Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”)

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”)

This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are based upon management’s current expectations and are subject to significant uncertainties and changes in circumstances. Please review “Forward-Looking Statements” for more information on the forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“this Report”). All statements that address operating performance, events or developments that we expect or anticipate will occur in the future are forward-looking statements. Our actual results may differ materially from those included in these forward-looking statements due to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, those described in “Part I—Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K (“2023 Form 10-K”) and “Part II—Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Report. Unless otherwise specified, references to notes to our consolidated financial statements refer to the notes to our consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2024 included in this Report.

Management monitors a variety of key indicators to evaluate our business results and financial condition. The following MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our consolidated financial statements and related notes in this Report and the more detailed information contained in our 2023 Form 10-K.


INTRODUCTION

Capital One Financial Corporation, a Delaware corporation established in 1994 and headquartered in McLean, Virginia, is a diversified financial services holding company with banking and non-banking subsidiaries. Capital One Financial Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company” or “Capital One”) offer a broad array of financial products and services to consumers, small businesses and commercial clients through digital channels, branch locations, cafés and other distribution channels.

As of March 31, 2024, Capital One Financial Corporation’s principal operating subsidiary was Capital One, National Association (“CONA”). The Company is hereafter collectively referred to as “we,” “us” or “our.” CONA is referred to as the “Bank.”

Our consolidated total net revenues are derived primarily from lending to consumer and commercial customers net of funding costs associated with our deposits, long-term debt and other borrowings. We also earn non-interest income which primarily consists of interchange income, net of reward expenses, service charges and other customer-related fees. Our expenses primarily consist of the provision for credit losses, operating expenses, marketing expenses and income taxes.

Our principal operations are organized for management reporting purposes into three major business segments, which are defined primarily based on the products and services provided or the types of customers served: Credit Card, Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking. The operations of acquired businesses have been integrated into or managed as a part of our existing business segments. Certain activities that are not part of a business segment are included in the Other category, such as the management of our corporate investment portfolio and asset/liability positions performed by our centralized Corporate Treasury group and any residual tax expense or benefit beyond what is assessed to our business segments in order to arrive at the consolidated effective tax rate. The Other category also includes unallocated corporate expenses that do not directly support the operations of the business segments or for which the business segments are not considered financially accountable in evaluating their performance, such as certain restructuring charges.

Credit Card: Consists of our domestic consumer and small business card lending, and international card businesses in the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and Canada.
Consumer Banking: Consists of our deposit gathering and lending activities for consumers and small businesses, and national auto lending.
Commercial Banking: Consists of our lending, deposit gathering, capital markets and treasury management services to commercial real estate and commercial and industrial customers. Our customers typically include companies with annual revenues between $20 million and $2 billion.



			4			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Business Developments

We regularly explore and evaluate opportunities to acquire financial products and services as well as financial assets, including credit card and other loan portfolios, and enter into strategic partnerships as part of our growth strategy. We also explore opportunities to acquire technology companies and related assets to improve our information technology infrastructure and to deliver on our digital strategy. We may issue equity or debt to fund our acquisitions. In addition, we regularly consider the potential disposition of certain of our assets, branches, partnership agreements or lines of business.

Agreement to Acquire Discover

On February 19, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement and plan of merger (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Capital One, Discover Financial Services, a Delaware corporation (“Discover”) and Vega Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub”), pursuant to which (a) Merger Sub will merge with and into Discover, with Discover as the surviving entity in the merger (the “Merger”); (b) immediately following the Merger, Discover, as the surviving entity, will merge with and into Capital One, with Capital One as the surviving entity in the second-step merger (the “Second Step Merger”); and (c) immediately following the Second Step Merger, Discover Bank, a Delaware-chartered and wholly owned subsidiary of Discover, will merge with and into CONA, with CONA as the surviving entity in the merger (the “CONA Bank Merger,” and collectively with the Merger and the Second Step Merger, the “Transaction”). The Merger Agreement was unanimously approved by the Boards of Directors of each of Capital One and Discover.

At the effective time of the Merger, each share of common stock of Discover outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger, other than certain shares held by Discover or Capital One, will be converted into the right to receive 1.0192 shares of common stock of Capital One. Holders of Discover common stock will receive cash in lieu of fractional shares. At the effective time of the Second Step Merger, each share of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C, of Discover, and each share of 6.125% Fixed-Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series D, of Discover, in each case outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Second Step Merger, will be converted into the right to receive a share of newly created series of preferred stock of Capital One having terms that are not materially less favorable than the applicable series of Discover preferred stock. The closing of the Transaction is subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, including receipt of required regulatory approvals and approval by the stockholders of each of Capital One and Discover.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Final Rule

The final rule, when effective, will have a significant impact on our revenue. In response to the final rule, we have developed a number of mitigating actions, including changes to our policies, products, and investment choices. Some of these mitigating actions have been implemented. Others may be implemented as matters related to the final rule continue to develop. After their implementation, we believe that these actions will gradually resolve the impact of the final rule on our results of operations over time.

For more information on risks related to these rules, see the risk factors set forth under “Part I—Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2023 Form 10-K.



			5			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)


SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following table presents selected consolidated financial data and performance from our results of operations for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023 and selected comparative balance sheet data as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. We also provide selected key metrics we use in evaluating our performance, including certain metrics that are computed using non-GAAP measures. We consider these metrics to be key financial measures that management uses in assessing our operating performance, capital adequacy and the level of returns generated. We believe these non-GAAP metrics provide useful insight to investors and users of our financial information as they provide an alternate measurement of our performance and assist in assessing our capital adequacy and the level of return generated. These non-GAAP measures should not be viewed as a substitute for reported results determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), nor are they necessarily comparable to non-GAAP measures that may be presented by other companies.

Table 1: Consolidated Financial Highlights


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions, except per share data and as noted)		2024		2023		Change
Income statement


Net interest income		$	7,488	$	7,186	4%
Non-interest income		1,914		1,717		11
Total net revenue		9,402		8,903		6
Provision for credit losses		2,683		2,795		(4)
Non-interest expense:
Marketing		1,010		897		13
Operating expense		4,127		4,048		2
Total non-interest expense		5,137		4,945		4
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		1,582		1,163		36
Income tax provision		302		203		49


Net income		1,280		960		33
Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities		(23)		(16)		44
Preferred stock dividends		(57)		(57)		—

Net income available to common stockholders		$	1,200	$	887	35
Common share statistics
Basic earnings per common share:


Net income per basic common share		$	3.14	$	2.32	35%
Diluted earnings per common share:


Net income per diluted common share		$	3.13	$	2.31	35%
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (in millions):
Basic		382.2		382.6		—
Diluted		383.4		383.8		—
Common shares outstanding (period-end, in millions)		382.1		382.0		—
Dividends declared and paid per common share		$	0.60	$	0.60	—

Tangible book value per common share (period-end)(1)		98.67		90.86		9%



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	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions, except per share data and as noted)		2024			2023			Change
Balance sheet (average balances)
Loans held for investment		$	314,614		$	307,756		2%
Interest-earning assets		447,803			435,199			3
Total assets		474,995			462,324			3
Interest-bearing deposits		318,450			308,788			3
Total deposits		345,657			340,123			2
Borrowings		50,474			48,016			5
Common equity		53,152			49,927			6
Total stockholders’ equity		57,998			54,773			6
Selected performance metrics
Purchase volume		$	150,171		$	141,658		6%
Total net revenue margin(2)		8.40%			8.18		%	22bps
Net interest margin		6.69			6.60			9
Return on average assets(3)		1.08			0.83			25
Return on average tangible assets(4)		1.11			0.86			25
Return on average common equity(5)		9.03			7.11			192
Return on average tangible common equity(6)		12.67			10.15			252
Equity-to-assets ratio(7)		12.21			11.85			36

Efficiency ratio(8)		54.64			55.54			(90)
Operating efficiency ratio(9)		43.89			45.47			(158)
Adjusted operating efficiency ratio(10)		43.45			45.47			(202)
Effective income tax rate from continuing operations		19.1			17.5			160
Net charge-offs		$	2,616		$	1,697		54%
Net charge-off rate		3.33		%	2.21		%	112bps



(Dollars in millions, except as noted)	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			Change
Balance sheet (period-end)
Loans held for investment	$	315,154		$	320,472		(2)%
Interest-earning assets	453,557			449,701			1
Total assets	481,720			478,464			1
Interest-bearing deposits	323,352			320,389			1
Total deposits	350,969			348,413			1
Borrowings	50,361			49,856			1
Common equity	52,955			53,244			(1)
Total stockholders’ equity	57,801			58,089			—
Credit quality metrics
Allowance for credit losses	$	15,380		$	15,296		1%
Allowance coverage ratio	4.88		%	4.77		%	11	bps
30+ day performing delinquency rate	3.40			3.71			(31)
30+ day delinquency rate	3.67			3.99			(32)



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(Dollars in millions, except as noted)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023		Change
Capital ratios
Common equity Tier 1 capital(11)	13.1	%	12.9	%	20	bps
Tier 1 capital(11)	14.4		14.2		20
Total capital(11)	16.2		16.0		20
Tier 1 leverage(11)	11.3		11.2		10
Tangible common equity(12)	8.1		8.2		(10)
Supplementary leverage(11)	9.6		9.6		—
Other
Employees (period end, in thousands)	51.3		52.0		(1)%

(1)Tangible book value per common share is a non-GAAP measure calculated based on tangible common equity (“TCE”) divided by common shares outstanding. See “Supplemental Table—Table A—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for additional information on non-GAAP measures.

(2)Total net revenue margin is calculated based on annualized total net revenue for the period divided by average interest-earning assets for the period.

(3)Return on average assets is calculated based on annualized income from continuing operations, net of tax, for the period divided by average total assets for the period.

(4)Return on average tangible assets is a non-GAAP measure calculated based on annualized income from continuing operations, net of tax, for the period divided by average tangible assets for the period. See “Supplemental Table—Table A—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for additional information on non-GAAP measures.

(5)Return on average common equity is calculated based on annualized net income (loss) available to common stockholders less annualized income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, for the period, divided by average common equity. Our calculation of return on average common equity may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures reported by other companies.

(6)Return on average tangible common equity is a non-GAAP measure calculated based on annualized net income (loss) available to common stockholders less annualized income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, for the period, divided by average TCE. Our calculation of return on average TCE may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures reported by other companies. See “Supplemental Table—Table A—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for additional information on non-GAAP measures.

(7)Equity-to-assets ratio is calculated based on average stockholders’ equity for the period divided by average total assets for the period.

(8)Efficiency ratio is calculated based on total non-interest expense for the period divided by total net revenue for the period.

(9)Operating efficiency ratio is calculated based on operating expense for the period divided by total net revenue for the period.

(10)Adjusted operating efficiency ratio is a non-GAAP measure. See “Supplemental Table—Table A—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of our adjusted operating efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) to our operating efficiency ratio (GAAP).

(11)Capital ratios are calculated based on the Basel III standardized approach framework, see “Capital Management” for additional information.

(12)Tangible common equity ratio is a non-GAAP measure calculated based on TCE divided by tangible assets. See “Supplemental Table—Table A—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for the calculation of this measure and reconciliation to the comparative U.S. GAAP measure.



			8			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Financial Highlights

We reported net income of $1.3 billion ($3.13 per diluted common share) on total net revenue of $9.4 billion for the first quarter of 2024. In comparison, we reported net income of $960 million ($2.31 per diluted common share) on total net revenue of $8.9 billion for the first quarter of 2023.

Our common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital ratio as calculated under the Basel III standardized approach was 13.1% and 12.9% as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. See “Capital Management” for additional information.

In the first quarter of 2024, we declared and paid common stock dividends of $238 million and repurchased $103 million of shares of our common stock. See “Capital Management—Dividend Policy and Stock Purchases” for additional information.

Below are additional highlights of our performance in the first quarter of 2024. These highlights are based on a comparison between the results of the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, except as otherwise noted. The changes in our financial condition and credit performance are generally based on our financial condition and credit performance as of March 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023. We provide a more detailed discussion of our financial performance in the sections following this “Executive Summary.”

Total Company Performance

*•*Earnings:

Our net income increased by $320 million to $1.3 billion in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023 primarily driven by:

**◦**Higher net interest income primarily driven by higher average loan balances in our credit card loan portfolio and higher asset yields, partially offset by higher deposit rates paid.

**◦**Higher non-interest income primarily driven by growth in our Credit Card business.

These drivers were partially offset by:

**◦**Higher non-interest expense primarily driven by increased marketing spend and the $42 million of incremental expense recognized in the first quarter of 2024 for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) special assessment related to certain regional bank failures.

*•*Loans Held for Investment:

**◦**Period-end loans held for investment decreased by $5.3 billion to $315.2 billion as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 primarily driven by seasonal paydowns in our credit card loan portfolio.

*◦*Average loans held for investment increased by $6.9 billion to $314.6 billion in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023 primarily driven by growth in our credit card loan portfolio.

*•*Net Charge-Off and Delinquency Metrics:

*◦*Our net charge-off rate increased by 112 basis points (“bps”) to 3.33% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023 primarily driven by higher net charge-offs in our domestic credit card loan portfolio.

*◦*Our 30+ day delinquency rate decreased by 32 bps to 3.67% as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 primarily driven by seasonally lower delinquency inventories in our auto and domestic credit card loan portfolios.

*•*Allowance for Credit Losses: Our allowance for credit losses increased by $84 million to $15.4 billion and our allowance coverage ratio increased by 11 bps to 4.88% as of March 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023.



			9			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)


CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The section below provides a comparative discussion of our consolidated financial performance for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023. We provide a discussion of our business segment results in the following section, “Business Segment Financial Performance.” This section should be read together with our “Executive Summary,” where we discuss trends and other factors that we expect will affect our future results of operations.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income represents the difference between interest income, including certain fees, earned on our interest-earning assets and the interest expense incurred on our interest-bearing liabilities. Our interest-earning assets include loans, investment securities and other interest-earning assets, while our interest-bearing liabilities include interest-bearing deposits, securitized debt obligations, senior and subordinated notes, other borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities. Generally, we include in interest income any past due fees, net of reversals, on loans that we deem collectible. Our net interest margin, based on our consolidated results, represents the difference between the yield on our interest-earning assets and the cost of our interest-bearing liabilities, including the notional impact of non-interest-bearing funding. We expect net interest income and our net interest margin to fluctuate based on changes in interest rates and changes in the amount and composition of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.



			10			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Table 2 below presents the average outstanding balance, interest income earned, interest expense incurred and average yield for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023 for each major category of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Nonperforming loans are included in the average loan balances below.

Table 2: Average Balances, Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024						2023
(Dollars in millions)	Average Balance		Interest Income/ Expense		Average Yield/ Rate(1)		Average Balance		Interest Income/ Expense		Average Yield/ Rate(1)
Assets:
Interest-earning assets:
Loans:(2)
Credit card	$	150,049	$	7,067	18.84	%	$	134,669	$	6,053	17.98	%
Consumer banking	75,091		1,564		8.33		79,000		1,461		7.40
Commercial banking(3)	90,423		1,612		7.13		94,446		1,488		6.30
Other(4)	—		(323)		******		—		(279)		******
Total loans, including loans held for sale	315,563		9,920		12.57		308,115		8,723		11.32
Investment securities	88,581		687		3.10		89,960		615		2.73
Cash equivalents and other interest-earning assets	43,659		570		5.21		37,124		416		4.49
Total interest-earning assets	447,803		11,177		9.98		435,199		9,754		8.96
Cash and due from banks	3,947						4,155
Allowance for credit losses	(15,293)						(13,203)
Premises and equipment, net	4,391						4,349
Other assets	34,147						31,824
Total assets	$	474,995					$	462,324
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity:
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing deposits	$	318,450	$	2,812	3.53	%	$	308,788	$	1,856	2.40	%
Securitized debt obligations	17,836		261		5.85		17,251		211		4.90
Senior and subordinated notes	32,211		606		7.52		30,136		489		6.49
Other borrowings and interest-bearing liabilities(5)	2,373		10		1.78		2,335		12		2.08
Total interest-bearing liabilities	370,870		3,689		3.98		358,510		2,568		2.87
Non-interest-bearing deposits	27,207						31,335
Other liabilities	18,920						17,706
Total liabilities	416,997						407,551
Stockholders’ equity	57,998						54,773
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	474,995					$	462,324
Net interest income/spread			$	7,488	6.00				$	7,186	6.10
Impact of non-interest-bearing funding					0.69						0.50
Net interest margin					6.69	%					6.60%

(1)Average yield is calculated based on annualized interest income for the period divided by average loans during the period. Annualized interest income does not include any allocations, such as funds transfer pricing. Average yield is calculated using whole dollar values for average balances and interest income/expense.

(2)Past due fees, net of reversals, included in interest income totaled approximately $547 million and $503 million in the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(3)Some of our commercial investments generate tax-exempt income, tax credits or other tax benefits. Accordingly, we present our Commercial Banking revenue and yields on a taxable-equivalent basis, calculated using the federal statutory tax rate of 21% and state taxes where applicable, with offsetting



			11			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

reductions to the Other category. Taxable-equivalent adjustments included in the interest income and yield computations for our commercial loans totaled approximately $19 million and $18 million in the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, respectively, with corresponding reductions to the Other category.

(4)Interest income/expense in the Other category represents the impact of hedge accounting on our loan portfolios and the offsetting reduction of the taxable-equivalent adjustments of our commercial loans as described above.

(5)Includes amounts related to entities that provide capital to low-income and rural communities of $1.9 billion and $1.7 billion for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, respectively, and related interest expense of $8 million for both the first quarters of 2024 and 2023.

** Not meaningful.

Net interest income increased by $302 million to $7.5 billion in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023 primarily driven by higher average loan balances in our credit card loan portfolio and higher asset yields, partially offset by higher deposit rates paid.

Net interest margin increased by 9 bps to 6.69% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023 primarily driven by higher asset yields and growth in our credit card loan portfolio, partially offset by higher rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities.

Our cumulative deposit beta increased to 61% as of March 31, 2024, from 60% as of December 31, 2023. We define cumulative deposit beta as the ratio of changes in the average rate paid on our average interest-bearing deposits to the increases in the upper bound of the federal funds rate during the current rising interest rate cycle.



			12			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Table 3 displays the change in our net interest income between periods and the extent to which the variance is attributable to:

changes in the volume of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities; or
changes in the interest rates related to these assets and liabilities.

Table 3: Rate/Volume Analysis of Net Interest Income**(1)**


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024 vs. 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Total Variance		Volume		Rate
Interest income:
Loans:
Credit card	$	1,014	$	713	$	301
Consumer banking	103		(72)		175
Commercial banking(2)	124		(63)		187
Other(3)	(44)		—		(44)
Total loans, including loans held for sale	1,197		578		619
Investment securities	72		(9)		81
Cash equivalents and other interest-earning assets	154		79		75
Total interest income	1,423		648		775
Interest expense:
Interest-bearing deposits	956		60		896
Securitized debt obligations	50		7		43
Senior and subordinated notes	117		35		82
Other borrowings and liabilities	(2)		—		(2)
Total interest expense	1,121		102		1,019
Net interest income	$	302	$	546	$	(244)

(1)We calculate the change in interest income and interest expense separately for each item. The portion of interest income or interest expense attributable to both volume and rate is allocated proportionately when the calculation results in a positive value. When the portion of interest income or interest expense attributable to both volume and rate results in a negative value, the total amount is allocated to volume or rate, depending on which amount is positive.

(2)Some of our commercial investments generate tax-exempt income, tax credits or other tax benefits. Accordingly, we present our Commercial Banking revenue and yields on a taxable-equivalent basis, calculated using the federal statutory tax rate of 21% and state taxes where applicable, with offsetting reductions to the Other category.

(3)Interest income/expense in the Other category represents the impact of hedge accounting on our loan portfolios and the offsetting reduction of the taxable-equivalent adjustments of our commercial loans as described above.



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Non-Interest Income

Table 4 displays the components of non-interest income for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023.

Table 4: Non-Interest Income


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions)		2024		2023
Interchange fees, net		$	1,145	$	1,139
Service charges and other customer-related fees		462		379





Other(1)(2)		307		199
Total non-interest income		$	1,914	$	1,717

(1)Primarily consists of revenue from Capital One Shopping, treasury and other investment income, our credit card partnership agreements and commercial mortgage banking revenue.

(2)Includes gains of $42 million and $24 million on deferred compensation plan investments for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, respectively. These amounts have corresponding offsets in non-interest expense.

Non-interest income increased by $197 million to $1.9 billion in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023, primarily driven by growth in our Credit Card business.

Provision for Credit Losses

Our provision for credit losses in each period is driven by net charge-offs, changes to the allowance for credit losses and changes to the reserve for unfunded lending commitments. Our provision for credit losses was substantially flat at $2.7 billion the first quarter of 2024 as a lower net allowance build was partially offset by higher net losses.

We provide additional information on the provision for credit losses and changes in the allowance for credit losses within “Credit Risk Profile” and “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 5—Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments.” For information on the allowance methodology for each of our loan categories, see “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2023 Form 10-K.



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Non-Interest Expense

Table 5 displays the components of non-interest expense for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023.

Table 5: Non-Interest Expense


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions)		2024		2023
Operating Expense:
Salaries and associate benefits(1)		$	2,478	$	2,427
Occupancy and equipment		554		508
Professional services		262		324
Communications and data processing		351		350
Amortization of intangibles		19		14
Other non-interest expense:
Bankcard, regulatory and other fee assessments		119		84
Collections		83		83
Other		261		258
Total other non-interest expense		463		425
Total operating expense		$	4,127	$	4,048
Marketing		1,010		897
Total non-interest expense		$	5,137	$	4,945

(1)Includes expenses of $42 million and $24 million related to our deferred compensation plan for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, respectively. These amounts have corresponding offsets from investments in other non-interest income.

Non-interest expense increased by $192 million to $5.1 billion in the first three months of 2024, primarily driven by increased marketing spend and the $42 million of incremental expense recognized in the first quarter of 2024 for the FDIC special assessment related to certain regional bank failures.



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Income Taxes

We recorded an income tax provision of $302 million (19.1% effective income tax rate) and $203 million (17.5% effective income tax rate) in the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our effective tax rate on income from continuing operations varies between periods due, in part, to the impact of changes in pre-tax income and changes in tax credits, tax-exempt income and non-deductible expenses relative to our pre-tax earnings.

We provide additional information on items affecting our income taxes and effective tax rate in “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 15—Income Taxes” in our 2023 Form 10-K.


CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS ANALYSIS

Total assets increased by $3.3 billion to $481.7 billion as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 primarily driven by increases in our cash balances from deposit growth due to our national consumer banking strategy, partially offset by the seasonal paydowns in our credit card loan portfolio.

Total liabilities increased by $3.5 billion to $423.9 billion as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 primarily driven by deposit growth due to our national consumer banking strategy, which includes our national brand and marketing strategy, cafés, and tech / digital investments, which have enabled us to both deepen and grow our overall customer base.

Stockholders’ equity decreased by $288 million to $57.8 billion as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 primarily driven by an increase in accumulated other comprehensive loss and stock dividends, partially offset by net income of $1.3 billion.

The following is a discussion of material changes in the major components of our assets and liabilities during the first quarter of 2024. Period-end balance sheet amounts may vary from average balance sheet amounts due to the timing of normal balance sheet management activities that are intended to support our capital and liquidity positions, our market risk profile and the needs of our customers.

Investment Securities

Our investment securities portfolio consists of the following: U.S. government-sponsored enterprise or agency (“GSE” or “Agency”) and non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), agency commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), U.S. Treasury securities and other securities. Agency securities include Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) guaranteed securities, Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) issued securities. The carrying value of our investments in Agency and U.S. Treasury securities represented 96% and 97% of our total investment securities portfolio as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The fair value of our available for sale securities portfolio decreased by $719 million to $78.4 billion as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023, primarily driven by increases in relevant benchmark interest rates, partially offset by net purchases. See “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 3—Investment Securities” for more information.



			16			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Loans Held for Investment

Total loans held for investment consists of both unsecuritized loans and loans held in our consolidated trusts. Table 6 summarizes, by portfolio segment, the carrying value of our loans held for investment, the allowance for credit losses and net loan balance as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 6: Loans Held for Investment


	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Loans		Allowance		Net Loans		Loans		Allowance		Net Loans
Credit Card	$	150,594	$	(11,754)	$	138,840	$	154,547	$	(11,709)	$	142,838
Consumer Banking	75,099		(2,088)		73,011		75,437		(2,042)		73,395
Commercial Banking	89,461		(1,538)		87,923		90,488		(1,545)		88,943
Total	$	315,154	$	(15,380)	$	299,774	$	320,472	$	(15,296)	$	305,176

Loans held for investment decreased by $5.3 billion to $315.2 billion as of March 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023 primarily driven by seasonal paydowns in our credit card loan portfolio.

We provide additional information on the composition of our loan portfolio and credit quality in “Credit Risk Profile,” “Consolidated Results of Operations” and “Part I—Item 1.—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 4—Loans.”

Funding Sources

Table 7 provides the composition of our primary sources of funding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 7: Funding Sources Composition


	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		% of Total		Amount		% of Total
Deposits:
Consumer Banking	$	300,806	75	%	$	296,171	74	%
Commercial Banking	31,082		8		32,712		8
Other(1)	19,081		5		19,530		5
Total deposits	350,969		88		348,413		87
Securitized debt obligations	17,661		4		18,043		5
Other debt	32,700		8		31,813		8
Total funding sources	$	401,330	100	%	$	398,269	100	%

(1)Includes brokered deposits of $18.0 billion and $18.5 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Total deposits increased by $2.6 billion to $351.0 billion as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 primarily driven by our national consumer banking strategy.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we held $62.3 billion and $64.2 billion, respectively, of estimated uninsured deposits excluding any intercompany balances. These amounts were primarily comprised of checking and savings deposits. These estimated uninsured deposits comprised approximately 18% of our total deposits as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. We estimate our uninsured amounts based on methodologies and assumptions used for our “Consolidated Reports of Condition and Income” (Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (“FFIEC”) 031) filed with the Federal Banking Agencies.



			17			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Securitized debt obligations decreased by $382 million to $17.7 billion as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 primarily driven by paydowns in our auto securitization program.

Other debt increased by $887 million to $32.7 billion as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 primarily driven by net issuances of senior debt.

We provide additional information on our funding sources in “Liquidity Risk Profile” and “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 8—Deposits and Borrowings.”



			18			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)


OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

In the ordinary course of business, we engage in certain activities that are not reflected on our consolidated balance sheets, generally referred to as off-balance sheet arrangements. These activities typically involve transactions with unconsolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) as well as other arrangements, such as letters of credit, loan commitments and guarantees, to meet the financing needs of our customers and support their ongoing operations. We provide additional information regarding these types of activities in “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 6—Variable Interest Entities and Securitizations” and “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 14—Commitments, Contingencies, Guarantees and Others.”



			19			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)


BUSINESS SEGMENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

Our principal operations are organized for management reporting purposes into three major business segments, which are defined primarily based on the products and services provided or the types of customer served: Credit Card, Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking. The operations of acquired businesses have been integrated into or managed as a part of our existing business segments. Certain activities that are not part of a business segment are included in the Other category, such as the management of our corporate investment portfolio and asset/liability positions performed by our centralized Corporate Treasury group and any residual tax expense or benefit beyond what is assessed to our business segments in order to arrive at the consolidated effective tax rate. The Other category also includes unallocated corporate expenses that do not directly support the operations of the business segments or for which the business segments are not considered financially accountable in evaluating their performance, such as certain restructuring charges.

The results of our individual businesses, which we report on a continuing operations basis, reflect the manner in which management evaluates performance and makes decisions about funding our operations and allocating resources. We may periodically change our business segments or reclassify business segment results based on modifications to our management reporting methodologies and changes in organizational alignment. Our business segment results are intended to reflect each segment as if it were a stand-alone business. We use an internal management and reporting process to derive our business segment results. Our internal management and reporting process employs various allocation methodologies, including funds transfer pricing, to assign certain balance sheet assets, deposits and other liabilities and their related revenues and expenses directly or indirectly attributable to each business segment. Total interest income and non-interest income are directly attributable to the segment in which they are reported. The net interest income of each segment reflects the results of our funds transfer pricing process, which is primarily based on a matched funding concept that takes into consideration market interest rates. Our funds transfer pricing process is managed by our centralized Corporate Treasury group and provides a funds credit for sources of funds, such as deposits generated by our Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking businesses, and a charge for the use of funds by each segment. The allocation is unique to each business segment and acquired business and is based on the composition of assets and liabilities. The funds transfer pricing process considers the interest rate and liquidity risk characteristics of assets and liabilities and off-balance sheet products. Periodically, the methodology and assumptions utilized in the funds transfer pricing process are adjusted to reflect economic conditions and other factors, which may impact the allocation of net interest income to the business segments. We regularly assess the assumptions, methodologies and reporting classifications used for segment reporting, which may result in the implementation of refinements or changes in future periods. We provide additional information on the allocation methodologies used to derive our business segment results in “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 17—Business Segments and Revenue from Contracts with Customers” in our 2023 Form 10-K.

We refer to the business segment results derived from our internal management accounting and reporting process as our “managed” presentation, which differs in some cases from our reported results prepared based on U.S. GAAP. There is no comprehensive authoritative body of guidance for management accounting equivalent to U.S. GAAP; therefore, the managed presentation of our business segment results may not be comparable to similar information provided by other financial services companies. In addition, our individual business segment results should not be used as a substitute for comparable results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

We summarize our business segment results for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023 and provide a comparative discussion of these results, as well as changes in our financial condition and credit performance metrics as of March 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023. We provide a reconciliation of our total business segment results to our reported consolidated results in “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 13—Business Segments and Revenue from Contracts with Customers.”



			20			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Business Segment Financial Performance

Table 8 summarizes our business segment results, which we report based on total net revenue (loss) and net income (loss) from continuing operations, for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023.

Table 8**: Business Segment Results**


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024						2023
	Total Net Revenue (Loss)(1)			Net Income (Loss)(2)			Total Net Revenue (Loss)(1)			Net Income (Loss)(2)
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		% of Total	Amount		% of Total	Amount		% of Total	Amount		% of Total
Credit Card	$	6,748	72%	$	961	75%	$	6,020	67%	$	549	57%
Consumer Banking	2,170		23	381		30	2,495		28	716		74
Commercial Banking(3)	880		9	280		22	860		10	54		6
Other(3)	(396)		(4)	(342)		(27)	(472)		(5)	(359)		(37)
Total	$	9,402	100%	$	1,280	100%	$	8,903	100%	$	960	100%

(1)Total net revenue (loss) consists of net interest income and non-interest income.

