Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

137K characters. Original on sec.gov · Markdown

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Cummins Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries are hereinafter sometimes referred to as “Cummins,” “we,” “our” or “us.”

CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

Certain parts of this quarterly report contain forward-looking statements intended to qualify for the safe harbors from liability established by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include those that are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about the industries in which we operate and management’s beliefs and assumptions. Forward-looking statements are generally accompanied by words such as "anticipates," "expects," "forecasts," "intends," "plans," "believes," "seeks," "estimates," "could," "should," "may" or words of similar meaning. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions, which we refer to as "future factors," which are difficult to predict. Therefore, actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed or forecasted in such forward-looking statements. Some future factors that could cause our results to differ materially from the results discussed in such forward-looking statements are discussed below and shareholders, potential investors and other readers are urged to consider these future factors carefully in evaluating forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. Future factors that could affect the outcome of forward-looking statements include the following:

GOVERNMENT REGULATION

any adverse results of our internal review into our emissions certification process and compliance with emission standards;
increased scrutiny from regulatory agencies, as well as unpredictability in the adoption, implementation and enforcement of emission standards around the world;
policy changes in international trade;
any adverse effects of the U.S. government's COVID-19 vaccine mandates;
the U.K.'s exit from the European Union;
changes in taxation;
global legal and ethical compliance costs and risks;
increasingly stringent environmental laws and regulations;
future bans or limitations on the use of diesel-powered products;

BUSINESS CONDITIONS / DISRUPTIONS

supply shortages and supplier financial risk, particularly from any of our single-sourced suppliers, including suppliers that may be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic;
market slowdown due to the impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, other public health crises, epidemics or pandemics;
impacts to manufacturing and supply chain abilities from an extended shutdown or disruption of our operations due to the COVID-19 pandemic;
aligning our capacity and production with our demand, including impacts of COVID-19;
large truck manufacturers' and original equipment manufacturers' customers discontinuing outsourcing their engine supply needs or experiencing financial distress, particularly related to the COVID-19 pandemic, bankruptcy or change in control;
a slowdown in infrastructure development and/or depressed commodity prices;
failure to realize expected results from our investment in Eaton Cummins Automated Transmission Technologies joint venture;
the actions of, and income from, joint ventures and other investees that we do not directly control;

PRODUCTS AND TECHNOLOGY

product recalls;
the development of new technologies that reduce demand for our current products and services;
lower than expected acceptance of new or existing products or services;
variability in material and commodity costs;
product liability claims;
our sales mix of products;
protection and validity of our patent and other intellectual property rights;

GENERAL

disruptions in global credit and financial markets as the result of the COVID-19 pandemic;
labor relations or work stoppages;
reliance on our executive leadership team and other key personnel;
climate change and global warming;
our plan to reposition our portfolio of product offerings through exploration of strategic acquisitions and divestitures and related uncertainties of entering such transactions;
exposure to potential security breaches or other disruptions to our information technology systems and data security;
political, economic and other risks from operations in numerous countries;
competitor activity;
increasing competition, including increased global competition among our customers in emerging markets;
foreign currency exchange rate changes;
the performance of our pension plan assets and volatility of discount rates, particularly those related to the sustained slowdown of the global economy due to the COVID-19 pandemic;
the price and availability of energy;
the outcome of pending and future litigation and governmental proceedings;
continued availability of financing, financial instruments and financial resources in the amounts, at the times and on the terms required to support our future business; and
other risk factors described in our 2020 Form 10-K, Part I, Item 1A. under the caption "Risk Factors."

Shareholders, potential investors and other readers are urged to consider these factors carefully in evaluating the forward-looking statements and are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements made herein are made only as of the date of this quarterly report and we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

ORGANIZATION OF INFORMATION

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) was prepared to provide the reader with a view and perspective of our business through the eyes of management and should be read in conjunction with our Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section of our 2020 Form 10-K. Our MD&A is presented in the following sections:

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
OPERATING SEGMENT RESULTS
OUTLOOK
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS

Overview

We are a global power leader that designs, manufactures, distributes and services diesel, natural gas, electric and hybrid powertrains and powertrain-related components including filtration, aftertreatment, turbochargers, fuel systems, controls systems, air handling systems, automated transmissions, electric power generation systems, batteries, electrified power systems, hydrogen production and fuel cell products. We sell our products to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), distributors, dealers and other customers worldwide. We have long-standing relationships with many of the leading manufacturers in the markets we serve, including PACCAR Inc, Navistar International Corporation, Daimler Trucks North America and Stellantis N.V. We serve our customers through a network of over 500 wholly-owned, joint venture and independent distributor locations and over 9,000 Cummins certified dealer locations with service to approximately 190 countries and territories.

Our reportable operating segments consist of Engine, Distribution, Components, Power Systems and New Power. This reporting structure is organized according to the products and markets each segment serves. The Engine segment produces engines (15 liters and smaller) and associated parts for sale to customers in on-highway and various off-highway markets. Our engines are used in trucks of all sizes, buses and recreational vehicles, as well as in various industrial applications, including construction, agriculture, power generation systems and other off-highway applications. The Distribution segment includes wholly-owned and partially-owned distributorships engaged in wholesaling engines, generator sets and service parts, as well as performing service and repair activities on our products and maintaining relationships with various OEMs throughout the world. The Components segment sells filtration products, aftertreatment systems, turbochargers, electronics, fuel systems and automated transmissions. The Power Systems segment is an integrated power provider, which designs, manufactures and sells engines (16 liters and larger) for industrial applications (including mining, oil and gas, marine and rail), standby and prime power generator sets, alternators and other power components. The New Power segment designs, manufactures, sells and supports hydrogen production solutions as well as electrified power systems ranging from fully electric to hybrid along with innovative components and subsystems, including battery and fuel cell technologies. We continue to serve all our markets as they adopt electrification and alternative power technologies, meeting the needs of our OEM partners and end customers.

Our financial performance depends, in large part, on varying conditions in the markets we serve, particularly the on-highway, construction and general industrial markets. Demand in these markets tends to fluctuate in response to overall economic conditions. Our sales may also be impacted by OEM inventory levels, production schedules and stoppages. Economic downturns in markets we serve generally result in reduced sales of our products and can result in price reductions in certain products and/or markets. As a worldwide business, our operations are also affected by currency, political, economic, public health crises, epidemics or pandemics and regulatory matters, including adoption and enforcement of environmental and emission standards, in the countries we serve. As part of our growth strategy, we invest in businesses in certain countries that carry high levels of these risks such as China, Brazil, India, Mexico, Russia and countries in the Middle East and Africa. At the same time, our geographic diversity and broad product and service offerings have helped limit the impact from a drop in demand in any one industry or customer or the economy of any single country on our consolidated results.

2021 Quarter-to-Date and Year-to-Date Results

A summary of our results is as follows:


	Three months ended				Nine months ended
In millions, except per share amounts	October 3, 2021		September 27, 2020		October 3, 2021		September 27, 2020
Net sales	$	5,968	$	5,118	$	18,171	$	13,981
Net income attributable to Cummins Inc.	534		501		1,737		1,288
Earnings per common share attributable to Cummins Inc.
Basic	$	3.72	$	3.39	$	11.96	$	8.69
Diluted	3.69		3.36		11.86		8.65

Our nine months ended results for 2020 were significantly impacted by COVID-19 and other related targeted shut-downs, which began in late March 2020 in response to both customer plant closures and government actions to slow the spread of the virus. Plants closed in China during the first quarter of 2020 were reopened in late March 2020; however, additional plants and distribution locations around the world were shut down or working at reduced capacities early in the second quarter of 2020. Although these actions did not have a material effect on our results of operations in the first quarter, these actions materially impacted our second quarter and continued to affect third quarter results in 2020.

