Item 2. Properties

As of February 15, 2024, we had a total of 3,390 operating locations:

			Americas Materials Solutions			Americas Building Solutions			Europe Materials Solutions			Europe Building Solutions
United States			1,542			303			—			10
Europe			—			4			1,201			192
Rest of World			79			21			9			29
Total			1,621			328			1,210			231

Our building materials operating locations include product production facilities, mobile plants and retail facilities. Some of these operating locations are located on the same sites as our mining properties described below under the heading “Mineral Reserves and Resources: Background”. Significant building materials operating locations for the Company’s subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023, are the cement facilities in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia and the Philippines. These facilities include plant and equipment such as kilns, crushers, calciners, coolers, and silos used to process limestone and other raw materials into cement as well as equipment used to extract and transport limestone from CRH quarries. The clinker (the key intermediate product in the manufacture of cement) capacity for our significant building material locations is set out in the table below:

			Country			Number of Plants			Average Clinker Capacity (tons per hour)			Property Utilization
Americas Materials Solutions
South			United States			3			352			75%
West			United States			6			780			83%
Great Lakes			United States, Canada			3			437			79%
Northeast			United States			—			—			—
Europe Materials Solutions
Western Europe			United Kingdom, Ireland, France			8			1,067			64%
Central & Eastern Europe			Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia			6			1,379			76%
Philippines			Philippines			5			714			69%

Our building solutions businesses have many types of manufacturing facilities including paver, masonry, precast, pipe, dry-mix and lawn and garden plants. These facilities include plant and equipment such as automated presses, batching systems, packaging equipment, kilns, coolers, and silos which are used to turn raw materials into finished goods for our cementitious products as well as equipment such as presses, extruders and molds which are used in the fencing, railing, plastic pipe, trench and metals and enclosure businesses. Two of our recent building solutions acquisitions, National Pipe & Plastics Inc. and Barrette Outdoor Living Inc. (Barrette), have provided CRH with strategically important manufacturing facilities serving the high-growth United States residential fencing and railing and PVC pipe infrastructure markets.

Other Properties

In addition to the properties described above and those disclosed under the heading “Mineral Reserves and Resources: Background”, CRH’s principal corporate office, which it owns, is located in Dublin, Ireland. The Company also leases administrative offices for each of its two Divisions, including a CRH Americas divisional headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, United States and a CRH Europe divisional headquarters in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

CRH also owns and leases, directly or indirectly through third-parties, heavy mobile equipment, trucks and vehicles for production and transportation purposes.

Condition

CRH believes that all the facilities are in good condition, adequate for their purpose and suitably utilized according to the individual nature and requirements of the relevant operations. CRH has a continuing program of improvements and replacements of properties when considered appropriate to meet the needs of the individual operations.

CRH Form 10-K 18

Mineral Reserves And Resources

Background

The Company’s mineral reserves (reserves) and mineral resources (resources) for the production of primary building materials (which encompasses aggregates (stone, sand and gravel), cement and lime, asphalt, readymixed concrete and concrete products) fall into a variety of categories spanning a wide number of rock types and geological classifications. These reserves and resources are found within our extensive network of quarry locations in attractive local markets globally. This disclosure of the Company’s mining properties has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K (Subpart 1300). The Company has 1,235 properties with 226,153 acres of owned and 97,046 acres of leased land, respectively, as disclosed in the table on page 22 the locations of which are presented by geographic location in the maps on page 23.

None of CRH’s mineral-bearing properties are individually material to the Company as of December 31, 2023. A summary disclosure of CRH’s mining operations is provided on pages 20 to 23.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s reserves and resources estimations of 25,417 million tons and 10,761 million tons, respectively, as disclosed on pages 20 to 21, are calculated in accordance with Subpart 1300. The Company’s reserves and resources disclosures may not be comparable to similar disclosures disclosed in accordance with the requirements of other countries and should be read in conjunction with the disclosures that follow on pages 20 to 23.

CRH operates predominantly production stage properties, with a limited number of development and exploration stage properties, as such terms are defined in Subpart 1300. Predominantly, CRH’s production stage properties provide raw materials for on-site modern cement and aggregates producing facilities. Almost exclusively, CRH utilizes surface mining and, with a very limited number of exceptions, CRH and its subsidiaries are the only operators of the properties.

Reserves

Reserves are defined in Subpart 1300 as “an estimate of tonnage and grade or quality of indicated and measured mineral resources that, in the opinion of the qualified person, can be the basis of an economically viable project. More specifically, it is the economically mineable part of a measured or indicated mineral resource, which includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined or extracted”. Reserves are classified into two categories, probable and proven reserves, in order of increasing geological confidence.

