Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, stockholders’ investment, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 17, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Revenue Recognition — Refer to Notes 1 and 10 to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

Transportation and logistics revenue is recognized for performance obligations identified in the customer contract as they are satisfied over the contract term, which generally represents the transit period. Recognizing revenue at period end for contracts where the transit period is partially complete at period end or completed and not yet invoiced, requires management to make judgments that affect the amounts and timing of revenue recognized. At December 31, 2022, the Company recorded revenue of $257.6 million for services it provided while a shipment was still in-transit but for which it had not yet completed its performance obligation or had not yet invoiced the customer.

Auditing the estimate of the Company’s revenue recorded for contracts where the transit period is partially complete or completed and not yet invoiced as of the reporting date required a high degree of auditor judgment when performing audit procedures and evaluating the results of those procedures.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to management’s estimate of the revenue recorded for contracts where the transit period is partially complete or completed and not yet invoiced as of the reporting date included the following, among others:

• We tested the effectiveness of controls over revenue recognized over time, including management’s controls over the identification of shipments in-transit, the portion of the transit period completed, and the estimate of contracts completed but not yet invoiced.

• We evaluated management’s ability to identify the shipments in-transit and to estimate the revenue to be recorded for contracts where the transit period is partially complete or completed and not yet invoiced at the reporting date by:

• Performing a retrospective review of management’s estimate for prior reporting periods.

• Testing the accuracy and completeness of the data in the system-generated report utilized in management’s revenue cutoff estimate with the assistance of our information technology specialists.

• Assessing the estimate methodology for reasonableness, in light of recent market events or changes within the Company’s operating environment.

• Testing the mathematical accuracy of management’s estimate.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

Minneapolis, Minnesota

February 17, 2023

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2002.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, of the Company and our report dated February 17, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

Minneapolis, Minnesota

February 17, 2023

C.H. ROBINSON WORLDWIDE, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except per share data)

			December 31,
			2022						2021
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents			$	217,482					$	257,413
Receivables, net of allowance for credit loss of $28,749 and $41,542			2,991,753						3,963,487
Contract assets, net of allowance for credit loss			257,597						453,660
Prepaid expenses and other			122,406						129,593
Total current assets			3,589,238						4,804,153
Property and equipment			449,828						442,112
Accumulated depreciation and amortization			(290,396)						(302,281)
Net property and equipment			159,432						139,831
Goodwill			1,470,813						1,484,754
Other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $106,932 and $88,302			64,026						89,606
Right-of-use lease assets			372,141						292,559
Deferred tax assets			181,602						124,900
Other assets			117,312						92,309
Total assets			$	5,954,564					$	7,028,112
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ INVESTMENT
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable			$	1,466,998					$	1,813,473
Outstanding checks			103,561						105,828
Accrued expenses:
Compensation			242,605						201,421
Transportation expense			199,092						342,778
Income taxes			15,210						100,265
Other accrued liabilities			168,009						171,266
Current lease liabilities			73,722						66,311
Current portion of debt			1,053,655						525,000
Total current liabilities			3,322,852						3,326,342
Long-term debt			920,049						1,393,649
Noncurrent lease liabilities			313,742						241,369
Noncurrent income taxes payable			28,317						28,390
Deferred tax liabilities			14,256						16,113
Other long-term liabilities			1,926						315
Total liabilities			4,601,142						5,006,178
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ investment:
Preferred stock, $0.10 par value, 20,000 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding			—						—
Common stock, $0.10 par value, 480,000 shares authorized; 179,204 and 179,206 shares issued, 116,323 and 129,186 outstanding			11,632						12,919
Additional paid-in capital			743,288						673,628
Retained earnings			5,590,440						4,936,861
Accumulated other comprehensive loss			(88,860)						(61,134)
Treasury stock at cost (62,881 and 50,020 shares)			(4,903,078)						(3,540,340)
Total stockholders’ investment			1,353,422						2,021,934
Total liabilities and stockholders’ investment			$	5,954,564					$	7,028,112

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

C.H. ROBINSON WORLDWIDE, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(In thousands, except per share data)

			For the years ended December 31,
			2022						2021						2020
Revenues:
Transportation			$	23,516,384					$	22,046,574					$	15,147,562
Sourcing			1,180,241						1,055,564						1,059,544
Total revenues			24,696,625						23,102,138						16,207,106
Costs and expenses:
Purchased transportation and related services			20,035,715						18,994,574						12,834,608
Purchased products sourced for resale			1,067,733						955,475						960,241
Personnel expenses			1,722,980						1,543,610						1,242,867
Other selling, general, and administrative expenses			603,415						526,371						496,122
Total costs and expenses			23,429,843						22,020,030						15,533,838
Income from operations			1,266,782						1,082,108						673,268
Interest and other expenses			(100,017)						(59,817)						(44,937)
Income before provision for income taxes			1,166,765						1,022,291						628,331
Provision for income taxes			226,241						178,046						121,910
Net income			940,524						844,245						506,421
Other comprehensive (loss) income			(27,726)						(15,136)						30,151
Comprehensive income			$	912,798					$	829,109					$	536,572
Basic net income per share			$	7.48					$	6.37					$	3.74
Diluted net income per share			$	7.40					$	6.31					$	3.72
Basic weighted average shares outstanding			125,743						132,482						135,532
Dilutive effect of outstanding stock awards			1,407						1,352						641
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding			127,150						133,834						136,173

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

C.H. ROBINSON WORLDWIDE, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ INVESTMENT

(In thousands, except per share data)

			Common Shares Outstanding						Amount						Additional Paid-in Capital						Retained Earnings						Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss						Treasury Stock						Total Stockholders’ Investment
Balance December 31, 2019			134,895						$	13,490					$	546,646					$	4,144,834					$	(76,149)					$	(2,958,091)					$	1,670,730
Net income																					506,421																		506,421
Foreign currency adjustments																											30,151												30,151
Dividends declared, $2.04 per share																					(278,422)																		(278,422)
Stock issued for employee benefit plans			1,754						175						(24,600)																		114,228						89,803
Issuance of restricted stock			192						19						(19)																								—
Stock-based compensation expense			—						—						43,995																		—						43,995
Repurchase of common stock			(2,543)						(254)																								(182,491)						(182,745)
Balance December 31, 2020			134,298						13,430						566,022						4,372,833						(45,998)						(3,026,354)						1,879,933
Net income																					844,245																		844,245
Foreign currency adjustments																											(15,136)												(15,136)
Dividends declared, $2.08 per share																					(280,217)																		(280,217)
Stock issued for employee benefit plans			1,068						107						(22,374)																		66,216						43,949
Issuance of restricted stock			(26)						(3)						3																								—
Stock-based compensation expense			—						—						129,977																		—						129,977
Repurchase of common stock			(6,154)						(615)																								(580,202)						(580,817)
Balance December 31, 2021			129,186						12,919						673,628						4,936,861						(61,134)						(3,540,340)						2,021,934
Net income																					940,524																		940,524
Foreign currency adjustments																											(27,726)												(27,726)
Dividends declared, $2.26 per share																					(286,945)																		(286,945)
Stock issued for employee benefit plans			1,364						136						(21,017)																		92,552						71,671
Stock-based compensation expense			—						—						90,677																		—						90,677
Repurchase of common stock			(14,227)						(1,423)																								(1,455,290)						(1,456,713)
Balance, December 31, 2022			116,323						$	11,632					$	743,288					$	5,590,440					$	(88,860)					$	(4,903,078)					$	1,353,422