(2)Net income (loss) for our business segments and the Other category is based on income (loss) from continuing operations, net of tax.



			21			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Credit Card Business

The primary sources of revenue for our Credit Card business are net interest income, net interchange income and fees collected from customers. Expenses primarily consist of the provision for credit losses, operating costs and marketing expenses.

Our Credit Card business generated net income from continuing operations of $961 million and $549 million in the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Table 9 summarizes the financial results of our Credit Card business and displays selected key metrics for the periods indicated.

Table 9: Credit Card Business Results


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions, except as noted)		2024			2023			Change
Selected income statement data:
Net interest income		$	5,272		$	4,657		13%
Non-interest income		1,476			1,363			8
Total net revenue(1)		6,748			6,020			12
Provision for credit losses		2,259			2,261			—
Non-interest expense		3,229			3,038			6
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		1,260			721			75
Income tax provision		299			172			74
Income from continuing operations, net of tax		$	961		$	549		75
Selected performance metrics:
Average loans held for investment		$	149,645		$	134,670		11
Average yield on loans(2)		18.84		%	17.98		%	86bps
Total net revenue margin(3)		17.99			17.88			11
Net charge-offs		$	2,207		$	1,369		61%
Net charge-off rate		5.90		%	4.06		%	184bps
Purchase volume		$	150,171		$	141,658		6%

(Dollars in millions, except as noted)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			Change
Selected period-end data:
Loans held for investment		$	150,594		$	154,547		(3)%
30+ day performing delinquency rate		4.50		%	4.61		%	(11)bps
30+ day delinquency rate		4.50			4.62			(12)
Nonperforming loan rate(4)		0.01			0.01			—
Allowance for credit losses		$	11,754		$	11,709		—%
Allowance coverage ratio		7.81		%	7.58		%	23bps

**(1)**We recognize finance charges and fee income on open-ended loans in accordance with the contractual provisions of the credit arrangements and charge off any uncollectible amounts. Total net revenue was reduced by $630 million and $405 million in the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, respectively, for finance charges and fees charged-off as uncollectible.

(2)Average yield is calculated based on annualized interest income for the period divided by average loans during the period and does not include any allocations, such as funds transfer pricing.

(3)Total net revenue margin is calculated based on annualized total net revenue for the period divided by average loans during the period.

(4)Within our credit card loan portfolio, only certain loans in our international card businesses are classified as nonperforming. See “Nonperforming Loans and Other Nonperforming Assets” for additional information.

Key factors affecting the results of our Credit Card business for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023, and changes in financial condition and credit performance between March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 include the following:

Net Interest Income: Net interest income increased by $615 million to $5.3 billion in the first quarter of 2024 primarily driven by higher average loan balances and margins.



			22			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Non-Interest Income: Non-interest income increased by $113 million to $1.5 billion in the first quarter of 2024 due to growth in our Credit Card business.
Provision for Credit Losses: Provision for credit losses remained substantially flat at $2.3 billion in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023.
Non-Interest Expense: Non-interest expense increased by $191 million to $3.2 billion in the first quarter of 2024 primarily driven by increased marketing spend.

Loans Held for Investment:

Period-end loans held for investment decreased by $4.0 billion to $150.6 billion as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 primarily driven by seasonal paydowns.
Average loans held for investment increased by $15.0 billion to $149.6 billion in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023 primarily driven by growth across our portfolio.

Net Charge-Off and Delinquency Metrics:

*•*The net charge-off rate increased by 184 bps to 5.90% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023 primarily driven by higher net charge-offs in our domestic credit card loan portfolio.

*•*The 30+ day delinquency rate decreased by 12 bps to 4.50% as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 primarily driven by seasonally lower delinquency inventories in our domestic credit card loan portfolio.



			23			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Domestic Card Business

The Domestic Card business generated net income from continuing operations of $918 million and $510 million in the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, respectively. In the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, the Domestic Card business accounted for greater than 90% of total net revenue of our Credit Card business.

Table 9.1 summarizes the financial results for our Domestic Card business and displays selected key metrics for the periods indicated.

Table 9.1: Domestic Card Business Results


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions, except as noted)		2024			2023			Change
Selected income statement data:
Net interest income		$	4,972		$	4,390		13%
Non-interest income		1,411			1,298			9
Total net revenue(1)		6,383			5,688			12
Provision for credit losses		2,157			2,174			(1)
Non-interest expense		3,025			2,847			6
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		1,201			667			80
Income tax provision		283			157			80
Income from continuing operations, net of tax		$	918		$	510		80

Selected performance metrics:
Average loans held for investment		$	142,887		$	128,562		11
Average yield on loans(2)		18.76		%	17.88		%	88bps
Total net revenue margin(3)		17.82			17.70			12
Net charge-offs		$	2,120		$	1,299		63%
Net charge-off rate		5.94		%	4.04		%	190bps
Purchase volume		$	146,696		$	138,310		6%

(Dollars in millions, except as noted)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			Change
Selected period-end data:
Loans held for investment		$	143,861		$	147,666		(3)%
30+ day performing delinquency rate		4.48		%	4.61		%	(13)	bps
Allowance for credit losses		$	11,298		$	11,261		—%
Allowance coverage ratio		7.85		%	7.63		%	22	bps

(1)We recognize finance charges and fee income on open-ended loans in accordance with the contractual provisions of the credit arrangements and charge off any uncollectible amounts. Finance charges and fees charged off as uncollectible are reflected as a reduction in total net revenue.

(2)Average yield is calculated based on annualized interest income for the period divided by average loans during the period and does not include any allocations, such as funds transfer pricing.

(3) Total net revenue margin is calculated based on annualized total net revenue for the period divided by average loans during the period.

Because our Domestic Card business accounts for the substantial majority of our Credit Card business, the key factors driving the results are similar to the key factors affecting our total Credit Card business. Net income for our Domestic Card business increased in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023 primarily driven by:

Higher net interest income primarily driven by higher average loan balances and margins.
Higher non-interest income primarily driven by growth in our Credit Card business.

These drivers were partially offset by:

Higher non-interest expense primarily driven by increased marketing spend.



			24			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Consumer Banking Business

The primary sources of revenue for our Consumer Banking business are net interest income from loans and deposits as well as service charges and customer-related fees. Expenses primarily consist of the provision for credit losses, operating costs and marketing expenses.

Our Consumer Banking business generated net income from continuing operations of $381 million and $716 million in the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Table 10 summarizes the financial results of our Consumer Banking business and displays selected key metrics for the periods indicated.

Table 10: Consumer Banking Business Results


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions, except as noted)		2024			2023			Change
Selected income statement data:
Net interest income		$	2,011		$	2,360		(15)%
Non-interest income		159			135			18
Total net revenue		2,170			2,495			(13)
Provision for credit losses		426			275			55
Non-interest expense		1,246			1,283			(3)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		498			937			(47)
Income tax provision		117			221			(47)
Income from continuing operations, net of tax		$	381		$	716		(47)
Selected performance metrics:
Average loans held for investment:
Auto		$	73,768		$	77,465		(5)
Retail banking		1,324			1,529			(13)
Total consumer banking		$	75,092		$	78,994		(5)
Average yield on loans held for investment(1)		8.33		%	7.40%			93bps
Average deposits		$	294,448		$	278,772		6%
Average deposits interest rate		3.15		%	1.96		%	119bps
Net charge-offs		$	380		$	307		24%
Net charge-off rate		2.03		%	1.56		%	47bps
Auto loan originations		$	7,522		$	6,211		21%

(Dollars in millions, except as noted)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			Change
Selected period-end data:
Loans held for investment:
Auto		$	73,801		$	74,075		—
Retail banking		1,298			1,362			(5)%
Total consumer banking		$	75,099		$	75,437		—
30+ day performing delinquency rate		5.21		%	6.25		%	(104)	bps
30+ day delinquency rate		5.86			7.08			(122)
Nonperforming loan rate		0.83			1.00			(17)
Nonperforming asset rate(2)		0.91			1.09			(18)
Allowance for credit losses		$	2,088		$	2,042		2%



Allowance coverage ratio		2.78		%	2.71		%	7bps
Deposits		$	300,806		$	296,171		2%

(1)Average yield is calculated based on annualized interest income for the period divided by average loans during the period and does not include any allocations, such as funds transfer pricing.



			25			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

(2)Nonperforming assets primarily consist of nonperforming loans and repossessed assets. The total nonperforming asset rate is calculated based on total nonperforming assets divided by the combined period-end total loans held for investment and repossessed assets.

Key factors affecting the results of our Consumer Banking business for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023, and changes in financial condition and credit performance between March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 include the following:

Net Interest Income: Net interest income decreased by $349 million to $2.0 billion in the first quarter of 2024 primarily driven by lower margins in our retail banking business and lower average loan balances in our auto business, partially offset by higher deposits in our retail banking business.
Non-Interest Income: Non-interest income increased by $24 million to $159 million in the first quarter of 2024 primarily driven by higher interchange fees from an increase in debit card purchase volume.
Provision for Credit Losses: Provision for credit losses increased by $151 million to $426 million in the first quarter of 2024 primarily driven by higher originations and net charge-offs in our auto loan portfolio.
Non-Interest Expense: Non-interest expense remained substantially flat at $1.2 billion in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023.

Loans Held for Investment:

*•*Period-end loans held for investment decreased by $338 million to $75.1 billion as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 primarily driven by customer payments outpacing new originations in our auto loan portfolio.

*•*Average loans held for investment decreased by $3.9 billion to $75.1 billion in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023 primarily driven by customer payments outpacing new originations in our auto loan portfolio.

Deposits:

Period-end deposits increased by $4.6 billion to $300.8 billion as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 primarily driven by continued growth in our Consumer Banking business from our national banking strategy.

Net Charge-Off and Delinquency Metrics:

*•*The net charge-off rate increased by 47 bps to 2.03% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023 primarily driven by higher net charge-offs in our auto loan portfolio.

*•*The 30+ day delinquency rate decreased by 122 bps to 5.86% as of March 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023 primarily driven by seasonally lower auto delinquency inventories.

Commercial Banking Business

The primary sources of revenue for our Commercial Banking business are net interest income from loans and deposits and non-interest income earned from products and services provided to our clients such as advisory services, capital markets and treasury management. Because our Commercial Banking business has loans and investments that generate tax-exempt income, tax credits or other tax benefits, we present the revenues on a taxable-equivalent basis. Expenses primarily consist of the provision for credit losses and operating costs.

Our Commercial Banking business generated net income from continuing operations of $280 million and $54 million in the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, respectively.



			26			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Table 11 summarizes the financial results of our Commercial Banking business and displays selected key metrics for the periods indicated.

Table 11: Commercial Banking Business Results


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions, except as noted)		2024			2023			Change
Selected income statement data:
Net interest income		$	599		$	648		(8)%
Non-interest income		281			212			33
Total net revenue(1)		880			860			2
Provision (benefit) for credit losses(2)		(2)			259			**
Non-interest expense		515			530			(3)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		367			71			**
Income tax provision		87			17			**
Income from continuing operations, net of tax		$	280		$	54		**
Selected performance metrics:
Average loans held for investment:
Commercial and multifamily real estate		$	34,310		$	37,373		(8)
Commercial and industrial		55,567			56,719			(2)


Total commercial banking		$	89,877		$	94,092		(4)
Average yield on loans held for investment(1)(3)		7.14		%	6.31		%	83bps
Average deposits		$	31,844		$	39,941		(20)%
Average deposits interest rate		2.65		%	2.34		%	31bps
Net charge-offs		$	29		$	21		38%
Net charge-off rate		0.13		%	0.09		%	4bps

(Dollars in millions, except as noted)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			Change
Selected period-end data:
Loans held for investment:
Commercial and multifamily real estate		$	34,272		$	34,446		(1)%
Commercial and industrial		55,189			56,042			(2)
Total commercial banking		$	89,461		$	90,488		(1)
Nonperforming loan rate		1.28		%	0.84		%	44	bps
Nonperforming asset rate(4)		1.28			0.84			44
Allowance for credit losses(2)		$	1,538		$	1,545		—%
Allowance coverage ratio		1.72%			1.71%			1	bps
Deposits		$	31,082		$	32,712		(5)%
Loans serviced for others		52,241			52,341			—

(1)Some of our commercial investments generate tax-exempt income, tax credits or other tax benefits. Accordingly, we present our Commercial Banking revenue and yields on a taxable-equivalent basis, calculated using the federal statutory tax rate of 21% and state taxes where applicable, with offsetting reductions to the Other category.

(2)The provision for losses on unfunded lending commitments is included in the provision for credit losses in our consolidated statements of income and the related reserve is included in other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Our reserve for unfunded lending commitments totaled $134 million and $158 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(3)Average yield is calculated based on annualized interest income for the period divided by average loans during the period and does not include any allocations, such as funds transfer pricing.

(4)Nonperforming assets consist of nonperforming loans and other foreclosed assets. The total nonperforming asset rate is calculated based on total nonperforming assets divided by the combined period-end total loans held for investment and other foreclosed assets.

** Not meaningful.



			27			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Key factors affecting the results of our Commercial Banking business for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023, and changes in financial condition and credit performance between March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 include the following:

Net Interest Income: Net interest income decreased by $49 million to $599 million in the first quarter of 2024 primarily driven by lower average deposit and loan balances.

*•*Non-Interest Income: Non-interest income increased by $69 million to $281 million in the first quarter of 2024 primarily driven by our capital markets and agency business.

*•*Provision for Credit Losses: Provision for credit losses decreased by $261 million to a benefit of $2 million in the first quarter of 2024 primarily driven by an allowance release due to portfolio exits in our office real estate portfolio compared to an allowance build in the first quarter of 2023.

Non-Interest Expense: Non-interest expense remained substantially flat at $515 million in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023.

Loans Held for Investment:

*•*Period-end loans held for investment decreased by $1.0 billion to $89.5 billion as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 primarily driven by customer payments outpacing originations.

*•*Average loans held for investment decreased by $4.2 billion to $89.9 billion in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023 primarily driven by customer payments outpacing originations.

Deposits:

Period-end deposits decreased by $1.6 billion to $31.1 billion as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 primarily driven by an intentional reduction in lower margin deposit balances.

Net Charge-Off and Nonperforming Metrics:

*•*The net charge-off rate increased by 4 bps to 0.13% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023 primarily driven by charge offs in our real estate-related portfolios.

*•*The nonperforming loan rate increased by 44 bps to 1.28% as of March 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023 primarily driven by credit downgrades in our real estate-related portfolios.

Other Category

Other includes unallocated amounts related to our centralized Corporate Treasury group activities, such as management of our corporate investment securities portfolio, asset/liability management and oversight of our funds transfer pricing process. Other also includes:

unallocated corporate revenue and expenses that do not directly support the operations of the business segments or for which the business segments are not considered financially accountable in evaluating their performance, such as certain restructuring charges;
offsets related to certain line-item reclassifications;

*•*residual tax expense or benefit to arrive at the consolidated effective tax rate that is not assessed to our primary business segments; and

foreign exchange-rate fluctuations on foreign currency-denominated balances.



			28			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Table 12 summarizes the financial results of our Other category for the periods indicated.

Table 12: Other Category Results


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions)		2024		2023		Change
Selected income statement data:
Net interest loss		$	(394)	$	(479)	(18)%
Non-interest income (loss)		(2)		7		**
Total net loss(1)		(396)		(472)		(16)

Non-interest expense		147		94		56
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes		(543)		(566)		(4)
Income tax benefit		(201)		(207)		(3)
Loss from continuing operations, net of tax		$	(342)	$	(359)	(5)

** Not meaningful.

Loss from continuing operations decreased by $17 million to a loss of $342 million in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023 primarily driven by lower net interest loss due to higher cash balances, partially offset by the $42 million incremental FDIC special assessment expense recognized in the first quarter of 2024 related to certain regional bank failures.


CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make a number of judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the amount of assets, liabilities, income and expenses on the consolidated financial statements. Understanding our accounting policies and the extent to which we use management judgment and estimates in applying these policies is integral to understanding our financial statements. We provide a summary of our significant accounting policies under “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2023 Form 10-K.

We have identified the following accounting estimates as critical because they require significant judgments and assumptions about highly complex and inherently uncertain matters and the use of reasonably different estimates and assumptions could have a material impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Our critical accounting policies and estimates are as follows:

Loan loss reserves
Goodwill
Fair value
Customer rewards reserve

We evaluate our critical accounting estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis and update them as necessary, based on changing conditions. There have been no changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates described in our 2023 Form 10-K under “Part II—Item 7. MD&A—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.”



			29			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)


ACCOUNTING CHANGES AND DEVELOPMENTS

Accounting Standards Issued but Not Adopted as of March 31, 2024


Standard	Guidance	Adoption Timing and Financial Statement Impacts



Income Tax Disclosures Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures Issued December 2023	Requires entities to annually provide additional information in the income tax rate reconciliation and make additional disclosures about income taxes paid.	Effective beginning with our annual period ending on December 31, 2025, with early adoption permitted. Prospective application is required and retrospective application is also permitted. We plan to adopt this standard for the above annual period and to apply the new requirements prospectively. We expect such adoption to result in additional information being included in our income tax footnote and consolidated statements of cash flows.
Segment Reporting Disclosures ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures Issued November 2023	Requires disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis.	Effective beginning with our annual period ending on December 31, 2024 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. Retrospective application is required. We plan to adopt this standard for the above annual period and to apply the new requirements retrospectively. We are still assessing the extent of the impacts of adoption to the disclosures in our business segment footnote.



			30			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)


CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

The level and composition of our capital are determined by multiple factors, including our consolidated regulatory capital requirements as described in more detail below and internal risk-based capital assessments such as internal stress testing. The level and composition of our capital may also be influenced by rating agency guidelines, subsidiary capital requirements, business environment, conditions in the financial markets and assessments of potential future losses due to adverse changes in our business and market environments.

Capital Standards and Prompt Corrective Action

The Company and the Bank are subject to the regulatory capital requirements established by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”) and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”), respectively (the “Basel III Capital Rules”). The Basel III Capital Rules implement certain capital requirements published by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (“Basel Committee”), along with certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (“Dodd-Frank Act”) and other capital provisions.

As a bank holding company (“BHC”) with total consolidated assets of at least $250 billion but less than $700 billion and not exceeding any of the applicable risk-based thresholds, the Company is a Category III institution under the Basel III Capital Rules.

The Bank, as a subsidiary of a Category III institution, is a Category III bank. Moreover, the Bank, as an insured depository institution, is subject to prompt corrective action (“PCA”) capital regulations.

Basel III and U.S. Capital Rules

Under the Basel III Capital Rules, we must maintain a minimum CET1 capital ratio of 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.0% and a total capital ratio of 8.0%, in each case in relation to risk-weighted assets. In addition, we must maintain a minimum leverage ratio of 4.0% and a minimum supplementary leverage ratio of 3.0%. We are also subject to the capital conservation buffer requirement and countercyclical capital buffer requirement, each as described below. Our capital and leverage ratios are calculated based on the Basel III standardized approach framework.

We have elected to exclude certain elements of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) from our regulatory capital as permitted for a Category III institution. For information on the recognition of AOCI in regulatory capital under the proposed changes to the Basel III Capital Rules, see “Part I—Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation—Prudential Regulation of Banking—Capital and Stress Testing Regulation—Basel III Finalization Proposal” in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Global systemically important banks (“G-SIBs”) that are based in the U.S. are subject to an additional CET1 capital requirement known as the “G-SIB Surcharge.” We are not a G-SIB based on the most recent available data and thus we are not subject to a G-SIB Surcharge.

Stress Capital Buffer Rule

The Basel III Capital Rules require banking institutions to maintain a capital conservation buffer, composed of CET1 capital, above the regulatory minimum ratios. Under the Federal Reserve’s final rule to implement the stress capital buffer requirement (“Stress Capital Buffer Rule”), the Company’s “standardized approach capital conservation buffer” includes its stress capital buffer requirement (as described below), any G-SIB Surcharge (which is not applicable to us) and the countercyclical capital buffer requirement (which is currently set at 0%). Any determination to increase the countercyclical capital buffer generally would be effective twelve months after the announcement of such an increase, unless the Federal Reserve, OCC and the FDIC, hereafter collectively referred to as the “Federal Banking Agencies,” set an earlier effective date.

The Company’s stress capital buffer requirement is recalibrated every year based on the Company’s supervisory stress test results. In particular, the Company’s stress capital buffer requirement equals, subject to a floor of 2.5%, the sum of (i) the difference between the Company’s starting CET1 capital ratio and its lowest projected CET1 capital ratio under the severely adverse scenario of the Federal Reserve’s supervisory stress test plus (ii) the ratio of the Company’s projected four quarters of common stock dividends (for the fourth to seventh quarters of the planning horizon) to the projected risk-weighted assets for the quarter in which the Company’s projected CET1 capital ratio reaches its minimum under the supervisory stress test.



			31			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Based on the Company’s 2023 supervisory stress test results, the Company’s stress capital buffer requirement for the period beginning on October 1, 2023 through September 30, 2024 is 4.8%. Therefore, the Company’s minimum capital requirements plus the standardized approach capital conservation buffer for CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital and total capital ratios under the stress capital buffer framework are 9.3%, 10.8% and 12.8%, respectively, for the period from October 1, 2023 through September 30, 2024.

The Stress Capital Buffer Rule does not apply to the Bank. Pursuant to the OCC’s capital regulations, which are only applicable to the Bank, the capital conservation buffer for the Bank continues to be fixed at 2.5%. Accordingly, the Bank’s minimum capital requirements plus its capital conservation buffer for CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital and total capital ratios are 7.0%, 8.5% and 10.5%, respectively.

If the Company or the Bank fails to maintain its capital ratios above the minimum capital requirements plus the applicable capital conservation buffer requirements, it will face increasingly strict automatic limitations on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments to certain executive officers.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, the Company and the Bank each exceeded the minimum capital requirements and the capital conservation buffer requirements applicable to them, and the Company and the Bank were each “well-capitalized.” The “well-capitalized” standards applicable to the Company are established in the Federal Reserve’s regulations, and the “well-capitalized” standards applicable to the Bank are established in the OCC’s PCA capital requirements.

CECL Transition Rule

The Federal Banking Agencies adopted a final rule (the “CECL Transition Rule”) that provides banking institutions an optional five-year transition period to phase in the impact of the current expected credit losses (“CECL”) standard on their regulatory capital (“CECL Transition Election”). We adopted the CECL standard (for accounting purposes) as of January 1, 2020, and made the CECL Transition Election (for regulatory capital purposes) in the first quarter of 2020. Therefore, the applicable amounts presented in this Report reflect such election.

Pursuant to the CECL Transition Rule, a banking institution could elect to delay the estimated impact of adopting CECL on its regulatory capital through December 31, 2021 and then phase in the estimated cumulative impact from January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2024. For the “day 2” ongoing impact of CECL during the initial two years, the Federal Banking Agencies used a uniform “scaling factor” of 25% as an approximation of the increase in the allowance under the CECL standard compared to the prior incurred loss methodology. Accordingly, from January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2021, electing banking institutions were permitted to add back to their regulatory capital an amount equal to the sum of the after-tax “day 1” CECL adoption impact and 25% of the increase in the allowance since the adoption of the CECL standard. From January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2024, the after-tax “day 1” CECL adoption impact and the cumulative “day 2” ongoing impact are being phased in to regulatory capital at 25% per year. The following table summarizes the capital impact delay and phase in period on our regulatory capital from years 2020 to 2025.


	Capital Impact Delayed		Phase In Period
	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
“Day 1” CECL adoption impact	Capital impact delayed to 2022		25% Phased In	50% Phased In	75% Phased In	Fully Phased In
Cumulative “day 2” ongoing impact	25% scaling factor as an approximation of the increase in allowance under CECL

As of December 31, 2021, we added back an aggregate amount of $2.4 billion to our regulatory capital pursuant to the CECL Transition Rule. Consistent with the rule, we have phased in 75% of this amount as of January 1, 2024. The remaining $600 million will be phased in on January 1, 2025. As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s CET1 capital ratio, reflecting the CECL Transition Rule, was 13.1% and would have been 13.0% excluding the impact of the CECL Transition Rule (or “on a fully phased-in basis”).



			32			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Market Risk Rule

The “Market Risk Rule” supplements the Basel III Capital Rules by requiring institutions subject to the rule to adjust their risk-based capital ratios to reflect the market risk in their trading book. The Market Risk Rule generally applies to institutions with aggregate trading assets and liabilities equal to 10% or more of total assets or $1 billion or more. As of March 31, 2024, the Company and the Bank are subject to the Market Risk Rule. See “Market Risk Profile” below for additional information.

For the description of the regulatory capital rules to which we are subject, including recent proposed amendments to these rules under the Basel III Finalization Proposal, see “Part I—Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation” in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Table 13 provides a comparison of our regulatory capital ratios under the Basel III standardized approach, the regulatory minimum capital adequacy ratios and the applicable well-capitalized standards as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 13: Capital Ratios Under Basel III**(1)(2)**


	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Ratio		Minimum Capital Adequacy		Well- Capitalized		Ratio		Minimum Capital Adequacy		Well- Capitalized
Capital One Financial Corp:
Common equity Tier 1 capital(3)	13.1	%	4.5	%	N/A		12.9	%	4.5	%	N/A
Tier 1 capital(4)	14.4		6.0		6.0	%	14.2		6.0		6.0	%
Total capital(5)	16.2		8.0		10.0		16.0		8.0		10.0
Tier 1 leverage(6)	11.3		4.0		N/A		11.2		4.0		N/A
Supplementary leverage(7)	9.6		3.0		N/A		9.6		3.0		N/A
CONA:
Common equity Tier 1 capital(3)	13.4		4.5		6.5		13.1		4.5		6.5
Tier 1 capital(4)	13.4		6.0		8.0		13.1		6.0		8.0
Total capital(5)	14.7		8.0		10.0		14.3		8.0		10.0
Tier 1 leverage(6)	10.5		4.0		5.0		10.3		4.0		5.0
Supplementary leverage(7)	8.9		3.0		N/A		8.8		3.0		N/A

(1)Capital requirements that are not applicable are denoted by “N/A.”

(2)Ratios as of March 31, 2024 are preliminary and therefore subject to change until we file our March 31, 2024 Form FR Y-9C—Consolidated Financial Statements for Holding Companies and Call Reports.

(3)Common equity Tier 1 capital ratio is a regulatory capital measure calculated based on common equity Tier 1 capital divided by risk-weighted assets.

(4)Tier 1 capital ratio is a regulatory capital measure calculated based on Tier 1 capital divided by risk-weighted assets.

(5)Total capital ratio is a regulatory capital measure calculated based on total capital divided by risk-weighted assets.

(6)Tier 1 leverage ratio is a regulatory capital measure calculated based on Tier 1 capital divided by adjusted average assets.

(7)Supplementary leverage ratio is a regulatory capital measure calculated based on Tier 1 capital divided by total leverage exposure.



			33			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Table 14 presents regulatory capital under the Basel III standardized approach and regulatory capital metrics as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 14: Regulatory Risk-Based Capital Components and Regulatory Capital Metrics


(Dollars in millions)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Regulatory capital under Basel III standardized approach
Common equity excluding AOCI	$	63,088	$	62,710
Adjustments and deductions:
AOCI, net of tax(1)	14		27
Goodwill, net of related deferred tax liabilities	(14,804)		(14,811)
Other intangible and deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities	(291)		(311)
Common equity Tier 1 capital	48,007		47,615
Tier 1 capital instruments	4,845		4,845

Tier 1 capital	52,852		52,460
Tier 2 capital instruments	1,932		1,936
Qualifying allowance for credit losses	4,700		4,728
Tier 2 capital	6,632		6,664
Total capital	$	59,484	$	59,124

Regulatory capital metrics
Risk-weighted assets	$	366,161	$	369,206
Adjusted average assets(2)	468,030		467,553
Total leverage exposure(3)	547,984		546,909

(1)Excludes certain components of AOCI in accordance with rules applicable to Category III institutions. See “Capital Management—Basel III and U.S. Capital Rules” in this Report.

(2)Includes on-balance sheet asset adjustments subject to deduction from Tier 1 capital under the Basel III Capital Rules.

(3)Reflects on- and off-balance sheet amounts for the denominator of the supplementary leverage ratio as set forth by the Basel III Capital Rules.

Capital Planning and Regulatory Stress Testing

We repurchased $103 million of shares of our common stock during the first quarter of 2024.

For the description of the regulatory capital planning rules and stress testing requirements to which we are subject, see “Part I—Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation” in our 2023 Form 10-K.

On April 4, 2024, we submitted our capital plan to the Federal Reserve as part of the 2024 stress testing cycle. The supervisory stress test results are expected to be released by the Federal Reserve by June 30, 2024. Our 2024 supervisory stress test result will determine the size of our stress capital buffer requirement for the period beginning from October 1, 2024 through September 30, 2025.

The Federal Reserve’s capital plan rule provides that if a BHC determines there has been or will be a material change in its risk profile, financial condition, or corporate structure since it last submitted the capital plan, it must update and resubmit its capital plan within 30 calendar days, subject to a potential 60-day extension. We determined that our proposed acquisition of Discover constitutes a material change and, therefore, we are required to resubmit an updated capital plan. The capital plan rule further provides that upon the occurrence of an event requiring resubmission, a BHC may not make any capital distribution unless it has received approval of the Federal Reserve. Accordingly, all our capital distributions are now subject to the prior approval of the Federal Reserve pending the Federal Reserve’s consideration of our resubmitted capital plan. We have received prior approval of the Federal Reserve to make certain capital distributions.



			34			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Dividend Policy and Stock Purchases

In the first three months of 2024, we declared and paid common stock dividends of $238 million, or $0.60 per share, and preferred stock dividends of $57 million. Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, we are restricted from paying quarterly cash dividends on our common stock in excess of $0.60 per share per quarter until the Transaction is completed or the Merger Agreement is terminated.

The following table summarizes the dividends paid per share on our various preferred stock series in the first three months of 2024.