The Company’s estimate of 25,417 million tons of reserves, as disclosed on page 20 analyzed by rock type (Hard rock, Sand & Gravel and Other), are of recoverable stone, sand, and gravel of suitable quality for economic extraction, based on drilling and studies by the Company’s geologists and engineers. These estimates also consider reasonable economic and operating constraints as to maximum depth of overburden and stone excavation and are subject to permitting or other restrictions.

The disclosed reserves and resources estimations which include diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the mineral is mined, extracted or processed have been estimated by qualified persons, as such term is defined within Subpart 1300.

Not all minerals that may be on CRH’s mineral-bearing properties have been assessed and such properties may be assessed for mineral reserves or resources in future years, as required by operational needs.

CRH’s properties are subject to a wide variety of permitting procedures and conditions, which vary between jurisdictions. Many of CRH’s properties require separate permits from multiple authorities, including but not limited to environmental, mining, regional and national administrative authorities. The periods of validity and the conditions of these permits may be different.

Resources

A mineral resource is defined in Subpart 1300 as “a concentration or occurrence of material of economic interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, grade or quality, and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for economic extraction. A mineral resource is a reasonable estimate of mineralization, taking into account relevant factors such as cut-off grade, likely mining dimensions, location or continuity, that, with the assumed and justifiable technical and economic conditions, is likely to, in whole or in part, become economically extractable”. Resources are classified into three categories, inferred, indicated or measured resources, in order of increasing geological confidence. Indicated or measured resources can be converted to reserves by the application of certain modifying factors which include, but are not limited to, consideration of mining, processing, metallurgical, infrastructure, economic, marketing, legal, environmental compliance, plans, negotiations, or agreements with local individuals or groups, and governmental factors. There is no certainty that any of the resources disclosed on page 21 will be converted into reserves. Resources have not been fully assessed using modifying factors, however, an initial assessment has been completed in accordance with Subpart 1300.

Internal Controls

CRH has established appropriate governance processes to support the publication of our 2023 reserves and resources disclosures. Reserve and resource estimates are subject to annual review by each of the relevant operating companies across the Company in conjunction with the relevant qualified persons. CRH has established and maintains a number of internal controls to address the risks inherent in the mineral reserves and resources reporting process. These internal controls have been embedded into the local control environments and operate across the business, including controls at an operating company, divisional and Company level.

As CRH’s reserves and resources are predominantly in production stage properties, features of the internal controls relating to quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) include:

• Databases and data repositories for exploration and/or production data that contain accurate and precise data from which reserves and resources can be evaluated, and operational plans can be developed;

• Verification sampling and testing of known mineralization. This is generally required to establish compliance with regulations on product qualities. Verification testing confirms geological maps prepared during earlier exploration programs; and

• In the case of cement raw materials, facility laboratories participate in an externally managed annual review process with ISO 17025 accredited independent laboratories.

CRH Form 10-K 19

When exploration programs are conducted, QA/QC measures include:

• Ensuring that surface or drill sampling results in the highest quality sample possible. This would include down-hole surveying of drill holes as necessary;

• Obtaining pictures of drill sample (e.g. core) for future reference;

• Geological core logging, where the geological description of each sample interval is recorded prior to laboratory analysis;

• Ensuring the integrity of samples from point of origin to analytical laboratory; and

• Using nationally or regionally accredited laboratories for all analyses and tests for exploration programs in properties containing aggregates.

In addition, to provide further assurance over the Company’s mineral reserves and resources reporting process, the Company’s Internal Audit function completed a limited scope review across a sample of material reporting entities on the operation of these internal controls as of December 31, 2023.

The table below presents, by segment and geographic location, the tons of proven and probable aggregates, cement and lime mineral reserves at December 31, 2023, and the related percentages by rock type.