Worldwide revenues increased 17 percent in the three months ended October 3, 2021, compared to the same period in 2020, due to higher demand in all operating segments and most geographic regions due to an improved economic environment and fewer effects from the COVID-19 pandemic. International demand (excludes the U.S. and Canada) improved 22 percent, with higher sales in all geographic regions except China. The increase in international sales was principally due to higher demand in industrial (especially mining) and power generation equipment, all distribution product lines, off-highway markets (mainly construction markets in Asia Pacific and Europe) and all components businesses (primarily in Europe, India and Latin America, partially offset by China). Favorable foreign currency fluctuations impacted international sales by 3 percent (primarily the Chinese renminbi, British pound and Australian dollar). Net sales in the U.S. and Canada improved 13 percent, primarily due to increased demand in North American on-highway markets, which positively impacted all components businesses, and most distribution product lines. Our industry continues to be unfavorably impacted by supply chain constraints leading to shortages across multiple components categories and limiting our collective ability to meet end-user demand. Our customers are also experiencing other supply chain issues slowing production.

Worldwide revenues increased 30 percent in the nine months ended October 3, 2021, compared to the same period in 2020, as we experienced higher demand in all operating segments and all geographic regions due to an improved economic environment and fewer effects from the COVID-19 pandemic. International demand (excludes the U.S. and Canada) improved by 36 percent, with higher sales in all geographic regions. The increase in international sales was principally due to higher demand in all components businesses (primarily emission solutions in India, China and Western Europe), industrial (especially mining) and power generation equipment (mainly in India and China), all distribution product lines and off-highway markets (principally construction markets in China, Europe and Asia Pacific). Favorable foreign currency fluctuations impacted international sales by 4 percent (primarily the Chinese renminbi, Euro, Australian dollar and British pound). Net sales in the U.S. and Canada improved 26 percent, primarily due to increased demand in North American on-highway markets, which positively impacted all components businesses, and all distribution product lines. Our industry continues to be unfavorably impacted by supply chain constraints leading to shortages across multiple components categories and limiting our collective ability to meet end-user demand. Our customers are also experiencing other supply chain issues slowing production.

The following tables contain sales and EBITDA (defined as earnings or losses before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization and noncontrolling interests) by operating segment for the three and nine months ended October 3, 2021 and September 27, 2020. See Note 13, "OPERATING SEGMENTS," to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information and a reconciliation of our segment information to the corresponding amounts in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income.


	Three months ended
Operating Segments	October 3, 2021						September 27, 2020						Percent change
			Percent						Percent				2021 vs. 2020
In millions	Sales		of Total		EBITDA		Sales		of Total		EBITDA		Sales		EBITDA
Engine	$	2,578	43	%	$	391	$	2,112	41	%	$	382	22	%	2	%
Distribution	1,959		33	%	192		1,721		34	%	182		14	%	5	%
Components	1,793		30	%	253		1,541		30	%	261		16	%	(3)	%
Power Systems	1,164		20	%	134		981		19	%	101		19	%	33	%
New Power	23		—	%	(58)		18		—	%	(40)		28	%	(45)	%
Intersegment eliminations	(1,549)		(26)	%	(50)		(1,255)		(24)	%	(10)		23	%	NM

Total	$	5,968	100	%	$	862	$	5,118	100	%	$	876	17	%	(2)	%

"NM" - not meaningful information

Cost of sales, selling, general and administrative and research development and engineering expenses increased due to higher compensation costs (primarily driven by the restoration of 2020 salary reductions and 2020 salary increases deferred until 2021), which impacted the variances in gross margin and net income as well as all of our reporting segments for the three months ended October 3, 2021.

Net income attributable to Cummins was $534 million, or $3.69 per diluted share, on sales of $6.0 billion for the three months ended October 3, 2021, versus the comparable prior year period net income attributable to Cummins of $501 million, or $3.36 per diluted share, on sales of $5.1 billion. The increases in net income and earnings per diluted share were driven by higher net sales, increased gross margin, a lower effective tax rate and favorable foreign currency fluctuations (primarily the Chinese renminbi and Australian dollar), partially offset by higher compensation expenses and incremental costs associated with supply chain constraints. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher volumes, partially offset by higher compensation expenses, increased freight costs due to supply chain constraints and higher material costs. The 2.7 percentage point decrease in gross margin as a percentage of net sales was principally due to higher compensation expenses, increased freight costs due to supply chain constraints and higher material costs which increased at a faster rate than the increase in net sales.



	Nine months ended
Operating Segments	October 3, 2021						September 27, 2020						Percent change
			Percent						Percent				2021 vs. 2020
In millions	Sales		of Total		EBITDA		Sales		of Total		EBITDA		Sales		EBITDA
Engine	$	7,528	41	%	$	1,147	$	5,693	41	%	$	897	32	%	28	%
Distribution	5,714		31	%	553		5,140		37	%	500		11	%	11	%
Components	5,939		33	%	975		4,193		30	%	681		42	%	43	%
Power Systems	3,329		18	%	399		2,642		19	%	269		26	%	48	%
New Power	82		1	%	(169)		38		—	%	(121)		NM		(40)	%
Intersegment eliminations	(4,421)		(24)	%	(89)		(3,725)		(27)	%	45		19	%	NM

Total	$	18,171	100	%	$	2,816	$	13,981	100	%	$	2,271	30	%	24	%

"NM" - not meaningful information

Cost of sales, selling, general and administrative and research development and engineering expenses increased due to higher compensation costs (primarily driven by the restoration of 2020 salary reductions, higher variable compensation and 2020 salary increases deferred until 2021), which impacted the variances in gross margin and net income as well as all of our reporting segments for the nine months ended October 3, 2021.

Net income attributable to Cummins was $1,737 million, or $11.86 per diluted share, on sales of $18.2 billion for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, versus the comparable prior year period net income attributable to Cummins of $1,288 million, or $8.65 per diluted share, on sales of $14.0 billion. The increases in net income and earnings per diluted share were driven by higher net sales, increased gross margin, higher equity, royalty and interest income from investees (primarily in China due to stronger demand for trucks and construction equipment in the first half of the year), a lower effective tax rate and favorable foreign currency fluctuations (primarily the Chinese renminbi and Australian dollar, partially offset by the Brazilian real), partially offset by higher compensation expenses, incremental costs associated with supply chain constraints and mark-to-market losses on corporate owned life insurance. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher volumes, partially offset by higher compensation expenses, increased freight costs due to supply chain constraints and higher material costs. The 1.2 percentage point decrease in gross margin as a percentage of net sales was primarily due to higher compensation expenses, increased freight costs due to supply chain constraints and higher material costs which increased at a faster rate than the increase in net sales. Diluted earnings per common share for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, benefited $0.23 from fewer weighted-average shares outstanding due to the stock repurchase program.

We generated $1,524 million of cash from operations for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, compared to $1,580 million for the comparable period in 2020. Refer to the section titled "Cash Flows" in the "LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES" section for a discussion of items impacting cash flows.

Our debt to capital ratio (total capital defined as debt plus equity) at October 3, 2021, was 30.5 percent, compared to 31.7 percent at December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily due to $222 million of lower debt balances since December 31, 2020. At October 3, 2021, we had $3.0 billion in cash and marketable securities on hand and access to our $3.5 billion credit facilities, if necessary, to meet currently anticipated working capital, investment and funding needs.

In the first nine months of 2021, we purchased $1,228 million, or 5.0 million shares, of our common stock.

In July 2021, the Board of Directors (the Board) authorized an increase to our quarterly dividend of 7.4 percent from $1.35 per share to $1.45 per share.

On August 3, 2021, we announced our exploration of strategic alternatives for our filtration business. Potential strategic alternatives to be explored include the separation of our filtration business into a stand-alone company. The execution of this exploration process is dependent upon business and market conditions, along with a number of other factors and considerations.

On August 18, 2021, we entered into an amended and restated five-year revolving credit agreement with a syndicate of lenders. The amended and restated credit agreement provides us with a $2 billion senior unsecured revolving credit facility until August 18, 2026. On August 18, 2021, we entered into an amended and restated 364-day credit agreement that allows us to borrow up to $1.5 billion of unsecured funds at any time prior to August 17, 2022. This credit agreement amended and restated the prior $1.5 billion 364-day credit facility that matured on August 18, 2021.