Table 15: Preferred Stock Dividends Paid Per Share


Series	Description	Issuance Date	Per Annum Dividend Rate	Dividend Frequency	2024
Q1



Series I	5.000% Non-Cumulative	September 11, 2019	5.000%	Quarterly	$12.50
Series J	4.800% Non-Cumulative	January 31, 2020	4.800	Quarterly	12.00
Series K	4.625% Non-Cumulative	September 17, 2020	4.625	Quarterly	11.56
Series L	4.375% Non-Cumulative	May 4, 2021	4.375	Quarterly	10.94
Series M	3.950% Fixed Rate Reset Non-Cumulative	June 10, 2021	3.950% through 8/31/2026; resets 9/1/2026 and every subsequent 5 year anniversary at 5-Year Treasury Rate +3.157%	Quarterly	9.88
Series N	4.250% Non-Cumulative	July 29, 2021	4.250	Quarterly	10.63

The declaration and payment of dividends to our stockholders, as well as the amount thereof, are subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and depend upon our results of operations, financial condition, capital levels, cash requirements, future prospects, regulatory requirements and other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors. For additional information related to capital distributions as a result of the capital plan resubmission, see “Part I—Item 2. MD&A—Supervision and Regulation—Capital Planning and Stress Testing Update.”

As a BHC, our ability to pay dividends is largely dependent upon the receipt of dividends or other payments from our subsidiaries. The Bank is subject to regulatory restrictions that limit its ability to transfer funds to our BHC. As of March 31, 2024, funds available for dividend payments from the Bank were $6.6 billion. There can be no assurance that we will declare and pay any dividends to stockholders.

We repurchased $103 million of shares of our common stock during the first quarter of 2024. The timing and exact amount of any future common stock repurchases will depend on various factors, including regulatory approval, market conditions, opportunities for growth, our capital position and the amount of retained earnings. The Board authorized stock repurchase program does not include specific price targets, may be executed through open market purchases, tender offers, or privately negotiated transactions, including utilizing Rule 10b5-1 programs, does not have a set expiration date and may be suspended at any time. For additional information on dividends and stock repurchases, see “Capital Management—Capital Planning and Regulatory Stress Testing,” and “Part II—Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds” in this Report and “Part I—Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation—Funding and Dividends from Subsidiaries” in our 2023 Form 10-K.



			35			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)


RISK MANAGEMENT

Risk Management Framework

Our Risk Management Framework (the “Framework”) sets consistent expectations for risk management across the Company. It also sets expectations for our “Three Lines of Defense” model, which defines the roles, responsibilities and accountabilities for taking and managing risk across the Company. Accountability for overseeing an effective Framework resides with our Board of Directors either directly or through its committees.


	First Line Identifies and Owns Risk	Second Line Advises & Challenges First Line	Third Line Provides Independent Assurance

Definition	Business areas that are accountable for risk and responsible for: i) generating revenue or reducing expenses; ii) supporting the business to provide products or services to customers; or iii) providing technology services for the first line.	Independent Risk Management (“IRM”) and Support Functions (e.g., Human Resources, Accounting, Legal) that provide support services to the Company.	Internal Audit and Credit Review

Key Responsibilities	Identify, assess, measure, monitor, control, and report the risks associated with their business.	IRM: Independently oversees and assesses risk taking activities for the first line of defense. Support Functions: Centers of specialized expertise that provide support services to the enterprise.	Provides independent and objective assurance to the Board of Directors and senior management that the systems and governance processes are designed and working as intended.



			36			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Our Framework sets consistent expectations for risk management across the Company and consists of the following nine elements:


Governance and Accountability

Strategy and Risk Alignment

Risk Identification	Assessment, Measurement and Response	Monitoring and Testing	Aggregation, Reporting and Escalation

Capital and Liquidity Management (including Stress Testing)

Risk Data and Enabling Technology

Culture and Talent Management

We provide additional discussion of our risk management principles, roles and responsibilities, framework and risk appetite under “Part II—Item 7. MD&A—Risk Management” in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Risk Categories

We apply our Framework to protect the Company from the major categories of risk that we are exposed to through our business activities. We have seven major categories of risk as noted below. We provide a description of these categories and how we manage them under “Part II—Item 7. MD&A—Risk Management” in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Compliance risk
Credit risk
Liquidity risk
Market risk
Operational risk
Reputation risk
Strategic risk



			37			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)


CREDIT RISK PROFILE

Our loan portfolio accounts for the substantial majority of our credit risk exposure. Our lending activities are governed under our credit policies and are subject to independent review and approval. Below we provide information about the composition of our loan portfolio, key concentrations and credit performance metrics.

We also engage in certain non-lending activities that may give rise to ongoing credit and counterparty settlement risk, including purchasing securities for our investment securities portfolio, entering into derivative transactions to manage our market risk exposure and to accommodate customers, extending short-term advances on syndication activity including bridge financing transactions we have underwritten, depositing certain operational cash balances in other financial institutions, executing certain foreign exchange transactions and extending customer overdrafts. We provide additional information related to our investment securities portfolio under “Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis—Investment Securities” and “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 3—Investment Securities” as well as credit risk related to derivative transactions in “Part I— Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 9—Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities.”

Portfolio and Geographic Composition of Loans Held for Investment

Our loan portfolio consists of loans held for investment, including loans held in our consolidated trusts, and loans held for sale. The information presented in this section excludes loans held for sale, which totaled $1.6 billion and $854 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Table 16 presents the composition of our portfolio of loans held for investment by portfolio segment as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 16: Portfolio Composition of Loans Held for Investment


	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Loans		% of Total		Loans		% of Total
Credit Card:
Domestic credit card	$	143,861	45.7	%	$	147,666	46.1	%
International card businesses	6,733		2.1		6,881		2.1
Total credit card	150,594		47.8		154,547		48.2
Consumer Banking:
Auto	73,801		23.4		74,075		23.1
Retail banking	1,298		0.4		1,362		0.5
Total consumer banking	75,099		23.8		75,437		23.6
Commercial Banking:
Commercial and multifamily real estate	34,272		10.9		34,446		10.7
Commercial and industrial	55,189		17.5		56,042		17.5
Total commercial banking	89,461		28.4		90,488		28.2
Total loans held for investment	$	315,154	100.0	%	$	320,472	100.0	%



			38			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Geographic Composition

We market our credit card products throughout the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. Our credit card loan portfolio is geographically diversified due to our product and marketing approach. The table below presents the geographic profile of our credit card loan portfolio as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 17: Credit Card Portfolio by Geographic Region


	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		% of Total		Amount		% of Total
Domestic credit card:
California	$	14,831	9.8	%	$	15,167	9.8%
Texas	12,375		8.2		12,318		8.0
Florida	11,062		7.3		11,148		7.2
New York	9,271		6.2		9,578		6.2
Pennsylvania	5,845		3.9		5,824		3.8
Illinois	5,511		3.7		5,581		3.6
Ohio	4,899		3.3		4,845		3.1
New Jersey	4,723		3.1		4,702		3.0
Georgia	4,617		3.1		4,606		3.0
North Carolina	4,107		2.7		4,088		2.6
Other	66,620		44.2		69,809		45.2
Total domestic credit card	143,861		95.5		147,666		95.5	%
International card businesses:
United Kingdom	3,617		2.4		3,639		2.4
Canada	3,116		2.1		3,242		2.1
Total international card businesses	6,733		4.5		6,881		4.5
Total credit card	$	150,594	100.0	%	$	154,547	100.0%



			39			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Our auto loan portfolio is geographically diversified in the United States due to our product and marketing approach. Retail banking includes small business loans and other consumer lending products originated through our branch and café network. The table below presents the geographic profile of our auto loan and retail banking portfolios as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 18: Consumer Banking Portfolio by Geographic Region


	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		% of Total		Amount		% of Total
Auto:
Texas	$	8,952	11.9	%	$	9,020	11.9	%
California	8,638		11.5		8,747		11.6
Florida	6,530		8.7		6,488		8.6
Pennsylvania	3,231		4.3		3,215		4.3
Ohio	3,160		4.2		3,130		4.1
Illinois	2,983		4.0		2,988		4.0
Georgia	2,931		3.9		2,971		3.9
New Jersey	2,614		3.5		2,626		3.5
Other	34,762		46.3		34,890		46.3
Total auto	73,801		98.3		74,075		98.2

Retail banking:
New York	397		0.5		417		0.6
Texas	294		0.4		297		0.4
Louisiana	224		0.3		234		0.3
New Jersey	85		0.1		94		0.1
Maryland	79		0.1		81		0.1
Virginia	52		0.1		54		0.1
Other	167		0.2		185		0.2
Total retail banking	1,298		1.7		1,362		1.8
Total consumer banking	$	75,099	100.0	%	$	75,437	100.0	%



			40			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

We originate commercial and multifamily real estate loans in most regions of the United States. The table below presents the geographic profile of our commercial real estate portfolio as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 19: Commercial Real Estate Portfolio by Region



	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		% of Total		Amount		% of Total
Geographic concentration:(1)
Northeast	$	13,183	38.5	%	$	13,931	40.5	%
South	6,311		18.4		7,073		20.5
Pacific West	5,816		17.0		5,342		15.5
Mid-Atlantic	4,101		12.0		4,138		12.0
Mountain	2,446		7.1		1,910		5.5
Midwest	2,415		7.0		2,052		6.0
Total	$	34,272	100.0	%	$	34,446	100.0	%

(1)Geographic concentration is generally determined by the location of the borrower’s business or the location of the collateral associated with the loan. Northeast consists of CT, MA, ME, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI and VT. South consists of AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN and TX. Pacific West consists of: AK, CA, HI, OR and WA. Mid-Atlantic consists of DC, DE, MD, VA and WV. Midwest consists of: IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD and WI. Mountain consists of: AZ, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, UT and WY.



			41			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Commercial Loans by Industry

Table 20 summarizes our commercial loans held for investment portfolio by industry classification as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Industry classifications below are based on our interpretation of the Federal Loan Classification codes as they pertain to each individual loan.

Table 20: Commercial Loans by Industry


(Percentage of portfolio)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Industry Classification:
Finance	31%		31	%
Real Estate & Construction(1)	29		30

Government & Education	8		8
Health Care & Pharmaceuticals	6		6
Commercial Services	4		4
Technology, Telecommunications & Media	3		2
Oil, Gas & Pipelines	3		3
Other	16		16
Total	100	%	100	%

(1)The funded balance for commercial office real estate held for investment totaled $2.2 billion, or 2.5% and $2.3 billion, or 2.5%, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Commercial office real estate exposure does not include loans in our healthcare real estate business secured by medical office properties and loans to office real estate investment trusts or real estate investment funds.



			42			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Credit Risk Measurement

We closely monitor economic conditions and loan performance trends to assess and manage our exposure to credit risk. Trends in delinquency rates are the key credit quality indicator for our credit card and retail banking loan portfolios as changes in delinquency rates can provide an early warning of changes in potential future credit losses. The key indicator we monitor when assessing the credit quality and risk of our auto loan portfolio is borrower credit scores as they provide insight into borrower risk profiles, which give indications of potential future credit losses. The key credit quality indicator for our commercial loan portfolios is our internal risk ratings as we generally classify loans that have been delinquent for an extended period of time and other loans with significant risk of loss as nonperforming. In addition to these credit quality indicators, we also manage and monitor other credit quality metrics such as level of nonperforming loans and net charge-off rates.

We underwrite most consumer loans using proprietary models, which typically include credit bureau data, such as borrower credit scores, application information and, where applicable, collateral and deal structure data. We continuously adjust our management of credit lines and collection strategies based on customer behavior and risk profile changes. We also use borrower credit scores for subprime classification, for competitive benchmarking and, in some cases, to drive product segmentation decisions.

Table 21 provides details on the credit scores of our domestic credit card and auto loan portfolios as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 21: Credit Score Distribution


(Percentage of portfolio)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Domestic credit card—Refreshed FICO scores:(1)
Greater than 660	68	%	68	%
660 or below	32		32
Total	100	%	100	%
Auto—At origination FICO scores:(2)
Greater than 660	53	%	53	%
621 - 660	20		20
620 or below	27		27
Total	100	%	100	%

(1)Percentages represent period-end loans held for investment in each credit score category. Domestic Card credit scores generally represent Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) scores. These scores are obtained from one of the major credit bureaus at origination and are refreshed monthly thereafter. We approximate non-FICO credit scores to comparable FICO scores for consistency purposes. Balances for which no credit score is available or the credit score is invalid are included in the 660 or below category.

(2)Percentages represent period-end loans held for investment in each credit score category. Auto credit scores generally represent average FICO scores obtained from three credit bureaus at the time of application and are not refreshed thereafter. Balances for which no credit score is available or the credit score is invalid are included in the 620 or below category.

In our commercial loan portfolio, we assign internal risk ratings to loans based on relevant information about the ability of the borrowers to repay their debt. In determining the risk rating of a particular loan, some of the factors considered are the borrower’s current financial condition, historical and projected future credit performance, prospects for support from financially responsible guarantors, the estimated realizable value of any collateral and current economic trends.

We present information in the section below on the credit performance of our loan portfolio, including the key metrics we use in tracking changes in the credit quality of our loan portfolio. See “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 4—Loans” for additional credit quality information and see “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2023 Form 10-K for information on our accounting policies for delinquent and nonperforming loans, charge-offs and loan modifications and restructurings for each of our loan categories.



			43			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Delinquency Rates

We consider the entire balance of an account to be delinquent if the minimum required payment is not received by the customer’s due date, measured at each balance sheet date. Our 30+ day delinquency metrics include all loans held for investment that are 30 or more days past due, whereas our 30+ day performing delinquency metrics include all loans held for investment that are 30 or more days past due but are currently classified as performing and accruing interest. The 30+ day delinquency and 30+ day performing delinquency metrics are the same for domestic credit card loans, as we continue to classify these loans as performing until the account is charged off, typically when the account is 180 days past due. See “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2023 Form 10-K for information on our policies for classifying loans as nonperforming for each of our loan categories. We provide additional information on our credit quality metrics in “Business Segment Financial Performance.”

Table 22 presents our 30+ day performing delinquency rates and 30+ day delinquency rates of our portfolio of loans held for investment, by portfolio segment, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 22: 30+ Day Delinquencies




	March 31, 2024								December 31, 2023
	30+ Day Performing Delinquencies				30+ Day Delinquencies				30+ Day Performing Delinquencies				30+ Day Delinquencies
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		Rate(1)		Amount		Rate(1)		Amount		Rate(1)		Amount		Rate(1)
Credit Card:
Domestic credit card	$	6,445	4.48	%	$	6,445	4.48	%	$	6,806	4.61	%	$	6,806	4.61	%
International card businesses	325		4.83		332		4.94		321		4.67		329		4.77
Total credit card	6,770		4.50		6,777		4.50		7,127		4.61		7,135		4.62
Consumer Banking:
Auto	3,898		5.28		4,370		5.92		4,696		6.34		5,307		7.16
Retail banking	13		0.95		29		2.23		17		1.19		33		2.40
Total consumer banking	3,911		5.21		4,399		5.86		4,713		6.25		5,340		7.08
Commercial Banking:
Commercial and multifamily real estate	5		0.02		222		0.65		—		—		121		0.35
Commercial and industrial	22		0.04		170		0.31		55		0.10		181		0.32
Total commercial banking	27		0.03		392		0.44		55		0.06		302		0.33
Total	$	10,708	3.40		$	11,568	3.67		$	11,895	3.71		$	12,777	3.99

(1)Delinquency rates are calculated by dividing delinquency amounts by period-end loans held for investment for each specified loan category.



			44			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Table 23 presents our 30+ day delinquent loans held for investment, by aging and geography, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023

Table 23: Aging and Geography of 30+ Day Delinquent Loans


	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		Rate(1)		Amount		Rate(1)
Delinquency status:
30 – 59 days	$	4,631	1.47	%	$	5,367	1.68	%
60 – 89 days	2,816		0.89		3,119		0.97
> 90 days	4,121		1.31		4,291		1.34
Total	$	11,568	3.67	%	$	12,777	3.99	%
Geographic region:
Domestic	$	11,236	3.56	%	$	12,448	3.89	%
International	332		0.11		329		0.10
Total	$	11,568	3.67	%	$	12,777	3.99	%

(1)Delinquency rates are calculated by dividing delinquency amounts by total period-end loans held for investment.



			45			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Table 24 summarizes loans that were 90+ days delinquent, in regards to interest or principal payments, and still accruing interest as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. These loans consist primarily of credit card accounts between 90 days and 179 days past due. As permitted by regulatory guidance issued by the FFIEC, we continue to accrue interest and fees on domestic credit card loans through the date of charge off, which is typically in the period the account becomes 180 days past due.

Table 24: 90+ Day Delinquent Loans Accruing Interest


	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		Rate(1)		Amount		Rate(1)
Loan category:
Credit card	$	3,479	2.31	%	$	3,499	2.26	%
Commercial banking	23		0.03		55		0.06
Total	$	3,502	1.11		$	3,554	1.11
Geographic region:
Domestic	$	3,362	1.09		$	3,422	1.09
International	140		2.07		132		1.91
Total	$	3,502	1.11		$	3,554	1.11

(1)Delinquency rates are calculated by dividing delinquency amounts by period-end loans held for investment for each specified loan category.

Nonperforming Loans and Nonperforming Assets

Nonperforming loans include loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status. Nonperforming assets consist of nonperforming loans, repossessed assets and other foreclosed assets. See “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2023 Form 10-K for information on our policies for classifying loans as nonperforming for each of our loan categories.

Table 25 presents our nonperforming loans, by portfolio segment, and other nonperforming assets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. We do not classify loans held for sale as nonperforming. We provide additional information on our credit quality metrics in “Business Segment Financial Performance.”



			46			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Table 25: Nonperforming Loans and Other Nonperforming Assets**(1)**


	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		Rate		Amount		Rate
Nonperforming loans held for investment:(2)
Credit Card:
International card businesses	$	9	0.13	%	$	9	0.13	%
Total credit card	9		0.01		9		0.01
Consumer Banking:
Auto	585		0.79		712		0.96
Retail banking	41		3.21		46		3.36
Total consumer banking	626		0.83		758		1.00
Commercial Banking:
Commercial and multifamily real estate	541		1.58		425		1.23
Commercial and industrial	607		1.10		336		0.60
Total commercial banking	1,148		1.28		761		0.84
Total nonperforming loans held for investment(3)	1,783		0.57		1,528		0.48
Other nonperforming assets(4)	59		0.01		62		0.02
Total nonperforming assets	$	1,842	0.58		$	1,590	0.50

(1)We recognized interest income for loans classified as nonperforming of $5 million and $2 million in the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(2)Nonperforming loan rates are calculated based on nonperforming loans for each category divided by period-end total loans held for investment for each respective category.

(3)Excluding the impact of domestic credit card loans, nonperforming loans as a percentage of total loans held for investment was 1.04% and 0.88% as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(4)The denominators used in calculating nonperforming asset rates consist of total loans held for investment and other nonperforming assets.

Net Charge-Offs

Net charge-offs consist of the amortized cost basis, excluding accrued interest, of loans held for investment that we determine to be uncollectible, net of recovered amounts. We charge off loans as a reduction to the allowance for credit losses when we determine the loan is uncollectible and record subsequent recoveries of previously charged off amounts as increases to the allowance for credit losses. Uncollectible finance charges and fees are reversed through revenue and certain fraud losses are recorded in other non-interest expense. Generally, costs to recover charged off loans are recorded as collection expenses as incurred and are included in our consolidated statements of income as a component of other non-interest expense. Our charge-off policy for loans varies based on the loan type. See “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2023 Form 10-K for information on our charge-off policy for each of our loan categories.

Table 26 presents our net charge-off amounts and rates, by portfolio segment, in the first quarters of 2024 and 2023.

Table 26: Net Charge-Offs


	Three Months Ended March 31,
		2024	2023
(Dollars in millions)			Amount		Rate(1)		Amount		Rate(1)
Credit Card:
Domestic credit card			$	2,120	5.94	%	$	1,299	4.04	%
International card businesses			87		5.16		70		4.54
Total credit card			2,207		5.90		1,369		4.06



			47			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
		2024	2023
(Dollars in millions)			Amount		Rate(1)	Amount		Rate(1)
Consumer Banking:
Auto			367		1.99	296		1.53
Retail banking			13		4.04	11		2.97
Total consumer banking			380		2.03	307		1.56
Commercial Banking:
Commercial and multifamily real estate			18		0.20	17		0.19
Commercial and industrial			11		0.08	4		0.03
Total commercial banking			29		0.13	21		0.09
Total net charge-offs			$	2,616	3.33	$	1,697	2.21
Average loans held for investment			$	314,614		$	307,756

(1)Net charge-off rates are calculated by dividing annualized net charge-offs by average loans held for investment for the period for each loan category.



			48			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Financial Difficulty Modifications to Borrowers

A financial difficulty modification (“FDM”) occurs when a modification in the form of principal forgiveness, interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, a term extension or a combination of these modifications is granted to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty.

As part of our loss mitigation efforts, we may provide short-term (one to twelve months) or long-term (greater than twelve months) modifications to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty to improve long-term collectability of the loan and to avoid the need for repossession or foreclosure of collateral.

We consider the impact of all loan modifications, including FDMs, when estimating the credit quality of our loan portfolio and establishing allowance levels. For our Commercial Banking customers, loan modifications are also considered in the assignment of an internal risk rating.

In our Credit Card business, the majority of our FDMs receive an interest rate reduction and are placed on a fixed payment plan not exceeding 60 months. If the customer does not comply with the modified payment terms, then the credit card loan agreement may revert to its original payment terms, generally resulting in any loan outstanding being reflected in the appropriate delinquency category and charged off in accordance with our standard charge-off policy.

In our Consumer Banking business, the majority of our FDMs receive an extension, an interest rate reduction, principal reduction, or a combination of these modifications.

In our Commercial Banking business, the majority of our FDMs receive an extension. A portion of FDMs receive an interest rate reduction, principal reduction, or a combination of modifications.

For more information on FDMs, see “Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 4—Loans.”

Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments

Our allowance for credit losses represents management’s current estimate of expected credit losses over the contractual terms of our loans held for investment as of each balance sheet date. Expected recoveries of amounts previously charged off or expected to be charged off are recognized within the allowance. We also estimate expected credit losses related to unfunded lending commitments that are not unconditionally cancellable. The provision for losses on unfunded lending commitments is included in the provision for credit losses in our consolidated statements of income and the related reserve for unfunded lending commitments is included in other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. We provide additional information on the methodologies and key assumptions used in determining our allowance for credit losses in “Part II—Item 8.—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2023 Form 10-K.



			49			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Table 27 presents changes in our allowance for credit losses and reserve for unfunded lending commitments for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, and details by portfolio segment for the provision for credit losses, charge-offs and recoveries.

Table 27: Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments Activity


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
	Credit Card						Consumer Banking
(Dollars in millions)	Domestic Card		International Card Businesses		Total Credit Card		Auto		Retail Banking		Total Consumer Banking		Commercial Banking		Total














Allowance for credit losses:
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	11,261	$	448	$	11,709	$	2,002	$	40	$	2,042	$	1,545	$	15,296


Charge-offs	(2,452)		(122)		(2,574)		(642)		(18)		(660)		(39)		(3,273)
Recoveries(1)	332		35		367		275		5		280		10		657
Net charge-offs	(2,120)		(87)		(2,207)		(367)		(13)		(380)		(29)		(2,616)
Provision for credit losses	2,157		102		2,259		422		4		426		22		2,707
Allowance build (release) for credit losses	37		15		52		55		(9)		46		(7)		91
Other changes(2)	—		(7)		(7)		—		—		—		—		(7)
Balance as of March 31, 2024	11,298		456		11,754		2,057		31		2,088		1,538		15,380
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments:
Balance as of December 31, 2023	—		—		—		—		—		—		158		158
Provision (benefit) for losses on unfunded lending commitments	—		—		—		—		—		—		(24)		(24)
Balance as of March 31, 2024	—		—		—		—		—		—		134		134
Combined allowance and reserve as of March 31, 2024	$	11,298	$	456	$	11,754	$	2,057	$	31	$	2,088	$	1,672	$	15,514


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Credit Card						Consumer Banking
(Dollars in millions)	Domestic Card		International Card Businesses		Total Credit Card		Auto		Retail Banking		Total Consumer Banking		Commercial Banking		Total
Allowance for credit losses:



















Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	9,165	$	380	$	9,545	$	2,187	$	50	$	2,237	$	1,458	$	13,240
Cumulative effects of accounting standards adoption(3)	(40)		(23)		(63)		—		—		—		—		(63)
Balance as of January 1, 2023	9,125		357		9,482		2,187		50		2,237		1,458		13,177
Charge-offs	(1,587)		(101)		(1,688)		(515)		(16)		(531)		(24)		(2,243)
Recoveries(1)	288		31		319		219		5		224		3		546
Net charge-offs	(1,299)		(70)		(1,369)		(296)		(11)		(307)		(21)		(1,697)
Provision for credit losses	2,174		87		2,261		274		1		275		266		2,802
Allowance build (release) for credit losses	875		17		892		(22)		(10)		(32)		245		1,105
Other changes(4)	32		4		36		—		—		—		—		36
Balance as of March 31, 2023	10,032		378		10,410		2,165		40		2,205		1,703		14,318
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments:
Balance as of December 31, 2022	—		—		—		—		—		—		218		218
Provision (benefit) for losses on unfunded lending commitments	—		—		—		—		—		—		(7)		(7)
Balance as of March 31, 2023	—		—		—		—		—		—		211		211
Combined allowance and reserve as of March 31, 2023	$	10,032	$	378	$	10,410	$	2,165	$	40	$	2,205	$	1,914	$	14,529

(1)The amount and timing of recoveries are impacted by our collection strategies, which are based on customer behavior and risk profile and include direct customer communications, repossession of collateral, the periodic sale of charged off loans as well as additional strategies, such as litigation.

(2)Primarily represents foreign currency translation adjustments.

(3)Impact from the adoption of ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR”) and Vintage Disclosures as of January 1, 2023.

(4)Primarily represents the initial allowance for purchased credit-deteriorated (“PCD”) loans. The initial allowance of PCD loans was $32 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023.



			50			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)


LIQUIDITY RISK PROFILE

We manage our funding and liquidity risk in an integrated manner in support of the current and future cash flow needs of our business. We maintained liquidity reserves of $127.5 billion and $120.7 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, as shown in Table 28 below. Included in liquidity reserves are cash and cash equivalents, investment securities and FHLB borrowing capacity secured by loans.

As of March 31, 2024, we had available issuance capacity of $42.0 billion under shelf registrations associated with our credit card and auto loan securitization programs. We also maintain a shelf registration that enables us to issue an indeterminate amount of senior or subordinated debt securities, preferred stock, depositary shares, common stock, purchase contracts, warrants and units. Our ability to issue under each shelf registration is subject to market conditions.

Finally, as of March 31, 2024, we had access to available contingent liquidity sources totaling $97.6 billion through pledged collateral, including a portion of the investment securities included in the liquidity reserve amount above, at the Federal Reserve Discount Window, FHLB and the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation—Government Securities Division (“FICC—GSD”).

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our funding sources totaled $401.3 billion and $398.3 billion, respectively, primarily comprised of consumer deposits, as shown in “Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis—Funding Sources Composition.”

Our liquidity reserves, borrowing capacity, contingent liquidity sources and total funding sources are all discussed in more detail in the following sections.

Table 28 below presents the composition of our liquidity reserves as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 28: Liquidity Reserves


(Dollars in millions)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	51,028	$	43,297
Securities available for sale	78,398		79,117
FHLB borrowing capacity secured by loans	5,117		5,205
Outstanding FHLB advances and letters of credit secured by loans and investment securities	(50)		(50)
Other encumbrances of investment securities	(7,012)		(6,917)
Total liquidity reserves	$	127,481	$	120,652

Our liquidity reserves increased by $6.8 billion to $127.5 billion as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023, primarily due to increases in cash and cash equivalents. In addition to these liquidity reserves, we maintain access to a diversified mix of funding sources as discussed in the “Borrowing Capacity” and “Funding” sections below. See “Part II—Item 7. MD&A—Risk Management” in our 2023 Form 10-K for additional information on our management of liquidity risk.

Liquidity Coverage Ratio

We are subject to the final rules published by the Basel Committee and as implemented by the Federal Reserve and the OCC for the Basel III Liquidity Coverage Ratio (“LCR”) in the United States (the “LCR Rule”). The LCR Rule requires each of the Company and the Bank to calculate its respective LCR daily. It also requires the Company to publicly disclose, on a quarterly basis, its LCR, certain related quantitative liquidity metrics, and a qualitative discussion of its LCR. Our average LCR during the first quarter of 2024 was 164%, which exceeded the LCR Rule requirement of 100%. The calculation and the underlying components are based on our interpretations, expectations and assumptions of relevant regulations, as well as interpretations provided by our regulators, and are subject to change based on changes to future regulations and interpretations. See “Part I—Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation” in our 2023 Form 10-K for additional information.



			51			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Net Stable Funding Ratio

We are subject to the final rules published by the Basel Committee and as implemented by the Federal Reserve and the OCC for the Basel III Net Stable Funding Ratio (“NSFR”) in the United States (the “NSFR Rule”). The NSFR Rule requires each of the Company and the Bank to maintain an NSFR of 100% on an ongoing basis. It also requires the Company to publicly disclose, on a semi-annual basis each second and fourth quarter, its NSFR, certain related quantitative liquidity metrics and qualitative discussion of its NSFR. Our average NSFR for the first quarter of 2024 exceeded the NSFR Rule requirement of 100%. The calculation and the underlying components are based on our interpretations, expectations and assumptions of the relevant regulations, as well as interpretations provided by our regulators, and are subject to change based on changes to future regulations and interpretations. See “Part I—Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation” in our 2023 Form 10-K for additional information.

Borrowing Capacity

We maintain a shelf registration with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) so that we may periodically offer and sell an indeterminate aggregate amount of senior or subordinated debt securities, preferred stock, depositary shares, common stock, purchase contracts, warrants and units. There is no limit under this shelf registration to the amount or number of such securities that we may offer and sell, subject to market conditions. In addition, we also maintain a shelf registration associated with our credit card securitization trust that allows us to periodically offer and sell up to $30 billion of securitized debt obligations and a shelf registration associated with our auto loan securitization trusts that allows us to periodically offer and sell up to $25 billion of securitized debt obligations. The registered amounts under these shelf registration statements are subject to continuing review and change in the future, including as part of the routine renewal process. As of March 31, 2024, we had $22.6 billion and $19.4 billion of available issuance capacity in our credit card and auto loan securitization programs, respectively.