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

C.H. ROBINSON WORLDWIDE, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

			For the year ended December 31,
			2022						2021						2020
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income			$	940,524					$	844,245					$	506,421
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization			92,776						91,259						101,727
Provision for credit losses			(4,476)						10,649						17,281
Stock-based compensation			90,677						129,977						43,995
Deferred income taxes			(58,566)						(110,188)						(32,984)
Excess tax benefit on stock-based compensation			(13,662)						(13,101)						(17,581)
Other operating activities			(6,627)						1,915						15,096
Changes in operating elements, net of effects of acquisitions:
Receivables			923,524						(1,547,545)						(452,145)
Contract assets			197,097						(257,728)						(65,454)
Prepaid expenses and other			(28,495)						(43,819)						27,237
Accounts payable and outstanding checks			(307,266)						660,028						180,272
Accrued compensation			42,266						63,912						22,547
Accrued transportation expense			(143,686)						189,204						52,380
Accrued income taxes			(69,817)						72,665						51,916
Other accrued liabilities			2,371						1,607						26,503
Other assets and liabilities			(6,469)						1,875						21,980
Net cash provided by operating activities			1,650,171						94,955						499,191
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchases of property and equipment			(61,915)						(34,197)						(23,133)
Purchases and development of software			(66,582)						(36,725)						(30,876)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired			—						(14,750)						(223,230)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment			63,579						—						5,525
Net cash used for investing activities			(64,918)						(85,672)						(271,714)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from stock issued for employee benefit plans			100,059						70,669						107,657
Stock tendered for payment of withholding taxes			(28,388)						(26,720)						(17,854)
Repurchase of common stock			(1,459,900)						(581,756)						(177,514)
Cash dividends			(285,317)						(277,321)						(209,956)
Proceeds from long-term borrowings			200,000						300,000						—
Payments on long-term borrowings			—						(2,048)						—
Proceeds from short-term borrowings			4,500,000						3,728,000						1,436,600
Payments on short-term borrowings			(4,646,000)						(3,203,251)						(1,579,600)
Net cash (used for) provided by financing activities			(1,619,546)						7,573						(440,667)
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents			(5,638)						(3,239)						9,128
Net change in cash and cash equivalents			(39,931)						13,617						(204,062)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year			257,413						243,796						447,858
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year			$	217,482					$	257,413					$	243,796
Supplemental cash flow disclosures
Cash paid for income taxes			$	429,096					$	227,427					$	93,070
Cash paid for interest			71,563						51,367						47,518
Accrued share repurchases held in other accrued liabilities			1,106						4,293						5,231

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

C.H. ROBINSON WORLDWIDE, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1: SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

BASIS OF PRESENTATION. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., and our subsidiaries (“the company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) are a global provider of transportation services and logistics solutions through a network of offices operating in North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, and South America. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., and our majority owned and controlled subsidiaries. Our minority interests in subsidiaries are not significant. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements.

USE OF ESTIMATES. The preparation of financial statements, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S., requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates have been prepared on the basis of the most current and best information available, and our actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

REVENUE RECOGNITION. At contract inception, we assess the goods and services promised in our contracts with customers and identify our performance obligations to provide distinct goods and services to our customers. We have determined that the following distinct goods and services represent our primary performance obligations.

Transportation and Logistics Services - As a global logistics provider, our primary performance obligation under our customer contracts is to utilize our relationships with a wide variety of transportation companies to efficiently and cost-effectively transport our customers’ freight. Revenue is recognized for these performance obligations as they are satisfied over the contract term, which generally represents the transit period. The transit period can vary based upon the method of transport, generally a number of days for over the road, rail, and air transportation, or several weeks in the case of an ocean shipment. Determining the transit period and how much of it has been completed as of the reporting date may require management to make judgments that affect the timing of revenue recognized. When the customer’s freight reaches its intended destination our performance obligation is complete. Pricing for our services is generally a fixed amount and is typically due within 30 days upon completion of our performance obligation, but can vary based on the nature of the service provided and certain other factors.

We also provide certain value-added logistics services, such as customs brokerage, fee-based managed services, warehousing services, small parcel, and supply chain consulting and optimization services. These services may include one or more performance obligations, which are generally satisfied over the service period as we perform our obligations. The service period may be a very short duration, in the case of customs brokerage and small parcel, or it may be longer in the case of warehousing, managed services, and supply chain consulting and optimization services. Pricing for our services is established in the customer contract and is dependent upon the specific needs of the customer but may be agreed upon at a fixed fee per transaction, labor hour, or service period. Payment is typically due within 30 days upon completion of our performance obligation, but can vary based on the nature of the service provided and certain other factors.

Sourcing Services - We contract with grocery retailers, restaurants, foodservice distributors, and produce wholesalers to provide sourcing services under the trade name Robinson Fresh® (“Robinson Fresh”). Our primary service obligation under these contracts is the buying, selling, and/or marketing of produce including fresh fruits, vegetables, and other value-added perishable items. Revenue is recognized when our performance obligations under these contracts are satisfied at a point in time, generally when the produce is received by our customer. Pricing under these contracts is generally a fixed amount and is typically due within 20 to 30 days upon completion of our performance obligation, but can vary based on the nature of the service provided and certain other factors.

In many cases, as additional performance obligations, we contract to arrange logistics and transportation of the products we buy, sell, and/or market. These performance obligations are satisfied over the contract term consistent with our other transportation and logistics services. The contract period is typically less than one year. Pricing for our services is generally a fixed amount and is typically due within 30 days upon completion of our performance obligation, but can vary based on the nature of the service provided and certain other factors.

Total revenues represent the total dollar value of revenue recognized from contracts with customers for the goods and services we provide. Substantially all of our revenues are attributable to contracts with our customers. Our adjusted gross profits are our total revenues less purchased transportation and related services, including contracted motor carrier, rail, ocean, air, and other costs, and the purchase price and services related to the products we source. Most transactions in our transportation and sourcing businesses are recorded at the gross amount we charge our customers for the services we provide and goods we sell. In these transactions, we are primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified good or service to our customers and we have discretion in establishing the price for the specified good or service. Additionally, in our sourcing business, in some cases, we take inventory risk before the specified good has been transferred to our customer. Customs

brokerage, managed services, freight forwarding, and sourcing managed procurement transactions are recorded at the net amount we charge our customers for the services we provide because many of the factors stated above are not present.

CONTRACT ASSETS. Contract assets represent amounts for which we have the right to consideration for the services we have provided while a shipment is still in-transit but for which we have not yet completed our performance obligations or have not yet invoiced our customer. Upon completion of our performance obligations, which can vary in duration based upon the method of transport, and billing our customer, these amounts become classified within accounts receivable and are then typically due within 30 days.

ACCRUED TRANSPORTATION EXPENSE. Accrued transportation expense represents amounts we owe to vendors, primarily transportation providers, for the services they have provided while a shipment is still in-transit as of the reporting date.

ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES. Accounts receivable and contract assets are reduced by an allowance for expected credit losses. We determine our allowance for expected credit losses by evaluating two approaches that consider our past credit loss experience, our customers' credit ratings, and other customer-specific and macroeconomic factors. The first approach is pooling our customers by credit rating and applying an expected loss ratio based upon credit rating and number of days the receivable has been outstanding (i.e., aging approach). The second approach is to compute an expected loss ratio for each credit rating pool based upon our historical write-off experience and apply it to our accounts receivable (i.e., loss ratio approach). These two approaches are evaluated in consideration of other known information and customer-specific and macroeconomic factors, including the price of diesel fuel, for purposes of determining the expected credit loss allowance.

FOREIGN CURRENCY. Most balance sheet accounts of foreign subsidiaries are remeasured at the current exchange rate as of the end of the year and translated to our U.S. Dollar reporting currency. Translation adjustments are recorded in other comprehensive (loss) income. Statement of operations items are translated at the average exchange rate during the year.

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS. Cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of bank deposits and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less from the time of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents held outside the U.S. totaled $204.7 million and $217.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Approximately half of our cash and cash equivalents balance is denominated in U.S. Dollars although these balances are frequently held in locations where the U.S. Dollar is not the functional currency.

PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER. Prepaid expenses and other includes items such as software maintenance contracts, prepaid insurance premiums, other prepaid operating expenses, and inventories, consisting primarily of produce and related products held for resale.

RIGHT-OF-USE LEASE ASSETS. Right-of-use lease assets are recognized upon lease commencement and represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term.

LEASE LIABILITIES. Lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date and represent our obligation to make the lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis.

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT. Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Maintenance and repair expenditures are charged to expense as incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated life of the asset. Amortization of leasehold improvements is computed over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the improvement.

We recognized the following depreciation expense (in thousands):

2022						$	38,102
2021						39,790
2020						42,890

A summary of our property and equipment as of December 31 is as follows (in thousands):

									2022						2021
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment									$	266,017					$	292,224
Buildings(1)									60,766						60,059
Corporate aircraft(1)									23,760						—
Leasehold improvements									78,347						70,630
Land									11,005						11,014
Construction in progress									9,933						8,185
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization									(290,396)						(302,281)
Net property and equipment									$	159,432					$	139,831

---

(1) Our corporate aircraft and an office building in Kansas City, Missouri, were reclassified as held-for-sale assets as of December 31, 2021. These held-for-sale assets of $35.0 million were sold in 2022 and were included within Prepaid expenses and other current assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021. The fair value of the assets that were held for sale was $64.0 million.

GOODWILL. Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of acquired businesses over the net of the fair value of identifiable tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets purchased and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level (operating segment or one level below an operating segment) on an annual basis (November 30 for us) and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. See Note 2, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets.

OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS. Other intangible assets include definite-lived customer lists, trademarks, non-competition agreements, and indefinite-lived trademarks. The definite-lived intangible assets are being amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated lives. Definite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. The indefinite-lived trademarks are not amortized. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable, or annually, at a minimum. See Note 2, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets.

OTHER ASSETS. Other assets consist primarily of purchased and internally developed software. We amortize software when it is put into service using the straight-line method over three years. We recognized the following amortization expense of purchased and internally developed software (in thousands):

2022						$	31,229
2021						25,975
2020						22,612

A summary of our purchased and internally developed software as of December 31, is as follows (in thousands):

			2022						2021
Purchased software			$	8,930					$	30,312
Internally developed software			164,092						153,983
Less accumulated amortization			(84,222)						(114,183)
Net software			$	88,800					$	70,112

INCOME TAXES. Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted rates.

Annual tax provisions include amounts considered sufficient to pay assessments that may result from examination of prior year tax returns; however, the amount ultimately paid upon resolution of issues raised may differ from the amounts accrued.

The financial statement benefits of an uncertain income tax position are recognized when more likely than not, based on the technical merits, the position will be sustained upon examination. Unrecognized tax benefits are, more likely than not, owed to a taxing authority, and the amount of the contingency can be reasonably estimated. Uncertain income tax positions are included in “Accrued income taxes” or “Noncurrent income taxes payable” in the consolidated balance sheets.

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS). Comprehensive income (loss) consists primarily of foreign currency translation adjustments. It is presented on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION. We have issued stock awards, including stock options, performance-based restricted shares, performance-based restricted stock units, and time-based restricted stock units to certain key employees. The awards vest over three to five years, either based on the company’s earnings or adjusted gross profits growth or the passage of time. The related compensation expense for each award is recognized over the appropriate vesting period. The fair value of each share-based payment award is established on the date of grant. For grants of restricted shares and restricted stock units, the fair value is established based on the market price on the date of the grant, discounted for post-vesting holding restrictions. The discounts on outstanding grants vary from 12 percent to 24 percent and are calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model-protective put method. Changes in expected volatility and risk-free interest rates are the primary reason for changes in the discount.

For grants of stock options, we use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of these share-based payment awards. The determination of the fair value of stock options is affected by our stock price and a number of assumptions, including expected volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate, and dividend yield.

NOTE 2: GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The change in the carrying amount of goodwill is as follows (in thousands):

			NAST						Global Forwarding						All Other and Corporate						Total
December 31, 2020 balance			$	1,203,972					$	213,982					$	69,233					$	1,487,187
Acquisitions			243						—						10,754						10,997
Foreign currency translation			(7,882)						(3,591)						(1,957)						(13,430)
December 31, 2021 balance			1,196,333						210,391						78,030						1,484,754
Foreign currency translation			(8,257)						(4,202)						(1,482)						(13,941)
December 31, 2022 balance			$	1,188,076					$	206,189					$	76,548					$	1,470,813

Goodwill is tested at least annually for impairment on November 30, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. We first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting units is less than their respective carrying value (“Step Zero Analysis”). If the Step Zero Analysis indicates it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting units is less than their respective carrying value, an additional impairment assessment is performed (“Step One Analysis”).

As part of our annual Step Zero Analysis performed in 2022, we determined that due to certain qualitative factors and the recent performance of our Europe Surface Transportation reporting unit that the more likely than not criteria had been met, and therefore a Step One Analysis was completed for this reporting unit. Our Step Zero Analysis did not indicate that the more likely than not criteria was met for any other reporting units and therefore a Step One Analysis was not completed for those reporting units. As a result of our Step One Analysis for Europe Surface Transportation, we determined that the fair value was greater than the reporting unit's respective carrying value and as such the goodwill balance was not impaired.

No goodwill or intangible asset impairment has been recorded in any previous or current period presented. Identifiable intangible assets consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):

			2022																		2021
			Cost						Accumulated Amortization						Net						Cost						Accumulated Amortization						Net
Finite-lived intangibles
Customer relationships			$	162,358					$	(106,932)					$	55,426					$	169,308					$	(88,302)					$	81,006
Total finite-lived intangibles			162,358						(106,932)						55,426						169,308						(88,302)						81,006
Indefinite-lived intangibles
Trademarks			8,600						—						8,600						8,600						—						8,600
Total intangibles			$	170,958					$	(106,932)					$	64,026					$	177,908					$	(88,302)					$	89,606

Amortization expense for other intangible assets was (in thousands):

2022			$	23,445
2021			25,494
2020			36,225

Finite-lived intangible assets, by reportable segment, as of December 31, 2022, will be amortized over their remaining lives as follows (in thousands):

			NAST						Global Forwarding						All Other and Corporate						Total
2023			$	8,084					$	11,529					$	1,072					$	20,685
2024			8,008						3,493						1,072						12,573
2025			7,857						2,272						1,072						11,201
2026			7,857						369						735						8,961
2027			1,310						—						491						1,801
Thereafter			—						—						205						205
Total																					$	55,426

NOTE 3: FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT

Accounting guidance on fair value measurements for certain financial assets and liabilities requires that assets and liabilities carried at fair value be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

• Level 1-Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

• Level 2-Observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data.

• Level 3-Unobservable inputs reflecting the reporting entity’s own assumptions or external inputs from inactive markets.

A financial asset or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

We had no Level 3 assets or liabilities as of and during the periods ended December 31, 2022 or 2021. There were no transfers between levels during the period.

NOTE 4: FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS

The components of our short-term and long-term debt and the associated interest rates were as follows (dollars in thousands):

						Average interest rate as of																		Carrying value as of
						December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021						Maturity						December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
Revolving credit facility						—		%				1.23		%				November 2027						$	—					$	525,000
364-day revolving credit facility						5.12		%				—		%				May 2023						379,000						—
Senior Notes, Series A						3.97		%				3.97		%				August 2023						175,000						175,000
Senior Notes, Series B						4.26		%				4.26		%				August 2028						150,000						150,000
Senior Notes, Series C						4.60		%				4.60		%				August 2033						175,000						175,000
Receivables Securitization Facility (1)						5.01		%				0.73		%				November 2023						499,655						299,481
Senior Notes(1)						4.20		%				4.20		%				April 2028						595,049						594,168
Total debt																								1,973,704						1,918,649
Less: Current maturities and short-term borrowing																								(1,053,655)						(525,000)
Long-term debt																								$	920,049					$	1,393,649

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(1) Net of unamortized discounts and issuance costs.

