and/or Plan Participant(s) fee filings may significantly delay efforts to implement the CAT fees. As a result, the Plan Participants may continue to incur additional significant costs, and/or it may result in them not being able to collect on the promissory notes related to the funding of the implementation and operation of the CAT. The Company believes the appeal is without merit and intends to vigorously litigate the matter.

CAT Putative Class Action

A putative class action was filed on April 16, 2024 captioned Erik A. Davidson, John Restivo and National Center for Public Policy Research vs. Gary Gensler, SEC and CATLLC. Cboe and the Plan Participants are not parties to this litigation. The complaint alleges, among other things, that the SEC engaged in unlawful agency action and violated multiple provisions of the U.S. Constitution when it promulgated Rule 613 in 2012 mandating the creation and funding of the CAT. This challenge or any other challenge to the constitutionality of the CAT may delay CATLLC’s assessment of CAT fees to recover a portion of CAT costs. As a result, the Plan Participants may continue to incur additional significant costs, and/or it may result in them not being able to collect on the promissory notes related to the funding of the implementation and operation of the CAT.

Citadel Petition for Review of SEC Temporary Conditional Exemptive Order

On July 17, 2024, Citadel filed a Petition for Review (“PFR”) of the SEC’s May 20, 2024 Order Granting A Temporary Conditional Exemption Pursuant to Section 36(a)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”) and Rule 608(e) of Regulation NMS Under the Exchange Act, Relating to the Reporting of Responses to Requests for Quotes and Other Solicitation Responses Provided in a Standard Electronic Format, as Required by Section 6.4(d) of the NMS Plan Governing the CAT (“CAT RFQ Exemptive Order”) in the 11th Circuit. The PFR does not identify any requested relief. On July 19, 2024, Citadel filed an Unopposed Motion to Hold Petition in Abeyance (“Motion”) and requested that the 11th Circuit hold the PFR in abeyance pending the final disposition of the CAT Funding Model Order Litigation (described above), which is also before the 11th Circuit. CATLLC and the Plan Participants are not parties to this litigation. Motions to Intervene are expected to be due on August 16, 2024 and the Cboe U.S. national securities exchanges are evaluating whether to file motions to intervene. This challenge or any other challenge to SEC Orders concerning the CAT may delay the CATLLC’s implementation of CAT fees to recover a portion of CAT costs. As a result, the Plan Participants may continue to incur additional significant costs, and/or it may result in them not being able to collect on the promissory notes related to the funding of the implementation and operation of the CAT.

Other

As self-regulatory organizations under the jurisdiction of the SEC, Cboe Options, C2, BZX, BYX, EDGX and EDGA are subject to routine reviews and inspections by the SEC. As a designated contract market under the jurisdiction of the CFTC, CFE, and Cboe Digital Exchange are subject to routine rule enforcement reviews and examinations by the CFTC. As a derivatives clearing organization under the jurisdiction of the CFTC, Cboe Clear Digital is also subject to routine audits and examinations by state regulators. Cboe SEF, LLC is a swap execution facility registered with the CFTC and subject to routine rule enforcement reviews and examinations by the CFTC. Cboe Trading, BIDS Trading and Cboe Fixed Income are subject to reviews and inspections by FINRA. The Company has from time to time received inquiries and investigative requests from the SEC’s Division of Examinations and the CFTC’s Division of Market Oversight as well as the SEC Division of Enforcement and CFTC Division of Enforcement seeking information about the Company’s compliance with its obligations as a self-regulatory organization under the federal securities laws and Commodity Exchange Act as well as members’ compliance with the federal securities laws and Commodity Exchange Act.

In addition, Cboe Europe, Cboe Chi-X Europe, Cboe Clear Europe, Cboe NL, Cboe Australia, Cboe Japan, and Cboe Canada Inc. may be subject to routine reviews, audits, examinations, investigations, or inspections, as applicable, by their respective regulators, and while they have not been the subject of any litigation or regulatory investigation in the past that

resulted in a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources, there is always the possibility of such action in the future. As Cboe Europe and Cboe Chi-X Europe are domiciled in the UK, it is likely that any action would be taken in the UK courts in relation to litigation or by the FCA in relation to any regulatory enforcement action. As Cboe Clear Europe is domiciled in the Netherlands, it is likely that any action would be taken in the Dutch courts in relation to litigation or by the DNB or Dutch Authority for Financial Markets in relation to any regulatory enforcement action. For Cboe NL, also domiciled in the Netherlands, it is likely that any actions would be taken in the Dutch courts in relation to litigation or Dutch Authority for Financial Markets in relation to any regulatory enforcement action. As Cboe Australia is domiciled in Australia, it is likely that any action would be taken in the Australian courts in relation to litigation or by the ASIC, in relation to any regulatory enforcement action. As Cboe Japan is domiciled in Japan, it is likely that any action would be taken in the Japanese courts in relation to litigation or by the JFSA or the JSDA in relation to any regulatory enforcement action. As Cboe Canada Inc. is domiciled in Canada, it is likely that any action would be taken in the Canadian courts in relation to litigation or by the OSC and/or CIRO in relation to any regulatory enforcement action.