In the first nine months of 2021, the investment gain on our U.S. pension trust was 6.2 percent while our U.K. pension trust gain was 0.7 percent. During the remainder of 2021, we anticipate making $6 million in additional defined benefit pension contributions in the U.K. and $4 million in contributions to our U.S. non-qualified benefit plans. We expect our 2021 annual net periodic pension cost to approximate $79 million.

As of the date of this filing, our credit ratings and outlooks from the credit rating agencies remain unchanged.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS



	Three months ended				Favorable/				Nine months ended				Favorable/
	October 3, 2021		September 27, 2020		(Unfavorable)				October 3, 2021		September 27, 2020		(Unfavorable)
In millions, except per share amounts			Amount		Percent				Amount		Percent
NET SALES	$	5,968	$	5,118	$	850	17	%	$	18,171	$	13,981	$	4,190	30	%
Cost of sales	4,554		3,769		(785)		(21)	%	13,793		10,448		(3,345)		(32)	%
GROSS MARGIN	1,414		1,349		65		5	%	4,378		3,533		845		24	%
OPERATING EXPENSES AND INCOME
Selling, general and administrative expenses	571		533		(38)		(7)	%	1,745		1,549		(196)		(13)	%
Research, development and engineering expenses	266		224		(42)		(19)	%	802		651		(151)		(23)	%
Equity, royalty and interest income from investees	94		98		(4)		(4)	%	397		342		55		16	%

Other operating expense, net	(5)		(20)		15		75	%	(17)		(35)		18		51	%
OPERATING INCOME	666		670		(4)		(1)	%	2,211		1,640		571		35	%

Interest expense	28		25		(3)		(12)	%	85		71		(14)		(20)	%
Other income, net	37		41		(4)		(10)	%	111		134		(23)		(17)	%
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES	675		686		(11)		(2)	%	2,237		1,703		534		31	%
Income tax expense	134		182		48		26	%	473		402		(71)		(18)	%
CONSOLIDATED NET INCOME	541		504		37		7	%	1,764		1,301		463		36	%
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	7		3		(4)		NM		27		13		(14)		NM
NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO CUMMINS INC.	$	534	$	501	$	33	7	%	$	1,737	$	1,288	$	449	35	%
Diluted Earnings Per Common Share Attributable to Cummins Inc.	$	3.69	$	3.36	$	0.33	10	%	$	11.86	$	8.65	$	3.21	37	%

"NM" - not meaningful information


	Three months ended				Favorable/ (Unfavorable)		Nine months ended					Favorable/ (Unfavorable)
	October 3, 2021		September 27, 2020			October 3, 2021			September 27, 2020
Percent of sales			Percentage Points				Percentage Points
Gross margin	23.7	%	26.4	%	(2.7)		24.1	%		25.3	%	(1.2)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	9.6	%	10.4	%	0.8		9.6	%		11.1	%	1.5
Research, development and engineering expenses	4.5	%	4.4	%	(0.1)		4.4	%		4.7	%	0.3

Net Sales

Net sales for the three months ended October 3, 2021, increased by $850 million versus the comparable period in 2020. The primary drivers were as follows:

Engine segment sales increased 22 percent due to higher volumes in the global medium-duty truck markets and North American heavy-duty truck markets.
Components segment sales increased 16 percent largely due to higher emission solutions demand in North America, India, Western Europe and Asia Pacific.
Distribution segment sales increased 14 percent principally due to higher demand across most product lines in North America and improved demand in Russia and Asia Pacific.
Power Systems segment sales increased 19 percent primarily due to higher demand in global mining markets and power generation markets in India and China.
Favorable foreign currency fluctuations of 1 percent of total sales, primarily in the Chinese renminbi, British pound, Canadian dollar and Australian dollar.

Net sales for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, increased $4,190 million versus the comparable period in 2020. The primary drivers were as follows:

Engine segment sales increased 32 percent due to increased volumes in the North American heavy-duty truck and pick-up truck markets and global medium-duty truck markets.
Components segment sales increased 42 percent largely due to higher emission solutions demand in North America, India and China.
Power Systems segment sales increased 26 percent primarily due to increased demand in power generation markets in North America, India and China and global mining markets.
Distribution segment sales increased 11 percent principally due to higher demand across all product lines in North America and improved demand in Asia Pacific, Russia and Africa and Middle East.
Favorable foreign currency fluctuations of 2 percent of total sales, primarily in the Chinese renminbi, Euro, Australian dollar and British pound.

Sales to international markets (excluding the U.S. and Canada), based on location of customers, for the three and nine months ended October 3, 2021, were 43 percent and 44 percent of total net sales compared with 41 percent and 42 percent of total net sales for the comparable periods in 2020. A more detailed discussion of sales by segment is presented in the “OPERATING SEGMENT RESULTS” section.

Cost of Sales

The types of expenses included in cost of sales are the following: parts and material consumption, including direct and indirect materials; salaries, wages and benefits; depreciation on production equipment and facilities and amortization of technology intangibles; estimated costs of warranty programs and campaigns; production utilities; production-related purchasing; warehousing, including receiving and inspection; freight costs; engineering support costs; repairs and maintenance; production and warehousing facility property insurance; rent for production facilities and other production overhead.

Gross Margin

Gross margin increased $65 million for the three months ended October 3, 2021 and decreased 2.7 points as a percentage of net sales, versus the comparable period in 2020. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher volumes, partially offset by higher compensation expenses, increased freight costs due to supply chain constraints and higher material costs. The 2.7 percent decrease in gross margin as a percentage of net sales was principally due to higher compensation expenses, increased freight costs due to supply chain constraints and higher material costs which increased at a faster rate than the increase in net sales.

Gross margin increased $845 million for the nine months ended October 3, 2021 and decreased 1.2 points as a percentage of net sales versus the comparable period in 2020. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher volumes, partially offset by higher compensation expenses, increased freight costs due to supply chain constraints and higher material costs. The 1.2 percent decrease in gross margin as a percentage of net sales was primarily due to higher compensation expenses, increased freight costs due to supply chain constraints and higher material costs which increased at a faster rate than the increase in net sales.

The provision for base warranties issued as a percent of sales for the three and nine months ended October 3, 2021, was 2.2 percent and 2.4 percent, respectively, compared to 2.3 percent and 2.0 percent for the comparable periods in 2020. A detailed discussion of gross margin by segment is presented in the “OPERATING SEGMENT RESULTS” section.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $38 million for the three months ended October 3, 2021, versus the comparable period in 2020, primarily due to higher compensation expenses, partially offset by lower variable compensation expenses. Overall, selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net sales decreased to 9.6 percent in the three months ended October 3, 2021, from 10.4 percent in the comparable period in 2020. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net sales was mainly due to net sales increasing at a faster rate than the increase in selling, general and administrative expenses.

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $196 million for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, versus the comparable period in 2020, primarily due to higher compensation expenses. Overall, selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net sales decreased to 9.6 percent in the nine months ended October 3, 2021, from 11.1 percent in the comparable period in 2020. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net sales was primarily due to net sales increasing at a faster rate than the increase in selling, general and administrative expenses.

Research, Development and Engineering Expenses

Research, development and engineering expenses increased $42 million for the three months ended October 3, 2021, versus the comparable period in 2020 primarily due to higher compensation expenses and increased consulting expenses. Overall, research, development and engineering expenses as a percentage of net sales increased to 4.5 percent in the three months ended October 3, 2021, from 4.4 percent in the comparable period in 2020.