SENIOR UNSECURED REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY

We have a senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Agreement”) with a total availability of $1 billion and a maturity date of November 19, 2027. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement generally bear interest at a variable rate determined by a pricing schedule or the base rate (which is the highest of (a) the administrative agent's prime rate, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50 percent, or (c) the sum of one-month SOFR plus a specified margin). As of December 31, 2022, the variable rate equaled SOFR and a Credit Spread Adjustment of 0.10 percent plus 1.00 percent. In addition, there is a commitment fee on the average daily undrawn stated amount under the facility ranging from 0.07 percent to 0.15 percent. The recorded amount of borrowings outstanding, if any, approximates fair value because of the short maturity period of the debt; therefore, we consider these borrowings to be a Level 2 financial liability.

The Credit Agreement contains various restrictions and covenants that require us to maintain certain financial ratios, including a maximum leverage ratio of 3.75 to 1.00. The Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default.

364-DAY UNSECURED REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY

On May 6, 2022, we entered into an unsecured revolving credit facility (the “364-day Credit Agreement”) with a total availability of $500 million and a maturity date of May 5, 2023. Borrowings under the 364-day Credit Agreement generally bear interest at an alternate base rate plus a margin or a term SOFR-based rate plus a margin of 0.625 percent to 1.25 percent. The alternate base rate is determined by a pricing schedule (which is the highest of (a) 0 percent, (b) U.S. Bank’s prime rate, (c) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50 percent, or (d) a term SOFR-based rate plus 1.00 percent). In addition, there is a commitment fee on the aggregate unused commitments under the 364-day Credit Agreement ranging from 0.05 percent to 0.175 percent per annum. The recorded amount of borrowings outstanding approximates fair value because of the short maturity period of the debt.

The 364-day Credit Agreement contains various restrictions and covenants that require us to maintain certain financial ratios, including an initial maximum leverage ratio of 3.00 to 1.00. The 364-day Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default.

NOTE PURCHASE AGREEMENT

On August 23, 2013, we entered into a Note Purchase Agreement with certain institutional investors (the “Purchasers”). On August 27, 2013, the Purchasers purchased an aggregate principal amount of $500 million of our Senior Notes, Series A, Senior Notes Series B, and Senior Notes Series C (collectively, the “Notes”). Interest on the Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears. The fair value of the Notes approximated $468.7 million as of December 31, 2022. We estimate the fair value of the Notes primarily using an expected present value technique, which is based on observable market inputs using interest rates currently available to companies of similar credit standing for similar terms and remaining maturities, and considering our own risk. If the Notes were recorded at fair value, they would be classified as Level 2. Senior Notes, Series A mature in August 2023 and are classified as current portion of debt in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022.

The Note Purchase Agreement contains various restrictions and covenants that require us to maintain certain financial ratios, including a maximum leverage ratio of 3.50 to 1.00, a minimum interest coverage ratio of 2.00 to 1.00, and a maximum consolidated priority debt to consolidated total asset ratio of 15 percent.

The Note Purchase Agreement provides for customary events of default. The occurrence of an event of default would permit certain Purchasers to declare certain Notes then outstanding to be immediately due and payable. Under the terms of the Note Purchase Agreement, the Notes are redeemable, in whole or in part, at 100 percent of the principal amount being redeemed together with a “make-whole amount” (as defined in the Note Purchase Agreement), and accrued and unpaid interest with respect to each Note. The obligations of the company under the Note Purchase Agreement and the Notes are guaranteed by C.H. Robinson Company, a Delaware corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the company, and by C.H. Robinson Company, Inc., a Minnesota corporation and an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the company. On November 21, 2022, we executed the third amendment to the Note Purchase Agreement to among other things, facilitate the terms of the Credit Agreement.

U.S. TRADE ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE SECURITIZATION

On November 19, 2021, we entered into a receivables purchase agreement and related transaction documents with Bank of America, N.A. and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. to provide a receivables securitization facility (the “Receivables Securitization Facility”). The Receivables Securitization Facility is based on the securitization of our U.S. trade accounts receivable with a total availability of $500 million as of December 31, 2022. The interest rate on borrowings under the Receivables Securitization Facility is based on Bloomberg Short Term Bank Yield Index (“BSBY”) plus a margin. There is also a commitment fee we are required to pay on any unused portion of the facility. The Receivables Securitization Facility expires on November 17, 2023, unless extended by the parties. The recorded amount of borrowings outstanding on the Receivables Securitization Facility approximates fair value because it can be redeemed on short notice and the interest rate floats. We consider these borrowings to be a Level 2 financial liability. Borrowings on the Receivables Securitization Facility are included within proceeds on current borrowings on the consolidated statement of cash flows.

The Receivables Securitization Facility contains various customary affirmative and negative covenants, and it also contains customary default and termination provisions, which provide for acceleration of amounts owed under the Receivables Securitization Facility upon the occurrence of certain specified events.

On February 1, 2022, we amended the Receivables Securitization Facility primarily to increase the total availability from $300 million to $500 million pursuant to the provisions of the existing agreement. On July 7, 2022, we amended the Receivables Securitization Facility to effectively increase the receivables pool available with respect to the Receivables Securitization Facility.

SENIOR NOTES

On April 9, 2018, we issued senior unsecured notes (“Senior Notes”) through a public offering. The Senior Notes bear an annual interest rate of 4.20 percent payable semi-annually on April 15 and October 15, until maturity on April 15, 2028. Taking into effect the amortization of the original issue discount and all underwriting and issuance expenses, the Senior Notes have an effective yield to maturity of approximately 4.39 percent per annum. The fair value of the Senior Notes, excluding debt discounts and issuance costs, approximated $569.5 million as of December 31, 2022, based primarily on the market prices quoted from external sources. The carrying value of the Senior Notes was $595.0 million as of December 31, 2022. If the Senior Notes were measured at fair value in the financial statements, they would be classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

We may redeem the Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at any time and from time to time prior to their maturity at the applicable redemption prices described in the Senior Notes. Upon the occurrence of a “change of control triggering event” as defined in the Senior Notes (generally, a change of control of us accompanied by a reduction in the credit rating for the Senior Notes), we

will generally be required to make an offer to repurchase the Senior Notes from holders at 101 percent of their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase.

The Senior Notes were issued under an indenture that contains covenants imposing certain limitations on our ability to incur liens; enter into sales and leaseback transactions above certain limits; and consolidate, merge, or transfer substantially all of our assets and those of our subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. It also provides for customary events of default (subject in certain cases to customary grace and cure periods), which include among other things nonpayment, breach of covenants in the indenture, and certain events of bankruptcy and insolvency. If an event of default occurs and is continuing with respect to the Senior Notes, the trustee or holders of at least 25 percent in principal amount outstanding of the Senior Notes may declare the principal and the accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on all of the outstanding Senior Notes to be due and payable. These covenants and events of default are subject to a number of important qualifications, limitations, and exceptions that are described in the indenture. The indenture does not contain any financial ratios or specified levels of net worth or liquidity to which we must adhere.

In addition to the above financing agreements, we have a $15 million discretionary line of credit with U.S. Bank of which $7.9 million is currently utilized for standby letters of credit related to insurance collateral as of December 31, 2022. These standby letters of credit are renewed annually and were undrawn as of December 31, 2022.

NOTE 5: INCOME TAXES

C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc. and its 80 percent (or more) owned U.S. subsidiaries file a consolidated federal income tax return. We file unitary or separate state returns based on state filing requirements. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to audits of U.S. federal, state and local, or non-U.S. income tax returns before 2015. We are currently under an Internal Revenue Service audit for the 2015 to 2017 tax years.