In addition to our issuance capacity under the shelf registration statements, we also have pledged collateral to support our access to FHLB advances, the Federal Reserve Discount Window and FICC—GSD general collateral financing repurchase agreement service. For each of these programs, the ability to borrow utilizing these sources is dependent on meeting the respective membership requirements. Our borrowing capacity in each program is a function of the collateral the Bank has posted with each counterparty, including any respective haircuts applied to that collateral.

As of March 31, 2024, we pledged both loans and securities to the FHLB to secure a maximum borrowing capacity of $36.7 billion, of which $50 million was used. Our FHLB membership is supported by our investment in FHLB stock of $18 million as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

As a member of FICC—GSD, we have $22.1 billion of readily available borrowing capacity secured by securities from our investment portfolio as of March 31, 2024. Our FICC—GSD membership is supported by our investment in Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation (“DTCC”) common stock of $439 thousand and $375 thousand as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

As of March 31, 2024, we pledged loans to secure a borrowing capacity of $38.8 billion under the Federal Reserve Discount Window. Our membership with the Federal Reserve is supported by our investment in Federal Reserve stock, which totaled $1.3 billion as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.



			52			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Deposits

Table 29 provides a comparison of average balances, interest expense and average deposits interest rates for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Table 29: Deposits Composition and Average Deposits Interest Rates


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024						2023
(Dollars in millions)	Average Balance		Interest Expense		Average Deposits Interest Rate		Average Balance		Interest Expense		Average Deposits Interest Rate
Interest-bearing checking accounts(1)	$	35,707	$	148	1.66	%	$	45,193	$	197	1.74	%
Saving deposits(2)	206,621		1,721		3.33		203,782		1,067		2.09
Time deposits	76,122		943		4.95		59,813		592		3.96


Total interest-bearing deposits	$	318,450	$	2,812	3.53		$	308,788	$	1,856	2.40

(1)Includes negotiable order of withdrawal accounts.

(2)Includes money market deposit accounts.

The FDIC limits the acceptance of brokered deposits to well-capitalized insured depository institutions and, with a waiver from the FDIC, to adequately-capitalized institutions. The Bank was well-capitalized, as defined under the federal banking regulatory guidelines, as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. See “Part I—Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation” in our 2023 Form 10-K for additional information. We provide additional information on the composition of deposits in “Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis—Funding Sources Composition” and in “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 8—Deposits and Borrowings.”

Funding

Our primary source of funding comes from insured retail deposits, as they are a relatively stable and lower cost source of funding. In addition to deposits, we raise funding through the issuance of senior and subordinated notes and securitized debt obligations, federal funds purchased, securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase and FHLB advances secured by certain portions of our loan and securities portfolios. A key objective in our use of these markets is to maintain access to a diversified mix of wholesale funding sources. See “Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis—Funding Sources Composition” for additional information on our primary sources of funding.

In the normal course of business, we enter into various contractual obligations that may require future cash payments that affect our short-term and long-term liquidity and capital resource needs. Our future cash outflows primarily relate to deposits, borrowings and operating leases. The actual timing and amounts of future cash payments may vary over time due to a number of factors, such as early debt redemptions and changes in deposit balances.

Short-Term Borrowings and Long-Term Debt

We access the capital markets to meet our funding needs through the issuance of senior and subordinated notes, securitized debt obligations and federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase. In addition, we have access to short-term and long-term FHLB advances secured by certain investment securities, multifamily real estate loans and commercial real estate loans.

Our short-term borrowings, which include those borrowings with an original contractual maturity of one year or less, typically consist of federal funds purchased, securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase or short-term FHLB advances, and do not include the current portion of long-term debt. Our short-term borrowings increased by $30 million to $568 million as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 driven by an increase in repurchase agreements.



			53			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Our long-term funding, which primarily consists of securitized debt obligations and senior and subordinated notes, increased by $475 million to $49.8 billion as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 primarily driven by net issuances of senior unsecured debt. We provide more information on our securitization activity in “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 6—Variable Interest Entities and Securitizations” and on our borrowings in “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 8—Deposits and Borrowings.”

The following table summarizes issuances of securitized debt obligations, senior and subordinated notes and their respective maturities or redemptions for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Table 30: Long-Term Debt Funding Activities


	Issuances				Maturities/Redemptions
	Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2024		2023			2024		2023
Securitized debt obligations	—		$	1,250		$	367	$	560
Senior and subordinated notes	$	2,000	2,250			750		3,047

Total	$	2,000	$	3,500		$	1,117	$	3,607



			54			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Credit Ratings

Our credit ratings impact our ability to access capital markets and our borrowing costs. For more information, see “Part I—Item 1A. Risk Factors” under the heading in our 2023 Form 10-K “A downgrade in our credit ratings could significantly impact our liquidity, funding costs and access to the capital markets.”

Table 31 provides a summary of the credit ratings for the senior unsecured long-term debt of Capital One Financial Corporation and CONA as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 31: Senior Unsecured Long-Term Debt Credit Ratings


	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
	Capital One Financial Corporation	CONA	Capital One Financial Corporation	CONA
Moody’s	Baa1	A3	Baa1	A3
S&P	BBB	BBB+	BBB	BBB+
Fitch	A-	A	A-	A

As of April 22, 2024, Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”) have our credit ratings on a stable outlook. Following the Company’s February 19, 2024 announcement to acquire Discover, Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”) placed our credit ratings on review for a downgrade. Moody’s said its review for downgrade may continue until the transaction has been completed.

Other Commitments

In the normal course of business, we enter into other contractual obligations that may require future cash payments that affect our short-term and long-term liquidity and capital resource needs. Our other contractual obligations include lending commitments, leases, purchase obligations and other contractual arrangements.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our total unfunded lending commitments were $452.6 billion and $441.3 billion, respectively, primarily consisting of credit card lines and loan commitments to customers of both our Commercial Banking and Consumer Banking businesses, as well as standby and commercial letters of credit. We generally manage the potential risk of unfunded lending commitments by limiting the total amount of arrangements, monitoring the size and maturity structure of these portfolios and applying the same credit standards for all of our credit activities. For additional information, refer to “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 14—Commitments, Contingencies, Guarantees and Others” in this Report.

Our primary involvement with leases is in the capacity as a lessee where we lease premises to support our business. The majority of our leases are operating leases of office space, retail bank branches and cafés. Our operating leases expire at various dates through 2071, although some have extension or termination options. As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $1.5 billion, in aggregate operating lease obligations. We provide more information on our lease activity in “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 7—Premises, Equipment and Leases” in our 2023 Form 10-K.

We have purchase obligations that represent substantial agreements to purchase goods or receive services such as data management, media and other software and third-party services that are enforceable and legally binding and specify significant terms. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $391 million and $789 million, respectively, in aggregate purchase obligation liabilities.

We also enter into various contractual arrangements that may require future cash payments, including short-term obligations such as trade payables, commitments to fund certain equity investments, obligations for pension and post-retirement benefit plans, and representation and warranty reserves. These arrangements are discussed in more detail in “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 6—Variable Interest Entities and Securitizations,” and “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 14—Commitments, Contingencies, Guarantees and Others” in this Report and “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 14—Employee Benefit Plans” in our 2023 Form 10-K.



			55			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)


MARKET RISK PROFILE

Our primary market risk exposures include interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk and commodity pricing risk. We are exposed to market risk primarily from the following operations and activities:

Traditional banking activities of deposit gathering and lending;
Asset/liability management activities including the management of investment securities, short-term and long-term borrowings and derivatives;
Foreign operations in the U.K. and Canada within our Credit Card business; and
Customer accommodation activities within our Commercial Banking business.

We have enterprise-wide risk management policies and limits, approved by our Board of Directors, which govern our market risk management activities. Our objective is to manage our exposure to market risk in accordance with these policies and limits based on prevailing market conditions and long-term expectations. We provide additional information below about our primary sources of market risk, our market risk management strategies and the measures that we use to evaluate these exposures.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk represents exposure to financial instruments whose values vary with the level or volatility of interest rates. We are exposed to interest rate risk primarily from the differences in the timing between the maturities or repricing of assets and liabilities. We manage our interest rate risk primarily by entering into interest rate swaps and other derivative instruments which could include caps, floors, options, futures and forward contracts.

We use various industry standard market risk measurement techniques and analyses to measure, assess and manage the impact of changes in interest rates on our net interest income and our economic value of equity and changes in foreign exchange rates on our non-dollar-denominated funding and non-dollar equity investments in foreign operations.

Net Interest Income Sensitivity

Our net interest income sensitivity measure estimates the impact of hypothetical instantaneous movements in interest rates relative to our baseline interest rate forecast on our projected 12-month net interest income. Net interest income sensitivity metrics are derived using the following key assumptions:

In addition to our existing assets, liabilities and derivative positions, we incorporate expected future business growth assumptions. These assumptions include loan and deposit growth, pricing, plans for projected changes in our funding mix and our securities and cash position from our internal corporate outlook that is used in our financial planning process.
The analysis assumes this forecast of expected future business growth remains unchanged between the baseline rate forecast and rate shock scenarios, including no changes to our interest rate risk management activities like securities and hedging actions.
We incorporate the dynamic nature of deposit re-pricing, which includes pricing lags and changes in deposit beta and mix as interest rates change, and the prepayment sensitivity of our mortgage securities to the level of interest rates. In our models, deposit betas and mortgage security prepayments vary dynamically based on the level of interest rates and by product type. In the contexts used in this section, “beta” refers to the change in deposit rate paid relative to the change in the federal funds rate.

*•*In instances where an interest rate scenario would result in a rate less than 0.00%, we assume a rate of 0% for that scenario. This assumption applies only to jurisdictions that do not have a practice of employing negative policy rates. In jurisdictions that have negative policy rates, we do not floor interest rates at 0.00%.

At the current level of interest rates, our projected 12-month net interest income is expected to increase in higher rate scenarios and decrease in lower rate scenarios. The decrease in lower rate scenarios is driven by lower interest income from our assets, including floating rate credit card and commercial loans, being partially offset by lower interest expense from our deposits and



			56			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

other liabilities, net of our interest rate hedges. Our current sensitivity to both upward and downward shocks is largely unchanged as compared to December 31, 2023.

Economic Value of Equity Sensitivity

Our economic value of equity sensitivity measure estimates the impact of hypothetical instantaneous movements in interest rates on the net present value of our assets and liabilities, including derivative exposures. Economic value of equity sensitivity metrics are derived using the following key assumptions:

The analysis includes only existing assets, liabilities and derivative positions and does not incorporate business growth assumptions or projected balance sheet changes.
Similar to our net interest income sensitivity measure, we incorporate the dynamic nature of deposit repricing and attrition, which includes pricing lags and changes in deposit beta as interest rates change and the prepayment sensitivity of our mortgage securities to the level of interest rates. In our models, deposit betas and mortgage security prepayments vary dynamically based on the level of interest rates and by product type.
Balance attrition assumptions for loans, including credit card, auto and commercial loans, remain unchanged between the baseline interest rate forecast and interest rate shock scenarios as those loans are mainly floating rate or shorter duration fixed rate loans and hence paydowns have a low sensitivity to the level of interest rates.
For assets and liabilities with embedded optionality, such as mortgage securities and deposit balances, we utilize monte carlo simulations to assess economic value with industry-standard term structure modeling of interest rates.
Our calculations of net present value apply appropriate spreads over the benchmark yield curve for select assets and liabilities to capture the inherent risks (including credit risk) to discount expected interest and principal cash flows.

Our current economic value of equity sensitivity profile demonstrates that our economic value of equity decreases in higher interest rate scenarios and increases in lower interest rate scenarios. The decrease in higher rate scenarios is due to the declines in the projected value of our fixed rate assets being only partially offset by corresponding movements in the projected value of our deposits and other liabilities. The pace of economic value of equity decrease is larger for the +200 bps scenario as our deposits are assumed to reprice more rapidly in higher interest rate environments. Our current economic value of equity sensitivity is largely unchanged as compared to December 31, 2023.



			57			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Table 32 shows the estimated percentage impact on our projected baseline net interest income and our current economic value of equity calculated under the methodology described above as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 32: Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis


	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Estimated impact on projected baseline net interest income:
+200 basis points	1.2	%	0.7	%
+100 basis points	0.9		0.8
+50 basis points	0.5		0.4
–50 basis points	(0.6)		(0.5)
–100 basis points	(1.2)		(0.9)
–200 basis points	(2.5)		(2.0)
Estimated impact on economic value of equity:
+200 basis points	(8.4)		(8.4)
+100 basis points	(3.7)		(3.7)
+50 basis points	(1.8)		(1.8)
–50 basis points	1.7		1.6
–100 basis points	3.2		2.9
–200 basis points	4.9		4.0

In addition to these industry standard measures, we also consider the potential impact of alternative interest rate scenarios, such as larger rate shocks, higher than +/- 200 bps, as well as steepening and flattening yield curve scenarios in our internal interest rate risk management decisions. We also regularly review the sensitivity of our interest rate risk metrics to changes in our key modeling assumptions, such as our loan and deposit balance forecasts, mortgage prepayments and deposit repricing.

Limitations of Market Risk Measures

The interest rate risk models that we use in deriving these measures incorporate contractual information, internally-developed assumptions and proprietary modeling methodologies, which project borrower and depositor behavior patterns in certain interest rate environments. Other market inputs, such as interest rates, market prices and interest rate volatility, are also critical components of our interest rate risk measures. We regularly evaluate, update and enhance these assumptions, models and analytical tools as we believe appropriate to reflect our best assessment of the market environment and the expected behavior patterns of our existing assets and liabilities.

There are inherent limitations in any methodology used to estimate the exposure to changes in market interest rates. The sensitivity analysis described above contemplates only certain movements in interest rates and is performed at a particular point in time based on our existing balance sheet and, in some cases, expected future business growth and funding mix assumptions. The strategic actions that management may take to manage our balance sheet may differ significantly from our projections, which could cause our actual earnings and economic value of equity sensitivities to differ substantially from the above sensitivity analysis.

For further information on our interest rate exposures, see “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 9—Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities.”



			58			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Foreign Exchange Risk

Foreign exchange risk represents exposure to changes in the values of current holdings and future cash flows denominated in other currencies. We are exposed to foreign exchange risk primarily from the intercompany funding denominated in pound sterling (“GBP”) and the Canadian dollar (“CAD”) that we provide to our businesses in the U.K. and Canada and net equity investments in those businesses. We are also exposed to foreign exchange risk due to changes in the dollar-denominated value of future earnings and cash flows from our foreign operations and from our Euro (“EUR”)-denominated borrowings.

Our non-dollar denominated intercompany funding and EUR-denominated borrowings expose our earnings to foreign exchange transaction risk. We manage these transaction risks by using forward foreign currency derivatives and cross-currency swaps to hedge our exposures. We measure our foreign exchange transaction risk exposures by applying a 1% U.S. dollar appreciation shock against the value of the non-dollar denominated intercompany funding and EUR-denominated borrowings and their related hedges, which shows the impact to our earnings from foreign exchange risk. Our nominal intercompany funding outstanding was 987 million GBP and 973 million GBP as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and 1.6 billion CAD as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Our nominal EUR-denominated borrowings outstanding were 1.3 billion EUR as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Our non-dollar equity investments in foreign operations expose our balance sheet and capital ratios to translation risk in AOCI. We manage our translation risk by entering into foreign currency derivatives designated as net investment hedges. We measure these exposures by applying a 30% U.S. dollar appreciation shock, which we believe approximates a significant adverse shock over a one-year time horizon, against the value of the equity invested in our foreign operations net of related net investment hedges where applicable. Our gross equity exposures in our U.K. and Canadian operations were 2.2 billion GBP as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and 2.4 billion CAD as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

As a result of our derivative management activities, we believe our net exposure to foreign exchange risk is minimal. For more information, see “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 9—Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” and “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 10—Stockholders’ Equity.”

Risk related to Customer Accommodation Derivatives

We offer interest rate, commodity and foreign currency derivatives as an accommodation to our customers within our Commercial Banking business. We offset the majority of the market risk of these customer accommodation derivatives by entering into offsetting derivatives transactions with other counterparties. We use value-at-risk (“VaR”) as the primary method to measure the market risk in our customer accommodation derivative activities on a daily basis. VaR is a statistical risk measure used to estimate the potential loss from movements observed in the recent market environment. We employ a historical simulation approach using the most recent 500 business days and use a 99 percent confidence level and a holding period of one business day. As a result of offsetting our customer exposures with other counterparties, we believe that our net exposure to market risk in our customer accommodation derivatives is minimal. For further information on our risk related to customer accommodation derivatives, see “Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 9—Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities.”


SUPERVISION AND REGULATION

Regulation of Consumer Lending Activities Update

On March 5, 2024, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) issued a final rule amending Regulation Z that, when effective, would significantly lower the safe harbor amount for past due fees that a large credit card issuer, including the Bank, can charge on consumer credit card accounts. The final rule currently has an effective date of May 14, 2024 but is subject to ongoing litigation, the outcome of which remains uncertain. For more information on risks related to these rules, see the risk factors set forth under Part I—Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2023 Form 10-K” and for more information on the potential impact on our business see “Introduction—Business Developments—Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Final Rule.”

Capital Planning and Stress Testing Update



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constitutes a material change and, therefore, we are required to resubmit an updated capital plan. The capital plan rule further provides that upon the occurrence of an event requiring resubmission, a BHC may not make any capital distribution unless it has received approval of the Federal Reserve. Accordingly, all our capital distributions are now subject to the prior approval of the Federal Reserve pending the Federal Reserve’s consideration of our resubmitted capital plan. We have received prior approval of the Federal Reserve to make certain capital distributions.

We provide additional information on our Supervision and Regulation in our 2023 Form 10-K under “Part I—Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation.”



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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

From time to time, we have made and will make forward-looking statements, including those that discuss, among other things: strategies, goals, outlook or other non-historical matters; projections, revenues, income, returns, expenses, assets, liabilities, capital and liquidity measures, capital allocation plans, accruals for claims in litigation and for other claims against us; earnings per share, efficiency ratio, operating efficiency ratio or other financial measures for us; future financial and operating results; our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions; and the assumptions that underlie these matters.

To the extent that any such information is forward-looking, it is intended to fit within the safe harbor for forward-looking information provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

Forward-looking statements often use words such as “will,” “anticipate,” “target,” “expect,” “think,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “goal,” “believe,” “forecast,” “outlook” or other words of similar meaning. Any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf speak only as of the date they are made or as of the date indicated, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. For additional information on factors that could materially influence forward-looking statements included in this Report, see the risk factors set forth under “Part I—Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2023 Form 10-K. You should carefully consider the factors discussed below, and in our Risk Factors or other disclosures, in evaluating these forward-looking statements.

Numerous factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from those described in such forward-looking statements, including, among other things:

risks relating to the pending Transaction, including the risk that the cost savings and any revenue synergies and other anticipated benefits from the Transaction may not be fully realized or may take longer than anticipated to be realized; disruption to our business and to Discover’s business as a result of the announcement and pendency of the Transaction; the risk that the integration of Discover’s business and operations into ours, including into our compliance management program, will be materially delayed or will be more costly or difficult than expected, or that we are otherwise unable to successfully integrate Discover’s business into ours, including as a result of unexpected factors or events; the possibility that the requisite regulatory, stockholder or other approvals are not received or other conditions to the closing are not satisfied on a timely basis or at all, or are obtained subject to conditions that are not anticipated (and the risk that requisite regulatory approvals may result in the imposition of conditions that could adversely affect us or the expected benefits of the Transaction following the closing of the Transaction); reputational risk and the reaction of customers, suppliers, employees or other business partners of ours or of Discover to the Transaction; the failure of the closing conditions in the Merger Agreement to be satisfied, or any unexpected delay in completing the Transaction or the occurrence of any event, change or other circumstances that could give rise to the termination of the Merger Agreement; the dilution caused by our issuance of additional shares of our common stock in connection with the Transaction; the possibility that the Transaction may be more expensive to complete than anticipated, including as a result of unexpected factors or events; risks related to management and oversight of our expanded business and operations following the Transaction due to the increased size and complexity of our business; the possibility of increased scrutiny by, and/or additional regulatory requirements of, governmental authorities as a result of the Transaction or the size, scope and complexity of our business operations following the Transaction; the outcome of any legal or regulatory proceedings that may be currently pending or later instituted against us (before or after the Transaction) or against Discover; the risk that expectations regarding the timing, completion and accounting and tax treatments of the Transaction are not met; the risk that any announcements relating to the Transaction could have adverse effects on the market price of our common stock; certain restrictions during the pendency of the Transaction; the diversion of management’s attention from ongoing business operations and opportunities; the risk that revenues following the Transaction may be lower than expected and/or the risk that certain expenses, such as the provision for credit losses, of Discover or the surviving entity may be greater than expected; our and Discover’s success in executing their respective business plans and strategies and managing the risks involved in the foregoing; effects of the announcement, pendency or completion of the Transaction on our or Discover’s ability to retain customers and retain and hire key personnel and maintain relationships with our and Discover’s suppliers and other business partners, and on our and Discover’s operating results and businesses generally; and other factors that may affect our future results or the future results of Discover;



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changes and instability in the macroeconomic environment, resulting from factors that include, but are not limited to monetary policy actions, geopolitical conflicts or instability, such as the war between Ukraine and Russia and the war between Israel and Hamas, labor shortages, government shutdowns, inflation and deflation, potential recessions, lower demand for credit, changes in deposit practices and payment patterns;
increases or fluctuations in credit losses and delinquencies and the impact of incorrectly estimated expected losses, which could result in inadequate reserves;
compliance with new and existing domestic and foreign laws, regulations and regulatory expectations;
limitations on our ability to receive dividends from our subsidiaries;
our ability to maintain adequate capital or liquidity levels or to comply with revised capital or liquidity requirements, which could have a negative impact on our financial results and our ability to return capital to our stockholders;
the extensive use, reliability, and accuracy of the models, artificial intelligence, and data on which we rely;
increased costs, reductions in revenue, reputational damage, legal exposure and business disruptions that can result from a cyber-attack or other security incident on us or third parties (including their supply chains) with which we conduct business, including an incident that results in the theft, loss, manipulation or misuse of information, or the disabling of systems and access to information critical to business operations;
developments, changes or actions relating to any litigation, governmental investigation or regulatory enforcement action or matter involving us;
the amount and rate of deposit growth and changes in deposit costs;
our ability to execute on our strategic initiatives and operational plans;
our response to competitive pressures;
our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by merchants’ efforts to reduce the fees charged by credit and debit card networks to facilitate card transactions, and by legislation and regulation impacting such fees;
our success in integrating acquired businesses and loan portfolios, and our ability to realize anticipated benefits from announced transactions and strategic partnerships;
our ability to develop, operate, and adapt our operational, technology and organizational infrastructure suitable for the nature of our business;
the success of our marketing efforts in attracting and retaining customers;
our risk management strategies;
changes in the reputation of, or expectations regarding, us or the financial services industry with respect to practices, products, services or financial condition;
fluctuations in interest rates or volatility in the capital markets;
our ability to attract, develop, retain and motivate key senior leaders and skilled employees;
climate change manifesting as physical or transition risks;
our assumptions or estimates in our financial statements;
the soundness of other financial institutions and other third parties, actual or perceived;
our ability to invest successfully in and introduce digital and other technological developments across all our businesses;



			62			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

a downgrade in our credit ratings;
our ability to manage risks from catastrophic events;
compliance with applicable laws and regulations related to privacy, data protection and data security, in addition to compliance with our own privacy policies and contractual obligations to third parties;
our ability to protect our intellectual property; and
other risk factors identified from time to time in our public disclosures, including in the reports that we file with the SEC.



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SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures

The following non-GAAP measure consists of our adjusted results that we believe helps investors and users of our financial information understand the effect of adjusting items on our selected reported results; however, it may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures reported by other companies. This adjusted result provides alternate measurements of our operating performance, both for the current period and trends across multiple periods. The following table presents reconciliations of the non-GAAP measure to the applicable amounts measured in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The non-GAAP measure below should not be viewed as a substitute for reported results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Table A—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures



(Dollars in millions, except as noted)	March 31, 2024			March 31, 2023
Adjusted operating efficiency ratio:
Operating expense (U.S. GAAP)	$	4,127		$	4,048
FDIC special assessment	(42)			—


Adjusted operating expense (non-GAAP)	$	4,085		$	4,048



Adjusted net revenue (non-GAAP)	$	9,402		$	8,903

Operating efficiency ratio (U.S. GAAP)	43.89%			45.47%
Impact of adjustments noted above	(44)		bps	—		bps
Adjusted operating efficiency ratio (non-GAAP)	43.45%			45.47%

The following non-GAAP measures consist of TCE, tangible assets and metrics computed using these amounts, which include tangible book value per common share, return on average tangible assets, return on average TCE and TCE ratio. We consider these metrics to be key financial performance measures that management uses in assessing capital adequacy and the level of returns generated. While these non-GAAP measures are widely used by investors, analysts and bank regulatory agencies to assess the capital position of financial services companies, they may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures reported by other companies. The following table presents reconciliations of these non-GAAP measures to the applicable amounts measured in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These non-GAAP measures should not be viewed as a substitute for reported results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP.



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	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions, except as noted)		2024		2023
Tangible Common Equity (Average):
Stockholders’ equity		$	57,998	$	54,773
Goodwill and other intangible assets(1)		(15,280)		(14,984)
Noncumulative perpetual preferred stock		(4,845)		(4,845)
Tangible common equity		$	37,873	$	34,944
Return on Tangible Common Equity (Average):
Net income available to common stockholders		$	1,200	$	887
Tangible common equity (Average)		37,873		34,944
Return on tangible common equity(2)		12.67%		10.15%




Tangible Assets (Average):
Total assets		$	474,995	$	462,324
Goodwill and other intangible assets(1)		(15,280)		(14,984)
Tangible assets		$	459,715	$	447,340
Return on Tangible Assets (Average):
Net income		$	1,280	$	960
Tangible assets (Average)		459,715		447,340
Return on tangible assets(3)		1.11%		0.86%


(Dollars in millions, except as noted)	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023		December 31, 2023
Tangible Common Equity (Period-End):
Stockholders’ equity	$	57,801	$	54,653	$	58,089
Goodwill and other intangible assets(1)	(15,257)		(15,098)		(15,289)
Noncumulative perpetual preferred stock	(4,845)		(4,845)		(4,845)
Tangible common equity	$	37,699	$	34,710	$	37,955
Tangible Assets (Period-End):
Total assets	$	481,720	$	471,660	$	478,464
Goodwill and other intangible assets(1)	(15,257)		(15,098)		(15,289)
Tangible assets	$	466,463	$	456,562	$	463,175
Tangible Book Value per Common Share:
Tangible common equity (period-end)	$	37,699	$	34,710	$	37,955
Outstanding Common Shares	382.1		382.0		380.4
Tangible book value per common share	$	98.67	$	90.86	$	99.78
TCE Ratio
Tangible common equity (Period-end)	$	37,699	$	34,710	$	37,955
Tangible Assets (Period-end)	466,463		456,562		463,175
TCE Ratio(4)	8.1%		7.6%		8.2%

(1)Includes impact of related deferred taxes.

(2)Return on average tangible common equity is a non-GAAP measure calculated based on annualized net income (loss) available to common stockholders less annualized income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, for the period, divided by average TCE.

(3)Return on average tangible assets is a non-GAAP measure calculated based on annualized income (loss) from continuing operations, net of tax, for the period divided by average tangible assets for the period.

(4)TCE ratio is a non-GAAP measure calculated based on TCE divided by period-end tangible assets.



			65			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)


Glossary and Acronyms

2019 Cybersecurity Incident: The unauthorized access by an outside individual who obtained certain types of personal information relating to people who had applied for our credit card products and to our credit card customers that we announced on July 29, 2019.

2022 Call Report: Consolidated Reports of Condition and Income as of December 31, 2022.

Allowance coverage ratio: Allowance as a percentage of loans held for investment.

Amortized cost: The amount at which a financing receivable or investment is originated or acquired, adjusted for applicable accrued interest, accretion, or amortization of premium, discount, and net deferred fees or costs, collection of cash, write-offs, foreign exchange and fair value hedge accounting adjustments.

Annual Report: References to our “2023 Form 10-K” are to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Bank: CONA, Capital One Financial Corporation’s principal operating subsidiary.

Basel Committee: The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.

Basel III Capital Rules: The regulatory capital requirements established by the Federal Banking Agencies in July 2013 to implement the Basel III capital framework developed by the Basel Committee as well as certain Dodd-Frank Act and other capital provisions.

Basel III Finalization Proposal: The notice of proposed rulemaking released by the Federal Banking Agencies on July 27, 2023 to revise the Basel III Capital Rules applicable to banking organizations with total assets of $100 billion or more and their subsidiary depository institutions.

Basel III standardized approach: The Basel III Capital Rules modified Basel I to create the Basel III standardized approach.

Capital One or the Company: Capital One Financial Corporation and its subsidiaries.

Carrying value (with respect to loans): The amount at which a loan is recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. For loans recorded at amortized cost, carrying value is the unpaid principal balance net of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and costs, and unamortized purchase premium or discount. For loans that are or have been on nonaccrual status, the carrying value is also reduced by any net charge-offs that have been recorded and the amount of interest payments applied as a reduction of principal under the cost recovery method. For credit card loans, the carrying value also includes interest that has been billed to the customer, net of any related reserves. Loans held for sale are recorded at either fair value (if we elect the fair value option) or at the lower of cost or fair value.

CECL: In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. This ASU requires an impairment model (known as the CECL model) that is based on expected rather than incurred losses, with an anticipated result of more timely loss recognition. This guidance was effective for us on January 1, 2020.

CECL Transition Election: The optional five-year transition period provided to banking institutions to phase in the impact of the CECL standard on their regulatory capital.

CECL Transition Rule: A rule adopted by the Federal Banking Agencies and effective in 2020 that provides banking institutions an optional five-year transition period to phase in the impact of the CECL standard on their regulatory capital.

Common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital: CET1 capital primarily includes qualifying common shareholders’ equity, retained earnings and certain AOCI amounts less certain deductions for goodwill, intangible assets, and certain deferred tax assets.