Cboe Digital has committed to securely store all digital assets it holds on behalf of users. As such, Cboe Digital may be liable to its users for losses arising from theft or loss of user private keys. Cboe Digital has no reason to believe it will incur any expense associated with such potential liability because (i) it has no known or historical experience of claims to use as a basis of measurement, (ii) it accounts for and continually verifies the amount of digital assets within its control, and (iii) it has established security around custodial private keys to minimize the risk of theft or loss. There were no loss events impacting safeguarded assets caused by the theft or loss of digital asset user private keys as of June 30, 2024.

The Company is also currently a party to various other legal and regulatory proceedings in addition to those already mentioned. Management does not believe that the likely outcome of any of these other reviews, inspections, investigations or other legal proceedings is expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources.

See also Note 6 (“Credit Losses”) for information on promissory notes related to the CAT.

Contractual Obligations

The Company has contractual obligations related to licensing agreements with various licensors, some of which included fixed fees and/or variable fees calculated using agreed upon contracted rates and reported cleared volumes. Certain licensing agreements contain annual minimum fee requirements that total between $17.1 million and $18.1 million each year for the next five years. On January 29, 2024, the Company entered into an addendum to our corporate agreement with a cloud services provider, which contains annual minimum fee requirements that total between $5.3 million and $6.9 million each year for the next five years. Cboe Canada Inc. has purchase obligations primarily related to software development activities of $0.8 million in total over the next three years.

See Note 12 (“Clearing Operations”) for information on the clearinghouse exposure guarantees for Cboe Clear Europe and Cboe Clear Digital.

See Note 22 (“Leases”) for information on lease obligations.

22. LEASES

The Company currently leases office space, data centers, remote network operations centers, and equipment under non-cancelable operating leases with third parties as of June 30, 2024. Certain leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from one to five years or more, and some of which include the Company’s option to terminate the leases within one year. During the three months ended June 30, 2024, $0.3 million of right of use assets and $0.3 of lease liabilities were added related to existing lease extensions.

In May 2024, the Company entered into an agreement to amend its lease agreement for its Lenexa, Kansas office space. As part of the agreement, the lease term was reduced and now ends on September 30, 2025. In consideration for the reduction in lease term, the Company agreed to pay a reduction fee totaling $1.3 million to be paid in two equal installments in May 2024 and September 2025. The amended lease agreement was treated as a full termination without an embedded option to terminate included in the original agreement. Upon the termination, the Company considered the present value of future lease payments and adjusted its right of use assets and lease liabilities balances accordingly based on the percentage reduction in the remaining lease term; the right of use assets decreased $10.3 million and the lease liabilities decreased $11.0 million, with the $0.7 million difference recorded as a gain on lease termination in other

(expense) income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of income. The $1.3 million lease reduction payments are included in the present value of the lease liability balance along with normal rent payments and will be recognized through straight-line lease expense over the remaining term of the lease.

The following table presents the supplemental balance sheet information related to leases as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (in millions):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​
​	June 30,		​	December 31,
​	2024		​	2023
Operating lease right of use assets	$	115.3	​	$	136.6
Total leased assets	$	115.3	​	$	136.6
​		​	​		​
Current operating lease liabilities (1)	$	21.6	​	$	20.8
Non-current operating lease liabilities	​	126.3	​	​	150.8
Total leased liabilities	$	147.9	​	$	171.6

(1)	These amounts are reflected within accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents operating lease costs and other information as of and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively (in millions, except as stated):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	Three Months Ended****June 30,						​	​	Six Months Ended****June 30,						​
​	2024		​	​	2023		​	​	2024		​	​	2023		​
Operating lease costs (1)	$	9.4	​	​	$	8.9	​	​	$	18.5	​	​	$	17.5	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Lease term and discount rate information:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	7.7	​	​	​	9.9	​
Weighted average discount rate	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	3.3	%	​	​	3.2	%
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Supplemental cash flow information and non-cash activity:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$	7.6	​	​	$	6.6	​	​	$	14.4	​	​	$	13.0	​
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities	​	0.3	​	​	​	(0.2)	​	​	​	0.3	​	​	​	3.1	​
Reduction in lease liability due to remeasurement	​	(11.5)	​	​	​	—	​	​	​	(11.5)	​	​	​	—	​

(1)	Includes short-term lease and variable lease costs, which are immaterial.

​

The maturities of the lease liabilities are as follows as of June 30, 2024 (in millions):

​	​	​	​
​	​	June 30,
​		2024
Remainder of 2024	​	$	12.4
2025	​	​	26.3
2026	​	​	25.8
2027	​	​	21.5
2028	​	​	19.4
After 2028	​		64.0
Total lease payments	​	$	169.4
Less: Interest	​	​	(21.5)
Present value of lease liabilities	​	$	147.9

​

​

23. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On July 1, 2024, the Company liquidated all digital assets held by Cboe Digital for customers. As a result, after July 1, 2024, the Company no longer held any digital assets – safeguarded assets or liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Subsequent to the three months ended June 30, 2024, from July 1, 2024 through July 31, 2024, the Company repurchased 144,370 shares of its common stock under its share repurchase program at an average cost per share of $170.45, for a total value of $24.6 million. As of July 31, 2024, the Company had $179.8 million of availability remaining under its existing share repurchase authorizations.

There have been no other subsequent events that would require disclosure in, or adjustment to, the condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

​