						Reserves
						Proven															Probable															Total Reserves (i) (ii)
			Country			Tons (iii)			Grade: % by rock type												Tons (iii)			Grade: % by rock type												Tons (iii)			Grade: % by rock type
									Hard Rock			Sand & Gravel			Other									Hard Rock			Sand & Gravel			Other									Hard Rock			Sand & Gravel			Other
Aggregates
Americas Materials Solutions			United States			7,770			78%			14%			8%						9,573			86%			8%			6%						17,343			82%			11%			7%
Canada			565			75%			25%			—						167			89%			11%			—						732			78%			22%			—
Europe Materials Solutions			Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES, DK, FI) (iv)			1,979			82%			18%			—						1,214			92%			8%			—						3,193			86%			14%			—
Central & Eastern Europe (PL, RO, SK, CH, HU) (iv)			223			82%			18%			—						257			51%			49%			—						480			66%			34%			—
Philippines			54			100%			—			—						5			100%			—			—						59			100%			—			—
Subtotal						10,591			79%			16%			5%						11,216			86%			9%			5%						21,807			82%			12%			6%
Cement
Americas Materials Solutions			United States			568			100%			—			—						88			100%			—			—						656			100%			—			—
Canada			228			100%			—			—						24			100%			—			—						252			100%			—			—
Europe Materials Solutions			Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES) (iv)			457			97%			—			3%						177			96%			—			4%						634			96%			—			4%
Central & Eastern Europe (DE, PL, RO, RS, SK, CH, UA) (iv)			597			96%			2%			2%						562			89%			3%			8%						1,159			92%			2%			6%
Philippines			323			99%			—			1%						214			97%			—			3%						537			98%			—			2%
Subtotal						2,173			98%			—			2%						1,065			93%			1%			6%						3,238			96%			1%			3%
Lime (v)
Europe Materials Solutions			Western Europe (UK, IE) (iv)			24			100%			—			—						21			100%			—			—						45			100%			—			—
Central & Eastern Europe (DE, PL, CZ) (iv)			270			100%			—			—						57			100%			—			—						327			100%			—			—
Subtotal						294			100%			—			—						78			100%			—			—						372			100%			—			—
Total						13,058			82%			13%			5%						12,359			87%			8%			5%						25,417			84%			11%			5%

(i) CRH has no individually material mineral-bearing properties requiring individual property disclosure under Subpart 1300.

(ii) CRH’s point of reference for the estimation of the Company’s mineral reserves is “in-situ” reserves.

(iii) All reserves quantities are quoted in millions of short tons.

(iv) The country and their respective codes are Czech Republic: CZ, Denmark: DK, Finland: FI, France: FR, Germany: DE, Hungary: HU, Ireland: IE, Poland: PL, Romania: RO, Serbia: RS, Slovakia: SK, Spain: ES, Switzerland: CH, Ukraine: UA, United Kingdom: UK.

(v) At December 31, 2023, Europe Materials Solutions’ Lime operations have been classified as held for sale in the Consolidated Financial Statements (see Note 3 “Assets held for sale and discontinued operations” on page 66).

CRH’s mineral reserves and resources are used predominantly for the production and sale of aggregates, cement and lime. The average sales price for the period January 1, 2023, to October 31, 2023, for aggregates and cement was $16.9 and $125.3 per ton, respectively, for our Americas Materials Solutions businesses and $10.9 and $116.0 per ton, respectively, for our Europe Materials Solutions businesses. The average sales price for lime within our Europe Materials businesses over this time period was $174.7 per ton. These prices, which are used for estimation of both mineral reserves and resources, are impacted by product mix, geographic location and foreign currency.

CRH Form 10-K 20

The table below presents, by segment and geographic location, the tons of measured, indicated, and inferred aggregates, cement and lime resources as of December 31, 2023, and the related percentage of these resources by rock type. CRH’s mineral resources in the table below are disclosed exclusive of mineral reserves.

Resources
						Measured															Indicated															Total Measured & Indicated															Inferred															Total Resources (i) (ii)
			Country			Tons (iii)			Grade: % by rock type												Tons (iii)			Grade: % by rock type												Tons (iii)			Grade: % by rock type												Tons (iii)			Grade: % by rock type
									Hard Rock			Sand & Gravel			Other									Hard Rock			Sand & Gravel			Other									Hard Rock			Sand & Gravel			Other									Hard Rock			Sand & Gravel			Other
Aggregates
Americas Materials Solutions			United States			784			92%			5%			3%						1,568			84%			15%			1%						2,352			87%			11%			2%						4,049			76%			22%			2%						6,401
Canada			504			93%			7%			—						30			89%			11%			—						534			93%			7%			—						145			100%			—			—						679
Europe Materials Solutions			Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES, DK, FI) (iv)			364			19%			81%			—						571			82%			17%			1%						935			58%			42%			—						333			92%			8%			—						1,268
Central & Eastern Europe (PL, RO, SK, CH, HU) (iv)			252			77%			23%			—						69			78%			22%			—						321			77%			23%			—						46			68%			32%			—						367
Philippines			28			100%			—			—						2			100%			—			—						30			100%			—			—						—			—			—			—						30
Subtotal						1,932			77%			22%			1%						2,240			83%			16%			1%						4,172			80%			19%			1%						4,573			78%			20%			2%						8,745
Cement
Americas Materials Solutions			United States			15			100%			—			—						32			100%			—			—						47			100%			—			—						143			100%			—			—						190
Canada			60			91%			—			9%						1			100%			—			—						61			91%			—			9%						2			100%			—			—						63
Europe Materials Solutions			Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES) (iv)			144			100%			—			—						70			91%			—			9%						214			97%			—			3%						80			96%			3%			1%						294
Central & Eastern Europe (DE, PL, RO, RS, SK, CH, UA) (iv)			309			98%			—			2%						117			82%			—			18%						426			93%			—			7%						115			100%			—			—						541
Subtotal						528			98%			—			2%						220			88%			—			12%						748			95%			—			5%						340			99%			1%			—						1,088
Lime (v)
Europe Materials Solutions			Western Europe (UK, IE) (iv)			7			100%			—			—						—			—			—			—						7			100%			—			—						19			100%			—			—						26
Central & Eastern Europe (DE, PL, CZ) (iv)			541			100%			—			—						228			100%			—			—						769			100%			—			—						133			100%			—			—						902
Subtotal						548			100%			—			—						228			100%			—			—						776			100%			—			—						152			100%			—			—						928
Total						3,008			85%			14%			1%						2,688			85%			13%			2%						5,696			85%			13%			2%						5,065			80%			18%			2%						10,761

(i) CRH has no individually material mineral-bearing properties requiring individual property disclosure under Subpart 1300.

(ii) CRH’s point of reference for the estimation of the Company’s mineral resources is “in-situ” resources.

(iii) All resources quantities are quoted in millions of short tons.

(iv) The country and their respective codes are Czech Republic: CZ, Denmark: DK, Finland: FI, France: FR, Germany: DE, Hungary: HU, Ireland: IE, Poland: PL, Romania: RO, Serbia: RS, Slovakia: SK, Spain: ES, Switzerland: CH, Ukraine: UA, United Kingdom: UK.

(v) At December 31, 2023, Europe Materials Solutions’ Lime operations have been classified as held for sale in the Consolidated Financial Statements (see Note 3 “Assets held for sale and discontinued operations” on page 66).

CRH Form 10-K 21

The table below outlines the number of facilities by segment and geographic location along with the annualized extraction (in millions of tons) for each of the three years ending December 31, 2023.

			Country			No. of Quarries /pits						Surface acreage (acres) (i)												Annualized extraction (millions of tons)																		Years to Depletion (ii)
												Owned						Leased						2021						2022						2023
Aggregates
Americas Materials Solutions			United States			686						132,342						63,667						195.3						203.2						211.6						85
Canada			36						14,870						1,717						19.2						20.5						20.3						37
Europe Materials Solutions			Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES, DK, FI) (iii)			398						39,381						24,224						87.8						85.8						79.6						38
Central & Eastern Europe (PL, RO, SK, CH, HU) (iii)			40						2,768						1,235						11.4						11.3						10.9						43
Philippines			1						–						440						–						–						–						–
Subtotal						1,161						189,361						91,283						313.7						320.8						322.4
Cement
Americas Materials Solutions			United States			9						18,612						802						10.8						10.1						11.6						61
Canada			3						2,024						17						2.5						2.2						3.4						94
Europe Materials Solutions			Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES) (iii)			18						7,939						568						15.6						14.2						15.2						42
Central & Eastern Europe (DE, PL, RO, RS, SK, CH, UA) (iii)			27						2,882						3,794						22.6						16.5						17.1						62
Philippines			5						2,469						526						9.3						7.2						7.7						66
Subtotal						62						33,926						5,707						60.8						50.2						55.0
Lime (iv)
Europe Materials Solutions			Western Europe (UK, IE) (iii)			2						662						7						1.8						1.5						1.6						27
Central & Eastern Europe (DE, PL, CZ) (iii)			10						2,204						49						8.2						8.2						5.8						45
Subtotal						12						2,866						56						10.0						9.7						7.4
Total						1,235						226,153						97,046						384.5						380.7						384.8

(i) The disclosures in the table above include the surface area of infrastructure, process plants, waste piles, water storage, water treatment plants and boundary areas of CRH’s mineral-bearing properties. Remote properties such as offices, distribution facilities and readymixed concrete plants are not included.

(ii) Years to depletion is based on the average of the three years’ 2021 to 2023 annualized extraction.

(iii) The country and their respective codes are Czech Republic: CZ, Denmark: DK, Finland: FI, France: FR, Germany: DE, Hungary: HU, Ireland: IE, Poland: PL, Romania: RO, Serbia: RS, Slovakia: SK, Spain: ES, Switzerland: CH, Ukraine: UA, United Kingdom: UK.

(iv) At December 31, 2023, Europe Materials Solutions’ Lime operations have been classified as held for sale in the Consolidated Financial Statements (see Note 3 “Assets held for sale and discontinued operations” on page 66).

CRH Form 10-K 22

CRH Mineral Locations

l			Represents the location of CRH’s mineral-bearing properties

CRH Form 10-K 23