CONA: Capital One, National Association, one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, which offers a broad spectrum of banking products and financial services to consumers, small businesses and commercial clients.



			66			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

CONA Bank Merger: The merger of Discover Bank, a Delaware-chartered and wholly owned subsidiary of Discover, with and into CONA, with CONA as the surviving entity.

Credit risk: The risk to current or projected financial condition and resilience arising from an obligor’s failure to meet the terms of any contract with the Company or otherwise perform as agreed.

Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”): A fund maintained by the FDIC to provide insurance coverage for certain deposits. It is funded through assessments on banks.

Derivative: A contract or agreement whose value is derived from changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, prices of securities or commodities, credit worthiness for credit default swaps or financial or commodity indices.

Discontinued operations: The operating results of a component of an entity, as defined by Accounting Standards Codification 205, that are removed from continuing operations when that component has been disposed of or it is management’s intention to sell the component.

Discover: Discover Financial Services, a Delaware corporation.

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (“Dodd-Frank Act”): Regulatory reform legislation signed into law on July 21, 2010. This law broadly affects the financial services industry and contains numerous provisions aimed at strengthening the sound operation of the financial services sector.

Exchange Act: The Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

eXtensible Business Reporting Language (“XBRL”): A language for the electronic communication of business and financial data.

Federal Banking Agencies: The Federal Reserve, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”): An independent U.S. governmental agency that administers the Deposit Insurance Fund.

Federal Reserve: The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

FICO score: A measure of consumer credit risk provided by credit bureaus, typically produced from statistical modeling software created by FICO (formerly known as “Fair Isaac Corporation”) utilizing data collected by the credit bureaus.

Financial difficulty modification (“FDM”): A FDM is deemed to occur when a loan modification is made to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty in the form of principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, a term extension, or a combination of these modifications in the current reporting period. FDMs became effective with the adoption of ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures on January 1, 2023.

Foreign exchange contracts: Contracts that provide for the future receipt or delivery of foreign currency at previously agreed-upon terms.

Framework: The Capital One enterprise-wide risk management framework.

GSE or Agency: A government-sponsored enterprise or agency is a financial services corporation created by the United States Congress. Examples of U.S. government agencies include Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) and the Federal Home Loan Banks (“FHLB”).

Interest rate sensitivity: The exposure to interest rate movements.

Interest rate swaps: Contracts in which a series of interest rate flows in a single currency are exchanged over a prescribed period. Interest rate swaps are the most common type of derivative contract that we use in our asset/liability management activities.



			67			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Investment grade: Represents a Moody’s long-term rating of Baa3 or better; and/or a S&P long-term rating of BBB- or better; and/or a Fitch long-term rating of BBB- or better; or if unrated, an equivalent rating using our internal risk ratings. Instruments that fall below these levels are considered to be non-investment grade.

Investor entities: Entities that invest in community development entities (“CDE”) that provide debt financing to businesses and non-profit entities in low-income and rural communities.

LCR Rule: The final rules published by the Basel Committee and as implemented by the Federal Banking Agencies in 2014 for the Basel III Liquidity Coverage Ratio (“LCR”) in the United States. The LCR is calculated by dividing the amount of an institution’s high quality, unencumbered liquid assets by its estimated net cash outflow, as defined and calculated in accordance with the LCR Rule.

Leverage ratio: Tier 1 capital divided by average assets after certain adjustments, as defined by regulators.

Liquidity risk: The risk that the Company will not be able to meet its future financial obligations as they come due, or invest in future asset growth because of an inability to obtain funds at a reasonable price within a reasonable time.

Loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratio: The relationship, expressed as a percentage, between the principal amount of a loan and the appraised value of the collateral securing the loan.

Loss severity: Loss given default.

Managed presentation: A non-GAAP presentation of business segment results derived from our internal management accounting and reporting process, which employs various allocation methodologies, including funds transfer pricing, to assign certain balance sheet assets, deposits and other liabilities and their related revenues and expenses directly or indirectly attributable to each business segment. The results of our individual businesses reflect the manner in which management evaluates performance and makes decisions about funding our operations and allocating resources and are intended to reflect each segment as if it were a stand-alone business.

Market risk: The risk that an institution’s earnings or the economic value of equity could be adversely impacted by changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates or other market factors.

Master netting agreement: An agreement between two counterparties that have multiple contracts with each other that provides for the net settlement of all contracts through a single payment in the event of default or termination of any one contract.

Merger Agreement: Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of February 19, 2024, by and among Discover, Capital One and Vega Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Capital One.

Merger Sub: Vega Merger Sub, Inc.

Mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”): The right to service a mortgage loan when the underlying loan is sold or securitized. Servicing includes collections for principal, interest and escrow payments from borrowers and accounting for and remitting principal and interest payments to investors.

Net charge-off rate: Represents (annualized) net charge-offs divided by average loans held for investment for the period. Negative net charge-offs and related rates are captioned as net recoveries.

Net interest margin: Represents (annualized) net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets for the period.

Nonperforming loans: Generally include loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status. We do not report loans classified as held for sale as nonperforming.

NSFR Rule: The final rules published by the Basel Committee and as issued by the Federal Banking Agencies in October 2020 implementing the net stable funding ratio (“NSFR”) in the United States. The NSFR measures the stability of our funding profile and requires us to maintain minimum amounts of stable funding to support our assets, commitments and derivatives exposures over a one-year period.

PR Rules: The U.S. prudential regulators’ margin rules for uncleared derivatives.



			68			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

Public Fund Deposits: Deposits that are derived from a variety of political subdivisions such as school districts and municipalities.

Purchase volume: Consists of purchase transactions, net of returns, for the period, and excludes cash advance and balance transfer transactions.

Rating agency: An independent agency that assesses the credit quality and likelihood of default of an issue or issuer and assigns a rating to that issue or issuer.

Repurchase agreement: An instrument used to raise short-term funds whereby securities are sold with an agreement for the seller to buy back the securities at a later date.

Restructuring charges: Charges associated with the realignment of resources supporting various businesses, primarily consisting of severance and related benefits pursuant to our ongoing benefit programs and impairment of certain assets related to the business locations and/or activities being exited.

Risk-weighted assets: On- and off-balance sheet assets that are assigned to one of several broad risk categories and weighted by factors representing their risk and potential for default.

Second Step Merger: The merger of Discover with and into Capital One, with Capital One as the surviving entity.

Securitized debt obligations: A type of asset-backed security and structured credit product constructed from a portfolio of fixed-income assets.

Stress capital buffer requirement: A component of our standardized approach capital conservation buffer, which is recalibrated annually based on the results of our supervisory stress tests.

Stress Capital Buffer Rule: The final rule issued by the Federal Reserve in March 2020 to implement the stress capital buffer requirement.

Subprime: For purposes of lending in our Credit Card business, we generally consider FICO scores of 660 or below, or other equivalent risk scores, to be subprime. For purposes of auto lending in our Consumer Banking business, we generally consider FICO scores of 620 or below to be subprime.

Tangible common equity (“TCE”): A non-GAAP financial measure calculated as common equity less goodwill and other intangible assets inclusive of any related deferred tax liabilities.

This Report: Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March, 31 2024.

Transaction: On February 19, 2024, we entered into the Merger Agreement to acquire Discover in an all-stock transaction.

Unfunded commitments: Legally binding agreements to provide a defined level of financing until a specified future date.

U.S. GAAP: Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Accounting rules and conventions defining acceptable practices in preparing financial statements in the U.S.

U.S. Real Gross Domestic Product (“GDP”): An inflation-adjusted measure that reflects the value of all goods and services produced by an economy in a given year.

Variable interest entity (“VIE”): An entity that, by design, either (i) lacks sufficient equity to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties; or (ii) has equity investors that do not have (a) the ability to make significant decisions relating to the entity’s operations through voting rights, (b) the obligation to absorb the expected losses, and/or (c) the right to receive the residual returns of the entity.



			69			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)


Acronyms

ABS: Asset-backed securities

AOCI: Accumulated other comprehensive income

ASU: Accounting Standards Update

ATM: Automated teller machine

BHC: Bank holding company

bps: Basis points

CAD: Canadian dollar

CCP: Central Counterparty Clearinghouse, or Central Clearinghouse

CDE: Community development entities

CECL: Current expected credit loss

CEO: Chief Executive Officer

CET1: Common equity Tier 1 capital

CFO: Chief Financial Officer

CFPB: Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

CMBS: Commercial mortgage-backed securities

CME: Chicago Mercantile Exchange

COEP: Capital One (Europe) plc

COF: Capital One Financial Corporation

CONA: Capital One, National Association

CVA: Credit valuation adjustment

DCF: Discounted cash flow

DIF: Deposit Insurance Fund

DTCC: Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation

DVA: Debit valuation adjustment

EUR: Euro

Fannie Mae: Federal National Mortgage Association

FASB: Financial Accounting Standards Board

FCA: Financial Conduct Authority

FCM: Futures commission merchant

FDM: Financial difficulty modification

FDIC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

FFIEC: Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council

FHLB: Federal Home Loan Banks

FICC - GSD: Fixed Income Clearing Corporation - Government Securities Division

FICO: Fair Isaac Corporation

Fitch: Fitch Ratings

Freddie Mac: Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation

GAAP: Generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S.

GBP: Pound sterling

GDP: U.S. Real Gross Domestic Product

Ginnie Mae: Government National Mortgage Association

G-SIB: Global systemically important banks

GSE or Agency: Government-sponsored enterprise



			70			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

ICE: Intercontinental Exchange

IRM: Independent Risk Management

LCH: LCH Group

LCR: Liquidity coverage ratio

LTV: Loan-to-Value

Moody’s: Moody’s Investors Service

MSRs: Mortgage servicing rights

NSFR: Net stable funding ratio

OCC: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency

OCI: Other comprehensive income

OPC: Canada’s Office of Privacy Commissioner

OTC: Over-the-counter

PCA: Prompt corrective action

PCCR: Purchased credit card relationship

PCD: Purchased Credit-Deteriorated

PPI: Payment protection insurance

RMBS: Residential mortgage-backed securities

S&P: Standard & Poor’s

SEC: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

SOFR: Secured Overnight Financing Rate

TCE: Tangible common equity

TDR: Troubled debt restructuring

U.K.: United Kingdom

U.S.: United States of America

VaR: Value-At-Risk

VIE: Variable interest entity



			71			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)


Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
			Page



Consolidated Financial Statements			73
Consolidated Statements of Income			73
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income			74
Consolidated Balance Sheets			75
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity			76
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows			77
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements			79
Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies			79
Note 2—Business Combinations			81
Note 3—Investment Securities			82
Note 4—Loans			85
Note 5—Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments			96
Note 6—Variable Interest Entities and Securitizations			100
Note 7—Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets			104

Note 8—Deposits and Borrowings			106
Note 9—Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities			107
Note 10—Stockholders’ Equity			115

Note 11—Earnings Per Common Share			118



Note 12—Fair Value Measurement			119
Note 13—Business Segments and Revenue from Contracts with Customers			126
Note 14—Commitments, Contingencies, Guarantees and Others			129



			72			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

CAPITAL ONE FINANCIAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions, except per share-related data)		2024		2023
Interest income:
Loans, including loans held for sale		$	9,920	$	8,723
Investment securities		687		615
Other		570		416
Total interest income		11,177		9,754
Interest expense:
Deposits		2,812		1,856
Securitized debt obligations		261		211
Senior and subordinated notes		606		489
Other borrowings		10		12
Total interest expense		3,689		2,568
Net interest income		7,488		7,186
Provision for credit losses		2,683		2,795
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		4,805		4,391
Non-interest income:
Interchange fees, net		1,145		1,139
Service charges and other customer-related fees		462		379

Other		307		199
Total non-interest income		1,914		1,717
Non-interest expense:
Salaries and associate benefits		2,478		2,427
Occupancy and equipment		554		508
Marketing		1,010		897
Professional services		262		324
Communications and data processing		351		350
Amortization of intangibles		19		14
Other		463		425
Total non-interest expense		5,137		4,945
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		1,582		1,163
Income tax provision		302		203


Net income		1,280		960
Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities		(23)		(16)
Preferred stock dividends		(57)		(57)

Net income available to common stockholders		$	1,200	$	887
Basic earnings per common share:


Net income per basic common share		$	3.14	$	2.32
Diluted earnings per common share:


Net income per diluted common share		$	3.13	$	2.31


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
			73			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

CAPITAL ONE FINANCIAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions)		2024		2023
Net income		$	1,280	$	960
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale		(844)		962
Net unrealized gains (losses) on hedging relationships		(410)		401
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(13)		13
Other		1		0
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(1,266)		1,376
Comprehensive income (loss)		$	14	$	2,336


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
			74			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

CAPITAL ONE FINANCIAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)


(Dollars in millions, except per share-related data)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash and due from banks	$	4,671	$	4,903
Interest-bearing deposits and other short-term investments	46,357		38,394
Total cash and cash equivalents	51,028		43,297
Restricted cash for securitization investors	474		458
Securities available for sale (amortized cost of $88.5 billion and $88.1 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and allowance for credit losses of $4 million as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023)	78,398		79,117
Loans held for investment:
Unsecuritized loans held for investment	285,577		289,229
Loans held in consolidated trusts	29,577		31,243
Total loans held for investment	315,154		320,472
Allowance for credit losses	(15,380)		(15,296)
Net loans held for investment	299,774		305,176
Loans held for sale ($1.2 billion and $347 million carried at fair value as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	1,631		854
Premises and equipment, net	4,366		4,375
Interest receivable	2,514		2,478
Goodwill	15,062		15,065
Other assets	28,473		27,644
Total assets	$	481,720	$	478,464

Liabilities:
Interest payable	$	762	$	649
Deposits:
Non-interest-bearing deposits	27,617		28,024
Interest-bearing deposits	323,352		320,389
Total deposits	350,969		348,413
Securitized debt obligations	17,661		18,043
Other debt:
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase	568		538
Senior and subordinated notes	32,108		31,248
Other borrowings	24		27
Total other debt	32,700		31,813
Other liabilities	21,827		21,457
Total liabilities	423,919		420,375
Commitments, contingencies and guarantees (see Note 14)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock (par value $0.01 per share; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 4,975,000 shares issued and outstanding as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023)	0		0
Common stock (par value $0.01 per share; 1,000,000,000 shares authorized; 699,753,620 and 696,242,668 shares issued as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively; 382,063,343 and 380,389,609 shares outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	7		7
Additional paid-in capital, net	35,808		35,541
Retained earnings	61,905		60,945
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(9,534)		(8,268)
Treasury stock, at cost (par value $0.01 per share; 317,690,277 and 315,853,059 shares as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	(30,385)		(30,136)
Total stockholders’ equity	57,801		58,089
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	481,720	$	478,464


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
			75			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

CAPITAL ONE FINANCIAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)



(Dollars in millions)	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Treasury Stock		Total Stockholders’ Equity
Shares	Amount	Shares		Amount





















Balance as of December 31, 2023	4,975,000	$	0	696,242,668	$	7	$	35,541	$	60,945	$	(8,268)	$	(30,136)	$	58,089




























Cumulative effects of accounting standards adoption(1)									(25)						(25)
Comprehensive income (loss)									1,280		(1,266)				14
Dividends—common stock(2)				24,969	0		3		(238)						(235)
Dividends—preferred stock									(57)						(57)
Purchases of treasury stock													(249)		(249)
Issuances of common stock and restricted stock, net of forfeitures				3,470,983	0		80								80
Exercises of stock options				15,000	0		1								1


Compensation expense for restricted stock units							183								183
Balance as of March 31, 2024	4,975,000	$	0	699,753,620	$	7	$	35,808	$	61,905	$	(9,534)	$	(30,385)	$	57,801



(Dollars in millions)	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Treasury Stock		Total Stockholders’ Equity
Shares	Amount	Shares		Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2022	4,975,000	$	0	690,334,422	$	7	$	34,725	$	57,184	$	(9,916)	$	(29,418)	$	52,582

























Cumulative effects of accounting standards adoption(3)									48						48
Comprehensive income									960		1,376				2,336
Dividends—common stock(2)				26,635	0		3		(237)						(234)
Dividends—preferred stock									(57)						(57)
Purchases of treasury stock													(246)		(246)
Issuances of common stock and restricted stock, net of forfeitures				2,972,149	0		76								76



Compensation expense for restricted stock units							148								148
Balance as of March 31, 2023	4,975,000	$	0	693,333,206	$	7	$	34,952	$	57,898	$	(8,540)	$	(29,664)	$	54,653

(1)Impact from the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-02, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method as of January 1, 2024.

(2)We declared dividends per share on our common stock of $0.60 in both the first quarters of 2024 and 2023.

(3)Impact from the adoption of ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR”) and Vintage Disclosures as of January 1, 2023.


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
			76			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

CAPITAL ONE FINANCIAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2024		2023
Operating activities:
Income from continuing operations, net of tax	$	1,280	$	960

Net income	1,280		960
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash from operating activities:
Provision for credit losses	2,683		2,795
Depreciation and amortization, net	806		1,251
Deferred tax provision (benefit)	116		(169)

Loss (gain) on sales of loans	13		(5)
Stock-based compensation expense	193		154
Other	31		14
Loans held for sale:
Originations and purchases	(1,477)		(1,237)
Proceeds from sales and paydowns	610		1,064
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Changes in interest receivable	(36)		(131)
Changes in other assets	(670)		398
Changes in interest payable	113		94
Changes in other liabilities	(652)		(2,196)

Net cash from operating activities	3,010		2,992
Investing activities:

Securities available for sale:
Purchases	(2,732)		(5,843)
Proceeds from paydowns and maturities	2,397		1,990




Loans:
Net changes in loans originated as held for investment	1,906		3,396
Principal recoveries of loans previously charged off	657		546
Changes in premises and equipment	(247)		(235)
Net cash used in acquisition activities	0		(2,539)
Net cash used in other investing activities	(306)		(309)
Net cash used in investing activities	$	1,675	$	(2,994)


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
			77			Capital One Financial Corporation (COF)

CAPITAL ONE FINANCIAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2024		2023
Financing activities:
Deposits and borrowings:
Changes in deposits	$	2,620	$	16,648
Issuance of securitized debt obligations	0		1,248
Maturities and paydowns of securitized debt obligations	(367)		(560)
Issuance of senior and subordinated notes and long-term FHLB advances	1,992		2,241
Maturities and paydowns of senior and subordinated notes and long-term FHLB advances	(750)		(3,047)
Changes in other borrowings	27		(350)
Common stock:
Net proceeds from issuances	80		76
Dividends paid	(235)		(234)
Preferred stock:

Dividends paid	(57)		(57)

Purchases of treasury stock	(249)		(246)
Proceeds from share-based payment activities	1		0
Net cash from financing activities	3,062		15,719
Changes in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash for securitization investors	7,747		15,717
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash for securitization investors, beginning of the period	43,755		31,256
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash for securitization investors, end of the period	$	51,502	$	46,973
Supplemental cash flow information:





Interest paid	$	3,108	$	2,084
Income tax paid	47		103


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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NOTE 1—SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The Company

We also offer products outside of the United States of America (“U.S.”) principally through Capital One (Europe) plc (“COEP”), an indirect subsidiary of CONA organized and located in the United Kingdom (“U.K.”), and through a branch of CONA in Canada. Both COEP and our Canadian branch of CONA have the authority to provide credit card loans.

Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and in the related disclosures. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. While management makes its best judgments, actual amounts or results could differ from these estimates. In the opinion of management, all normal, recurring adjustments have been included for a fair statement of this interim financial information.

These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements, and related notes thereto, included in Capital One Financial Corporation’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K (“2023 Form 10-K”).



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Newly Adopted Accounting Standards During the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024


Standard						Guidance						Adoption Timing and Financial Statement Impacts
Tax Credit Investments ASU No. 2023-02, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method Issued March 2023						Permits entities to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method, if certain criteria are met. Previously, only Low-Income Housing Tax Credit investments were eligible for application of the proportional amortization method.						We adopted this standard on its effective date of January 1, 2024 using a modified retrospective transition method, which results in a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings in the period of adoption. Our adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements See “Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity” and “Note 6—Variable Interest Entities and Securitizations” for additional disclosures.



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NOTE 2—BUSINESS COMBINATIONS



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NOTE 3—INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The table below presents the amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value aggregated by major security type as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Accrued interest receivable of $248 million and $227 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, is not included in the table below.

Table 3.1: Investment Securities Available for Sale


	March 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Investment securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	5,764	$	0	$	3	$	(39)	$	5,728
RMBS:
Agency	71,153		0		74		(9,506)		61,721
Non-agency	600		(4)		86		(5)		677
Total RMBS	71,753		(4)		160		(9,511)		62,398
Agency CMBS	8,867		0		19		(693)		8,193
Other securities(1)	2,075		0		4		0		2,079
Total investment securities available for sale	$	88,459	$	(4)	$	186	$	(10,243)	$	78,398


	December 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Investment securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	5,330	$	0	$	1	$	(49)	$	5,282
RMBS:
Agency	71,294		0		104		(8,450)		62,948
Non-agency	610		(4)		89		(5)		690
Total RMBS	71,904		(4)		193		(8,455)		63,638
Agency CMBS	8,961		0		14		(652)		8,323
Other securities(1)	1,868		0		6		0		1,874
Total investment securities available for sale	$	88,063	$	(4)	$	214	$	(9,156)	$	79,117

__________

(1)Includes $1.6 billion and $1.4 billion of asset-backed securities (“ABS”) as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The remaining amount is primarily comprised of supranational bonds, foreign government bonds and U.S. agency debt bonds.



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Investment Securities in a Gross Unrealized Loss Position

The table below provides the gross unrealized losses and fair value of our securities available for sale aggregated by major security type and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The amounts include securities available for sale without an allowance for credit losses.

Table 3.2: Securities in a Gross Unrealized Loss Position


	March 31, 2024
	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or Longer				Total
(Dollars in millions)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment securities available for sale without an allowance for credit losses:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	443	$	(1)	$	2,099	$	(38)	$	2,542	$	(39)
RMBS:
Agency	3,213		(36)		53,912		(9,470)		57,125		(9,506)
Non-agency	5		0		14		(1)		19		(1)
Total RMBS	3,218		(36)		53,926		(9,471)		57,144		(9,507)
Agency CMBS	544		(5)		6,509		(688)		7,053		(693)
Other securities	398		0		99		0		497		0
Total investment securities available for sale in a gross unrealized loss position without an allowance for credit losses(1)	$	4,603	$	(42)	$	62,633	$	(10,197)	$	67,236	$	(10,239)


	December 31, 2023
	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or Longer				Total
(Dollars in millions)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment securities available for sale without an allowance for credit losses:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	733	$	0	$	2,242	$	(49)	$	2,975	$	(49)
RMBS:
Agency	3,511		(43)		53,987		(8,407)		57,498		(8,450)
Non-agency	1		0		13		(1)		14		(1)
Total RMBS	3,512		(43)		54,000		(8,408)		57,512		(8,451)
Agency CMBS	547		(7)		6,465		(645)		7,012		(652)
Other securities	276		0		4		0		280		0
Total investment securities available for sale in a gross unrealized loss position without an allowance for credit losses(1)	$	5,068	$	(50)	$	62,711	$	(9,102)	$	67,779	$	(9,152)

(1) Consists of approximately 2,770 and 2,740 securities in gross unrealized loss positions as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Maturities and Yields of Investment Securities

The table below summarizes, as of March 31, 2024, the fair value of our investment securities by major security type and contractual maturity as well as the total fair value, amortized cost and weighted-average yields of our investment securities by contractual maturity. Since borrowers may have the right to call or prepay certain obligations, the expected maturities of our securities are likely to differ from the scheduled contractual maturities presented below. The weighted-average yield below represents the effective yield for the investment securities and is calculated based on the amortized cost of each security.



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Table 3.3: Contractual Maturities and Weighted-Average Yields of Securities


	March 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions)	Due in 1 Year or Less		Due > 1 Year through 5 Years		Due > 5 Years through 10 Years		Due > 10 Years		Total
Fair value of securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	1,892	$	3,542	$	294	$	0	$	5,728
RMBS(1):
Agency	2		92		1,073		60,554		61,721
Non-agency	0		0		5		672		677
Total RMBS	2		92		1,078		61,226		62,398
Agency CMBS(1)	494		2,482		3,221		1,996		8,193
Other securities	373		1,682		24		0		2,079
Total securities available for sale	$	2,761	$	7,798	$	4,617	$	63,222	$	78,398
Amortized cost of securities available for sale	$	2,788	$	7,986	$	5,013	$	72,672	$	88,459
Weighted-average yield for securities available for sale	3.50%		4.43%		3.52%		3.10%		3.26%

(1)As of March 31, 2024, the weighted-average expected maturities of RMBS and Agency CMBS were 7.8 years and 4.4 years, respectively.

Net Securities Gains or Losses and Proceeds from Sales

We had no sales of securities for both the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Securities Pledged and Received

We pledged investment securities totaling $40.7 billion and $45.1 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. These securities are primarily pledged to support our access to FHLB advances and Public Fund Deposits, as well as for other purposes as required or permitted by law. We accepted pledges of securities with a fair value of approximately $13 million and $16 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, related to our derivative transactions.



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NOTE 4—LOANS

Our loan portfolio consists of loans held for investment, including loans held in our consolidated trusts, and loans held for sale. We further divide our loans held for investment into three portfolio segments: Credit Card, Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking. Credit card loans consist of domestic and international credit card loans. Consumer banking loans consist of auto and retail banking loans. Commercial banking loans consist of commercial and multifamily real estate as well as commercial and industrial loans. The information presented in the tables in this note excludes loans held for sale, which are carried at either fair value (if we elect the fair value option) or at the lower of cost or fair value.

Accrued interest receivable of $2.2 billion as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, is not included in the tables in this note. The table below presents the composition and aging analysis of our loans held for investment portfolio as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The delinquency aging includes all past due loans, both performing and nonperforming.

Table 4.1: Loan Portfolio Composition and Aging Analysis


	March 31, 2024
			Delinquent Loans
(Dollars in millions)	Current		30-59 Days		60-89 Days		> 90 Days		Total Delinquent Loans		Total Loans
Credit Card:
Domestic credit card	$	137,416	$	1,735	$	1,371	$	3,339	$	6,445	$	143,861
International card businesses	6,401		113		75		144		332		6,733
Total credit card	143,817		1,848		1,446		3,483		6,777		150,594
Consumer Banking:
Auto	69,431		2,769		1,244		357		4,370		73,801
Retail banking	1,269		11		3		15		29		1,298
Total consumer banking	70,700		2,780		1,247		372		4,399		75,099
Commercial Banking:
Commercial and multifamily real estate	34,050		0		94		128		222		34,272
Commercial and industrial	55,019		3		29		138		170		55,189
Total commercial banking	89,069		3		123		266		392		89,461
Total loans(1)	$	303,586	$	4,631	$	2,816	$	4,121	$	11,568	$	315,154
% of Total loans	96.33%		1.47%		0.89%		1.31%		3.67%		100.00%


	December 31, 2023
			Delinquent Loans
(Dollars in millions)	Current		30-59 Days		60-89 Days		> 90 Days		Total Delinquent Loans		Total Loans
Credit Card:
Domestic credit card	$	140,860	$	1,968	$	1,471	$	3,367	$	6,806	$	147,666
International card businesses	6,552		116		76		137		329		6,881
Total credit card	147,412		2,084		1,547		3,504		7,135		154,547
Consumer Banking:
Auto	68,768		3,268		1,555		484		5,307		74,075
Retail banking	1,329		15		3		15		33		1,362
Total consumer banking	70,097		3,283		1,558		499		5,340		75,437



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	December 31, 2023
			Delinquent Loans
(Dollars in millions)	Current		30-59 Days		60-89 Days		> 90 Days		Total Delinquent Loans		Total Loans
Commercial Banking:
Commercial and multifamily real estate	34,325		0		14		107		121		34,446
Commercial and industrial	55,861		0		0		181		181		56,042
Total commercial banking	90,186		0		14		288		302		90,488
Total loans(1)	$	307,695	$	5,367	$	3,119	$	4,291	$	12,777	$	320,472
% of Total loans	96.01%		1.68%		0.97%		1.34%		3.99%		100.00%

(1)Loans include unamortized premiums, discounts, and deferred fees and costs totaling $1.3 billion and $1.4 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The following table presents our loans held for investment that are 90 days or more past due that continue to accrue interest, loans that are classified as nonperforming and loans that are classified as nonperforming without an allowance as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Nonperforming loans generally include loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status.

Table 4.2: 90+ Day Delinquent Loans Accruing Interest and Nonperforming Loans


	March 31, 2024									December 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	> 90 Days and Accruing			Nonperforming Loans(1)			Nonperforming Loans Without an Allowance			> 90 Days and Accruing			Nonperforming Loans(1)			Nonperforming Loans Without an Allowance
Credit Card:
Domestic credit card	$	3,339		N/A			$	0		$	3,367		N/A			$	0
International card businesses	140			$	9		0			132			$	9		0
Total credit card	3,479			9			0			3,499			9			0
Consumer Banking:
Auto	0			585			0			0			712			0
Retail banking	0			41			21			0			46			19
Total consumer banking	0			626			21			0			758			19
Commercial Banking:
Commercial and multifamily real estate	5			541			369			0			425			335
Commercial and industrial	18			607			347			55			336			193
Total commercial banking	23			1,148			716			55			761			528
Total	$	3,502		$	1,783		$	737		$	3,554		$	1,528		$	547
% of Total loans held for investment	1.11		%	0.57		%	0.23		%	1.11		%	0.48		%	0.17		%

(1)We recognized interest income for loans classified as nonperforming of $5 million and $2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.



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Credit Quality Indicators

We closely monitor economic conditions and loan performance trends to assess and manage our exposure to credit risk. We discuss these risks and our credit quality indicator for each portfolio segment below.

Credit Card

Our credit card loan portfolio is highly diversified across millions of accounts and numerous geographies without significant individual exposure. We therefore generally manage credit risk based on portfolios with common risk characteristics. The risk in our credit card loan portfolio correlates to broad economic trends, such as the U.S. unemployment rate and U.S. Real Gross Domestic Product (“GDP”) growth rate, as well as consumers’ financial condition, all of which can have a material effect on credit performance. The key indicator we assess in monitoring the credit quality and risk of our credit card loan portfolio is delinquency trends, including an analysis of loan migration between delinquency categories over time.

