Item 2. Properties

As of February 13, 2025, we had a total of 3,816 operating locations:

			Americas Materials Solutions			Americas Building Solutions			International Solutions
United States			1,608			307			10
Europe			–			4			1,587
Rest of World			66			23			211
Total			1,674			334			1,808

Our building materials operating locations include product production facilities, mobile plants and retail facilities. Some of these operating locations are located on the same sites as our mining properties described below under the heading “Mineral Reserves and Resources: Background”. Significant building materials operating locations for CRH’s subsidiaries, as of December 31, 2024, are the cement facilities in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia, Australia and the Philippines. These facilities include plant and equipment such as kilns, crushers, calciners, coolers, and silos used to process limestone and other raw materials into cement as well as equipment used to extract and transport limestone from CRH quarries. The clinker (the key intermediate product in the manufacture of cement) capacity for our significant building material locations is set out in the table below:

			Country			Number of Plants			Average Clinker Capacity (tons per hour)
Americas Materials Solutions
South			United States			4			602
West			United States			6			780
Great Lakes			United States, Canada			2			298
International Solutions
Western Europe			United Kingdom, Ireland, France			8			898
Central & Eastern Europe			Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia			8			1,712
Australia			Australia			2			204
Philippines			Philippines			5			714

During 2024, CRH’s material cement kilns operated on average at 73% utilization.

Our building solutions businesses have many types of manufacturing facilities including paver, masonry, precast, pipe, dry-mix, fencing and railing and lawn and garden plants. These facilities include plant and equipment such as automated presses, batching systems, packaging equipment, kilns, coolers and silos which are used to turn raw materials into finished goods for our cementitious products as well as equipment such as presses, extruders and molds which are used in the fencing, railing, plastic pipe, trench and metals and enclosure businesses.

Other Properties

In addition to the properties described above and those disclosed under the heading “Mineral Reserves and Resources: Background”, CRH has corporate offices in New York, New York (leased) and Dublin, Ireland (owned). The Company also leases administrative offices for each of its two Divisions, including a CRH Americas divisional headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia and a CRH International divisional headquarters in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

CRH also owns and leases, directly or indirectly through third-parties, heavy mobile equipment, trucks and vehicles for production and transportation purposes.

Condition

CRH believes that all the facilities are in good condition, adequate for their purpose and suitably utilized according to the individual nature and requirements of the relevant operations. CRH has a continuing program of improvements and replacements of properties when considered appropriate to meet the needs of the individual operations.

CRH Form 10-K 21

Mineral Reserves And Resources

Background

CRH’s mineral reserves (reserves) and mineral resources (resources) for the production of primary building materials (which encompasses aggregates (crushed stone, sand and gravel), cement and lime, asphalt, readymixed concrete and concrete products) fall into a variety of categories spanning a wide number of rock types and geological classifications. These reserves and resources are found within our extensive network of quarry locations in attractive local markets globally. This disclosure of the Company’s mining properties has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K (Subpart 1300). As of December 31, 2024, the Company has 1,296 mining properties with 246,058 acres of owned and 129,818 acres of leased land, respectively, as disclosed in the table on page 25 the locations of which are presented by geographic location in the maps on page 26.

None of CRH’s mineral-bearing properties are individually material to the Company as of December 31, 2024. A summary disclosure of CRH’s mining operations is provided on pages 23 to 26.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s reserves and resources estimations of 26,685 million tons and 11,573 million tons, respectively, as disclosed on pages 23 to 24, are calculated in accordance with Subpart 1300. The Company’s reserves and resources disclosures may not be comparable to similar disclosures disclosed in accordance with the requirements of other countries and should be read in conjunction with the disclosures that follow on pages 23 to 26.

CRH operates predominantly production stage properties, with a limited number of development and exploration stage properties, as such terms are defined in Subpart 1300. Predominantly, CRH’s production stage properties provide raw materials for on-site modern cement and aggregates producing facilities. Almost exclusively, CRH utilizes surface mining and, with a very limited number of exceptions, CRH and its subsidiaries are the only operators of the properties.

Reserves

Reserves are defined in Subpart 1300 as “an estimate of tonnage and grade or quality of indicated and measured mineral resources that, in the opinion of the qualified person, can be the basis of an economically viable project. More specifically, it is the economically mineable part of a measured or indicated mineral resource, which includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined or extracted”. Reserves are classified into two categories, probable and proven reserves, in order of increasing geological confidence.