Research, development and engineering expenses increased $151 million for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, versus the comparable period in 2020, primarily due to higher compensation expenses and increased spending on prototypes. Overall, research, development and engineering expenses as a percentage of net sales decreased to 4.4 percent in the nine months ended October 3, 2021, from 4.7 percent in the comparable period in 2020. The decrease in research, development and engineering expenses as a percentage of net sales was primarily due to net sales increasing at a faster rate than the increase in research, development and engineering expenses. Research activities continue to focus on development of new products to meet future emission standards around the world, improvements in fuel economy performance of diesel and natural gas powered engines and related components as well as development activities around fully electric, hybrid and hydrogen powertrain solutions.

Equity, Royalty and Interest Income from Investees

Equity, royalty and interest income from investees decreased $4 million for the three months ended October 3, 2021, versus the comparable period in 2020, primarily due to decreased earnings at Dongfeng Cummins Engine Co., Ltd. and Beijing Foton Cummins Engine Co., Ltd., partially offset by the absence of $10 million in impairment charges for a joint venture in our Power Systems segment incurred in the third quarter of 2020 and increased earnings at Tata Cummins Ltd.

Equity, royalty and interest income from investees increased $55 million for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, versus the comparable period in 2020, primarily due to higher earnings at Beijing Foton Cummins Engine Co., Ltd., Tata Cummins Ltd. (excluding the 2020 benefits noted below), Dongfeng Cummins Engine Co., Ltd., Guangxi Cummins Industrial Power Co., Ltd. and the absence of $13 million of impairment charges. These increases were partially offset by the absence of a $37 million favorable adjustment ($18 million of which related to Tata Cummins Ltd.) as the result of tax changes within India's 2020-2021 Union Budget (India Tax Law Changes) passed in March 2020 and $18 million of technology fee revenue related to Tata Cummins Ltd., both recorded in the first quarter of 2020. See Note 4, "INCOME TAXES," of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2020 Form 10-K for additional information on India Tax Law Changes.

Other Operating Expense, Net

Other operating (expense) income, net was as follows:


	Three months ended				Nine months ended
In millions	October 3, 2021		September 27, 2020		October 3, 2021		September 27, 2020
Amortization of intangible assets	$	(6)	$	(5)	$	(17)	$	(16)
Loss on write-off of assets	(3)		(13)		(7)		(18)
Gain (loss) on sale of assets, net	2		(2)		1		(8)
Royalty income, net	2		1		7		3
Other, net	—		(1)		(1)		4
Total other operating expense, net	$	(5)	$	(20)	$	(17)	$	(35)

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased $3 million and $14 million for the three and nine months ended October 3, 2021, versus the comparable periods in 2020, primarily due to increased interest expense associated with our $2 billion senior unsecured notes issued in August of 2020.

Other Income, Net

Other income (expense), net was as follows:


	Three months ended				Nine months ended
In millions	October 3, 2021		September 27, 2020			October 3, 2021		September 27, 2020
Non-service pension and OPEB credit	$	23	$	16		$	72	$	48
Interest income	7		4			18		15
Foreign currency gain (loss), net	7		2			5		(1)
Gain on marketable securities, net	2		2			5		6
Gain (loss) on corporate owned life insurance	1		12			(11)		50
Gain on sale of land	—		—			18		—



Other, net	(3)		5			4		16
Total other income, net	$	37	$	41		$	111	$	134

Income Tax Expense

Our effective tax rate for 2021 is expected to approximate 21.5 percent, excluding any discrete items that may arise.

Our effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended October 3, 2021, were 19.9 percent and 21.1 percent, respectively. Our effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 27, 2020, were 26.5 percent and 23.6 percent, respectively.

The three months ended October 3, 2021, contained favorable discrete items of $11 million, primarily due to a $16 million favorable release of tax reserves associated with the settlement of tax positions, partially offset by $5 million of unfavorable return to provision adjustments.

The nine months ended October 3, 2021, contained favorable discrete items of $8 million, primarily due to an $18 million favorable release of tax reserves associated with the settlement of tax positions, partially offset by $10 million of unfavorable statutory changes in tax rates, mostly in the U.K.

The three months ended September 27, 2020, contained unfavorable discrete items of $31 million, primarily due to $17 million of changes in tax reserves, $8 million of provision to return adjustments relating to tax returns filed for 2019 and $6 million of net other discrete items.

The nine months ended September 27, 2020, contained $27 million of unfavorable net discrete tax items, primarily due to $34 million of unfavorable changes in tax reserves and $8 million of provision to return adjustments, partially offset by $15 million of favorable tax changes due to the India Tax Law Change passed in March of 2020. See Note 4, "INCOME TAXES," of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2020 Form 10-K for additional information on India Tax Law Changes.

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests eliminate the income or loss attributable to non-Cummins ownership interests in our consolidated entities. Noncontrolling interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries for the three and nine months ended October 3, 2021, increased $4 million and $14 million, respectively, versus the comparable periods in 2020. The increase for the three months ended October 3, 2021, was primarily due to higher earnings at Cummins India Limited. The increase for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, is principally due to higher earnings at Cummins India Limited and Eaton Cummins Joint Venture, partially offset by the absence of a $19 million unfavorable adjustment as the results of India Tax Law Changes passed in March 2020. See Note 4, "INCOME TAXES," of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2020 Form 10-K for additional information on India Tax Law Changes.

Net Income Attributable to Cummins Inc. and Diluted Earnings Per Common Share Attributable to Cummins Inc.

Net income and diluted earnings per common share attributable to Cummins Inc. for the three months ended October 3, 2021, increased $33 million and $0.33 per diluted share versus the comparable period in 2020, primarily due to higher net sales, increased gross margin, a lower effective tax rate and favorable foreign currency fluctuations (primarily the Chinese renminbi and Australian dollar), partially offset by higher compensation expenses and incremental costs associated with supply chain constraints.

Net income and diluted earnings per common share attributable to Cummins Inc. for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, increased $449 million and $3.21 per diluted share versus the comparable period in 2020, primarily due to higher net sales, increased gross margin, higher equity, royalty and interest income from investees (primarily in China due to stronger demand for trucks and construction equipment in the first half of the year), a lower effective tax rate and favorable foreign currency fluctuations (primarily the Chinese renminbi and Australian dollar, partially offset by the Brazilian real), partially offset by higher compensation expenses, incremental costs associated with supply chain constraints and mark-to-market losses on corporate owned life insurance. Diluted earnings per common share for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, benefited $0.23 from fewer weighted-average shares outstanding due to the stock repurchase program.

Comprehensive Income - Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment

The foreign currency translation adjustment was flat and a net loss of $34 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended October 3, 2021, compared to a net gain of $111 million and a net loss of $62 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 27, 2020, driven by the following:


	Three months ended
	October 3, 2021			September 27, 2020
In millions	Translation adjustment		Primary currency driver vs. U.S. dollar	Translation adjustment		Primary currency driver vs. U.S. dollar
Wholly-owned subsidiaries	$	(8)	Brazilian real, offset by Indian rupee, Chinese renminbi	$	69	Chinese renminbi, Indian rupee
Equity method investments	6		Chinese renminbi, Indian rupee	32		Chinese renminbi
Consolidated subsidiaries with a noncontrolling interest	2		Indian rupee	10		Indian rupee
Total	$	—		$	111


	Nine months ended
	October 3, 2021			September 27, 2020
In millions	Translation adjustment		Primary currency driver vs. U.S. dollar	Translation adjustment		Primary currency driver vs. U.S. dollar
Wholly-owned subsidiaries	$	(36)	British pound, Brazilian real, Indian rupee, Euro, offset by Chinese renminbi	$	(62)	Brazilian real, Indian rupee, offset by Chinese renminbi
Equity method investments	7		Chinese renminbi, offset by Indian rupee	12		Chinese renminbi
Consolidated subsidiaries with a noncontrolling interest	(5)		Indian rupee	(12)		Indian rupee
Total	$	(34)		$	(62)

OPERATING SEGMENT RESULTS

Our reportable operating segments consist of the Engine, Distribution, Components, Power Systems and New Power segments. This reporting structure is organized according to the products and markets each segment serves. We use segment EBITDA as a primary basis for the Chief Operating Decision Maker to evaluate the performance of each of our reportable operating segments. We believe EBITDA is a useful measure of our operating performance as it assists investors and debt holders in comparing our performance on a consistent basis without regard to financing methods, capital structure, income taxes or depreciation and amortization methods, which can vary significantly depending upon many factors. Segment amounts exclude certain expenses not specifically identifiable to segments. See Note 13, "OPERATING SEGMENTS," to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information and a reconciliation of our segment information to the corresponding amounts in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income.