The table below presents our credit card portfolio by delinquency status as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 4.3: Credit Card Delinquency Status


	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total
Credit Card:
Domestic credit card:
Current	$	137,043	$	373	$	137,416	$	140,521	$	339	$	140,860
30-59 days	1,709		26		1,735		1,940		28		1,968
60-89 days	1,352		19		1,371		1,454		17		1,471
Greater than 90 days	3,313		26		3,339		3,339		28		3,367
Total domestic credit card	143,417		444		143,861		147,254		412		147,666

International card businesses:
Current	6,368		33		6,401		6,521		31		6,552
30-59 days	108		5		113		112		4		116
60-89 days	71		4		75		72		4		76
Greater than 90 days	139		5		144		132		5		137
Total international card businesses	6,686		47		6,733		6,837		44		6,881
Total credit card	$	150,103	$	491	$	150,594	$	154,091	$	456	$	154,547



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Consumer Banking

Our consumer banking loan portfolio consists of auto and retail banking loans. Similar to our credit card loan portfolio, the risk in our consumer banking loan portfolio correlates to broad economic trends as well as consumers’ financial condition, all of which can have a material effect on credit performance. The key indicator we consider when assessing the credit quality and risk of our auto loan portfolio is borrower credit scores as they measure the creditworthiness of borrowers. Delinquency trends are the key indicator we assess in monitoring the credit quality and risk of our retail banking loan portfolio.

The table below presents our consumer banking portfolio of loans held for investment by credit quality indicator as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. We present our auto loan portfolio by Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) scores at origination and our retail banking loan portfolio by delinquency status, which includes all past due loans, both performing and nonperforming.

Table 4.4: Consumer Banking Portfolio by Vintage Year


	March 31, 2024
	Term Loans by Vintage Year
(Dollars in millions)	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Total Term Loans		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total

Auto—At origination FICO scores:(1)
Greater than 660	$	4,180	$	11,141	$	11,433	$	8,457	$	2,654	$	1,132	$	38,997	$	0	$	0	$	38,997
621-660	1,367		4,526		4,030		2,974		1,148		600		14,645		0		0		14,645
620 or below	1,865		6,228		5,036		3,807		2,024		1,199		20,159		0		0		20,159
Total auto	7,412		21,895		20,499		15,238		5,826		2,931		73,801		0		0		73,801

Retail banking—Delinquency status:
Current	69		77		92		56		62		554		910		355		4		1,269
30-59 days	0		0		0		1		0		2		3		8		0		11
60-89 days	0		0		0		0		0		1		1		2		0		3
Greater than 90 days	0		0		0		0		1		7		8		5		2		15
Total retail banking	69		77		92		57		63		564		922		370		6		1,298
Total consumer banking	$	7,481	$	21,972	$	20,591	$	15,295	$	5,889	$	3,495	$	74,723	$	370	$	6	$	75,099



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	December 31, 2023
	Term Loans by Vintage Year
(Dollars in millions)	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Total Term Loans		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total

Auto—At origination FICO scores:(1)
Greater than 660	$	12,219	$	12,593	$	9,505	$	3,124	$	1,213	$	309	$	38,963	$	0	$	0	$	38,963
621-660	4,863		4,432		3,346		1,337		592		192		14,762		0		0		14,762
620 or below	6,647		5,539		4,283		2,349		1,131		401		20,350		0		0		20,350
Total auto	23,729		22,564		17,134		6,810		2,936		902		74,075		0		0		74,075

Retail banking—Delinquency status:
Current	98		157		57		65		117		468		962		363		4		1,329
30-59 days	1		0		1		1		0		1		4		11		0		15
60-89 days	0		0		0		0		0		1		1		2		0		3
Greater than 90 days	0		0		0		0		0		8		8		6		1		15
Total retail banking	99		157		58		66		117		478		975		382		5		1,362
Total consumer banking	$	23,828	$	22,721	$	17,192	$	6,876	$	3,053	$	1,380	$	75,050	$	382	$	5	$	75,437

(1)Amounts represent period-end loans held for investment in each credit score category. Auto credit scores generally represent average FICO scores obtained from three credit bureaus at the time of application and are not refreshed thereafter. Balances for which no credit score is available or the credit score is invalid are included in the 620 or below category.



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Commercial Banking

The key credit quality indicator for our commercial loan portfolios is our internal risk ratings. We assign internal risk ratings to loans based on relevant information about the ability of the borrowers to repay their debt. In determining the risk rating of a particular loan, some of the factors considered are the borrower’s current financial condition, historical and projected future credit performance, prospects for support from financially responsible guarantors, the estimated realizable value of any collateral and current economic trends. The scale based on our internal risk rating system is as follows:

Noncriticized: Loans that have not been designated as criticized, frequently referred to as “pass” loans.
Criticized performing: Loans in which the financial condition of the obligor is stressed, affecting earnings, cash flows or collateral values. The borrower currently has adequate capacity to meet near-term obligations; however, the stress, left unabated, may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects at some future date.
Criticized nonperforming: Loans that are not adequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as criticized nonperforming have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, which jeopardize the full repayment of the debt. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that we will sustain a credit loss if the deficiencies are not corrected and are generally placed on nonaccrual status.

We use our internal risk rating system for regulatory reporting, determining the frequency of credit exposure reviews, and evaluating and determining the allowance for credit losses. Generally, loans that are designated as criticized performing and criticized nonperforming are reviewed quarterly by management to determine if they are appropriately classified/rated and whether any impairment exists. Noncriticized loans are also generally reviewed, at least annually, to determine the appropriate risk rating. In addition, we evaluate the risk rating during the renewal process of any loan or if a loan becomes past due.

The following table presents our commercial banking portfolio of loans held for investment by internal risk ratings as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The internal risk rating status includes all past due loans, both performing and nonperforming.

Table 4.5: Commercial Banking Portfolio by Internal Risk Ratings


	March 31, 2024
	Term Loans by Vintage Year
(Dollars in millions)	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Total Term Loans		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total
Internal risk rating:(1)
Commercial and multifamily real estate
Noncriticized	$	646	$	2,794	$	4,392	$	2,573	$	994	$	5,280	$	16,679	$	13,046	$	25	$	29,750
Criticized performing	53		59		1,501		685		220		1,331		3,849		130		2		3,981
Criticized nonperforming	12		60		45		118		0		299		534		7		0		541
Total commercial and multifamily real estate	711		2,913		5,938		3,376		1,214		6,910		21,062		13,183		27		34,272
Commercial and industrial
Noncriticized	1,037		6,784		11,627		6,701		3,341		7,339		36,829		14,096		129		51,054
Criticized performing	42		328		638		672		126		437		2,243		1,284		1		3,528
Criticized nonperforming	0		12		96		41		178		221		548		59		0		607
Total commercial and industrial	1,079		7,124		12,361		7,414		3,645		7,997		39,620		15,439		130		55,189
Total commercial banking	$	1,790	$	10,037	$	18,299	$	10,790	$	4,859	$	14,907	$	60,682	$	28,622	$	157	$	89,461



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	December 31, 2023
	Term Loans by Vintage Year
(Dollars in millions)	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Total Term Loans		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total
Internal risk rating:(1)
Commercial and multifamily real estate
Noncriticized	$	3,068	$	4,665	$	2,773	$	1,019	$	2,104	$	3,670	$	17,299	$	12,565	$	25	$	29,889
Criticized performing	148		1,494		706		284		463		904		3,999		133		0		4,132
Criticized nonperforming	65		26		124		0		47		163		425		0		0		425
Total commercial and multifamily real estate	3,281		6,185		3,603		1,303		2,614		4,737		21,723		12,698		25		34,446
Commercial and industrial
Noncriticized	6,909		11,935		6,994		3,566		2,359		5,117		36,880		14,822		167		51,869
Criticized performing	353		706		655		237		348		349		2,648		1,189		0		3,837
Criticized nonperforming	13		53		30		18		123		68		305		31		0		336
Total commercial and industrial	7,275		12,694		7,679		3,821		2,830		5,534		39,833		16,042		167		56,042
Total commercial banking	$	10,556	$	18,879	$	11,282	$	5,124	$	5,444	$	10,271	$	61,556	$	28,740	$	192	$	90,488

(1)Criticized exposures correspond to the “Special Mention,” “Substandard” and “Doubtful” asset categories defined by bank regulatory authorities.



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Financial Difficulty Modifications to Borrowers

We consider the impact of all loan modifications when estimating the credit quality of our loan portfolio and establishing allowance levels. For our Commercial Banking customers, loan modifications are also considered in the assignment of an internal risk rating.

For additional information on Financial Difficulty Modifications (“FDMs”), see “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2023 Form 10-K.

The following tables present the major modification types, amortized cost amounts for each modification type and financial effects for all FDMs undertaken during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Table 4.6: Financial Difficulty Modifications to Borrowers


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
	Credit Card									Consumer Banking									Commercial Banking
(Dollars in millions)	Domestic Card			International Card Businesses			Total Credit Card			Auto			Retail Banking			Total Consumer Banking			Commercial and Multifamily Real Estate			Commercial and Industrial			Total Commercial Banking			Total
Interest rate reduction	$	216		$	54		$	270		—			—			—			—			—			—			$	270
Term extension	—			—			—			$	6		$	2		$	8		$	316		$	135		$	451		459
Principal balance reduction	—			—			—			9			—			9			—			—			—			9

Interest rate reduction and term extension	5			—			5			274			—			274			28			—			28			307

Other(1)	—			—			—			1			—			1			91			46			137			138
Total loans modified	$	221		$	54		$	275		$	290		$	2		$	292		$	435		$	181		$	616		$	1,183
% of total class of receivables	0.15		%	0.80		%	0.18		%	0.39		%	0.14		%	0.39		%	1.27		%	0.33		%	0.69		%	0.38		%


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Credit Card									Consumer Banking									Commercial Banking
(Dollars in millions)	Domestic Card			International Card Businesses			Total Credit Card			Auto			Retail Banking			Total Consumer Banking			Commercial and Multifamily Real Estate			Commercial and Industrial			Total Commercial Banking			Total
Interest rate reduction	$	150		$	38		$	188		—			—			—			—			—			—			$	188
Term extension	—			—			—			$	42		$	3		$	45		$	129		$	66		$	195		240
Principal balance reduction	—			—			—			7			—			7			—			—			—			7
Principal balance reduction and term extension	—			—			—			—			—			—			—			17			17			17
Interest rate reduction and term extension	—			—			—			202			—			202			—			—			—			202

Other(1)	—			—			—			1			—			1			—			132			132			133
Total loans modified	$	150		$	38		$	188		$	252		$	3		$	255		$	129		$	215		$	344		$	787
% of total class of receivables	0.11		%	0.62		%	0.14		%	0.33		%	0.18		%	0.33		%	0.35		%	0.38		%	0.37		%	0.25		%

(1)Primarily consists of modifications or combinations of modifications not categorized above, such as increases in committed exposure, forbearances and other types of modifications in Commercial Banking.



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Table 4.7: Financial Effects of Financial Difficulty Modifications to Borrowers


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
	Credit Card		Consumer Banking			Commercial Banking
	Domestic Card	International Card Businesses		Auto	Retail Banking		Commercial and Multifamily Real Estate	Commercial and Industrial
Weighted-average interest rate reduction	19.99%	26.12%		8.65%	—%		0.79%	—%
Payment delay duration (in months)	12	—		6	10		6	12
Principal balance reduction	—	—		—	—		—	$15


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Credit Card		Consumer Banking		Commercial Banking
	Domestic Card	International Card Businesses	Auto	Retail Banking	Commercial and Multifamily Real Estate	Commercial and Industrial
Weighted-average interest rate reduction	19.02%	25.74%	8.75%	—%	—%	—%
Payment delay duration (in months)	—	—	6	14	8	7
Principal balance reduction	—	—	—	—	—	$3

Performance of Financial Difficulty Modifications to Borrowers

We monitor loan performance trends, including FDMs, to assess and manage our exposure to credit risk. See “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2023 Form 10-K for additional information on how the allowance for modified loans is calculated for each portfolio segment. FDMs are accumulated and the performance of each loan that received an FDM is reported on a rolling twelve month basis.

For the interim reporting period ended March 31, 2024, the delinquency status as of this date is shown in the table below for FDMs entered into over the preceding 12 month period. For the interim reporting period ended March 31, 2023, the delinquency status as of this date is shown in the table below for FDMs entered into during the first three months of 2023.

Table 4.8 Delinquency Status of Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty**(1)**


	March 31, 2024
			Delinquent Loans
(Dollars in millions)	Current		30-59 Days		60-89 Days		> 90 Days		Total Delinquent Loans		Total Loans
Credit Card:
Domestic credit card	$	407	$	67	$	56	$	116	$	239	$	646
International card businesses	53		10		10		33		53		106
Total credit card	460		77		66		149		292		752
Consumer Banking:
Auto	626		93		54		19		166		792
Retail banking	9		0		1		0		1		10
Total consumer banking	635		93		55		19		167		802
Commercial Banking:
Commercial and multifamily real estate	556		0		0		22		22		578
Commercial and industrial	842		0		27		31		58		900
Total commercial banking	1,398		0		27		53		80		1,478
Total	$	2,493	$	170	$	148	$	221	$	539	$	3,032



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	March 31, 2023
			Delinquent Loans
(Dollars in millions)	Current		30-59 Days		60-89 Days		> 90 Days		Total Delinquent Loans		Total Loans
Credit Card:
Domestic credit card	$	62	$	36	$	23	$	29	$	88	$	150
International card businesses	11		5		4		18		27		38
Total credit card	73		41		27		47		115		188
Consumer Banking:
Auto	224		18		7		3		28		252
Retail banking	2		0		0		1		1		3
Total consumer banking	226		18		7		4		29		255
Commercial Banking:
Commercial and multifamily real estate	99		30		0		0		30		129
Commercial and industrial	129		0		0		86		86		215
Total commercial banking	228		30		0		86		116		344
Total	$	527	$	89	$	34	$	137	$	260	$	787

(1)Commitments to lend additional funds on FDMs totaled $190 million and $26 million as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.



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Subsequent Defaults of Financial Difficulty Modifications to Borrowers

FDMs may subsequently enter default. A default occurs if a FDM is either 90 days or more delinquent, has been charged off, or has been reclassified from accrual to nonaccrual status. Loans that entered a modification program in any stage of delinquency are included in the aging table above. Loans that entered a modification program while in default are not considered to have subsequently defaulted for purposes of this disclosure. The allowance for any FDMs that have subsequently defaulted is measured using the same methodology as the allowance for loans held for investment. See “Part II—Item 8.—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2023 Form 10-K for additional information.

The following table presents FDMs that entered subsequent default for the three months ended March 31, 2024. FDMs that entered default subsequent to their modification were insignificant during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Table 4.9 Subsequent Defaults of Financial Difficulty Modifications to Borrowers


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions)	Interest Rate Reduction		Term Extension		Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension		Total Loans
Credit Card:
Domestic credit card	$	74	$	0	$	1	$	75
International card businesses	17		0		0		17
Total credit card	91		0		1		92
Consumer Banking:
Auto	0		3		103		106

Total consumer banking	0		3		103		106
Commercial Banking:
Commercial and multifamily real estate	0		0		0		0
Commercial and industrial	0		67		0		67
Total commercial banking	0		67		0		67
Total	$	91	$	70	$	104	$	265

Loans Pledged

We pledged loan collateral of $7.4 billion as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and also to secure a portion of our FHLB borrowing capacity of $36.7 billion and $32.1 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. We also pledged loan collateral of $74.1 billion and $78.3 billion to secure our Federal Reserve Discount Window borrowing capacity of $38.8 billion and $41.4 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. In addition to loans pledged, we have securitized a portion of our credit card and auto loan portfolios. See “Note 6—Variable Interest Entities and Securitizations” for additional information.

Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we converted $116 million and $183 million of revolving loans to term loans, respectively, primarily in our domestic credit card and commercial banking loan portfolios.



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NOTE 5—ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES AND RESERVE FOR UNFUNDED LENDING COMMITMENTS

Our allowance for credit losses represents management’s current estimate of expected credit losses over the contractual terms of our loans held for investment as of each balance sheet date. Expected recoveries of amounts previously charged off or expected to be charged off are recognized within the allowance. Significant judgment is applied in our estimation of lifetime credit losses. When developing an estimate of expected credit losses, we use both quantitative and qualitative methods in considering all available information relevant to assessing collectability. This may include internal information, external information, or a combination of both relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Our estimate of expected credit losses includes a reasonable and supportable forecast period of one year and then reverts over a one-year period to historical losses at each relevant loss component of the estimate. Management will consider and may qualitatively adjust for conditions, changes and trends in loan portfolios that may not be captured in modeled results. These adjustments are referred to as qualitative factors and represent management’s judgment of the imprecision and risks inherent in the processes and assumptions used in establishing the allowance for credit losses.

We have unfunded lending commitments in our Commercial Banking business that are not unconditionally cancellable by us and for which we estimate expected credit losses in establishing a reserve. This reserve is measured using the same measurement objectives as the allowance for loans held for investment. We build or release the reserve for unfunded lending commitments through the provision for credit losses in our consolidated statements of income, and the related reserve for unfunded lending commitments is included in other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets.

See “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2023 Form 10-K for further discussion of the methodology and policies for determining our allowance for credit losses for each of our loan portfolio segments, as well as information on our reserve for unfunded lending commitments.



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Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments Activity

The table below summarizes changes in the allowance for credit losses and reserve for unfunded lending commitments by portfolio segment for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. Our allowance for credit losses increased by $84 million to $15.4 billion as of March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023.

Table 5.1: Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments Activity


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions)	Credit Card		Consumer Banking		Commercial Banking		Total




























Allowance for credit losses:
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	11,709	$	2,042	$	1,545	$	15,296


Charge-offs	(2,574)		(660)		(39)		(3,273)
Recoveries(1)	367		280		10		657
Net charge-offs	(2,207)		(380)		(29)		(2,616)
Provision for credit losses	2,259		426		22		2,707
Allowance build (release) for credit losses	52		46		(7)		91
Other changes(2)	(7)		0		0		(7)
Balance as of March 31, 2024	11,754		2,088		1,538		15,380
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments:
Balance as of December 31, 2023	0		0		158		158
Provision (benefit) for losses on unfunded lending commitments	0		0		(24)		(24)
Balance as of March 31, 2024	0		0		134		134
Combined allowance and reserve as of March 31, 2024	$	11,754	$	2,088	$	1,672	$	15,514


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Credit Card		Consumer Banking		Commercial Banking		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	9,545	$	2,237	$	1,458	$	13,240
Cumulative effects of accounting standards adoption(3)	(63)		0		0		(63)
Balance as of January 1, 2023	9,482		2,237		1,458		13,177
Charge-offs	(1,688)		(531)		(24)		(2,243)
Recoveries(1)	319		224		3		546
Net charge-offs	(1,369)		(307)		(21)		(1,697)
Provision for credit losses	2,261		275		266		2,802
Allowance build (release) for credit losses	892		(32)		245		1,105
Other changes(4)	36		0		0		36
Balance as of March 31, 2023	10,410		2,205		1,703		14,318
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments:
Balance as of December 31, 2022	0		0		218		218
Provision (benefit) for losses on unfunded lending commitments	0		0		(7)		(7)
Balance as of March 31, 2023	0		0		211		211
Combined allowance and reserve as of March 31, 2023	$	10,410	$	2,205	$	1,914	$	14,529

(2)Primarily represents foreign currency translation adjustments.

(3)Impact from the adoption of ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR”) and Vintage Disclosures as of January 1, 2023.



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(4)Primarily represents the initial allowance for purchased credit-deteriorated (“PCD”) loans. The initial allowance of PCD loans was $32 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

We charge off loans when we determine that the loan is uncollectible. The amortized cost basis, excluding accrued interest, is charged off as a reduction to the allowance for credit losses in accordance with our accounting policies. For more information, see “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Expected recoveries of amounts previously charged off or expected to be charged off are recognized within the allowance, with a corresponding reduction to our provision for credit losses.

The table below presents gross charge-offs for loans held for investment by vintage year during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Table 5.2: Gross Charge-Offs by Vintage Year


			Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
	Term Loans by Vintage Year
(Dollars in millions)	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Total Term Loans		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term		Total
Credit Card
Domestic credit card	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		$	2,422	$	30	$	2,452
International card business	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		119		3		122
Total credit card	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		2,541		33		2,574
Consumer Banking
Auto	$	4	$	138	$	218	$	163	$	68	$	51	$	642	0		0		642
Retail banking	0		0		0		0		0		0		0		18		0		18
Total consumer banking	4		138		218		163		68		51		642		18		0		660
Commercial Banking
Commercial and multifamily real estate	0		0		0		0		0		27		27		0		0		27
Commercial and industrial	0		0		0		4		8		0		12		0		0		12
Total commercial banking	0		0		0		4		8		27		39		0		0		39
Total	$	4	$	138	$	218	$	167	$	76	$	78	$	681	$	2,559	$	33	$	3,273



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Credit Card Partnership Loss Sharing Arrangements

We have certain credit card partnership agreements that are presented within our consolidated financial statements on a net basis, in which our partner agrees to share a portion of the credit losses on the underlying loan portfolio. The expected reimbursements from these partners are netted against our allowance for credit losses. Our methodology for estimating reimbursements is consistent with the methodology we use to estimate the allowance for credit losses on our credit card loan receivables. These expected reimbursements result in reductions in net charge-offs and the provision for credit losses. See “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2023 Form 10-K for further discussion of our credit card partnership agreements.

The table below summarizes the changes in the estimated reimbursements from these partners for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Table 5.3: Summary of Credit Card Partnership Loss Sharing Arrangements Impacts


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2024		2023
Estimated reimbursements from partners, beginning of period	$	2,014	$	1,558
Amounts due from partners for charged off loans	(324)		(201)
Change in estimated partner reimbursements that decreased provision for credit losses	385		484
Estimated reimbursements from partners, end of period	$	2,075	$	1,841



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NOTE 6—VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES AND SECURITIZATIONS

In the normal course of business, we enter into various types of transactions with entities that are considered to be variable interest entities (“VIEs”). Our primary involvement with VIEs is related to our securitization transactions in which we transfer assets to securitization trusts. We primarily securitize credit card and auto loans, which provide a source of funding for us and enable us to transfer a certain portion of the economic risk of the loans or related debt securities to third parties.

The entity that has a controlling financial interest in a VIE is referred to as the primary beneficiary and is required to consolidate the VIE. The majority of the VIEs in which we are involved have been consolidated in our financial statements.

Summary of Consolidated and Unconsolidated VIEs

The assets of our consolidated VIEs primarily consist of cash, loan receivables and the related allowance for credit losses, which we report on our consolidated balance sheets under restricted cash for securitization investors, loans held in consolidated trusts and allowance for credit losses, respectively. The assets of a particular VIE are the primary source of funds to settle its obligations. Creditors of these VIEs typically do not have recourse to our general credit. Liabilities primarily consist of debt securities issued by the VIEs, which we report under securitized debt obligations on our consolidated balance sheets. For unconsolidated VIEs, we present the carrying amount of assets and liabilities reflected on our consolidated balance sheets and our maximum exposure to loss. Our maximum exposure to loss is estimated based on the unlikely event that all of the assets in the VIEs become worthless and we are required to meet the maximum amount of any remaining funding obligations.

The tables below present a summary of VIEs in which we had continuing involvement or held a significant variable interest, aggregated based on VIEs with similar characteristics as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. We separately present information for consolidated and unconsolidated VIEs.

Table 6.1: Carrying Amount of Consolidated and Unconsolidated VIEs


	March 31, 2024
	Consolidated				Unconsolidated
(Dollars in millions)	Carrying Amount of Assets		Carrying Amount of Liabilities		Carrying Amount of Assets		Carrying Amount of Liabilities		Maximum Exposure to Loss
Securitization-Related VIEs:(1)
Credit card loan securitizations(2)	$	24,393	$	14,692	$	0	$	0	$	0
Auto loan securitizations	4,491		3,655		0		0		0
Total securitization-related VIEs	28,884		18,347		0		0		0
Other VIEs:(3)
Affordable housing entities	295		23		5,650		2,001		5,650
Entities that provide capital to low-income and rural communities	2,872		10		0		0		0
Other(4)	0		0		411		0		411
Total other VIEs	3,167		33		6,061		2,001		6,061
Total VIEs	$	32,051	$	18,380	$	6,061	$	2,001	$	6,061



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	December 31, 2023
	Consolidated				Unconsolidated
(Dollars in millions)	Carrying Amount of Assets		Carrying Amount of Liabilities		Carrying Amount of Assets		Carrying Amount of Liabilities		Maximum Exposure to Loss
Securitization-Related VIEs:(1)
Credit card loan securitizations(2)	$	25,474	$	14,692	$	0	$	0	$	0
Auto loan securitizations	5,019		4,021		0		0		0
Total securitization-related VIEs	30,493		18,713		0		0		0
Other VIEs:(3)
Affordable housing entities	297		23		5,726		2,085		5,726
Entities that provide capital to low-income and rural communities	2,498		10		0		0		0
Other(4)	0		0		449		0		449
Total other VIEs	2,795		33		6,175		2,085		6,175
Total VIEs	$	33,288	$	18,746	$	6,175	$	2,085	$	6,175

(1)Excludes insignificant VIEs from previously exited businesses.

(2)Represents the carrying amount of assets and liabilities of the VIE, which includes the seller’s interest and repurchased notes held by other related parties.

(3)In certain investment structures, we consolidate a VIE which in turn holds as its primary asset an investment in an unconsolidated VIE. In these instances, we disclose the carrying amount of assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets as unconsolidated VIEs to avoid duplicating our exposure, as the unconsolidated VIEs are generally the operating entities generating the exposure. The carrying amount of assets and liabilities included in the unconsolidated VIE columns above related to these investment structures were $2.6 billion of assets and $984 million of liabilities as of March 31, 2024, and $2.6 billion of assets and $989 million of liabilities as of December 31, 2023.

(4)Primarily consists of variable interests in companies that promote renewable energy sources and other equity method investments.

Securitization-Related VIEs

In a securitization transaction, assets are transferred to a trust, which generally meets the definition of a VIE. We engage in securitization activities as an issuer and an investor. Our primary securitization issuance activity includes credit card and auto securitizations, conducted through securitization trusts which we consolidate. Our continuing involvement in these securitization transactions mainly consists of acting as the primary servicer and holding certain retained interests.

In our multifamily agency business, we originate multifamily commercial real estate loans and transfer them to government-sponsored enterprises (“GSEs”) who may, in turn, securitize them. We retain the related mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) and service the transferred loans pursuant to the guidelines set forth by the GSEs. As an investor, we hold primarily RMBS, CMBS, and ABS in our investment securities portfolio, which represent variable interests in the respective securitization trusts from which those securities were issued. We do not consolidate the securitization trusts employed in these transactions as we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of these securitization trusts. We exclude these VIEs from the tables within this note because we do not consider our continuing involvement with these VIEs to be significant as we either solely invest in securities issued by the VIE and were not involved in the design of the VIE or no transfers have occurred between the VIE and ourselves. Our maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement with these VIEs is the carrying value of the MSRs and investment securities on our consolidated balance sheets as well as our contractual obligations under loss sharing arrangements. See “Note 14—Commitments, Contingencies, Guarantees and Others” for information about the loss sharing agreements, “Note 7—Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” for information related to our MSRs associated with these securitizations and “Note 3—Investment Securities” for more information on the securities held in our investment securities portfolio. In addition, where we have certain lending arrangements in the normal course of business with entities that could be VIEs, we have also excluded these VIEs from the tables presented in this note. See “Note 4—Loans” for additional information regarding our lending arrangements in the normal course of business.



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The table below presents our continuing involvement in certain securitization-related VIEs as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 6.2: Continuing Involvement in Securitization-Related VIEs


(Dollars in millions)	Credit Card		Auto
March 31, 2024:
Securities held by third-party investors	$	14,013	$	3,648
Receivables in the trusts	25,273		4,304
Cash balance of spread or reserve accounts	0		19
Retained interests	Yes		Yes
Servicing retained	Yes		Yes
December 31, 2023:
Securities held by third-party investors	$	14,029	$	4,014
Receivables in the trusts	26,404		4,839
Cash balance of spread or reserve accounts	0		19
Retained interests	Yes		Yes
Servicing retained	Yes		Yes

Credit Card Securitizations

We securitize a portion of our credit card loans which provides a source of funding for us. Credit card securitizations involve the transfer of credit card receivables to securitization trusts. These trusts then issue debt securities collateralized by the transferred receivables to third-party investors. We hold certain retained interests in our credit card securitizations and continue to service the receivables in these trusts. We consolidate these trusts because we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary as we have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the trusts, and the right to receive benefits or the obligation to absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the trusts.

Auto Securitizations

Similar to our credit card securitizations, we securitize a portion of our auto loans which provides a source of funding for us. Auto securitizations involve the transfer of auto loans to securitization trusts. These trusts then issue debt securities collateralized by the transferred loans to third-party investors. We hold certain retained interests and continue to service the loans in these trusts. We consolidate these trusts because we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary as we have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the trusts, and the right to receive benefits or the obligation to absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the trusts.

Other VIEs

Affordable Housing Entities

As part of our community reinvestment initiatives, we invest in private investment funds that make equity investments in multifamily affordable housing properties, a majority of which are VIEs. We receive affordable housing tax credits for these investments. The activities of these entities are financed with a combination of invested equity capital and debt. We account for our investments in qualified affordable housing projects using the proportional amortization method, where costs of the investment are amortized over the period in which the investor expects to receive tax credits and other tax benefits, and the resulting amortization is recognized as a component of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized amortization of $178 million and $170 million, respectively, and tax credits of $184 million and $177 million, respectively, associated with these investments within income tax provision. The carrying value of our equity investments in these qualified affordable housing projects was $5.3 billion and $5.5 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. We are periodically required to provide additional financial or other support during the period of the investments. Our liability for these unfunded commitments was $2.2 billion and $2.3 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is largely expected to be paid from 2024 to 2027.