The Company’s estimate of 26,685 million tons of reserves, as disclosed on page 23 analyzed by rock type (Hard rock, Sand & Gravel and Other), are of recoverable stone, sand, and gravel of suitable quality for economic extraction, based on drilling and studies by the Company’s geologists and engineers. These estimates also consider reasonable economic and operating constraints as to maximum depth of overburden and stone excavation and are subject to permitting or other restrictions.

The disclosed reserves and resources estimations which include diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the mineral is mined, extracted or processed have been estimated by qualified persons, as such term is defined within Subpart 1300.

Not all minerals that may be on CRH’s mineral-bearing properties have been assessed and such properties may be assessed for mineral reserves or resources in future years, as required by operational needs.

CRH’s properties are subject to a wide variety of permitting procedures and conditions, which vary between jurisdictions. Many of CRH’s properties require separate permits from multiple authorities, including but not limited to environmental, mining, regional and national administrative authorities. The periods of validity and the conditions of these permits may be different.

Resources

A mineral resource is defined in Subpart 1300 as “a concentration or occurrence of material of economic interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, grade or quality, and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for economic extraction. A mineral resource is a reasonable estimate of mineralization, taking into account relevant factors such as cut-off grade, likely mining dimensions, location or continuity, that, with the assumed and justifiable technical and economic conditions, is likely to, in whole or in part, become economically extractable”. Resources are classified into three categories, inferred, indicated or measured resources, in order of increasing geological confidence. Indicated or measured resources can be converted to reserves by the application of certain modifying factors which include, but are not limited to, consideration of mining, processing, metallurgical, infrastructure, economic, marketing, legal, environmental compliance, plans, negotiations, or agreements with local individuals or groups, and governmental factors. There is no certainty that any of the resources disclosed on page 24 will be converted into reserves. Resources have not been fully assessed using modifying factors, however, an initial assessment has been completed in accordance with Subpart 1300.

Internal Controls

CRH has established appropriate governance processes to support the publication of our 2024 reserves and resources disclosures. Reserve and resource estimates are subject to annual review by each of the relevant operating companies across the Company in conjunction with the relevant qualified persons. CRH has established and maintains a number of internal controls to address the risks inherent in the mineral reserves and resources reporting process. These internal controls have been embedded into the local control environments and operate across the business, including controls at an operating company, divisional and Group level.

As CRH’s reserves and resources are predominantly in production stage properties, features of the internal controls relating to quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) include:

• Databases and data repositories for exploration and/or production data that contain accurate and precise data from which reserves and resources can be evaluated, and operational plans can be developed;

• Verification sampling and testing of known mineralization. This is generally required to establish compliance with regulations on product qualities. Verification testing confirms geological maps prepared during earlier exploration programs; and

• In the case of cement raw materials, facility laboratories participate in an externally managed annual review process with ISO 17025 accredited independent laboratories.

CRH Form 10-K 22

When exploration programs are conducted, QA/QC measures include:

• Ensuring that surface or drill sampling results in the highest quality sample possible. This would include down-hole surveying of drill holes as necessary;

• Obtaining pictures of drill sample (e.g. core) for future reference;

• Geological core logging, where the geological description of each sample interval is recorded prior to laboratory analysis;

• Ensuring the integrity of samples from point of origin to analytical laboratory; and

• Using nationally or regionally accredited laboratories for all analyses and tests for exploration programs in properties containing aggregates.

In addition, to provide further assurance over the Company’s mineral reserves and resources reporting process, the Company’s Internal Audit function completed a limited scope review across a sample of material reporting entities on the operation of these internal controls as of December 31, 2024.

The table below presents, by segment and geographic location, the tons of proven and probable aggregates, cement and lime mineral reserves at December 31, 2024, and the related percentages by rock type.

						Reserves
						Proven															Probable															Total Reserves (i) (ii)
			Country			Tons (iii)			Grade: % by rock type												Tons (iii)			Grade: % by rock type												Tons (iii)			Grade: % by rock type
									Hard Rock			Sand & Gravel			Other									Hard Rock			Sand & Gravel			Other									Hard Rock			Sand & Gravel			Other
Aggregates
Americas Materials Solutions			United States			8,067			76%			16%			8%						9,745			86%			8%			6%						17,812			81%			12%			7%
Canada			456			70%			30%			–						169			84%			16%			–						625			74%			26%			–
International Solutions			Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES, DK, FI) (iv)			1,993			82%			18%			–						1,262			93%			7%			–						3,255			86%			14%			–
Central & Eastern Europe (PL, RO, SK, CH, HU) (iv)			267			82%			18%			–						232			51%			49%			–						499			68%			32%			–
Australia			476			89%			11%			–						227			95%			5%			–						703			91%			9%			–
Philippines			54			100%			–			–						5			100%			–			–						59			100%			–			–
Subtotal						11,313			78%			17%			5%						11,640			86%			9%			5%						22,953			82%			13%			5%
Cement
Americas Materials Solutions			United States			745			98%			–			2%						272			100%			–			–						1,017			98%			–			2%
Canada			159			100%			–			–						22			100%			–			–						181			100%			–			–
International Solutions			Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES) (iv)			407			96%			–			4%						151			94%			–			6%						558			96%			–			4%
Central & Eastern Europe (DE, PL, RO, RS, SK, CH, UA) (iv)			695			95%			1%			4%						563			85%			3%			12%						1,258			91%			2%			7%
Australia			145			100%			–			–						1			–			–			100%						146			99%			–			1%
Philippines			455			69%			7%			24%						58			84%			–			16%						513			70%			6%			24%
Subtotal						2,606			92%			2%			6%						1,067			91%			1%			8%						3,673			92%			1%			7%
Lime
International Solutions			Australia			30			30%			70%			–						29			94%			6%			–						59			61%			39%			–
Subtotal						30			30%			70%			–						29			94%			6%			–						59			61%			39%			–
Total						13,949			80%			14%			6%						12,736			86%			8%			6%						26,685			83%			11%			6%

(i) CRH has no individually material mineral-bearing properties requiring individual property disclosure under Subpart 1300.

(ii) CRH’s point of reference for the estimation of the Company’s mineral reserves is “in-situ” reserves.

(iii) All reserves quantities are quoted in millions of short tons.

(iv) The country and their respective codes are Denmark: DK, Finland: FI, France: FR, Germany: DE, Hungary: HU, Ireland: IE, Poland: PL, Romania: RO, Serbia: RS, Slovakia: SK, Spain: ES, Switzerland: CH, Ukraine: UA, United Kingdom: UK.

CRH’s mineral reserves and resources are used predominantly for the production and sale of aggregates, cement and lime. The average sales price for the period January 1, 2024, to October 31, 2024, for aggregates and cement was $18.5 and $135.4 per ton, respectively, for our Americas Materials Solutions’ businesses and $12.0 and $119.3 per ton, respectively, for our International Solutions’ businesses. The average sales price for lime within our International Solutions' businesses over this time period was $165.6 per ton. These prices, which are used for estimation of both mineral reserves and resources, are impacted by product mix, geographic location and foreign currency.

CRH Form 10-K 23

The table below presents, by segment and geographic location, the tons of measured, indicated and inferred aggregates, cement and lime resources as of December 31, 2024, and the related percentage of these resources by rock type. CRH’s mineral resources in the table below are disclosed exclusive of mineral reserves.

Resources
						Measured															Indicated															Total Measured & Indicated															Inferred															Total Resources (i) (ii)
			Country			Tons (iii)			Grade: % by rock type												Tons (iii)			Grade: % by rock type												Tons (iii)			Grade: % by rock type												Tons (iii)			Grade: % by rock type
									Hard Rock			Sand & Gravel			Other									Hard Rock			Sand & Gravel			Other									Hard Rock			Sand & Gravel			Other									Hard Rock			Sand & Gravel			Other
Aggregates
Americas Materials Solutions			United States			1,014			92%			5%			3%						1,583			82%			17%			1%						2,597			86%			12%			2%						4,333			75%			23%			2%						6,930
Canada			354			94%			6%			–						—			—			—			—						354			94%			6%			–						96			100%			–			–						450
International Solutions			Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES, DK, FI) (iv)			331			20%			80%			–						571			80%			19%			1%						902			58%			42%			–						403			92%			8%			–						1,305
Central & Eastern Europe (RO, SK, CH) (iv)			248			76%			24%			–						52			78%			22%			–						300			76%			24%			–						16			14%			86%			–						316
Australia			26			100%			–			–						347			67%			33		%	–						373			70%			30		%	–						516			100		%	–			–						889
Subtotal						1,973			79%			19%			2%						2,553			79%			20%			1%						4,526			79%			20%			1%						5,364			78%			20%			2%						9,890
Cement
Americas Materials Solutions			United States			38			85%			–			15%						40			93%			–			7%						78			89%			–			11%						316			100%			—			–						394
Canada			49			89%			–			11%						—			—			–			—						49			89%			–			11%						—			—			—			–						49
International Solutions			Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES) (iv)			138			100%			–			–						62			90%			–			10%						200			97%			–			3%						47			95%			5%			–						247
Central & Eastern Europe (DE, RO, SK, UA) (iv)			347			57%			–			43%						205			71%			–			29%						552			62%			–			38%						115			100%			–			–						667
Australia			2			100%			–			–						–			–			–			–						2			100%			–			–						2			100%			–			–						4
Philippines			–			–			–			–						–			–			–			–						–			–			–			–						32			99%			1%			–						32
Subtotal						574			72%			–			28%						307			78%			–			22%						881			74%			–			26%						512			100%			–			–						1,393
Lime
International Solutions			Australia			71			82%			18%			–						218			48%			52%			–						289			56%			44%			–						1			–			100%			–						290
Subtotal						71			82%			18%			–						218			48%			52%			–						289			56%			44%			–						1			–			100%			–						290
Total						2,618			78%			15%			7%						3,078			77%			20%			3%						5,696			77%			18%			5%						5,877			80%			18%			2%						11,573