Following is a discussion of results for each of our operating segments.

Engine Segment Results

Financial data for the Engine segment was as follows:


	Three months ended						Favorable/				Nine months ended						Favorable/
	October 3,			September 27,			(Unfavorable)				October 3,			September 27,			(Unfavorable)
In millions	2021			2020			Amount		Percent		2021			2020			Amount		Percent
External sales	$	1,961		$	1,617		$	344	21	%	$	5,776		$	4,133		$	1,643	40	%
Intersegment sales	617			495			122		25	%	1,752			1,560			192		12	%
Total sales	2,578			2,112			466		22	%	7,528			5,693			1,835		32	%

Research, development and engineering expenses	97			72			(25)		(35)	%	288			217			(71)		(33)	%
Equity, royalty and interest income from investees	61			74			(13)		(18)	%	278			236			42		18	%

Interest income	3			1			2		NM		7			6			1		17	%
Segment EBITDA	391			382			9		2	%	1,147			897			250		28	%

							Percentage Points										Percentage Points
Segment EBITDA as a percentage of total sales	15.2		%	18.1		%			(2.9)		15.2		%	15.8		%			(0.6)


"NM" - not meaningful information

Sales for our Engine segment by market were as follows:


	Three months ended						Favorable/				Nine months ended						Favorable/
	October 3,			September 27,			(Unfavorable)				October 3,			September 27,			(Unfavorable)
In millions	2021			2020			Amount		Percent		2021			2020			Amount		Percent
Heavy-duty truck	$	861		$	694		$	167	24	%	$	2,527		$	1,859		$	668	36	%
Medium-duty truck and bus	713			492			221		45	%	2,075			1,501			574		38	%
Light-duty automotive	515			522			(7)		(1)	%	1,480			1,055			425		40	%
Total on-highway	2,089			1,708			381		22	%	6,082			4,415			1,667		38	%
Off-highway	489			404			85		21	%	1,446			1,278			168		13	%
Total sales	$	2,578		$	2,112		$	466	22	%	$	7,528		$	5,693		$	1,835	32	%

							Percentage Points										Percentage Points
On-highway sales as percentage of total sales	81		%	81		%			—		81		%	78		%			3

Unit shipments by engine classification (including unit shipments to Power Systems and off-highway engine units included in their respective classification) were as follows:


	Three months ended		Favorable/			Nine months ended		Favorable/
	October 3,	September 27,	(Unfavorable)			October 3,	September 27,	(Unfavorable)
	2021	2020	Amount	Percent		2021	2020	Amount	Percent
Heavy-duty	29,200	23,300	5,900	25	%	89,300	65,000	24,300	37	%
Medium-duty	65,200	50,100	15,100	30	%	205,800	156,200	49,600	32	%
Light-duty	73,900	67,200	6,700	10	%	210,500	146,400	64,100	44	%
Total unit shipments	168,300	140,600	27,700	20	%	505,600	367,600	138,000	38	%

Sales

Engine segment sales for the three months ended October 3, 2021, increased $466 million versus the comparable period in 2020. The following were the primary drivers by market:

Medium-duty truck and bus sales increased $221 million mainly due to higher global medium-duty demand, especially in North America and Brazil.
Heavy-duty truck sales increased $167 million principally due to higher volumes in North America with shipments up 32 percent.
Off-highway sales increased $85 million primarily due to increased global construction demand, especially in North America, Asia Pacific and Europe.

Our industry continues to be unfavorably impacted by supply chain constraints leading to shortages across multiple components categories and limiting our collective ability to meet end-user demand. Our customers are also experiencing other supply chain issues slowing production.

Engine segment sales for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, increased $1,835 million versus the comparable period in 2020. The following were the primary drivers by market:

Heavy-duty truck sales increased $668 million principally due to higher volumes in North America with shipments up 64 percent.
Medium-duty truck and bus sales increased $574 million mainly due to higher global medium-duty demand, especially in North America, Brazil and Western Europe, partially offset by lower bus sales, mainly in North America and Western Europe.
Light-duty truck automotive sales increased $425 million primarily due to higher pick-up sales in North America with shipments up 53 percent.

Segment EBITDA

Engine segment EBITDA for the three months ended October 3, 2021, increased $9 million versus the comparable period in 2020, primarily due to higher volumes, partially offset by higher freight costs due to supply chain constraints and increased compensation expenses.

Engine segment EBITDA for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, increased $250 million versus the comparable period in 2020, mainly due to higher volumes and an increase in equity, royalty and interest income from investees (largely due to increased earnings at Beijing Foton Cummins Engine Co., Ltd., Tata Cummins Ltd. (excluding the 2020 benefits noted below), Dongfeng Cummins Engine Co., Ltd. and Guangxi Cummins Industrial Power Co., Ltd., partially offset by the absence of an $18 million favorable adjustment related to India Tax Law Changes passed in March 2020 and $18 million of technology fee revenue both recorded in the first quarter of 2020 in Tata Cummins Ltd.), partially offset by increased compensation expenses, higher freight costs due to supply chain constraints, increased material costs and higher consulting expenses. See Note 4, "INCOME TAXES," of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2020 Form 10-K for additional information on India Tax Law Changes.

Distribution Segment Results

Financial data for the Distribution segment was as follows:


	Three months ended						Favorable/				Nine months ended						Favorable/
	October 3,			September 27,			(Unfavorable)				October 3,			September 27,			(Unfavorable)
In millions	2021			2020			Amount		Percent		2021			2020			Amount		Percent
External sales	$	1,952		$	1,715		$	237	14	%	$	5,692		$	5,123		$	569	11	%
Intersegment sales	7			6			1		17	%	22			17			5		29	%
Total sales	1,959			1,721			238		14	%	5,714			5,140			574		11	%

Research, development and engineering expenses	10			9			(1)		(11)	%	35			20			(15)		(75)	%
Equity, royalty and interest income from investees	15			13			2		15	%	47			45			2		4	%
Interest income	2			1			1		100	%	5			3			2		67	%
Segment EBITDA	192			182			10		5	%	553			500			53		11	%

							Percentage Points										Percentage Points
Segment EBITDA as a percentage of total sales	9.8		%	10.6		%			(0.8)		9.7		%	9.7		%			—

Sales for our Distribution segment by region were as follows:


	Three months ended				Favorable/				Nine months ended				Favorable/
	October 3,		September 27,		(Unfavorable)				October 3,		September 27,		(Unfavorable)
In millions	2021		2020		Amount		Percent		2021		2020		Amount		Percent
North America	$	1,236	$	1,125	$	111	10	%	$	3,637	$	3,412	$	225	7	%
Asia Pacific	238		196		42		21	%	679		582		97		17	%
Europe	144		153		(9)		(6)	%	468		425		43		10	%
Russia	87		42		45		NM		210		128		82		64	%
China	81		77		4		5	%	245		246		(1)		—	%
Africa and Middle East	74		49		25		51	%	197		138		59		43	%
India	51		42		9		21	%	142		101		41		41	%
Latin America	48		37		11		30	%	136		108		28		26	%
Total sales	$	1,959	$	1,721	$	238	14	%	$	5,714	$	5,140	$	574	11	%

"NM" - not meaningful information

Sales for our Distribution segment by product line were as follows:


	Three months ended				Favorable/				Nine months ended				Favorable/
	October 3,		September 27,		(Unfavorable)				October 3,		September 27,		(Unfavorable)
In millions	2021		2020		Amount		Percent		2021		2020		Amount		Percent
Parts	$	800	$	722	$	78	11	%	$	2,322	$	2,163	$	159	7	%
Power generation	438		416		22		5	%	1,310		1,169		141		12	%
Engines	377		279		98		35	%	1,062		879		183		21	%
Service	344		304		40		13	%	1,020		929		91		10	%
Total sales	$	1,959	$	1,721	$	238	14	%	$	5,714	$	5,140	$	574	11	%

Sales

Distribution segment sales for the three months ended October 3, 2021, increased $238 million versus the comparable period in 2020. The following were the primary drivers by region:

North American sales increased $111 million, representing 47 percent of the total change in Distribution segment sales, due to higher demand in most product lines.
Improved demand in Russia and Asia Pacific.
Favorable foreign currency fluctuations, primarily in the Australian dollar, Canadian dollar and Chinese renminbi.