In 2019, we removed our assertion that the unremitted earnings of our foreign subsidiaries were permanently reinvested with limited exceptions. If we repatriated all foreign earnings that are still considered to be permanently reinvested, the estimated effect on income taxes payable would be an increase of approximately $2.0 million as of December 31, 2022.

On March 27, 2020, the U.S. government enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act allowed for a deferral of the employer share of federal payroll taxes. We recognized a payroll deferral of $14.7 million under the CARES Act as of December 31, 2021, which has been paid as of December 31, 2022.

Income before provision for income taxes consisted of (in thousands):

			2022						2021						2020
Domestic			$	799,553					$	566,847					$	499,384
Foreign			367,212						455,444						128,947
Total			$	1,166,765					$	1,022,291					$	628,331

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, is as follows (in thousands):

			2022						2021						2020
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of period			$	37,302					$	36,216					$	33,938
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year			4,064						3,530						3,172
Additions for tax positions of prior years			3,016						1,919						1,568
Reductions for tax positions of prior years			(247)						(2,431)						(124)
Lapse in statute of limitations			(5,026)						(1,932)						(2,276)
Settlements			(53)						—						(62)
Unrecognized tax benefits, end of the period			$	39,056					$	37,302					$	36,216

Income tax expense considers amounts that may be needed to cover exposures for open tax years. We do not expect any material impact related to open tax years; however, actual settlements may differ from amounts accrued.

As of December 31, 2022, we had $43.0 million of unrecognized tax benefits and related interest and penalties, all of which would affect our effective tax rate if recognized. In the unlikely event these unrecognized tax benefits and related interest and penalties were recognized fully in 2022, the impact to the annual effective tax rate would have been 3.7 percent. We are not aware of any tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefit will significantly increase or decrease in the next 12 months. The total liability for unrecognized tax benefits is expected to decrease by approximately $3.0 million in the next 12 months due to lapsing of statutes.

We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in the provision for income taxes. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we recognized approximately $0.6 million, $0.9 million, and $1.0 million in interest and penalties, respectively. We had approximately $3.9 million and $5.6 million for the payment of interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions accrued within noncurrent income taxes payable as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These amounts are not included in the reconciliation above.

The components of the provision for income taxes consist of the following for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

			2022						2021						2020
Tax provision:
Federal			$	153,349					$	165,218					$	99,901
State			33,309						36,718						19,825
Foreign			97,147						85,654						40,103
			283,805						287,590						159,829
Deferred provision (benefit):
Federal			(44,133)						(90,960)						(28,238)
State			(7,848)						(16,176)						(5,749)
Foreign			(5,583)						(2,408)						(3,932)
			(57,564)						(109,544)						(37,919)
Total provision			$	226,241					$	178,046					$	121,910

A reconciliation of the provision for income taxes using the statutory federal income tax rate to our effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, is as follows:

			2022						2021						2020
Federal statutory rate			21.0		%				21.0		%				21.0		%
State income taxes, net of federal benefit			2.1						1.7						2.5
Share-based payment awards			(1.1)						(0.6)						(2.8)
Excess foreign tax credits			(1.2)						(0.4)						(2.2)
Other U.S. tax credits and incentives			(2.0)						(3.3)						(1.4)
Foreign			0.6						(1.2)						1.3
Other			—						0.2						1.0
Effective income tax rate			19.4		%				17.4		%				19.4		%

Deferred tax assets (liabilities) are comprised of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):

			2022						2021
Deferred tax assets:
Lease liabilities			$	79,402					$	60,846
Compensation			69,305						71,770
Accrued expenses			52,416						92,936
Foreign affiliate prepayment			1,901						88,399
Long-lived assets			94,268						—
Other			23,990						22,925
Deferred tax liabilities:
Right-of-use assets			(74,507)						(56,044)
Intangible assets			(53,580)						(79,198)
Accrued revenue			—						(47,255)
Prepaid assets			(6,657)						(14,021)
Long-lived assets			—						(10,387)
Foreign withholding tax			(9,709)						(11,917)
Other			(9,483)						(9,267)
Net deferred tax assets			$	167,346					$	108,787

We had foreign net operating loss carryforwards with a tax effect of $9.0 million as of December 31, 2022, and $8.6 million as of December 31, 2021. The net operating loss carryforwards will expire at various dates from 2023 to 2030, with certain jurisdictions having indefinite carryforward terms. We continually monitor and review the foreign net operating loss carryforwards to determine the ability to realize the deferred tax assets associated with the foreign net operating loss carryforwards. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we have recorded a valuation allowance of $1.4 million and $2.5 million, respectively, against the deferred tax asset related to the foreign operating loss carryforwards.

NOTE 6: CAPITAL STOCK AND STOCK AWARD PLANS

PREFERRED STOCK. Our Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the issuance of 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.10 per share. There are no shares of preferred stock outstanding. The preferred stock may be issued by resolution of our Board of Directors at any time without any action of the stockholders. The Board of Directors may issue the preferred stock in one or more series and fix the designation and relative powers. These include voting powers, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations, and restrictions of each series. The issuance of any such series may have an adverse effect on the rights of holders of common stock and may impede the completion of a merger, tender offer, or other takeover attempt.

COMMON STOCK. Our Certificate of Incorporation authorizes 480,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.10 per share. Subject to the rights of preferred stock, which may from time to time be outstanding, holders of common stock are entitled to receive dividends out of funds legally available, when and if declared by the Board of Directors, and to receive their share of the net assets of the company legally available for distribution upon liquidation or dissolution.

For each share of common stock held, stockholders are entitled to one vote on each matter to be voted on by the stockholders, including the election of directors. Holders of common stock are not entitled to cumulative voting. The stockholders do not have preemptive rights. All outstanding shares of common stock are fully paid and nonassessable.

STOCK AWARD PLANS. Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the value of the award and is recognized as expense as it vests. A summary expense recognized within personnel expenses in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for stock-based compensation is as follows (in thousands):

			2022						2021						2020
Stock options			$	13,025					$	16,128					$	20,162
Stock awards			74,186						110,701						20,985
Company expense on ESPP discount			3,466						3,148						2,848
Total stock-based compensation expense			$	90,677					$	129,977					$	43,995

On May 5, 2022, our shareholders approved a 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) and authorized an initial 4,261,884 shares for issuance of awards thereunder. Upon approval of the Plan, no new awards may be made under our 2013 Equity Incentive Plan. The Plan allows us to grant certain stock awards, including stock options at fair market value, performance-based restricted stock units and shares, and time-based restricted stock units, to our key employees and non-employee directors. Shares subject to awards granted under the plan or our prior equity incentive plans that expire or are canceled without delivery of shares or that are settled in cash, generally become available again for issuance under the Plan. There were 4,377,540 shares were available for stock awards under the Plan as of December 31, 2022.

STOCK OPTIONS. We have awarded stock options to certain key employees that vest primarily based on their continued employment. The value of these awards is established by the market price on the date of the grant calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Changes in measured stock price volatility and interest rates were the primary reasons for changes in the fair value. These grants are being expensed based on the terms of the awards. Although participants can exercise options via a stock swap exercise, we do not issue reloads (restoration options) on the grants.

The following schedule summarizes stock option activity in the plans. All outstanding unvested options as of December 31, 2022, relate to time-based grants from 2018 through 2020.

			Options						Weighted Average Exercise Price						Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)						Average Remaining Life (years)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021			6,493,864						$	76.88					$	199,682					5.8
Exercised			(1,126,384)						71.91
Forfeitures			(8,684)						76.43
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022			5,358,796						$	77.93					$	73,065					5.1
Vested as of December 31, 2022			4,491,967						$	78.17											4.7
Exercisable as of December 31, 2022			4,491,967						$	78.17											4.7

As of December 31, 2022, unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options was $13.4 million. The amount of future expense to be recognized will be based on the passage of time and the employees' continued employment.

