Cover and table of contents

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Cover and table of contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549


FORM 10-K


☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File No. 001-13300


CAPITAL ONE FINANCIAL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware54-1719854
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1680 Capital One Drive,
McLean,Virginia22102
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (703) 720-1000____________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each ClassTrading Symbol(s)Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock (par value $.01 per share)COFNew York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, Each Representing a 1/40th Interest in a Share of Fixed Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series ICOF PRINew York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, Each Representing a 1/40th Interest in a Share of Fixed Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series JCOF PRJNew York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, Each Representing a 1/40th Interest in a Share of Fixed Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series KCOF PRKNew York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, Each Representing a 1/40th Interest in a Share of Fixed Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series LCOF PRLNew York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, Each Representing a 1/40th Interest in a Share of Fixed Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series NCOF PRNNew York Stock Exchange
0.800% Senior Notes Due 2024COF24New York Stock Exchange
1.650% Senior Notes Due 2029COF29New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None


Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C.7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of the close of business on June 30, 2023 was approximately $41.3 billion. As of January 31, 2024, there were 380,212,220 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

**1.**Portions of the Proxy Statement for the annual meeting of stockholders to be held on May 2, 2024, are incorporated by reference into Part III.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
PART I4
Item 1.Business4
Overview4
Operations and Business Segments6
Competition7
Supervision and Regulation7
Human Capital Resources18
Technology and Intellectual Property19
Forward-Looking Statements20
Item 1A.Risk Factors22
Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments43
Item 1C.Cybersecurity43
Item 2.Properties45
Item 3.Legal Proceedings45
Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures45
PART II46
Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities46
Item 6.[Reserved]49
Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”)49
Selected Financial Data50
Executive Summary53
Consolidated Results of Operations54
Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis59
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements61
Business Segment Financial Performance62
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates72
Accounting Changes and Developments77
Capital Management78
Risk Management83
Credit Risk Profile89
Liquidity Risk Profile100
Market Risk Profile105
Supplemental Tables110
Glossary and Acronyms112
Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk120
Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data121
Consolidated Statements of Income127
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income128
Consolidated Balance Sheets129
1Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity130
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows131
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements133
Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies133
Note 2—Investment Securities148
Note 3—Loans151
Note 4—Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments164
Note 5—Variable Interest Entities and Securitizations168
Note 6—Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets172
Note 7—Premises, Equipment and Leases175
Note 8—Deposits and Borrowings177
Note 9—Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities179
Note 10—Stockholders’ Equity188
Note 11—Regulatory and Capital Adequacy191
Note 12—Earnings Per Common Share193
Note 13—Stock-Based Compensation Plans194
Note 14—Employee Benefit Plans196
Note 15—Income Taxes198
Note 16—Fair Value Measurement202
Note 17—Business Segments and Revenue from Contracts with Customers211
Note 18—Commitments, Contingencies, Guarantees and Others216
Note 19—Capital One Financial Corporation (Parent Company Only)220
Note 20—Related Party Transactions222
Note 21—Subsequent Events222
Item 9.Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure223
Item 9A.Controls and Procedures223
Item 9B.Other Information223
Item 9C.Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections223
PART III224
Item 10.Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance224
Item 11.Executive Compensation224
Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters224
Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence224
Item 14.Principal Accountant Fees and Services224
PART IV225
Item 15.Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules225
Item 16.Form 10-K Summary225
EXHIBIT INDEX226
SIGNATURES230
2Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

INDEX OF MD&A AND SUPPLEMENTAL TABLES

MD&A Tables:Page
1Average Balances, Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin55
2Rate/Volume Analysis of Net Interest Income56
3Non-Interest Income57
4Non-Interest Expense58
5Loans Held for Investment60
6Funding Sources Composition60
7Business Segment Results63
8Credit Card Business Results64
8.1Domestic Card Business Results66
9Consumer Banking Business Results67
10Commercial Banking Business Results69
11Other Category Results71
12Capital Ratios Under Basel III80
13Regulatory Risk-Based Capital Components and Regulatory Capital Metrics81
14Preferred Stock Dividends Paid Per Share82
15Portfolio Composition of Loans Held for Investment90
16Loan Maturity Schedule91
17Credit Card Portfolio by Geographic Region91
18Consumer Banking Portfolio by Geographic Region92
19Commercial Real Estate Portfolio by Region93
20Commercial Loans by Industry93
21Credit Score Distribution94
2230+ Day Delinquencies94
23Aging and Geography of 30+ Day Delinquent Loans95
2490+ Day Delinquent Loans Accruing Interest96
25Nonperforming Loans and Other Nonperforming Assets96
26Net Charge-Offs (Recoveries)97
27Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments Activity99
28Liquidity Reserves100
29Deposits Composition and Average Deposits Interest Rates102
30Amount of Time Deposits in Excess of $250,000 by Contractual Maturity103
31Long-Term Debt Funding Activities104
32Senior Unsecured Long-Term Debt Credit Ratings104
33Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis108
Supplemental Tables:
ANet Charge-Offs110
BReconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures110
3Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

PART I

Next: Item 1. Business