(i) CRH has no individually material mineral-bearing properties requiring individual property disclosure under Subpart 1300.

(ii) CRH’s point of reference for the estimation of the Company’s mineral resources is “in-situ” resources.

(iii) All resources quantities are quoted in millions of short tons.

(iv) The country and their respective codes are Denmark: DK, Finland: FI, France: FR, Germany: DE, Hungary: HU, Ireland: IE, Poland: PL, Romania: RO, Slovakia: SK, Spain: ES, Switzerland: CH, Ukraine: UA, United Kingdom: UK.

CRH Form 10-K 24

The table below outlines the number of facilities by segment and geographic location along with the annualized extraction (in millions of tons) for each of the three years ending December 31, 2024.

			Country			No. of Quarries /pits						Surface acreage (acres) (i)												Annualized extraction (millions of tons)																		Years to Depletion (ii)
												Owned						Leased						2022						2023						2024
Aggregates
Americas Materials Solutions			United States			719						138,464						71,662						203.2						211.6						207.1						86
Canada			33						14,129						1,717						20.5						20.3						17.1						32
International Solutions			Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES, DK, FI) (iii)			394						40,870						24,117						85.8						79.6						76.3						40
Central & Eastern Europe (PL, RO, SK, CH, HU) (iii)			38						2,807						1,213						11.3						10.9						12.3						43
Australia			24						9,518						1,858						–						–						10.4						67
Philippines			1						–						440						–						–						–						–
Subtotal						1,209						205,788						101,007						320.8						322.4						323.2
Cement
Americas Materials Solutions			United States			11						22,233						2,647						10.1						11.6						11.8						91
Canada			2						1,053						17						2.2						3.4						2.2						70
International Solutions			Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES) (iii)			18						7,060						556						14.2						15.2						10.8						42
Central & Eastern Europe (DE, PL, RO, RS, SK, CH, UA) (iii)			29						3,131						4,595						16.5						17.1						18.1						73
Australia			12						3,632						1,127						–						–						2.8						53
Philippines			5						2,469						531						7.2						7.7						7.0						70
Subtotal						77						39,578						9,473						50.2						55.0						52.7
Lime
International Solutions			Australia			10						692						19,338						–						–						3.7						47
Subtotal						10						692						19,338						–						–						3.7
Total						1,296						246,058						129,818						371.0						377.4						379.6

(i) The disclosures in the table above include the surface area of infrastructure, process plants, waste piles, water storage, water treatment plants and boundary areas of CRH’s mineral-bearing properties. Remote properties such as offices, distribution facilities and readymixed concrete plants are not included.

(ii) Years to depletion is based on the average of the three years’ 2022 to 2024 annualized extraction.

(iii) The country and their respective codes are Denmark: DK, Finland: FI, France: FR, Germany: DE, Hungary: HU, Ireland: IE, Poland: PL, Romania: RO, Serbia: RS, Slovakia: SK, Spain: ES, Switzerland: CH, Ukraine: UA, United Kingdom: UK.

CRH Form 10-K 25

CRH Mineral-Bearing Locations

l			Represents the location of CRH’s mineral-bearing properties

CRH Form 10-K 26