Distribution segment sales for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, increased $574 million versus the comparable period in 2020. The following were the primary drivers by region:

North American sales increased $225 million, representing 39 percent of the total change in Distribution segment sales, due to higher demand in all product lines.
Improved demand in Asia Pacific, Russia and Africa and Middle East.
Favorable foreign currency fluctuations, mainly in the Australian dollar, Canadian dollar and Euro.

Segment EBITDA

Distribution segment EBITDA for the three months ended October 3, 2021, increased $10 million versus the comparable period in 2020, primarily due to higher volumes, partially offset by increased compensation expenses and higher freight costs due to supply chain constraints.

Distribution segment EBITDA for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, increased $53 million versus the comparable period in 2020, primarily due to higher volumes, partially offset by higher compensation expenses.

Components Segment Results

Financial data for the Components segment was as follows:


	Three months ended						Favorable/				Nine months ended						Favorable/
	October 3,			September 27,			(Unfavorable)				October 3,			September 27,			(Unfavorable)
In millions	2021			2020			Amount		Percent		2021			2020			Amount		Percent
External sales	$	1,347		$	1,201		$	146	12	%	$	4,627		$	3,192		$	1,435	45	%
Intersegment sales	446			340			106		31	%	1,312			1,001			311		31	%
Total sales	1,793			1,541			252		16	%	5,939			4,193			1,746		42	%

Research, development and engineering expenses	78			64			(14)		(22)	%	232			187			(45)		(24)	%
Equity, royalty and interest income from investees	10			13			(3)		(23)	%	41			46			(5)		(11)	%
Interest income	1			1			—		—	%	3			3			—		—	%
Segment EBITDA	253			261			(8)		(3)	%	975			681			294		43	%

							Percentage Points										Percentage Points
Segment EBITDA as a percentage of total sales	14.1		%	16.9		%			(2.8)		16.4		%	16.2		%			0.2

Sales for our Components segment by business were as follows:


	Three months ended				Favorable/				Nine months ended				Favorable/
	October 3,		September 27,		(Unfavorable)				October 3,		September 27,		(Unfavorable)
In millions	2021		2020		Amount		Percent		2021		2020		Amount		Percent
Emission solutions	$	793	$	665	$	128	19	%	$	2,710	$	1,801	$	909	50	%
Filtration	354		314		40		13	%	1,100		881		219		25	%
Turbo technologies	325		281		44		16	%	1,043		767		276		36	%
Electronics and fuel systems	210		187		23		12	%	714		525		189		36	%
Automated transmissions	111		94		17		18	%	372		219		153		70	%
Total sales	$	1,793	$	1,541	$	252	16	%	$	5,939	$	4,193	$	1,746	42	%

Sales

Components segment sales for the three months ended October 3, 2021, increased $252 million versus the comparable period in 2020. The following were the primary drivers by business:

Emission solutions sales increased $128 million primarily due to stronger demand in North America, India, Western Europe and Asia Pacific, partially offset by lower demand in China.
Turbo technologies sales increased $44 million principally due to higher demand in North America, Western Europe and India, partially offset by lower demand in China.
Filtration sales increased $40 million mainly due to stronger demand in North America, Latin America, Europe and Asia Pacific, partially offset by weaker demand in China.
Favorable foreign currency fluctuations, primarily in the Chinese renminbi and British pound.

Components segment sales for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, increased $1,746 million versus the comparable period in 2020. The following were the primary drivers by business:

Emission solutions sales increased $909 million principally due to stronger demand in North America, India and China.
Turbo technologies sales increased $276 million mainly due to higher demand in North America and Western Europe.
Filtration sales increased $219 million primarily due to stronger market demand in North America, Europe, Latin America, China and Asia Pacific.
Favorable foreign currency fluctuations principally in the Chinese renminbi and Euro.

Segment EBITDA

Components segment EBITDA for the three months ended October 3, 2021, decreased $8 million versus the comparable period in 2020, mainly due to higher compensation expenses, increased material costs, higher freight costs due to supply chain constraints and increased spending on prototypes, partially offset by higher volumes.

Components segment EBITDA for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, increased $294 million versus the comparable period in 2020, primarily due to higher volumes and favorable mix, partially offset by higher compensation expenses, increased material costs, higher freight costs due to supply chain constraints and lower equity, royalty and interest income in investees (mainly due to the absence of a $14 million favorable adjustment related to India Tax Law Changes passed in March 2020 in Fleetguard Filters Private Ltd., partially offset by higher equity earnings). See Note 4, "INCOME TAXES," of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2020 Form 10-K for additional information on India Tax Law Changes.

Power Systems Segment Results

Financial data for the Power Systems segment was as follows:


	Three months ended						Favorable/				Nine months ended						Favorable/
	October 3,			September 27,			(Unfavorable)				October 3,			September 27,			(Unfavorable)
In millions	2021			2020			Amount		Percent		2021			2020			Amount		Percent
External sales	$	688		$	567		$	121	21	%	$	1,999		$	1,495		$	504	34	%
Intersegment sales	476			414			62		15	%	1,330			1,147			183		16	%
Total sales	1,164			981			183		19	%	3,329			2,642			687		26	%

Research, development and engineering expenses	55			53			(2)		(4)	%	172			148			(24)		(16)	%
Equity, royalty and interest income from investees	11			—			11		NM		32			18			14		78	%
Interest income	1			1			—		—	%	3			3			—		—	%
Segment EBITDA	134			101			33		33	%	399			269			130		48	%

							Percentage Points										Percentage Points
Segment EBITDA as a percentage of total sales	11.5		%	10.3		%			1.2		12.0		%	10.2		%			1.8

"NM" - not meaningful information

Sales for our Power Systems segment by product line were as follows:


	Three months ended				Favorable/				Nine months ended				Favorable/
	October 3,		September 27,		(Unfavorable)				October 3,		September 27,		(Unfavorable)
In millions	2021		2020		Amount		Percent		2021		2020		Amount		Percent
Power generation	$	664	$	601	$	63	10	%	$	1,930	$	1,544	$	386	25	%
Industrial	412		309		103		33	%	1,135		896		239		27	%
Generator technologies	88		71		17		24	%	264		202		62		31	%
Total sales	$	1,164	$	981	$	183	19	%	$	3,329	$	2,642	$	687	26	%

Sales

Power Systems segment sales for the three months ended October 3, 2021, increased $183 million versus the comparable period in 2020. The following were the primary drivers by product line:

Industrial sales increased $103 million due to stronger demand in global mining markets and oil and gas markets in China.
Power generation sales increased $63 million due to higher demand in India and China, partially offset by weaker demand in Europe and Russia.

Power Systems segment sales for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, increased $687 million versus the comparable period in 2020. The following were the primary drivers by product line:

Power generation sales increased $386 million due to higher demand in North America, India and China.
Industrial sales increased $239 million due to higher demand in global mining markets.
Favorable foreign currency fluctuations primarily in the Chinese renminbi and British pound.

Segment EBITDA

Power Systems segment EBITDA for the three months ended October 3, 2021, increased $33 million versus the comparable period in 2020, mainly due to higher volumes and the absence of $10 million in impairment charges for a joint venture incurred in the third quarter of 2020, partially offset by increased material costs, higher compensation expenses, increased consulting expenses and unfavorable mix.