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For those investment funds considered to be VIEs, we are not required to consolidate them if we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of those entities. We record our interests in these unconsolidated VIEs in loans held for investment, other assets and other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Our maximum exposure to these entities is limited to our variable interests in the entities which consisted of assets of approximately $5.6 billion and $5.7 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The creditors of the VIEs have no recourse to our general credit and we do not provide additional financial or other support other than during the period that we are contractually required to provide it. The total assets of the unconsolidated VIE investment funds were approximately $18.8 billion and $18.6 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Entities that Provide Capital to Low-Income and Rural Communities

We hold variable interests in entities (“Investor Entities”) that invest in community development entities (“CDEs”) that provide debt financing to businesses and non-profit entities in low-income and rural communities. Variable interests in the CDEs held by the consolidated Investor Entities are also our variable interests. The activities of the Investor Entities are financed with a combination of invested equity capital and debt. The activities of the CDEs are financed solely with invested equity capital. We receive federal and state tax credits for these investments. We consolidate the VIEs in which we have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and where we have the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. We consolidate other investments and CDEs that are not considered to be VIEs, but where we hold a controlling financial interest. The assets of the VIEs that we consolidated, which totaled approximately $2.9 billion and $2.5 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, are reflected on our consolidated balance sheets in cash, loans held for investment, and other assets. The liabilities are reflected in other liabilities. The creditors of the VIEs have no recourse to our general credit. We have not provided additional financial or other support other than during the period that we are contractually required to provide it.

Other

We hold variable interests in other VIEs, including companies that promote renewable energy sources and other equity method investments. We are not required to consolidate these VIEs because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance. Our maximum exposure to these VIEs is limited to the investments on our consolidated balance sheets of $411 million and $449 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The creditors of the other VIEs have no recourse to our general credit. We have not provided additional financial or other support other than during the period that we are contractually required to provide it.



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NOTE 7—GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The table below presents our goodwill, other intangible assets and MSRs as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Goodwill is presented separately, while other intangible assets and MSRs are included in other assets on our consolidated balance sheets.

Table 7.1: Components of Goodwill, Other Intangible Assets and MSRs


	March 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions)	Carrying Amount of Assets		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Goodwill	$	15,062	N/A		$	15,062
Other intangible assets:
Purchased credit card relationship (“PCCR”) intangibles	369		$	(113)	256

Other(1)	134		(100)		34
Total other intangible assets	503		(213)		290
Total goodwill and other intangible assets	$	15,565	$	(213)	$	15,352
Commercial MSRs(2)	$	654	$	(277)	$	377

	December 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Carrying Amount of Assets		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Goodwill	$	15,065	N/A		$	15,065
Other intangible assets:
Purchased credit card relationship (“PCCR”) intangibles	369		$	(96)	273

Other(1)	171		(134)		37
Total other intangible assets	540		(230)		310
Total goodwill and other intangible assets	$	15,605	$	(230)	$	15,375
Commercial MSRs(2)	$	653	$	(263)	$	390

(1)Primarily consists of intangibles for sponsorship, customer and merchant relationships, domain names and licenses.

(2)Commercial MSRs are accounted for under the amortization method on our consolidated balance sheets.

Amortization expense for amortizable intangible assets, which is presented separately in our consolidated statements of income, totaled $19 million and $14 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.



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Goodwill

The following table presents changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by each of our business segments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 7.2: Goodwill by Business Segments


(Dollars in millions)	Credit Card		Consumer Banking		Commercial Banking		Total










Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	5,366	$	4,645	$	5,054	$	15,065


Other adjustments(1)	(3)		0		0		(3)
Balance as of March 31, 2024	$	5,363	$	4,645	$	5,054	$	15,062

(1)Primarily represents foreign currency translation adjustments.



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NOTE 8—DEPOSITS AND BORROWINGS

Our deposits, which include checking accounts, money market deposits, negotiable order of withdrawals, savings deposits and time deposits, represent our largest source of funding for our assets and operations. We also use a variety of other funding sources including short-term borrowings, senior and subordinated notes, securitized debt obligations and other borrowings. Securitized debt obligations are presented separately on our consolidated balance sheets, as they represent obligations of consolidated securitization trusts, while federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase, senior and subordinated notes and other borrowings, including FHLB advances, are included in other debt on our consolidated balance sheets.

Our total short-term borrowings generally consist of federal funds purchased, securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase and FHLB advances. Our long-term debt consists of borrowings with an original contractual maturity of greater than one year. The following tables summarize the components of our deposits, short-term borrowings and long-term debt as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The carrying value presented below for these borrowings includes any unamortized debt premiums and discounts, net of debt issuance costs and fair value hedge accounting adjustments.

Table 8.1: Components of Deposits, Short-Term Borrowings and Long-Term Debt


(Dollars in millions)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Deposits:
Non-interest-bearing deposits	$	27,617	$	28,024
Interest-bearing deposits(1)	323,352		320,389
Total deposits	$	350,969	$	348,413
Short-term borrowings:
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase	$	568	$	538

Total short-term borrowings	$	568	$	538


	March 31, 2024					December 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Maturity Dates	Stated Interest Rates	Weighted-Average Interest Rate	Carrying Value		Carrying Value
Long-term debt:
Securitized debt obligations	2024-2028	0.55% - 6.13%	3.00%	$	17,661	$	18,043
Senior and subordinated notes:
Fixed unsecured senior debt(2)	2024-2035	0.80 - 7.62	4.57	28,063		27,168
Floating unsecured senior debt	2025	6.68	6.68	349		349
Total unsecured senior debt			4.60	28,412		27,517
Fixed unsecured subordinated debt	2025-2032	2.36 - 4.20	3.57	3,696		3,731
Total senior and subordinated notes				32,108		31,248
Other long-term borrowings	2024-2031	0.49 - 9.91	6.64	24		27
Total long-term debt				$	49,793	$	49,318
Total short-term borrowings and long-term debt				$	50,361	$	49,856

(1)Some customers have time deposits in excess of the federal deposit insurance limit, making a portion of the deposit uninsured. As of March 31, 2024, the total time deposit amount with some portion in excess of the insured amount was $13.1 billion and the portion of total time deposits estimated to be uninsured was $8.4 billion. As of December 31, 2023, the total time deposit amount with some portion in excess of the insured amount was $15.8 billion and the portion of total time deposits estimated to be uninsured was $9.0 billion.

(2)Includes $1.3 billion of Euro (“EUR”) denominated unsecured notes as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.



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NOTE 9—DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

Use of Derivatives and Accounting for Derivatives

We regularly enter into derivative transactions to support our overall risk management activities. Our primary market risks stem from the impact on our earnings and economic value of equity due to changes in interest rates and, to a lesser extent, changes in foreign exchange rates. We manage our interest rate sensitivity by employing several techniques, which include changing the duration and re-pricing characteristics of various assets and liabilities by using interest rate derivatives. We also use foreign currency derivatives to limit our earnings and capital exposures to foreign exchange risk by hedging certain exposures denominated in foreign currencies. We primarily use interest rate and foreign currency swaps to perform these hedging activities, but we may also use a variety of other derivative instruments, including caps, floors, options, futures and forward contracts, to manage our interest rate and foreign exchange risks. We designate these risk management derivatives as either qualifying accounting hedges or free-standing derivatives. Qualifying accounting hedges are further designated as fair value hedges, cash flow hedges or net investment hedges. Free-standing derivatives are economic hedges that do not qualify for hedge accounting.

We also offer interest rate, commodity, foreign currency derivatives and other contracts as an accommodation to our customers within our Commercial Banking business. We enter into these derivatives with our customers primarily to help them manage their interest rate risks, hedge their energy and other commodities exposures, and manage foreign currency fluctuations. We offset the substantial majority of the market risk exposure of our customer accommodation derivatives through derivative transactions with other counterparties.

See below for additional information on our use of derivatives and how we account for them:

*•*Fair Value Hedges: We designate derivatives as fair value hedges when they are used to manage our exposure to changes in the fair value of certain financial assets and liabilities, which fluctuate in value as a result of movements in interest rates. Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as fair value hedges are presented in the same line item in our consolidated statements of income as the earnings effect of the hedged items. We enter into receive-fixed, pay-float interest rate swaps to hedge changes in the fair value of outstanding fixed rate debt and deposits due to fluctuations in market interest rates. We also enter into pay-fixed, receive-float interest rate swaps to hedge changes in the fair value of fixed rate investment securities.

Cash Flow Hedges: We designate derivatives as cash flow hedges when they are used to manage our exposure to variability in cash flows related to forecasted transactions. Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). Those amounts are reclassified into earnings in the same period during which the hedged forecasted transactions impact earnings and presented in the same line item in our consolidated statements of income as the earnings effect of the hedged items. We enter into receive-fixed, pay-float interest rate swaps and interest rate floors to modify the interest rate characteristics of designated credit card and commercial loans from floating to fixed in order to reduce the impact of changes in forecasted future cash flows due to fluctuations in market interest rates. We also enter into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge our exposure to variability in cash flows related to intercompany borrowings denominated in foreign currencies.
Net Investment Hedges: We use net investment hedges to manage the foreign currency exposure related to our net investments in foreign operations that have functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Changes in the fair value of net investment hedges are recorded in the translation adjustment component of AOCI, offsetting the translation gain or loss from those foreign operations. We execute net investment hedges using foreign currency forward contracts to hedge the translation exposure of the net investment in our foreign operations under the forward method.

*•*Free-Standing Derivatives: Our free-standing derivatives primarily consist of our customer accommodation derivatives and other economic hedges. The customer accommodation derivatives and the related offsetting contracts are mainly interest rate, commodity and foreign currency contracts. The other free-standing derivatives are primarily used to economically hedge the risk of changes in the fair value of our commercial mortgage loan origination and purchase commitments as well as other interests held. Changes in the fair value of free-standing derivatives are recorded in earnings as a component of other non-interest income.



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Derivatives Counterparty Credit Risk

Counterparty Types

Derivative instruments contain an element of credit risk that stems from the potential failure of a counterparty to perform according to the terms of the contract, including making payments due upon maturity of certain derivative instruments. We execute our derivative contracts primarily in “over-the-counter” (“OTC”) markets. We also execute interest rate and commodity futures in the exchange-traded derivative markets. Our OTC derivatives consist of both trades cleared through central counterparty clearinghouses (“CCPs”) and uncleared bilateral contracts. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”), the Intercontinental Exchange (“ICE”) and the LCH Group (“LCH”) are our CCPs for our centrally cleared contracts. In our uncleared bilateral contracts, we enter into agreements directly with our derivative counterparties.

Counterparty Credit Risk Management

We manage the counterparty credit risk associated with derivative instruments by entering into legally enforceable master netting agreements, where applicable, and exchanging collateral with our counterparties, typically in the form of cash or high-quality liquid securities. We exchange collateral in two primary forms: variation margin, which mitigates the risk of changes in value due to daily market movements and is exchanged daily, and initial margin, which mitigates the risk of potential future exposure of a derivative and is exchanged at the outset of a transaction and adjusted daily. We exchange variation margin and initial margin on our cleared derivatives. For uncleared bilateral derivatives executed after September 1, 2021 and in scope for initial margin, we exchange variation margin and initial margin.

The amount of collateral exchanged for variation margin is dependent upon the fair value of the derivative instruments as well as the fair value of the pledged collateral and will vary over time as market variables change. The amount of the initial margin exchanged is dependent upon 1) the calculation of initial margin exposure, as prescribed by 1(a) the U.S. prudential regulators’ margin rules for uncleared derivatives (“PR Rules”) or 1(b) the CCPs for cleared derivatives and 2) the fair value of the pledged collateral; it will vary over time as market variables change. When valuing collateral, an estimate of the variation in price and liquidity over time is subtracted in the form of a “haircut” to discount the value of the collateral pledged. Our exposure to derivative counterparty credit risk, at any point in time, is equal to the amount reported as a derivative asset on our balance sheet. The fair value of our derivatives is adjusted on an aggregate basis to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements and any associated collateral received or pledged. See Table 9.3 for our net exposure associated with derivatives.

The terms under which we collateralize our exposures differ between cleared exposures and uncleared bilateral exposures.

CCPs: We clear eligible OTC derivatives with CCPs as part of our regulatory requirements. We also clear exchange-traded instruments, like futures, with CCPs. Futures commission merchants (“FCMs”) serve as the intermediary between CCPs and us. CCPs require that we post initial and variation margin through our FCMs to mitigate the risk of non-payment or default. Initial margin is required by CCPs as collateral against potential losses on our exchange-traded and cleared derivative contracts and variation margin is exchanged on a daily basis to account for mark-to-market changes in those derivative contracts. For CME, ICE and LCH-cleared OTC derivatives, variation margin cash payments are required to be characterized as settlements. Our FCM agreements governing these derivative transactions include provisions that may require us to post additional collateral under certain circumstances.
Bilateral Counterparties: We enter into master netting agreements and collateral agreements with bilateral derivative counterparties, where applicable, to mitigate the risk of default. These bilateral agreements typically provide the right to offset exposure with the same counterparty and require the party in a net liability position to post collateral. Agreements with certain bilateral counterparties require both parties to maintain collateral in the event the fair values of uncleared derivatives exceed established exposure thresholds. Certain of these bilateral agreements include provisions requiring that our debt maintain a credit rating of investment grade or above by each of the major credit rating agencies. In the event of a downgrade of our debt credit rating below investment grade, some of our counterparties would have the right to terminate their derivative contract and close out existing positions.



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Credit Risk Valuation Adjustments

We record counterparty credit valuation adjustments (“CVAs”) on our derivative assets to reflect the credit quality of our counterparties. We consider collateral and legally enforceable master netting agreements that mitigate our credit exposure to each counterparty in determining CVAs, which may be adjusted due to changes in the fair values of the derivative contracts, collateral, and creditworthiness of the counterparty. We also record debit valuation adjustments (“DVAs”) to adjust the fair values of our derivative liabilities to reflect the impact of our own credit quality.

Balance Sheet Presentation

The following table summarizes the notional amounts and fair values of our derivative instruments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, which are segregated by derivatives that are designated as accounting hedges and those that are not, and are further segregated by type of contract within those two categories. The total derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted on an aggregate basis to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements and any associated cash collateral received or pledged. Derivative assets and liabilities are included in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, on our consolidated balance sheets, and their related gains or losses are included in operating activities as changes in other assets and other liabilities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Table 9.1: Derivative Assets and Liabilities at Fair Value


	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Notional or Contractual Amount		Derivative(1)				Notional or Contractual Amount		Derivative(1)
(Dollars in millions)	Assets		Liabilities		Assets		Liabilities
Derivatives designated as accounting hedges:
Interest rate contracts:
Fair value hedges	$	69,607	$	4	$	26	$	68,987	$	18	$	26
Cash flow hedges	79,300		134		20		70,350		216		23
Total interest rate contracts	148,907		138		46		139,337		234		49
Foreign exchange contracts:
Fair value hedges	1,349		0		135		1,380		0		113
Cash flow hedges	2,431		11		1		2,488		0		66
Net investment hedges	4,814		18		41		4,870		1		89
Total foreign exchange contracts	8,594		29		177		8,738		1		268
Total derivatives designated as accounting hedges	157,501		167		223		148,075		235		317
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedges:
Customer accommodation:
Interest rate contracts	101,903		1,224		1,474		103,489		1,188		1,382
Commodity contracts	34,638		1,174		1,172		33,495		1,161		1,147
Foreign exchange and other contracts	5,108		43		28		5,153		50		47
Total customer accommodation	141,649		2,441		2,674		142,137		2,399		2,576
Other interest rate exposures(2)	1,878		21		30		872		21		31
Other contracts	3,074		20		7		2,955		20		8
Total derivatives not designated as accounting hedges	146,601		2,482		2,711		145,964		2,440		2,615
Total derivatives	$	304,102	$	2,649	$	2,934	$	294,039	$	2,675	$	2,932
Less: netting adjustment(3)			(1,050)		(440)				(1,005)		(597)
Total derivative assets/liabilities			$	1,599	$	2,494			$	1,670	$	2,335

(1)Does not reflect $1 million and $2 million recognized as a net valuation allowance on derivative assets and liabilities for non-performance risk as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Non-performance risk is included in derivative assets and liabilities, which are part of other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, and is offset through non-interest income in the consolidated statements of income.

(2)Other interest rate exposures include commercial mortgage-related derivatives and interest rate swaps.



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(3)Represents balance sheet netting of derivative assets and liabilities, and related payables and receivables for cash collateral held or placed with the same counterparty.

The following table summarizes the carrying value of our hedged assets and liabilities in fair value hedges and the associated cumulative basis adjustments included in those carrying values, excluding basis adjustments related to foreign currency risk, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 9.2: Hedged Items in Fair Value Hedging Relationships


	March 31, 2024								December 31, 2023
	Carrying Amount Assets/(Liabilities)			Cumulative Amount of Basis Adjustments Included in the Carrying Amount					Carrying Amount Assets/(Liabilities)		Cumulative Amount of Basis Adjustments Included in the Carrying Amount
(Dollars in millions)			Total Assets/(Liabilities)			Discontinued-Hedging Relationships			Total Assets/(Liabilities)		Discontinued-Hedging Relationships
Line item on our consolidated balance sheets in which the hedged item is included:
Investment securities available for sale(1)(2)	$	6,022		$	(48)		$	109	$	6,108	$	(8)	$	126
Interest-bearing deposits	(16,991)			348			0		(17,374)		277		0
Securitized debt obligations	(13,358)			523			0		(13,375)		503		0
Senior and subordinated notes	(31,758)			1,325			(332)		(30,899)		971		(372)

(1)These amounts include the amortized cost basis of our investment securities designated in hedging relationships for which the hedged item is the last layer expected to be remaining at the end of the hedging relationship. The amortized cost basis of this portfolio was $1.9 billion and $2.2 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The amount of the designated hedged items was $1.3 billion and $1.5 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The cumulative basis adjustments associated with these hedges was $10 million and $33 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(2)Carrying value represents amortized cost.

Balance Sheet Offsetting of Financial Assets and Liabilities

Derivative contracts and repurchase agreements that we execute bilaterally in the OTC market are generally governed by enforceable master netting agreements where we generally have the right to offset exposure with the same counterparty. Either counterparty can generally request to net settle all contracts through a single payment upon default on, or termination of, any one contract. We elect to offset the derivative assets and liabilities under master netting agreements for balance sheet presentation where a right of setoff exists. For derivative contracts entered into under master netting agreements for which we have not been able to confirm the enforceability of the setoff rights, or those not subject to master netting agreements, we do not offset our derivative positions for balance sheet presentation.

The following table presents the gross and net fair values of our derivative assets, derivative liabilities, resale and repurchase agreements and the related offsetting amounts permitted under U.S. GAAP as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The table also includes cash and non-cash collateral received or pledged in accordance with such arrangements. The amount of collateral presented, however, is limited to the amount of the related net derivative fair values or outstanding balances; therefore, instances of over-collateralization are excluded.



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Table 9.3: Offsetting of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities


	Gross Amounts			Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet					Net Amounts as Recognized		Securities Collateral Held Under Master Netting Agreements		Net Exposure
(Dollars in millions)			Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Received
As of March 31, 2024
Derivative assets(1)	$	2,649		$	(268)		$	(782)	$	1,599	$	(19)	$	1,580
As of December 31, 2023
Derivative assets(1)	2,675			(433)			(572)		1,670		(22)		1,648


	Gross Amounts			Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet					Net Amounts as Recognized		Securities Collateral Pledged Under Master Netting Agreements		Net Exposure
(Dollars in millions)			Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Pledged
As of March 31, 2024
Derivative liabilities(1)	$	2,934		$	(268)		$	(172)	$	2,494	$	(24)	$	2,470
Repurchase agreements(2)	568			0			0		568		(568)		0
As of December 31, 2023
Derivative liabilities(1)	2,932			(433)			(164)		2,335		(13)		2,322
Repurchase agreements(2)	538			0			0		538		(538)		0

(1)We received cash collateral from derivative counterparties totaling $1.1 billion and $858 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. We also received securities from derivative counterparties with a fair value of approximately $13 million and $16 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, which we have the ability to re-pledge. We posted $1.6 billion and $1.7 billion of cash collateral as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(2)Under our customer repurchase agreements, which mature the next business day, we pledged collateral with a fair value of $579 million and $549 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, primarily consisting of agency RMBS securities.



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Income Statement and AOCI Presentation

Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedges

The net gains (losses) recognized in our consolidated statements of income related to derivatives in fair value and cash flow hedging relationships are presented below for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Table 9.4: Effects of Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedge Accounting


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
	Net Interest Income												Non-Interest Income
(Dollars in millions)	Investment Securities		Loans, Including Loans Held for Sale		Other		Interest-bearing Deposits		Securitized Debt Obligations		Senior and Subordinated Notes		Other
Total amounts presented in our consolidated statements of income	$	687	$	9,920	$	570	$	(2,812)	$	(261)	$	(606)	$	307
Fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate and foreign exchange contracts:
Interest recognized on derivatives	$	45	$	0	$	0	$	(107)	$	(118)	$	(267)	$	0
Gains (losses) recognized on derivatives	21		0		0		(71)		(19)		(316)		(31)
Gains (losses) recognized on hedged items(1)	(39)		0		0		71		19		356		31
Excluded component of fair value hedges(2)	0		0		0		0		0		(1)		0
Net income (expense) recognized on fair value hedges	$	27	$	0	$	0	$	(107)	$	(118)	$	(228)	$	0
Cash flow hedging relationships:(3)
Interest rate contracts:
Realized gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into net income	$	0	$	(309)	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0
Foreign exchange contracts:
Realized gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into net income(4)	0		0		2		0		0		0		0
Net income (expense) recognized on cash flow hedges	$	0	$	(309)	$	2	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0



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	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Net Interest Income												Non-Interest Income
(Dollars in millions)	Investment Securities		Loans, Including Loans Held for Sale		Other		Interest-bearing Deposits		Securitized Debt Obligations		Senior and Subordinated Notes		Other
Total amounts presented in our consolidated statements of income	$	615	$	8,723	$	416	$	(1,856)	$	(211)	$	(489)	$	199
Fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate and foreign exchange contracts:
Interest recognized on derivatives	$	33	$	0	$	0	$	(78)	$	(84)	$	(220)	$	0
Gains (losses) recognized on derivatives	(49)		0		0		178		148		387		17
Gains (losses) recognized on hedged items(1)	31		0		0		(180)		(149)		(355)		(17)
Excluded component of fair value hedges(2)	0		0		0		0		0		(1)		0
Net income (expense) recognized on fair value hedges	$	15	$	0	$	0	$	(80)	$	(85)	$	(189)	$	0
Cash flow hedging relationships:(3)
Interest rate contracts:
Realized gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into net income	$	0	$	(262)	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0
Foreign exchange contracts:
Realized gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into net income(4)	0		0		3		0		0		0		0
Net income (expense) recognized on cash flow hedges	$	0	$	(262)	$	3	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0

(1)Includes amortization benefit of $23 million and $15 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to basis adjustments on discontinued hedges.

(2)Changes in fair values of cross-currency swaps attributable to changes in cross-currency basis spreads are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and recorded in other comprehensive income (“OCI”). The initial value of the excluded component is recognized in earnings over the life of the swap under the amortization approach.

(3)See “Note 10—Stockholders’ Equity” for the effects of cash flow and net investment hedges on AOCI and amounts reclassified to net income, net of tax.

(4)We recognized a gain of $73 million and loss of $8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, on foreign exchange contracts reclassified from AOCI. These amounts were largely offset by the foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on our foreign currency denominated intercompany funding included in other non-interest income on our consolidated statements of income.

In the next 12 months, we expect to reclassify into earnings an after-tax loss of $786 million recorded in AOCI as of March 31, 2024 associated with cash flow hedges of forecasted transactions. This amount will largely offset the cash flows associated with the forecasted transactions hedged by these derivatives. The maximum length of time over which forecasted transactions were hedged was approximately 9.0 years as of March 31, 2024. The amount we expect to reclassify into earnings may change as a result of changes in market conditions and ongoing actions taken as part of our overall risk management strategy.



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Free-Standing Derivatives

The net impacts to our consolidated statements of income related to free-standing derivatives are presented below for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. These gains or losses are recognized in other non-interest income on our consolidated statements of income.

Table 9.5: Gains (Losses) on Free-Standing Derivatives


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions)		2024		2023
Gains (losses) recognized in other non-interest income:
Customer accommodation:
Interest rate contracts		$	7	$	8
Commodity contracts		4		8
Foreign exchange and other contracts		6		3
Total customer accommodation		17		19
Other interest rate exposures		68		52
Other contracts		(11)		(5)
Total		$	74	$	66



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NOTE 10—STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Preferred Stock

The following table summarizes our preferred stock outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 10.1: Preferred Stock Outstanding**(1)**


			Redeemable by Issuer Beginning	Per Annum Dividend Rate	Dividend Frequency		Liquidation Preference per Share			Total Shares Outstanding as of March 31, 2024	Carrying Value (in millions)
Series	Description	Issuance Date				March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023



Series I	5.000% Non-Cumulative	September 11, 2019	December 1, 2024	5.000%	Quarterly		$	1,000		1,500,000	$	1,462	$	1,462
Series J	4.800% Non-Cumulative	January 31, 2020	June 1, 2025	4.800	Quarterly		1,000			1,250,000	1,209		1,209
Series K	4.625% Non-Cumulative	September 17, 2020	December 1, 2025	4.625	Quarterly		1,000			125,000	122		122
Series L	4.375% Non-Cumulative	May 4, 2021	September 1, 2026	4.375	Quarterly		1,000			675,000	652		652
Series M	3.950% Fixed Rate Reset Non-Cumulative	June 10, 2021	September 1, 2026	3.950% through 8/31/2026; resets 9/1/2026 and every subsequent 5 year anniversary at 5-Year Treasury Rate +3.157%	Quarterly		1,000			1,000,000	988		988
Series N	4.250% Non-Cumulative	July 29, 2021	September 1, 2026	4.250%	Quarterly		1,000			425,000	412		412
Total											$	4,845	$	4,845

(1)Except for Series M, ownership is held in the form of depositary shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of fixed-rate non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock.



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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

AOCI primarily consists of accumulated net unrealized gains or losses associated with securities available for sale, changes in fair value of derivatives in hedging relationships and foreign currency translation adjustments.

The following table presents the changes in AOCI by component for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Table 10.2: AOCI


(Dollars in millions)	Securities Available for Sale		Hedging Relationships(1)		Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments(2)		Other		Total








AOCI as of December 31, 2023	$	(6,769)	$	(1,493)	$	26	$	(32)	$	(8,268)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(844)		(587)		(13)		1		(1,443)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI into earnings	0		177		0		0		177
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(844)		(410)		(13)		1		(1,266)
AOCI as of March 31, 2024	$	(7,613)	$	(1,903)	$	13	$	(31)	$	(9,534)


(Dollars in millions)	Securities Available for Sale		Hedging Relationships(1)		Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments(2)		Other		Total
AOCI as of December 31, 2022	$	(7,676)	$	(2,182)	$	(20)	$	(38)	$	(9,916)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	962		198		13		0		1,173
Amounts reclassified from AOCI into earnings	0		203		0		0		203
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	962		401		13		0		1,376
AOCI as of March 31, 2023	$	(6,714)	$	(1,781)	$	(7)	$	(38)	$	(8,540)

(1)Includes amounts related to cash flow hedges as well as the excluded component of cross-currency swaps designated as fair value hedges.

(2)Includes other comprehensive gains of $49 million and losses of $38 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, from hedging instruments designated as net investment hedges.



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CAPITAL ONE FINANCIAL CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following table presents amounts reclassified from each component of AOCI to our consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Table 10.3: Reclassifications from AOCI


(Dollars in millions)		Three Months Ended March 31,
AOCI Components	Affected Income Statement Line Item		2024		2023
Securities available for sale:
	Non-interest income (loss)		$	0	$	0
	Income tax provision (benefit)		0		0
	Net income (loss)		0		0
Hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:	Interest income (loss)		(309)		(262)
Foreign exchange contracts:	Interest income		2		3
	Interest expense		(1)		(1)
	Non-interest income (loss)		74		(8)
	Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes		(234)		(268)
	Income tax provision (benefit)		(57)		(65)
	Net income (loss)		(177)		(203)
Other:
	Non-interest income and non-interest expense		0		0
	Income tax provision (benefit)		0		0
	Net income		0		0
Total reclassifications			$	(177)	$	(203)

The table below summarizes other comprehensive income (loss) activity and the related tax impact for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Table 10.4: Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024						2023
(Dollars in millions)	Before Tax		Provision (Benefit)		After Tax		Before Tax		Provision (Benefit)		After Tax
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale	$	(1,115)	$	(271)	$	(844)	$	1,267	$	305	$	962
Net unrealized gains (losses) on hedging relationships	(542)		(132)		(410)		528		127		401
Foreign currency translation adjustments(1)	3		16		(13)		1		(12)		13
Other	1		0		1		0		0		0
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(1,653)	$	(387)	$	(1,266)	$	1,796	$	420	$	1,376

(1)Includes the impact of hedging instruments designated as net investment hedges.



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NOTE 11—EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share.

Table 11.1: Computation of Basic and Diluted Earnings per Common Share


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars and shares in millions, except per share data)		2024		2023


Net income		$	1,280	$	960
Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities		(23)		(16)
Preferred stock dividends		(57)		(57)

Net income available to common stockholders		$	1,200	$	887

Total weighted-average basic common shares outstanding		382.2		382.6
Effect of dilutive securities:(1)
Stock options		0.2		0.1
Other contingently issuable shares		1.0		1.1
Total effect of dilutive securities		1.2		1.2
Total weighted-average diluted common shares outstanding		383.4		383.8
Basic earnings per common share:


Net income per basic common share		$	3.14	$	2.32
Diluted earnings per common share:(1)


Net income per diluted common share		$	3.13	$	2.31

(1)Excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share were awards of 128 thousand shares and 40 thousand shares for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. There were no options excluded from the computation for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.



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NOTE 12—FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT

Fair value, also referred to as an exit price, is defined as the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The fair value accounting guidance provides a three-level fair value hierarchy for classifying financial instruments. This hierarchy is based on the markets in which the assets or liabilities trade and whether the inputs to the valuation techniques used to measure fair value are observable or unobservable. The fair value measurement of a financial asset or liability is assigned a level based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:


Level 1:						Valuation is based on quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2:						Valuation is based on observable market-based inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3:						Valuation is generated from techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. Valuation techniques include pricing models, discounted cash flow (“DCF”) methodologies or similar techniques.

The accounting guidance for fair value measurements requires that we maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs in determining fair value. We consider all available information, including observable market data, indications of market liquidity and orderliness, and our understanding of the valuation techniques and significant inputs. Based upon the specific facts and circumstances of each instrument or instrument category, judgments are made regarding the significance of the observable or unobservable inputs to the instruments’ fair value measurement in its entirety. If unobservable inputs are considered significant, the instrument is classified as Level 3. The process for determining fair value using unobservable inputs is generally more subjective and involves a high degree of management judgment and assumptions. The accounting guidance provides for the irrevocable option to elect, on a contract-by-contract basis, to measure certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value at inception of the contract and record any subsequent changes in fair value in earnings.

The determination and classification of financial instruments in the fair value hierarchy is performed at the end of each reporting period. We consider all available information, including observable market data, indications of market liquidity and orderliness, and our understanding of the valuation techniques and significant inputs. For additional information on the valuation techniques used in estimating the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities on a recurring basis, see “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data —Note 16—Fair Value Measurement” in our 2023 Form 10-K**.**



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Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table displays our assets and liabilities measured on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 12.1: Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis


	March 31, 2024
	Fair Value Measurements Using						Netting Adjustments(1)
(Dollars in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3				Total
Assets:
Securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	5,728	$	0	$	0	0			$	5,728
RMBS	0		62,089		309		0			62,398
CMBS	0		8,064		129		0			8,193
Other securities	170		1,909		0		0			2,079
Total securities available for sale	5,898		72,062		438		0			78,398
Loans held for sale	0		1,212		0		0			1,212
Other assets:
Derivative assets(2)	733		942		974		$	(1,050)		1,599
Other(3)	649		3		35		0			687
Total assets	$	7,280	$	74,219	$	1,447	$	(1,050)		$	81,896
Liabilities:
Other liabilities:
Derivative liabilities(2)	$	593	$	1,421	$	920	$	(440)		$	2,494
Total liabilities	$	593	$	1,421	$	920	$	(440)		$	2,494


	December 31, 2023
	Fair Value Measurements Using						Netting Adjustments(1)
(Dollars in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3				Total
Assets:
Securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	5,282	$	0	$	0	0			$	5,282
RMBS	0		63,492		146		0			63,638
CMBS	0		8,191		132		0			8,323
Other securities	126		1,748		0		0			1,874
Total securities available for sale	5,408		73,431		278		0			79,117
Loans held for sale	0		347		0		0			347
Other assets:
Derivative assets(2)	788		1,001		886		$	(1,005)		1,670
Other(3)	589		3		35		0			627
Total assets	$	6,785	$	74,782	$	1,199	$	(1,005)		$	81,761
Liabilities:
Other liabilities:
Derivative liabilities(2)	$	449	$	1,655	$	828	$	(597)		$	2,335
Total liabilities	$	449	$	1,655	$	828	$	(597)		$	2,335

(1)Represents balance sheet netting of derivative assets and liabilities, and related payables and receivables for cash collateral held or placed with the same counterparty. See “Note 9—Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” for additional information.

(2)Does not reflect approximately $1 million and $2 million recognized as a net valuation allowance on derivative assets and liabilities for non-performance risk as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Non-performance risk is included in the measurement of derivative assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets, and is recorded through non-interest income in the consolidated statements of income.



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(3)As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, other includes retained interests in securitizations of $35 million and $35 million, deferred compensation plan assets of $646 million and $578 million, and equity securities of $6 million (including unrealized gains of $1 million) and $14 million (including unrealized gains of $5 million), respectively.

Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Rollforward

The table below presents a reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured and recognized at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. Generally, transfers into Level 3 were primarily driven by the usage of unobservable assumptions in the pricing of these financial instruments as evidenced by wider pricing variations among pricing vendors and transfers out of Level 3 were primarily driven by the usage of assumptions corroborated by market observable information as evidenced by tighter pricing among multiple pricing sources.

Table 12.2: Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Rollforward


	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
			Total Gains (Losses) (Realized/Unrealized)																		Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in Net Income Related to Assets and Liabilities Still Held as of March 31, 2024(1)
(Dollars in millions)	Balance, January 1, 2024		Included in Net Income(1)		Included in OCI		Purchases		Sales		Issuances		Settlements		Transfers Into Level 3		Transfers Out of Level 3		Balance, March 31, 2024
Securities available for sale:(2)
RMBS	$	146	$	2	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	(3)	$	182	$	(18)	$	309	$	2
CMBS	132		0		(2)		0		0		0		(1)		0		0		129		0

Total securities available for sale	278		2		(2)		0		0		0		(4)		182		(18)		438		2
Other assets:

Retained interests in securitizations	35		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		35		0
Net derivative assets (liabilities)(3)	58		6		0		0		0		(5)		(5)		0		0		54		(1)



	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
			Total Gains (Losses) (Realized/Unrealized)																		Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in Net Income Related to Assets and Liabilities Still Held as of March 31, 2023(1)
(Dollars in millions)	Balance, January 1, 2023		Included in Net Income(1)		Included in OCI		Purchases		Sales		Issuances		Settlements		Transfers Into Level 3		Transfers Out of Level 3		Balance, March 31, 2023
Securities available for sale:(2)
RMBS	$	236	$	1	$	3	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	(5)	$	34	$	(22)	$	247	$	2
CMBS	142		0		5		0		0		0		(2)		0		0		145		0

Total securities available for sale	378		1		8		0		0		0		(7)		34		(22)		392		2
Other assets:

Retained interests in securitizations	36		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		36		0
Net derivative assets (liabilities)(3)(4)	5		(5)		0		0		0		104		12		(97)		(1)		18		4

(1)Realized gains (losses) on securities available for sale are included in net securities gains (losses) and retained interests in securitizations are reported as a component of non-interest income in our consolidated statements of income. Gains (losses) on derivatives are included as a component of net interest income or non-interest income in our consolidated statements of income.



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(2)Net unrealized losses included in OCI related to Level 3 securities available for sale still held as of both March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 were $8 million.

(3)Includes derivative assets and liabilities of $974 million and $920 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2024 and $837 million and $819 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2023.

(4)Transfers into Level 3 primarily consist of term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”)-indexed interest rate derivatives.

Significant Level 3 Fair Value Asset and Liability Inputs

Generally, uncertainties in fair value measurements of financial instruments, such as changes in unobservable inputs, may have a significant impact on fair value. Certain of these unobservable inputs will, in isolation, have a directionally consistent impact on the fair value of the instrument for a given change in that input. Alternatively, the fair value of the instrument may move in an opposite direction for a given change in another input. In general, an increase in the discount rate, default rates, loss severity or credit spreads, in isolation, would result in a decrease in the fair value measurement. In addition, an increase in default rates would generally be accompanied by a decrease in recovery rates, slower prepayment rates and an increase in liquidity spreads, and would lead to a decrease in the fair value measurement.

Techniques and Inputs for Level 3 Fair Value Measureme****nts

The following table presents the significant unobservable inputs used to determine the fair values of our Level 3 financial instruments on a recurring basis. We utilize multiple vendor pricing services to obtain fair value for our securities. Several of our vendor pricing services are only able to provide unobservable input information for a limited number of securities due to software licensing restrictions. Other vendor pricing services are able to provide unobservable input information for all securities for which they provide a valuation. As a result, the unobservable input information for the securities available for sale presented below represents a composite summary of all information we are able to obtain. The unobservable input information for all other Level 3 financial instruments is based on the assumptions used in our internal valuation models.

Table 12.3: Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements


	Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
(Dollars in millions)	Fair Value at March 31, 2024		Significant Valuation Techniques	Significant Unobservable Inputs	Range	Weighted Average(1)
Securities available for sale:
RMBS	$	309	Discounted cash flows (vendor pricing)	Yield Voluntary prepayment rate Default rate Loss severity	5-14% 0-12% 0-10% 30-80%	6% 7% 2% 61%
CMBS	129		Discounted cash flows (vendor pricing)	Yield	6-7%	6%
Other assets:
Retained interests in securitizations(2)	35		Discounted cash flows	Life of receivables (months) Voluntary prepayment rate Discount rate Default rate Loss severity	31-73 9% 5%-13% 1% 54%-155%	N/A
Net derivative assets (liabilities)	54		Discounted cash flows	Swap rates	4-5%	4%



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	Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
(Dollars in millions)	Fair Value at December 31, 2023		Significant Valuation Techniques	Significant Unobservable Inputs	Range	Weighted Average(1)
Securities available for sale:
RMBS	$	146	Discounted cash flows (vendor pricing)	Yield Voluntary prepayment rate Default rate Loss severity	2-19% 0-12% 0-10% 30-80%	7% 7% 1% 61%
CMBS	132		Discounted cash flows (vendor pricing)	Yield	5-7%	5%
Other assets:
Retained interests in securitizations(2)	35		Discounted cash flows	Life of receivables (months) Voluntary prepayment rate Discount rate Default rate Loss severity	33-69 9% 5-14% 2% 53-163%	N/A
Net derivative assets (liabilities)	58		Discounted cash flows	Swap rates	3-5%	4%

(1)Weighted averages are calculated by using the product of the input multiplied by the relative fair value of the instruments.

(2)Due to the nature of the various mortgage securitization structures in which we have retained interests, it is not meaningful to present a consolidated weighted average for the significant unobservable inputs.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

We are required to measure and recognize certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis on the consolidated balance sheets. These assets are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, from the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting or when we evaluate for impairment).

The following table presents the carrying value of the assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and still held as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and for which a nonrecurring fair value measurement was recorded during the three and twelve months then ended.

Table 12.4: Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements


	March 31, 2024
	Estimated Fair Value Hierarchy				Total
(Dollars in millions)	Level 2		Level 3
Loans held for investment	$	0	$	361	$	361
Loans held for sale	10		0		10
Other assets(1)	0		86		86
Total	$	10	$	447	$	457


	December 31, 2023
	Estimated Fair Value Hierarchy				Total
(Dollars in millions)	Level 2		Level 3
Loans held for investment	$	0	$	545	$	545
Loans held for sale	37		0		37
Other assets(1)	0		214		214
Total	$	37	$	759	$	796

(1)As of March 31, 2024, other assets included investments accounted for under measurement alternative of $31 million and repossessed assets of $55 million. As of December 31, 2023, other assets included investments accounted for under measurement alternative of $46 million, repossessed assets of $45 million and long-lived assets held for sale and right-of-use assets totaling $123 million.



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In the above table, loans held for investment are generally valued based in part on the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral and the non-recoverable rate, which is considered to be a significant unobservable input. The non-recoverable rate ranged from 10% to 59%, with a weighted average of 26%, and from 0% to 100%, with a weighted average of 18%, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The weighted average non-recoverable rate is calculated based on the estimated market value of the underlying collateral. The significant unobservable inputs and related quantitative information related to fair value of the other assets are not meaningful to disclose as they vary significantly across properties and collateral.

The following table presents total nonrecurring fair value measurements for the period, included in earnings, attributable to the change in fair value relating to assets that are still held at March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Table 12.5: Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements Included in Earnings


	Total Gains (Losses)
	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2024		2023
Loans held for investment	$	(127)	$	(105)
Loans held for sale	(10)		0
Other assets(1)	(63)		(37)
Total	$	(200)	$	(142)

(1)Other assets include fair value adjustments related to repossessed assets, long-lived assets held for sale and right-of-use assets, and equity investments accounted for under the measurement alternative.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value, including the level within the fair value hierarchy, of our financial instruments that are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis on our consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Table 12.6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments


	March 31, 2024
	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Estimated Fair Value Hierarchy
(Dollars in millions)			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	51,028	$	51,028	$	4,671	$	46,357	$	0
Restricted cash for securitization investors	474		474		474		0		0

Net loans held for investment	299,774		302,943		0		0		302,943
Loans held for sale	419		431		0		431		0
Interest receivable	2,514		2,514		0		2,514		0
Other investments(1)	1,329		1,329		0		1,329		0
Financial liabilities:
Deposits with defined maturities	75,749		75,583		0		75,583		0
Securitized debt obligations	17,661		17,703		0		17,703		0
Senior and subordinated notes	32,108		32,894		0		32,894		0
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase	568		568		0		568		0

Interest payable	762		762		0		762		0



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	December 31, 2023
	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Estimated Fair Value Hierarchy
(Dollars in millions)			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	43,297	$	43,297	$	4,903	$	38,394	$	0
Restricted cash for securitization investors	458		458		458		0		0
Net loans held for investment	305,176		308,044		0		0		308,044
Loans held for sale	507		515		0		515		0
Interest receivable	2,478		2,478		0		2,478		0
Other investments(1)	1,329		1,329		0		1,329		0
Financial liabilities:
Deposits with defined maturities	83,014		82,990		0		82,990		0
Securitized debt obligations	18,043		18,067		0		18,067		0
Senior and subordinated notes	31,248		31,524		0		31,524		0
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase	538		538		0		538		0

Interest payable	649		649		0		649		0

(1)Other investments include FHLB and Federal Reserve stock. These investments are included in other assets on our consolidated balance sheets.



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NOTE 13—BUSINESS SEGMENTS AND REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

Our principal operations are organized into three major business segments, which are defined primarily based on the products and services provided or the types of customers served: Credit Card, Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking. The operations of acquired businesses have been integrated into or managed as a part of our existing business segments. Certain activities that are not part of a business segment are included in the Other category, such as the management of our corporate investment portfolio and asset/liability positions performed by our centralized Corporate Treasury group and any residual tax expense or benefit beyond what is assessed to our business segments in order to arrive at the consolidated effective tax rate. The Other category also includes unallocated corporate expenses that do not directly support the operations of the business segments or for which the business segments are not considered financially accountable in evaluating their performance, such as certain restructuring charges.

Basis of Presentation

We report the results of each of our business segments on a continuing operations basis. The results of our individual businesses reflect the manner in which management evaluates performance and makes decisions about funding our operations and allocating resources.

Business Segment Reporting Methodology

The results of our business segments are intended to present each segment as if it were a stand-alone business. Our internal management and reporting process used to derive our segment results employs various allocation methodologies, including funds transfer pricing, to assign certain balance sheet assets, deposits and other liabilities and their related revenues and expenses directly or indirectly attributable to each business segment. Our funds transfer pricing process managed by our centralized Corporate Treasury group provides a funds credit for sources of funds, such as deposits generated by our Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking businesses, and a charge for the use of funds by each segment. The allocation is unique to each business segment and acquired business and is based on the composition of assets and liabilities. The funds transfer pricing process considers the interest rate and liquidity risk characteristics of assets and liabilities and off-balance sheet products. Periodically the methodology and assumptions utilized in the funds transfer pricing process are adjusted to reflect economic conditions and other factors, which may impact the allocation of net interest income to the business segments. Due to the integrated nature of our business segments, estimates and judgments have been made in allocating certain revenue and expense items. Transactions between segments are based on specific criteria or approximate market rates. We regularly assess the assumptions, methodologies and reporting classifications used for segment reporting, which may result in the implementation of refinements or changes in future periods. We provide additional information on the allocation methodologies used to derive our business segment results in “Part II—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 17—Business Segments and Revenue from Contracts with Customers” in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Segment Results and Reconciliation

We may periodically change our business segments or reclassify business segment results based on modifications to our management reporting methodologies or changes in organizational alignment. The following table presents our business segment results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, selected balance sheet data as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, and a reconciliation of our total business segment results to our reported consolidated income from continuing operations, loans held for investment and deposits.



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Table 13.1: Segment Results and Reconciliation


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions)	Credit Card		Consumer Banking		Commercial Banking(1)		Other(1)		Consolidated Total
Net interest income (loss)	$	5,272	$	2,011	$	599	$	(394)	$	7,488
Non-interest income (loss)	1,476		159		281		(2)		1,914
Total net revenue (loss)(2)	6,748		2,170		880		(396)		9,402
Provision (benefit) for credit losses	2,259		426		(2)		0		2,683
Non-interest expense	3,229		1,246		515		147		5,137
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes	1,260		498		367		(543)		1,582
Income tax provision (benefit)	299		117		87		(201)		302
Income (loss) from continuing operations, net of tax	$	961	$	381	$	280	$	(342)	$	1,280
Loans held for investment	$	150,594	$	75,099	$	89,461	$	0	$	315,154
Deposits	0		300,806		31,082		19,081		350,969


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Credit Card		Consumer Banking		Commercial Banking(1)		Other(1)		Consolidated Total
Net interest income (loss)	$	4,657	$	2,360	$	648	$	(479)	$	7,186
Non-interest income	1,363		135		212		7		1,717
Total net revenue (loss)(2)	6,020		2,495		860		(472)		8,903
Provision (benefit) for credit losses	2,261		275		259		0		2,795
Non-interest expense	3,038		1,283		530		94		4,945
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes	721		937		71		(566)		1,163
Income tax provision (benefit)	172		221		17		(207)		203
Income (loss) from continuing operations, net of tax	$	549	$	716	$	54	$	(359)	$	960
Loans held for investment	$	137,142	$	78,151	$	93,543	$	0	$	308,836
Deposits	0		291,163		38,380		20,284		349,827

(2)Total net revenue was reduced by $630 million and $405 million in the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, respectively, for credit card finance charges and fees charged off as uncollectible.



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Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The majority of our revenue from contracts with customers consists of interchange fees, service charges and other customer-related fees, and other contract revenue. Interchange fees are primarily from our Credit Card business and are recognized upon settlement with the interchange networks, net of rewards earned by customers. Service charges and other customer-related fees within our Consumer Banking business are primarily related to fees earned on consumer deposit accounts for account maintenance and various transaction-based services such as automated teller machine (“ATM”) usage. Service charges and other customer-related fees within our Commercial Banking business are mostly related to fees earned on treasury management and capital markets services. Other contract revenue in our Credit Card business consists primarily of revenue from our partnership arrangements. Other contract revenue in our Consumer Banking business consists primarily of revenue earned from services provided to auto industry participants. Revenue from contracts with customers is included in non-interest income in our consolidated statements of income.

The following table presents revenue from contracts with customers and a reconciliation to non-interest income by business segment for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Table 13.2: Revenue from Contracts with Customers and Reconciliation to Segment Results


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions)	Credit Card		Consumer Banking		Commercial Banking(1)		Other(1)		Consolidated Total
Contract revenue:
Interchange fees, net(2)	$	1,020	$	98	$	27	$	0	$	1,145
Service charges and other customer-related fees	0		4		74		0		78
Other	121		44		2		0		167
Total contract revenue	1,141		146		103		0		1,390
Revenue (reduction) from other sources	335		13		178		(2)		524
Total non-interest income (loss)	$	1,476	$	159	$	281	$	(2)	$	1,914


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)	Credit Card		Consumer Banking		Commercial Banking(1)		Other(1)		Consolidated Total
Contract revenue:
Interchange fees, net(2)	$	1,025	$	86	$	27	$	1	$	1,139
Service charges and other customer-related fees	0		21		40		(1)		60
Other	55		19		5		0		79
Total contract revenue	1,080		126		72		0		1,278
Revenue from other sources	283		9		140		7		439
Total non-interest income	$	1,363	$	135	$	212	$	7	$	1,717

(2)Interchange fees are presented net of customer reward expenses.



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NOTE 14—COMMITMENTS, CONTINGENCIES, GUARANTEES AND OTHERS

Commitments to Lend

Our unfunded lending commitments primarily consist of credit card lines, loan commitments to customers of both our Commercial Banking and Consumer Banking businesses, as well as standby and commercial letters of credit. These commitments, other than credit card lines and certain other unconditionally cancellable lines of credit, are legally binding conditional agreements that have fixed expirations or termination dates and specified interest rates and purposes. The contractual amount of these commitments represents the maximum possible credit risk to us should the counterparty draw upon the commitment. We generally manage the potential risk of unfunded lending commitments by limiting the total amount of arrangements, monitoring the size and maturity structure of these portfolios and applying the same credit standards for all of our credit activities.

For unused credit card lines, we have not experienced and do not anticipate that all of our customers will access their entire available line at any given point in time. Commitments to extend credit other than credit card lines generally require customers to maintain certain credit standards. Collateral requirements and loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios are the same as those for funded transactions and are established based on management’s credit assessment of the customer. These commitments may expire without being drawn upon; therefore, the total commitment amount does not necessarily represent future funding requirements.

We also issue letters of credit, such as financial standby, performance standby and commercial letters of credit, to meet the financing needs of our customers. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by us to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party in a borrowing arrangement. Commercial letters of credit are short-term commitments issued primarily to facilitate trade finance activities for customers and are generally collateralized by the goods being shipped to the customer. These collateral requirements are similar to those for funded transactions and are established based on management’s credit assessment of the customer. Management conducts regular reviews of all outstanding letters of credit and the results of these reviews are considered in assessing the adequacy of reserves for unfunded lending commitments.

The following table presents the contractual amount and carrying value of our unfunded lending commitments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The carrying value represents our reserve and deferred revenue on legally binding commitments.

Table 14.1: Unfunded Lending Commitments


	Contractual Amount				Carrying Value
(Dollars in millions)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023		March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Credit card lines	$	404,968	$	392,867	N/A		N/A
Other loan commitments(1)	46,169		46,951		$	67	$	99
Standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit(2)	1,421		1,465		25		23
Total unfunded lending commitments	$	452,558	$	441,283	$	92	$	122

(1)Includes $4.5 billion and $4.7 billion of advised lines of credit as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(2)These financial guarantees have expiration dates that range from 2024 to 2026 as of March 31, 2024.

Loss Sharing Agreements

Within our Commercial Banking business, we originate multifamily commercial real estate loans with the intent to sell them to the GSEs. We enter into loss sharing agreements with the GSEs upon the sale of these originated loans. Beginning January 1, 2020, we elected the fair value option on new loss sharing agreements entered into. Unrealized gains and losses are recorded in other non-interest income in our consolidated statements of income. For those loss sharing agreements entered into as of and prior to December 31, 2019, we amortize the liability recorded at inception into non-interest income as we are released from risk of having to make a payment and record our estimate of expected credit losses each period through the provision for credit losses in our consolidated statements of income. The liability recognized on our consolidated balance sheets for these loss sharing agreements was $143 million and $137 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. See “Note 5—Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments” for information related to our credit card partnership loss sharing arrangements.



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Litigation

In accordance with the current accounting standards for loss contingencies, we establish reserves for litigation related matters that arise from the ordinary course of our business activities when it is probable that a loss associated with a claim or proceeding has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. None of the amounts we currently have recorded individually or in the aggregate are considered to be material to our financial condition. Litigation claims and proceedings of all types are subject to many uncertain factors that generally cannot be predicted with assurance. Below we provide a description of potentially material legal proceedings and claims.

For some of the matters disclosed below, we are able to estimate reasonably possible losses above existing reserves, and for other disclosed matters, such an estimate is not possible at this time. For those matters below where an estimate is possible, management currently estimates the reasonably possible future losses beyond our reserves as of March 31, 2024 are approximately $200 million. Our reserve and reasonably possible loss estimates involve considerable judgment and reflect that there is still significant uncertainty regarding numerous factors that may impact the ultimate loss levels. Notwithstanding, our attempt to estimate a reasonably possible range of loss beyond our current accrual levels for some litigation matters based on current information, it is possible that actual future losses will exceed both the current accrual level and the range of reasonably possible losses disclosed here. Given the inherent uncertainties involved in these matters, especially those involving governmental agencies, and the very large or indeterminate damages sought in some of these, there is significant uncertainty as to the ultimate liability we may incur from these litigation matters and an adverse outcome in one or more of these matters could be material to our results of operations or cash flows for any particular reporting period.

Interchange Litigation

In 2005, a putative class of retail merchants filed antitrust lawsuits against MasterCard and Visa and several issuing banks, including Capital One, seeking both injunctive relief and monetary damages for an alleged conspiracy by defendants to fix the level of interchange fees. The Visa and MasterCard payment networks and issuing banks entered into settlement and judgment sharing agreements allocating the liabilities of any judgment or settlement arising from all interchange-related cases.

The lawsuits were consolidated before the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York for certain purposes and were settled in 2012. The class settlement, however, was invalidated by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in June 2016, and the suit was bifurcated into separate class actions seeking injunctive and monetary relief, respectively. In addition, numerous merchant groups opted out of the 2012 settlement.

The monetary relief class action settled for $5.5 billion. The settlement received final approval from the District Court in December 2019. The Second Circuit affirmed the settlement in March 2023, and it is final. Some of the merchants that opted out of the monetary relief class have brought cases, and some of those cases have settled and some remain pending. Visa created a litigation escrow account following its initial public offering of stock in 2008 that funds the portion of these settlements attributable to Visa-allocated transactions. Any settlement amounts based on MasterCard-allocated transactions that have not already been paid are reflected in our reserves. The networks reached a settlement with the injunctive relief class and filed with the District Court a motion for preliminary approval of the settlement in March 2024. A hearing on the settlement will be held in June 2024.

Cybersecurity Incident

On July 29, 2019, we announced that on March 22 and 23, 2019 an outside individual gained unauthorized access to our systems. This individual obtained certain types of personal information relating to people who had applied for our credit card products and to our credit card customers (the “2019 Cybersecurity Incident”). As a result of the 2019 Cybersecurity Incident, we have been subject to numerous legal proceedings and other inquiries and could be the subject of additional proceedings and inquiries in the future.

Consumer class actions. We are named as a defendant in 5 putative consumer class action cases in Canadian courts alleging harm from the 2019 Cybersecurity Incident and seeking various remedies, including monetary and injunctive relief. The lawsuits allege breach of contract, negligence, violations of various privacy laws and a variety of other legal causes of action. In August 2021, a trial court in Ontario dismissed with prejudice one of these putative class actions, and on January 31, 2024, the Court of Appeals of Ontario affirmed the trial court’s decision. The Plaintiffs have sought leave to appeal to Canada’s Supreme Court. In the second quarter of 2022, a trial court in British Columbia preliminarily certified a class of all impacted Canadian consumers except those in Quebec. The preliminary certification decision in British Columbia has been appealed. In the third



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quarter of 2023, a trial court in Quebec preliminarily authorized a class of all impacted consumers in Quebec. This decision also has been appealed. The final two putative class actions, both of which are pending in Alberta, are continuing in parallel, but currently remain at a preliminary stage.

Governmental inquiries. In August 2020, we entered into consent orders with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”) and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) resulting from regulatory reviews of the 2019 Cybersecurity Incident and relating to ongoing enhancements of our cybersecurity and operational risk management processes. We paid an $80 million penalty to the U.S. Treasury as part of the OCC agreement. The Federal Reserve agreement did not contain a monetary penalty. The OCC lifted its consent order on August 31, 2022 and the Federal Reserve lifted its consent order on July 5, 2023. On August 12, 2019, Canada’s Office of Privacy Commissioner (“OPC”) also initiated an investigation into the 2019 Cybersecurity Incident. That investigation concluded in April 2024 with no further action required.

Walmart Litigation

On April 7, 2023, Walmart filed a lawsuit in the Southern District of New York seeking a declaratory judgment that it has the contractual right to early termination of the credit card partnership agreement under which we are the exclusive issuer of Walmart’s private label and co-branded credit card program in the U.S. and share in certain related economics. On May 2, 2023, Walmart filed an amended complaint in which it also alleged breach of contract and sought damages caused by any delay in termination. On May 4, 2023, we filed an Answer and Counterclaim to Walmart’s amended complaint, denying that Walmart has any right to terminate the partnership and alleging that Walmart has breached its contractual obligations to Capital One. On March 26, 2024, the District Court ruled that Walmart was legally entitled to, and did, terminate the partnership agreement. The partnership agreement includes provisions for transition upon termination. On April 18, 2024, the court granted the joint request of the parties for a stay while the parties conduct negotiations regarding the termination of the partnership and transition of the portfolio.

U.K. PPI Litigation

In the U.K., we previously sold payment protection insurance (“PPI”). For several years leading up to the claims submission deadline of August 29, 2019 (as set by the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”)), we received customer complaints and regulatory claims relating to PPI. COEP has materially resolved the PPI complaints and regulatory claims received prior to the deadline. Some of the claimants in the U.K. PPI regulatory claims process have subsequently initiated legal proceedings, seeking additional redress. We are responding to these proceedings as we receive them.

Savings Account Litigation

In July 2023, Capital One was sued in a putative class action in the Eastern District of Virginia by savings account holders alleging breach of contract and a variety of other causes of action relating to Capital One’s introduction of a new savings account product with a higher interest rate than existing savings account products. Since the original suit, Capital One was also sued in six similar putative class actions in federal courts in California, Illinois, Ohio, Virginia, New Jersey and New York. In March 2024, Capital One filed with the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation a motion to consolidate and transfer related actions to the Eastern District of Virginia.

Other Pending and Threatened Litigation

In addition, we are commonly subject to various pending and threatened legal actions relating to the conduct of our normal business activities. In the opinion of management, the ultimate aggregate liability, if any, arising out of all such other pending or threatened legal actions is not expected to be material to our consolidated financial position or our results of operations.

Other Contingencies

Deposit Insurance Assessments

On November 16, 2023, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) finalized a rule to implement a special assessment to recover the loss to the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”) arising from the protection of uninsured depositors in connection with the systemic risk determination announced on March 12, 2023, following the closures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. In December 2023, the FDIC provided notification that they would be collecting the special assessment at an annual rate of approximately 13.4 basis points (“bps”) over eight quarterly assessment periods, beginning with the first quarter of 2024 with the first payment due on June 28, 2024. The special assessment base is equal to an insured depository institution’s estimated



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uninsured deposits reported on its Consolidated Reports of Condition and Income as of December 31, 2022 (“2022 Call Report”), adjusted to exclude the first $5 billion of uninsured deposits. We recognized $289 million in operating expense in the fourth quarter of 2023 associated with the special assessment based on our 2022 Call Report, which was revised and refiled during 2023. In the first quarter of 2024, the FDIC announced an increase in their estimate of relevant DIF losses. As a result, we recognized an additional $42 million in operating expenses, which increased our established FDIC special assessment accrual to $331 million.

In the preamble to the final rule, the FDIC announced that it will conduct a review of the reporting methodology for estimated uninsured deposits and related items. It is reasonably possible amendments will be needed to our 2022 Call Report due to future legal and regulatory developments, which could result in additional expenses associated with the special assessment. The ultimate amount of expenses associated with the special assessment will also be impacted by the finalization of the losses incurred by the FDIC in the resolutions of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. The amount of reasonably possible additional special assessment fees beyond our existing accrual due to these factors is approximately $200 million.



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