There were no potentially dilutive stock options for 2022 excluded from our diluted net income per share calculations because these securities’ exercise prices were anti-dilutive (e.g., greater than the average market price of our common stock).

Information on the intrinsic value of options exercised is as follows (in thousands):

2022			$	43,353
2021			20,427
2020			38,551

The following table summarizes these unvested stock option grants as of December 31, 2022:

First Vesting Date						Last Vesting Date						Options Granted, Net of Forfeitures						Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value**(1)**						Unvested Options
December 31, 2019						December 31, 2023						1,152,836						$	20.13					223,752
December 31, 2020						December 31, 2024						1,632,187						13.87						643,077
												2,785,023						$	16.46					866,829

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(1) Amount shown is the weighted average grant date fair value of options granted, net of forfeitures.

Determining Fair Value

We estimated the fair value of stock options granted using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. We estimate the fair value of restricted shares and units using the Black-Scholes option pricing model-protective put method. A description of significant assumptions used to determine the risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, expected volatility, and expected term are as follows:

Risk-Free Interest Rate-The risk-free interest rate was based on the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues at the date of grant with a term equal to the expected term.

Dividend Yield-The dividend yield assumption is based on our history of dividend payouts.

Expected Volatility-Expected volatility was determined based on the implied volatility of traded options of our stock and the historical volatility of our stock price.

Expected Term-Expected term represents the period that our stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding and was determined based on historical experience and anticipated future exercise patterns, giving consideration to the contractual terms of unexercised stock-based awards.

The grant date fair value per option was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions:

			2020 Grants						2019 Grants
Weighted-average risk-free interest rate			1.6%						2.1%
Expected dividend yield			2.5%						2.0%
Weighted-average volatility			23%						25%
Expected term (in years)			8.91						6.08
Weighted average fair value per option			$	13.88					$	17.52

STOCK AWARDS. We have awarded performance-based restricted shares, performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”), and time-based restricted stock units. Nearly all of our awards contain restrictions on the awardees’ ability to sell or transfer vested awards for a specified period of time. The fair value of these awards is established based on the market price on the date of grant, discounted for post-vesting holding restrictions. The discounts on outstanding grants with post-vesting holding restrictions vary from 12 percent to 24 percent and are calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model-protective put method. The duration of the restriction period to sell or transfer vested awards, changes in the measured stock price volatility, and changes in interest rates are the primary reasons for changes in the discount. These grants are being expensed based on the terms of the awards.

Performance-Based Awards

We have awarded performance-based restricted shares through 2020 to certain key employees. These awards vest over a five-year period based on the company’s earnings growth. Beginning in 2021, we have awarded annually PSUs to certain key employees. These PSUs vest over a three-year period based on the company's cumulative three-year dilutive earnings per share growth and annual adjusted gross profits growth. These PSUs contain an upside opportunity of 200 percent of target contingent upon obtaining certain dilutive earnings per share and adjusted gross profits growth targets.

The following table summarizes activity related to our performance-based restricted shares and PSUs as of December 31, 2022:

			Number of Restricted Shares and Restricted Stock Units						Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2021			407,642						$	72.21
Granted(1)			334,092						76.87
Performance-based grant adjustment(2)			59,338						71.43
Vested			(266,651)						68.86
Forfeitures			(16,613)						70.84
Unvested as of December 31, 2022			517,808						$	76.89

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(1) Amount represents PSU grants at target.

(2)Amount represents incremental shares issuable for achieving 200 percent upside upon meeting certain adjusted gross profits targets in 2022.

The following table summarizes unvested PSUs by vesting period at target:

First Vesting Date						Last Vesting Date						Performance Shares and Stock Units Granted, Net of Forfeitures						Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (1)						Unvested Performance Shares and Restricted Stock Units
December 31, 2021						December 31, 2023						261,524						$	74.84					248,708
December 31, 2022						December 31, 2024						294,928						76.74						269,100
												556,452						$	75.85					517,808

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(1) Amount shown is the weighted average grant date fair value of PSUs granted, net of forfeitures.

We granted an additional 272,455 performance-based restricted stock units at target in February 2023. These awards have a weighted average grant date fair value of $92.15 and will vest over a three-year period based upon achieving certain cumulative three-year dilutive earnings per share, adjusted gross profits, and adjusted operating margin percentage targets.

Time-Based Awards

We award time-based restricted stock units to certain key employees. Time-based awards granted through 2020 vest over a five-year period. Beginning in 2021, we have granted annually time-based awards that vest over a three-year period primarily based on the passage of time and the employee's continued employment. These grants are being expensed based on the terms of the awards.

The following table summarizes our unvested time-based restricted share and restricted stock unit grants as of December 31, 2022:

			Number of Restricted Shares and Stock Units						Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2021			763,481						$	69.42
Granted			745,689						77.55
Vested			(568,617)						71.85
Forfeitures			(51,141)						72.88
Unvested as of December 31, 2022			889,412						$	74.26

We granted an additional 688,341 time-based restricted stock units in February 2023. These awards have a weighted average grant date fair value of $92.74 and will vest over a three-year period.

A summary of the fair value of stock awards vested (in thousands):

2022			$	74,186
2021			110,701
2020			20,985

As of December 31, 2022, there was unrecognized compensation expense of $119.0 million related to previously granted stock awards assuming maximum achievement is obtained on our performance-based awards. The amount of future expense to be recognized will be based on the passage of time, the company’s dilutive earnings per share and adjusted gross profits growth, and certain other conditions.

EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN. Our 1997 Employee Stock Purchase Plan allows our employees to contribute up to $10,000 of their annual cash compensation to purchase company stock. Purchase price is determined using the closing price on the last day of the quarter discounted by 15 percent. Shares are vested immediately. The following is a summary of the employee stock purchase plan activity (dollar amounts in thousands):

			Shares Purchased By Employees						Aggregate Cost to Employees						Expense Recognized By the Company
2022			229,705						$	19,643					$	3,466
2021			220,970						17,838						3,148
2020			236,062						16,146						2,848

SHARE REPURCHASE PROGRAMS. On December 9, 2021, the Board of Directors increased the company’s share repurchase authorization by an additional 20,000,000 shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2022, we had 7,409,198 shares remaining under the share repurchase authorization. The activity under these authorizations is as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

			Shares Repurchased						Total Value of Shares Repurchased
2022 Repurchases			14,226,190						$	1,456,713
2021 Repurchases			6,154,364						580,818
2020 Repurchases			2,542,915						182,745

NOTE 7: COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS. We offer a defined contribution plan, which qualifies under section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code and covers all eligible U.S. employees. We can also elect to make matching contributions to the plan. Annual discretionary contributions may also be made to the plan. Defined contribution plan expense, including matching contributions, is as follows (in thousands):

2022			$	59,259
2021			48,714
2020			18,827

We contributed a defined contribution match of six percent in 2022 and 2021. Effective May 22, 2020, we temporarily suspended the employer-matching contribution due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The employer-matching contribution was reinstated effective January 1, 2021.

LEASE COMMITMENTS. We maintain operating leases for office space, warehouses, office equipment, trailers, and a small number of intermodal containers. See Note 11, Leases, for further information.

LITIGATION. We are not subject to any pending or threatened litigation other than routine litigation arising in the ordinary course of our business operations, including certain contingent auto liability cases as of December 31, 2022. For some legal proceedings, we have accrued an amount that reflects the aggregate liability deemed probable and estimable, but this amount is not material to our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. Because of the preliminary nature of many of these proceedings, the difficulty in ascertaining the applicable facts relating to many of these proceedings, the inconsistent treatment of claims made in many of these proceedings, and the difficulty of predicting the settlement value of many of these proceedings, we are not able to estimate an amount or range of any reasonably possible additional losses. However, based upon our historical experience, the resolution of these proceedings is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

NOTE 8: ACQUISITIONS

Combinex Holding B.V.

On June 3, 2021, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of Combinex Holding B.V. (“Combinex”) to strengthen our European surface transportation presence. Total purchase consideration, net of cash acquired was $14.7 million, which was paid in cash.

Identifiable intangible assets and estimated useful lives are as follows (dollars in thousands):

			Estimated Life (years)
Customer relationships			7						$	3,942

There was $10.8 million of goodwill recorded related to the acquisition of Combinex. The Combinex goodwill is a result of acquiring and retaining the Combinex workforce and expected synergies from integrating its business into ours. Purchase accounting is considered complete. The goodwill will not be deductible for tax purposes. The results of operations of Combinex have been included as part of the All Other and Corporate segment in our consolidated financial statements since June 3, 2021.

Prime Distribution Services

On March 2, 2020, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of Prime Distribution Services (“Prime Distribution”), a leading provider of retail consolidation services in North America, for $222.7 million in cash. This acquisition adds scale and value-added warehouse capabilities to our retail consolidation platform, adding to our global suite of services.

The following is a summary of the allocation of purchase consideration to the estimated fair value of net assets for the acquisition of Prime Distribution (dollars in thousands):

Current assets			$	8,879
Property and equipment			7,356
Right-of-use lease assets			35,017
Other intangible assets			55,000
Goodwill			176,727
Total assets			282,979
Current liabilities			12,243
Lease liabilities			35,017
Deferred tax liabilities			13,001
Net assets acquired			$	222,718

Identifiable intangible assets and estimated useful lives are as follows (dollars in thousands):

			Estimated Life (years)
Customer relationships			7						$	55,000

There was $176.7 million of goodwill recorded related to the acquisition of Prime Distribution. The Prime Distribution goodwill is a result of acquiring and retaining the Prime Distribution workforce and expected synergies from integrating its business into ours. Purchase accounting is considered complete. The goodwill will not be deductible for tax purposes. The acquisition was effective as of February 29, 2020, and therefore the results of operations of Prime Distribution have been included as part of the North American Surface Transportation (“NAST”) segment in our consolidated financial statements since March 1, 2020.

NOTE 9: SEGMENT REPORTING

Our segments are based on our method of internal reporting, which generally segregates the segments by service line and the primary services they provide to our customers. The internal reporting of segments is defined, based in part, on the reporting and review process used by our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), our Interim Chief Executive Officer. The accounting policies of our reportable segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. We do not report our intersegment revenues by segment to our CODM and do not believe they are a meaningful metric for evaluating the performance of our reportable segments. We identify two reportable segments as follows:

• North American Surface Transportation:** NAST provides freight transportation services across North America through a network of offices in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. The primary services provided by NAST are truckload and less than truckload (“LTL”) transportation services.

• Global Forwarding:** Global Forwarding provides global logistics services through an international network of offices in North America, Asia, Europe, Oceania, and South America and also contracts with independent agents worldwide. The primary services provided by Global Forwarding include ocean freight services, air freight services, and customs brokerage.

• All Other and Corporate:** All Other and Corporate includes our Robinson Fresh and Managed Services segments, as well as Other Surface Transportation outside of North America and other miscellaneous revenues and unallocated corporate expenses. Robinson Fresh provides sourcing services including the buying, selling, and/or marketing of fresh fruits, vegetables, and other value-added perishable items. Managed Services provides Transportation Management Services, or Managed TMS®. Other Surface Transportation revenues are primarily earned by our Europe Surface Transportation segment. Europe Surface Transportation provides transportation and logistics services including truckload and groupage services across Europe.

Reportable segment information as of, and for the years ended, December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, is as follows (dollars in thousands):

			NAST						Global Forwarding						All Other and Corporate						Consolidated
Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2022
Total revenues			$	15,827,467					$	6,812,008					$	2,057,150					$	24,696,625
Income (loss) from operations			833,302						449,364						(15,884)						1,266,782
Depreciation and amortization			23,643						21,835						47,298						92,776
Total assets(1)			3,304,480						1,507,913						1,142,171						5,954,564
Average employee headcount			7,365						5,712						4,524						17,601

			NAST						Global Forwarding						All Other and Corporate						Consolidated
Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2021
Total revenues			$	14,507,917					$	6,729,790					$	1,864,431					$	23,102,138
Income (loss) from operations			585,351						510,756						(13,999)						1,082,108
Depreciation and amortization			26,243						22,823						42,193						91,259
Total assets(1)			3,349,578						2,843,239						835,295						7,028,112
Average employee headcount			6,764						5,071						3,926						15,761

			NAST						Global Forwarding						All Other and Corporate						Consolidated
Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2020
Total revenues			$	11,312,553					$	3,100,525					$	1,794,028					$	16,207,106
Income (loss) from operations			508,475						175,513						(10,720)						673,268
Depreciation and amortization			25,314						34,550						41,863						101,727
Total assets(1)			2,946,409						1,392,411						805,438						5,144,258
Average employee headcount			6,811						4,708						3,600						15,119

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(1) All cash and cash equivalents and certain owned properties are included in All Other and Corporate.

The following table presents our total revenues (based on location of the customer) and long-lived assets (including intangible and other assets) by geographic regions (in thousands):

			For the year ended December 31,
			2022						2021						2020
Total revenues
U.S.			$	20,696,448					$	19,494,969					$	13,896,382
Other locations			4,000,177						3,607,169						2,310,724
Total revenues			$	24,696,625					$	23,102,138					$	16,207,106

			As of December 31,
			2022						2021						2020
Long-lived assets
U.S.			$	751,984					$	587,339					$	551,511
Other locations			142,529						151,866						163,860
Total long-lived assets			$	894,513					$	739,205					$	715,371

NOTE 10: REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

A summary of our total revenues disaggregated by major service line and timing of revenue recognition is presented below for each of our reportable segments for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, as follows (dollars in thousands):

			Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2022
			NAST						Global Forwarding						All Other and Corporate						Total
Major service lines:
Transportation and logistics services(1)			$	15,827,467					$	6,812,008					$	876,909					$	23,516,384
Sourcing(2)			—						—						1,180,241						1,180,241
Total			$	15,827,467					$	6,812,008					$	2,057,150					$	24,696,625
			Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2021
			NAST						Global Forwarding						All Other and Corporate						Total
Major service lines:
Transportation and logistics services(1)			$	14,507,917					$	6,729,790					$	808,867					$	22,046,574
Sourcing(2)			—						—						1,055,564						1,055,564
Total			$	14,507,917					$	6,729,790					$	1,864,431					$	23,102,138
			Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2020
			NAST						Global Forwarding						All Other and Corporate						Total
Major service lines:
Transportation and logistics services(1)			$	11,312,553					$	3,100,525					$	734,484					$	15,147,562
Sourcing(2)			—						—						1,059,544						1,059,544
Total			$	11,312,553					$	3,100,525					$	1,794,028					$	16,207,106

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(1) Transportation and logistics services performance obligations are completed over time.

(2) Sourcing performance obligations are completed at a point in time.

We typically do not receive consideration and amounts are not due from our customer prior to the completion of our performance obligations and as such contract liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and revenue recognized in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, resulting from contract liabilities were not significant. Contract assets and accrued expenses—transportation expense fluctuate from period to period primarily based upon shipments in-transit at period end and the timing of customer invoicing.

Approximately 93 percent, 93 percent, and 91 percent of our total revenues for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, are attributable to arranging for the transportation of our customers’ freight for which we transfer control and satisfy our performance obligation over the requisite transit period. A days in transit output method is used to measure the progress of our performance as of the reporting date. We determine the transit period based upon the departure date and the delivery date, which may be estimated if delivery has not occurred as of the reporting date. Determining the transit period and how much of it has been completed as of the reporting date may require management to make judgments that affect the timing of revenue recognized. We have determined that revenue recognition over the transit period provides a faithful depiction of the transfer of goods and services to our customer as our obligation is performed over the transit period. The transaction price for our performance obligation under these arrangements is generally fixed and readily determinable upon contract inception and is not contingent upon the occurrence or non-occurrence of another event.

Approximately five percent, five percent, and seven percent of our total revenues for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, are attributable to buying, selling, and/or marketing of produce including fresh fruits, vegetables, and other value-added perishable items. Total revenues for these transactions are recognized at a point in time upon completion of our performance obligation, which is generally when the produce is received by our customer. The transaction price for our performance obligation under these arrangements is generally fixed and readily determinable upon contract inception and is not contingent upon the occurrence or non-occurrence of another event.

Approximately two percent of our total revenues for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, are attributable to value-added logistics services, such as customs brokerage, fee-based managed services, warehousing services, small parcel, and supply chain consulting and optimization services. Total revenues for these services are recognized over time as we complete our performance obligation. Transaction price is determined and allocated to these performance obligations at their fixed fee or agreed upon rate multiplied by their associated measure of progress, which may be transactional volumes, labor hours, or time elapsed.

We expense incremental costs of obtaining customer contracts (i.e., sales commissions) due to the short duration of our arrangements as the amortization period of such amounts is expected to be less than one year. These amounts are included within personnel expenses in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. In addition, we do not disclose the aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied as of the end of the period, as our contracts have an expected length of one year or less. Finally, for certain of our performance obligations such as fee-based managed services, supply chain consulting and optimization services, and warehousing services, we have recognized revenue in the amount for which we have the right to invoice our customer as we have determined this amount corresponds directly with the value provided to the customer for our performance completed to date.

NOTE 11: LEASES

We determine if our contractual agreements contain a lease at inception. A lease is identified when a contract allows us the right to control an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Our lease agreements consist primarily of operating leases for office space, warehouses, office equipment, trailers, and a small number of intermodal containers. We do not have material financing leases. Frequently, we enter into contractual relationships with a wide variety of transportation companies for freight capacity and utilize those relationships to efficiently and cost-effectively arrange the transport of our customers’ freight. These contracts typically have a term of twelve months or less and do not allow us to direct the use or obtain substantially all of the economic benefits of a specifically identified asset. Accordingly, these agreements are not considered leases.

Our operating leases are included on the consolidated balance sheets as right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities. A right-of-use lease asset represents our right to use an underlying asset over the term of a lease, while a lease liability represents our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Current and noncurrent lease liabilities are recognized on commencement date at the present value of lease payments, including non-lease components, which consist primarily of common area maintenance and parking charges. Right-of-use lease assets are also recognized on the commencement date as the total lease liability plus prepaid rents. As our leases typically do not provide an implicit rate, we use our fully collateralized incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is influenced by market interest rates, our credit rating, and lease term and as such, may differ for individual leases.

Our lease agreements typically do not contain variable lease payments, residual value guarantees, purchase options, or restrictive covenants. Many of our leases include the option to renew for a period of months to several years. The term of our leases may include the option to renew when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option although these occurrences are seldom. We have lease agreements with lease components (e.g., payments for rent) and non-lease components (e.g., payments for common area maintenance and parking), which are all accounted for as a single lease component.

We do not have material lease agreements that have not yet commenced that are expected to create significant rights or obligations as of December 31, 2022.

Information regarding lease expense, remaining lease term, discount rate, and other select lease information is presented below as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

			Twelve Months Ended December 31,
Lease Costs			2022						2021						2020
Operating lease expense			$	92,032					$	85,521					$	86,451
Short-term lease expense			7,151						8,307						15,130
Total lease expense			$	99,183					$	93,828					$	101,581

			Twelve Months Ended December 31,
Other Lease Information			2022						2021						2020
Operating cash outflows from operating leases			$	91,702					$	85,244					$	74,177
Right-of-use lease assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities(1)			161,886						52,931						95,005

			As of December 31,
Lease Term and Discount Rate			2022						2021
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)(1)			6.4						6.4
Weighted average discount rate			3.5		%				3.0		%

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(1) The weighted average remaining lease term is significantly impacted by a 15-year lease related to office space in Chicago, IL, which commenced in 2018. Excluding this lease, the weighted average remaining lease term of our agreements is 5.3 years.

The maturity of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022, were as follows (in thousands):

Maturity of Lease Liabilities						Operating Leases
2023						$	85,930
2024						77,868
2025						64,308
2026						53,098
2027						42,757
Thereafter						113,678
Total lease payments						437,639
Less: Interest						(50,175)
Present value of lease liabilities						$	387,464

NOTE 12. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

Our allowance for credit losses is computed using a number of factors including our historical credit loss experience, customer aging trends, our customers' credit ratings, in addition to other customer-specific factors. We have also considered recent trends and developments related to the current macroeconomic environment in determining our ending allowance for credit losses for both accounts receivable and contract assets. The allowance for credit losses on contract assets was not significant.

A rollforward of our allowance for credit losses on our accounts receivable balance is presented below for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 (in thousands):

Balance, December 31, 2020			$	38,113
Provision			9,405
Write-offs			(5,976)
Balance, December 31, 2021			41,542
Provision			(3,442)
Write-offs			(9,351)
Balance, December 31, 2022			$	28,749

Recoveries of amounts previously written off were not significant for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022.

NOTE 13: CHANGES IN ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

Accumulated other comprehensive loss is included in the Stockholders’ investment on our consolidated balance sheets. The recorded balance as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, was $88.9 million and $61.1 million, respectively, and is comprised solely of foreign currency adjustments, including foreign currency translation.

Other comprehensive loss was $27.7 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, driven primarily by fluctuations in the Yuan, Singapore Dollar, and Australian Dollar. Other comprehensive loss was $15.1 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, driven primarily by fluctuations in the Singapore Dollar and Australian Dollar.

NOTE 14: RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, there were no recently issued or newly adopted accounting pronouncements that had, or are expected to have, a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.

NOTE 15: RESTRUCTURING

In 2022, we announced organizational changes to support our enterprise strategy of accelerating our digital transformation and productivity initiatives. We recognized restructuring charges of $36.7 million related to cost saving initiatives including workforce reductions and reprioritizing our investments in technology. For severance and other operating expenses related to restructuring activities, we paid $2.7 million in cash in 2022 with nearly all the remaining $19.0 million expected to be paid in 2023.

A summary of the restructuring charges recognized is presented below (in thousands):

			Twelve Months Ended December 31,
			2022
Severance(1)			$	18,872
Other selling, general, and administrative expenses(2)			15,150
Other personnel expenses(1)			2,662
Total			$	36,684

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(1) Amounts are included within personnel expenses in our consolidated statement of operations.

(2) We recognized expense of $14.8 million related to the impairment of certain capitalized internally developed software projects and $0.4 million related other miscellaneous exit costs within other selling, general, and administrative expenses in our consolidated statement of operations.

The following table summarizes restructuring charges by reportable segment for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 ($ in thousands):

			NAST						Global Forwarding						All Other and Corporate						Consolidated
Personnel expenses			$	6,323					$	3,831					$	11,380					$	21,534
Other selling, general, and administrative expenses			3,175						3,174						8,801						15,150

The following table summarizes restructuring reserves included in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022:

			Accrued Severance and Other Personnel Expenses						Other Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses									Total
Balance, December 31, 2021			$	—					$	—								$	—
Restructuring charges			21,534						15,150									36,684
Cash payments			(2,558)						(94)									(2,652)
Settled non-cash			—						(15,056)									(15,056)
Balance, December 31, 2022			$	18,976					$	—								$	18,976