Power Systems segment EBITDA for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, increased $130 million versus the comparable period in 2020, primarily due to higher volumes and the absence of $13 million in impairment charges for a joint venture, partially offset by higher compensation expenses, unfavorable mix and increased material costs.

New Power Segment Results

The New Power segment designs, manufactures, sells and supports hydrogen production solutions as well as electrified power systems ranging from fully electric to hybrid along with innovative components and subsystems, including battery and fuel cell technologies. The New Power segment is currently in the development phase with a primary focus on research and development activities for our power systems, components and subsystems. Financial data for the New Power segment was as follows:



	Three months ended				Favorable/				Nine months ended				Favorable/
	October 3,		September 27,		(Unfavorable)				October 3,		September 27,		(Unfavorable)
In millions	2021		2020		Amount		Percent		2021		2020		Amount		Percent
External sales	$	20	$	18	$	2	11	%	$	77	$	38	$	39	NM
Intersegment sales	3		—		3		NM		5		—		5		NM
Total sales	23		18		5		28	%	82		38		44		NM

Research, development and engineering expenses	26		26		—		—	%	75		79		4		5	%
Equity, royalty and interest (loss) from investees	(3)		(2)		(1)		50	%	(1)		(3)		2		67	%

Segment EBITDA	(58)		(40)		(18)		(45)	%	(169)		(121)		(48)		(40)	%




"NM" - not meaningful information

OUTLOOK

COVID-19 Impact

The acceleration of the COVID-19 vaccine distribution around the world is helping curb the spread of the virus and will hopefully allow the majority of our manufacturing facilities to remain open to meet increasing customer demand. While the vaccination effort continues to progress globally, many markets are still dealing with rising cases, new COVID variants and slower vaccination rollout. We continue to take necessary precautions at all our facilities both in the U.S. and abroad to mitigate the spread of the disease and prioritize the health and safety of our employees. While we are optimistic that continued vaccination distribution globally will minimize the impacts of the virus, there is still a risk of increased cases or new virus variants resulting in lower customer demand, additional facility shutdowns or supply chain constraints in the future.

In March 2021, we gained approval as a COVID-19 vaccine administrator at several U.S. sites and began offering the vaccine to our employees and their families at certain facilities in the U.S. During the second quarter of 2021, we received approval and began providing vaccines to our employees in other international locations as allowed. We continue to collaborate with health officials around the world to provide employees with access to COVID-19 vaccines. That work differs geographically due to the variability in vaccine accessibility and distribution. Our global network of medical professionals is always focused on efforts to ensure the safety of all Cummins employees, their families and our communities.

On September 9, 2021, President Biden issued an executive order for U.S. government contractors. We are taking steps to comply with the executive order for all U.S.-based employees, contractors and subcontractors that work on or in support of contracts with the U.S. government. In addition, on September 9, 2021, President Biden announced that he directed the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to develop an Emergency Temporary Standard (ETS) mandating either the full vaccination or weekly testing of employees for employers with 100 or more employees. Employees who are not subject to the executive order and who are not fully vaccinated may be subject to the ETS that will require them to get a COVID-19 test at least once a week. OSHA has not yet issued the ETS nor provided any additional information on its contents or requirements. See I tem 1A. Risk Factors in this Form 10-Q, for a discussion of the risks associated with the potential adverse effects on our workforce of the U.S. Government vaccine mandate. Additionally, see the section titled Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 for a discussion of risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Business Outlook

Our outlook reflects the following positive trends and challenges to our business for the remainder of 2021.

Positive Trends

We expect demand for pick-up trucks in North America to remain strong.
We estimate North American medium-duty and heavy-duty truck demand will continue to improve from 2020 levels.
We believe market demand for trucks in India will improve from 2020 levels.
We anticipate our aftermarket business will continue to improve, driven primarily by increased truck utilization in North America.
Our liquidity of $6.3 billion in cash, marketable securities and available credit facilities strengthens our position to deal with any uncertainties that may arise in the remainder of 2021.

Challenges

Supply constraints driven by strong demand in multiple end markets and regions may lead to increased costs, including higher premium freight.
Continued increases in material and commodity costs could negatively impact earnings.
Our industry continues to be unfavorably impacted by supply chain constraints leading to shortages across multiple components categories and limiting our collective ability to meet end-user demand. Our customers are also experiencing other supply chain issues slowing production.
We expect market demand in truck and construction markets in China to decline from record levels in 2020.

Separation of Filtration Business

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Key Working Capital and Balance Sheet Data

We fund our working capital with cash from operations and short-term borrowings, including commercial paper, when necessary. Various assets and liabilities, including short-term debt, can fluctuate significantly from month to month depending on short-term liquidity needs. As a result, working capital is a prime focus of management's attention. Working capital and balance sheet measures are provided in the following table:


Dollars in millions	October 3, 2021			December 31, 2020
Working capital (1)	$	5,459		$	5,562
Current ratio	1.80			1.88
Accounts and notes receivable, net	$	4,152		$	3,820
Days' sales in receivables	60			69
Inventories	$	4,322		$	3,425
Inventory turnover	4.6			4.2
Accounts payable (principally trade)	$	3,210		$	2,820
Days' payable outstanding	58			68
Total debt	$	3,942		$	4,164
Total debt as a percent of total capital	30.5		%	31.7		%

(1) Working capital includes cash and cash equivalents.

Cash Flows

Cash and cash equivalents were impacted as follows:


	Nine months ended
In millions	October 3, 2021		September 27, 2020		Change
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	1,524	$	1,580	$	(56)
Net cash used in investing activities	(278)		(337)		59
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(2,079)		564		(2,643)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	20		31		(11)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	$	(813)	$	1,838	$	(2,651)

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $56 million for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, versus the comparable period in 2020, primarily due to higher working capital requirements of $409 million and changes in other liabilities of $267 million, partially offset by higher consolidated net income of $463 million, lower restructuring payments of $99 million and higher mark-to-market losses on corporate owned life insurances of $61 million. During the first nine months of 2021, the higher working capital requirements resulted in a cash outflow of $466 million compared to a cash outflow of $57 million in the comparable period in 2020, mainly due to higher inventories and accounts and notes receivable, partially offset by higher accrued expenses and accounts payable.

Net cash used in investing activities decreased $59 million for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, versus the comparable period in 2020, primarily due to higher net liquidations of marketable securities of $47 million, changes in cash flows from derivatives not designated as hedges of $34 million, lower investments in and advances to equity investees of $33 million and proceeds from sale of land of $20 million, partially offset by higher capital expenditures of $94 million.

Net cash used in financing activities increased $2,643 million for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, versus the comparable period in 2020, primarily due to lower proceeds from borrowings of $1,964 million, mainly resulting from our $2 billion bond issuance in 2020, and higher repurchases of common stock of $678 million, partially offset by lower net payments of commercial paper of $221 million.

The effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, versus the comparable period in 2020, decreased $11 million primarily due to unfavorable fluctuations in the British pound of $11 million.

Sources of Liquidity

Cash provided by operations is typically our principal source of liquidity with $1,524 million generated in the nine months ended October 3, 2021. Our sources of liquidity include:


	October 3, 2021
In millions	Total		U.S.		International		Primary location of international balances
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,588	$	1,278	$	1,310	China, Singapore, Belgium, Mexico, Australia, Canada

Marketable securities (1)	430		89		341		India
Total	$	3,018	$	1,367	$	1,651
Available credit capacity
Revolving credit facilities (2)	$	3,300
International and other uncommitted domestic credit facilities	$	268




(1) The majority of marketable securities could be liquidated into cash within a few days.
(2) The five-year credit facility for $2.0 billion and the 364-day credit facility for $1.5 billion, maturing August 2026 and August 2022, respectively, are maintained primarily to provide backup liquidity for our commercial paper borrowings and general corporate purposes. At October 3, 2021, we had $200 million of commercial paper outstanding, which effectively reduced the available capacity under our revolving credit facilities to $3.3 billion.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

A significant portion of our cash flow is generated outside the U.S. We manage our worldwide cash requirements considering available funds among the many subsidiaries through which we conduct our business and the cost effectiveness with which those funds can be accessed. As a result, we do not anticipate any local liquidity restrictions to preclude us from funding our operating needs with local resources.

If we distribute our foreign cash balances to the U.S. or to other foreign subsidiaries, we could be required to accrue and pay withholding taxes, for example, if we repatriated cash from certain foreign subsidiaries whose earnings we asserted are completely or partially permanently reinvested. Foreign earnings for which we assert permanent reinvestment outside the U.S. consist primarily of earnings of our China, India and Netherlands domiciled subsidiaries. At present, we do not foresee a need to repatriate any earnings for which we asserted permanent reinvestment. However, to help fund cash needs of the U.S. or other international subsidiaries as they arise, we repatriate available cash from certain foreign subsidiaries whose earnings are not permanently reinvested when it is cost effective to do so.

Debt Facilities and Other Sources of Liquidity

We have access to committed credit facilities that total $3.5 billion, including the $1.5 billion 364-day facility that expires August 17, 2022 and our $2.0 billion five-year facility that expires on August 18, 2026. We intend to maintain credit facilities at the current or higher aggregate amounts by renewing or replacing these facilities at or before expiration. These revolving credit facilities are maintained primarily to provide backup liquidity for our commercial paper borrowings and for general corporate purposes. There were no outstanding borrowings under these facilities at October 3, 2021.

We can issue up to $3.5 billion of unsecured, short-term promissory notes (commercial paper) pursuant to the Board of Directors (the Board) authorized commercial paper programs. The programs facilitate the private placement of unsecured short-term debt through third-party brokers. We intend to use the net proceeds from the commercial paper borrowings for general corporate purposes. The total combined borrowing capacity under the revolving credit facilities and commercial programs should not exceed $3.5 billion. See Note 9, "DEBT," to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

At October 3, 2021, we had $200 million of commercial paper outstanding, which effectively reduced the available capacity under our revolving credit facilities to $3.3 billion.

Supply Chain Financing

We currently have supply chain financing programs with financial intermediaries, which provide certain vendors the option to be paid by financial intermediaries earlier than the due date on the applicable invoice. When a vendor utilizes the program and receives an early payment from a financial intermediary, they take a discount on the invoice. We then pay the financial intermediary the face amount of the invoice on the regularly scheduled due date. We do not reimburse vendors for any costs they incur for participation in the program and their participation is completely voluntary. As a result, all amounts owed to the financial intermediaries are presented as "Accounts payable" in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Uses of Cash

Stock Repurchases

In December 2019, the Board authorized the acquisition of up to $2.0 billion of additional common stock upon completion of the 2018 repurchase plan. In the first nine months of 2021, we made the following purchases under the 2019 stock repurchase program:


In millions, except per share amounts	Shares Purchased	Average Cost Per Share		Total Cost of Repurchases		Remaining Authorized Capacity (1)

April 4	1.7	$	247.35	$	418	$	1,576
July 4	2.7	252.66		672		904
October 3	0.6	231.57		138		766

Total	5.0	248.30		$	1,228

(1) The remaining authorized capacity under these plans was calculated based on the cost to purchase the shares but excludes commission expenses in accordance with the authorized plan.

We intend to repurchase outstanding shares from time to time during 2021 to enhance shareholder value.

Dividends

In July 2021, the Board authorized an increase to our quarterly dividend of 7.4 percent from $1.35 per share to $1.45 per share.

We paid dividends of $601 million during the nine months ended October 3, 2021.

Capital Expenditures

Capital expenditures, including spending on internal use software, for the nine months ended October 3, 2021, were $398 million versus $301 million in the comparable period in 2020. We plan to spend an estimated $725 million to $775 million in 2021 on capital expenditures, excluding internal use software, with over 50 percent of these expenditures expected to be invested in North America. In addition, we plan to spend an estimated $50 million to $60 million on internal use software in 2021.

Current Maturities of Short and Long-Term Debt

We had $200 million of commercial paper outstanding at October 3, 2021, that matures in less than one year. The maturity schedule of our existing long-term debt does not require significant cash outflows until 2023 when our 3.65% senior notes and 2025 when our 0.75% senior notes are due. Required annual long-term debt principal payments range from $16 million to $536 million over the next five years (including the remainder of 2021). See Note 9, "DEBT," to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Pensions

Our global pension plans, including our unfunded and non-qualified plans, were 112 percent funded at December 31, 2020. Our U.S. defined benefit plan, which represented approximately 52 percent of the worldwide pension obligation, was 128 percent funded, and our U.K. defined benefit plan was 114 percent funded at December 31, 2020. The funded status of our pension plans is dependent upon a variety of variables and assumptions including return on invested assets, market interest rates and levels of voluntary contributions to the plans. In the first nine months of 2021, the investment gain on our U.S. pension trust was 6.2 percent while our U.K. pension trust gain was 0.7 percent. Approximately 69 percent of our pension plan assets are held in highly liquid investments such as fixed income and equity securities. The remaining 31 percent of our plan assets are held in less liquid, but market valued investments, including real estate, private equity, venture capital, opportunistic credit and insurance contracts. During the remainder of

2021, we anticipate making $6 million in additional defined benefit pension contributions in the U.K. and $4 million in contributions to our U.S. non-qualified benefit plans. These contributions may be made from trusts or company funds either to increase pension assets or to make direct benefit payments to plan participants. We expect our 2021 annual net periodic pension cost to approximate $79 million.

Credit Ratings

Our rating and outlook from each of the credit rating agencies as of the date of filing are shown in the table below:



	Long-Term	Short-Term
Credit Rating Agency (1)	Senior Debt Rating	Debt Rating	Outlook
Standard and Poor’s Rating Services	A+	A1	Stable

Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.	A2	P1	Stable

(1) Credit ratings are not recommendations to buy, are subject to change, and each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating. In addition, we undertake no obligation to update disclosures concerning our credit ratings, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Management's Assessment of Liquidity

Our financial condition and liquidity remain strong. Our solid balance sheet and credit ratings enable us to have ready access to credit and the capital markets. We assess our liquidity in terms of our ability to generate adequate cash to fund our operating, investing and financing activities. We believe our existing cash and marketable securities, operating cash flow and revolving credit facilities provide us with the financial flexibility needed to fund common stock repurchases, dividend payments, targeted capital expenditures, projected pension obligations, acquisitions, working capital and debt service obligations through 2021 and beyond. We continue to generate significant cash from operations and maintain access to our revolving credit facilities and commercial paper programs as noted above.

APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

A summary of our significant accounting policies is included in Note 1, “SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES,” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2020 Form 10-K, which discusses accounting policies that we have selected from acceptable alternatives.

Our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles that often require management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions regarding uncertainties that affect the reported amounts presented and disclosed in the financial statements. Management reviews these estimates and assumptions based on historical experience, changes in business conditions including the impacts of COVID-19 and other relevant factors they believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. In any given reporting period, our actual results may differ from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Critical accounting estimates are defined as follows: the estimate requires management to make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the estimate was made; different estimates reasonably could have been used; or if changes in the estimate are reasonably likely to occur from period to period and the change would have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. Our senior management has discussed the development and selection of our accounting policies, related accounting estimates and the disclosures set forth below with the Audit Committee of the Board. Our critical accounting estimates disclosed in the Form 10-K address estimating liabilities for warranty programs, assessing goodwill impairment, accounting for income taxes and pension benefits.

A discussion of our critical accounting estimates may be found in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis” section of our 2020 Form 10-K under the caption “APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES.” Within the context of these critical accounting estimates, we are not currently aware of any reasonably likely events or circumstances that would result in different policies or estimates being reported in the first nine months of 2021.

Previous: Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements · Next: Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk