filings.toolsItem 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors
DoorDash, Inc.:
Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of DoorDash, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), redeemable non-controlling interests and stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely
detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Evaluation of Insurance Reserves
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company utilizes third-party insurance which include retained insurance deductibles to insure costs including auto liability related to both bodily injury and physical damage, and uninsured and underinsured motorists up to a certain dollar retention limit. The retained insurance deductibles reserves reflect the estimated cost for claims incurred but not yet paid and claims that have been incurred but not yet reported and any loss adjustment expense. The estimate of the Company’s retained insurance deductibles reserves as of December 31, 2024 was $1.0 billion.
We identified the evaluation of the Company's retained insurance deductibles reserves as a critical audit matter. The evaluation of the key assumptions used to estimate the liability, specifically the loss development factors and expected loss rates involved significant measurement uncertainty requiring complex auditor judgment. Specialized skill and knowledge were necessary to evaluate the methods and key assumptions used to determine the liability.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s retained insurance deductibles reserves process. This included controls over the development of the key assumptions related to loss development factors and expected loss rates. We involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge who assisted in developing an independent range of the retained insurance deductibles reserves by selecting loss development factors and expected loss rates, and comparing it to the amount recorded by the Company.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.
San Francisco, California
February 14, 2025
DOORDASH, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in millions, except share amounts which are reflected in thousands, and per share data)
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
| Current assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 2,656 | $ | 4,019 | |||||||
| Restricted cash | 105 | 190 | |||||||||
| Short-term marketable securities | 1,422 | 1,322 | |||||||||
| Funds held at payment processors | 356 | 436 | |||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | 533 | 732 | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 525 | 687 | |||||||||
| Total current assets | 5,597 | 7,386 | |||||||||
| Long-term marketable securities | 583 | 835 | |||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | 436 | 389 | |||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | 712 | 778 | |||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | 659 | 510 | |||||||||
| Goodwill | 2,432 | 2,315 | |||||||||
| Other assets | 420 | 632 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 10,839 | $ | 12,845 | |||||||
| Liabilities, Redeemable Non-controlling Interests and Stockholders' Equity | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 216 | $ | 321 | |||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | 68 | 68 | |||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 3,126 | 4,049 | |||||||||
| Total current liabilities | 3,410 | 4,438 | |||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | 454 | 468 | |||||||||
| Other liabilities | 162 | 129 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities | 4,026 | 5,035 | |||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) | |||||||||||
| Redeemable non-controlling interests | 7 | 7 | |||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity: | |||||||||||
| Common stock, $0.00001 par value, 6,000,000 Class A shares authorized as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, 375,987 and 393,816 Class A shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively; 200,000 Class B shares authorized as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, 27,241 and 25,861 Class B shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively; 2,000,000 Class C shares authorized as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, zero Class C shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 | — | — | |||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 11,887 | 13,165 | |||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 73 | (107) | |||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | (5,154) | (5,255) | |||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 6,806 | 7,803 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities, redeemable non-controlling interests and stockholders’ equity | $ | 10,839 | $ | 12,845 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
DOORDASH, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in millions, except share amounts which are reflected in thousands, and per share data)
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 6,583 | $ | 8,635 | $ | 10,722 | |||||||||||
| Costs and expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below | 3,588 | 4,589 | 5,542 | ||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | 1,682 | 1,876 | 2,037 | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 829 | 1,003 | 1,168 | ||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | 1,147 | 1,235 | 1,452 | ||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 369 | 509 | 561 | ||||||||||||||
| Restructuring charges | 92 | 2 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Total costs and expenses | 7,707 | 9,214 | 10,760 | ||||||||||||||
| Loss from operations | (1,124) | (579) | (38) | ||||||||||||||
| Interest income, net | 30 | 152 | 199 | ||||||||||||||
| Other expense, net | (305) | (107) | (5) | ||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes | (1,399) | (534) | 156 | ||||||||||||||
| Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | (31) | 31 | 39 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) including redeemable non-controlling interests | (1,368) | (565) | 117 | ||||||||||||||
| Less: net loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | (3) | (7) | (6) | ||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to DoorDash, Inc. common stockholders | $ | (1,365) | $ | (558) | $ | 123 | |||||||||||
| Net income (loss) per share attributable to DoorDash, Inc. Class A and Class B common stockholders | |||||||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | (3.68) | $ | (1.42) | $ | 0.30 | |||||||||||
| Diluted | $ | (3.68) | $ | (1.42) | $ | 0.29 | |||||||||||
| Weighted-average number of shares outstanding used to compute net income (loss) per share attributable to DoorDash, Inc. Class A and Class B common stockholders | |||||||||||||||||
| Basic | 371,413 | 392,948 | 411,551 | ||||||||||||||
| Diluted | 371,413 | 392,948 | 430,242 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
DOORDASH, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in millions)
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) including redeemable non-controlling interests | $ | (1,368) | $ | (565) | $ | 117 | |||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | |||||||||||||||||
| Change in foreign currency translation adjustments | (16) | 84 | (182) | ||||||||||||||
| Change in unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities | (16) | 21 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||
| Total other comprehensive income (loss) | (30) | 106 | (180) | ||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive loss including redeemable non-controlling interests | (1,398) | (459) | (63) | ||||||||||||||
| Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | (4) | (7) | (6) | ||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive loss attributable to DoorDash, Inc. common stockholders | $ | (1,394) | $ | (452) | $ | (57) |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
DOORDASH, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF REDEEMABLE NON-CONTROLLING INTERESTS AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(in millions, except share amounts which are reflected in thousands)
| Redeemable Non- Controlling Interests | Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Deficit | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Total Stockholders’ Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances as of December 31, 2021 | $ | — | 346,512 | $ | — | $ | 6,752 | $ | (2,081) | $ | (4) | $ | 4,667 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon settlement of restricted stock units | — | 10,027 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | — | 4,780 | — | 11 | — | — | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | 1,021 | — | — | 1,021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | (1) | — | — | — | — | (29) | (29) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares issued related to the acquisition of Wolt | — | 35,720 | — | 2,838 | — | — | 2,838 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase and retirement of common stock | — | (5,568) | — | — | (400) | — | (400) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recognition of redeemable non-controlling interest upon capital investment | 18 | — | — | 11 | — | — | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | (3) | — | — | — | (1,365) | — | (1,365) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances as of December 31, 2022 | 14 | 391,471 | — | 10,633 | (3,846) | (33) | 6,754 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon settlement of restricted stock units | — | 16,742 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | — | 6,999 | — | 6 | — | — | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | 1,249 | — | — | 1,249 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | — | 106 | 106 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase and retirement of common stock | — | (11,969) | — | — | (750) | — | (750) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cancellation of escrow shares related to the acquisition of Wolt | — | (15) | — | (1) | — | — | (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | (7) | — | — | — | (558) | — | (558) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances as of December 31, 2023 | $ | 7 | 403,228 | $ | — | $ | 11,887 | $ | (5,154) | $ | 73 | $ | 6,806 |
DOORDASH, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF REDEEMABLE NON-CONTROLLING INTERESTS AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(in millions, except share amounts which are reflected in thousands)
| Redeemable Non- Controlling Interests | Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Deficit | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Total Stockholders’ Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances as of December 31, 2023 | $ | 7 | 403,228 | $ | — | $ | 11,887 | $ | (5,154) | $ | 73 | $ | 6,806 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon settlement of restricted stock units | — | 14,073 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | — | 4,504 | — | 14 | — | — | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | 1,264 | — | — | 1,264 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recognition of redeemable non-controlling interest upon additional capital investment | 6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | — | (180) | (180) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase and retirement of common stock | — | (2,128) | — | — | (224) | — | (224) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | (6) | — | — | — | 123 | — | 123 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances as of December 31, 2024 | $ | 7 | 419,677 | $ | — | $ | 13,165 | $ | (5,255) | $ | (107) | $ | 7,803 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
DOORDASH, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in millions)
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) including redeemable non-controlling interests | $ | (1,368) | $ | (565) | $ | 117 | |||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 369 | 509 | 561 | ||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | 889 | 1,088 | 1,099 | ||||||||||||||
| Reduction of operating lease right-of-use assets and accretion of operating lease liabilities | 81 | 108 | 103 | ||||||||||||||
| Office lease impairment expenses | 2 | — | 83 | ||||||||||||||
| Adjustments to non-marketable equity securities, including impairment, net | 303 | 101 | 4 | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 18 | 15 | 29 | ||||||||||||||
| Changes in assets and liabilities, net of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from acquisitions: | |||||||||||||||||
| Funds held at payment processors | (86) | 86 | (87) | ||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | (33) | (141) | (222) | ||||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (165) | (105) | (146) | ||||||||||||||
| Other assets | (90) | (96) | (279) | ||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable | (15) | 70 | 82 | ||||||||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 566 | 702 | 943 | ||||||||||||||
| Payments for operating lease liabilities | (75) | (113) | (116) | ||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | (29) | 14 | (39) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 367 | 1,673 | 2,132 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of property and equipment | (176) | (123) | (104) | ||||||||||||||
| Capitalized software and website development costs | (170) | (201) | (226) | ||||||||||||||
| Purchases of marketable securities | (1,948) | (1,946) | (1,951) | ||||||||||||||
| Maturities of marketable securities | 1,552 | 1,940 | 1,774 | ||||||||||||||
| Sales of marketable securities | 387 | 7 | 70 | ||||||||||||||
| Purchases of non-marketable equity securities | (15) | (17) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash acquired in acquisitions | 71 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Other investing activities | (1) | (2) | (7) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (300) | (342) | (444) | ||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 11 | 6 | 14 | ||||||||||||||
| Repurchase of common stock | (400) | (750) | (224) | ||||||||||||||
| Other financing activities | 14 | (8) | 6 | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in financing activities | (375) | (752) | (204) | ||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency effect on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (10) | 5 | (35) | ||||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (318) | 584 | 1,449 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period | 2,506 | 2,188 | 2,772 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 2,188 | $ | 2,772 | $ | 4,221 | |||||||||||
| Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the consolidated balance sheets | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,977 | $ | 2,656 | $ | 4,019 | |||||||||||
| Restricted cash | — | 105 | 190 | ||||||||||||||
| Long-term restricted cash included in other assets | 211 | 11 | 12 | ||||||||||||||
| Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 2,188 | $ | 2,772 | $ | 4,221 | |||||||||||
| Non-cash investing and financing activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of property and equipment not yet settled | $ | 34 | $ | 13 | $ | 48 | |||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation included in capitalized software and website development costs | $ | 132 | $ | 161 | $ | 165 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
DOORDASH, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Organization and Description of Business
Description of Business
DoorDash, Inc. (the “Company”) is incorporated in Delaware with headquarters in San Francisco, California. The Company's mission is to grow and empower local economies. The Company aims to do this by providing services that reduce friction in local commerce and help merchants better connect with consumers in their communities.
The Company's primary offerings include the DoorDash Marketplace and the Wolt Marketplace (together, the "Marketplaces"), and its Commerce Platform. The Company's Marketplaces operate in over 30 countries across the globe and provide an integrated suite of services that help merchants establish an online presence, connect with consumers in their communities, and solve mission-critical challenges, such as customer acquisition, demand generation, order fulfillment, merchandising, payment processing, and customer support. The Company also offers advertising as a value-added service through its Marketplaces to help merchants and consumer packaged goods companies increase consumer engagement and drive incremental revenue.
The Company's Marketplaces compete for consumers based primarily on the selection, convenience, quality, affordability, and service provided. The Company's Marketplaces also include consumer membership programs, DashPass and Wolt+, which aim to lower transactional friction by reducing the delivery and service fees charged, while providing additional membership benefits.
In addition to its Marketplaces, the Company offers its Commerce Platform, which is a suite of services that help merchants grow, run, and operate their businesses on their own channels. DoorDash Drive On-Demand and Wolt Drive (together, "Drive") are white-label delivery fulfillment services that generate the majority of revenue within the Company's Commerce Platform. In addition to Drive, the Company also provides services that help merchants establish online ordering, build branded mobile apps, enable tableside order and pay, and improve customer support.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and entities consolidated under the variable interest entity model, and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Segments
Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which separate financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer is the Company’s CODM. The CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of making operating decisions, allocating resources, and evaluating financial performance. As such, the Company has determined that it operates in one reportable segment. See Note 3 – "Revenue" of these notes to the Company's consolidated financial statements for revenue by geography and Note 15 – "Segment Reporting" for significant expenses regularly provided to the Company's CODM. Long-lived assets, which consist of property and equipment, net and operating lease right-of-use assets, located outside of the United States were $167 million and $200 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the related disclosures at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the periods presented. Estimates include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition, allowances for credit losses, gift card breakage, estimated useful lives of property and equipment, capitalized software and website development costs, intangible assets, valuation of stock-based compensation, valuation of investments and other financial instruments
including valuation of investments without readily determinable fair values, valuation of acquired intangible assets and goodwill, the incremental borrowing rate applied in lease accounting, impairment of long-lived assets, insurance reserves, loss contingencies, and income and indirect taxes. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
Business Combinations
The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires, among other things, allocation of the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management makes significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to the valuation of intangible assets. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. During the measurement period, not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with a corresponding offset to goodwill if new information is obtained related to facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. Acquisition costs, such as legal and consulting fees, are expensed as incurred.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
Cash includes demand deposits with banks or financial institutions as well as cash in transit from payment processors. Cash equivalents include short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less and their carrying values approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities.
Restricted cash consists of bank accounts that are legally restricted for use, including certain amounts collected on the behalf of, but not yet remitted to, merchants, which are restricted in compliance with certain regulatory requirements, and collateral provided for letters of credit established primarily for real estate leases and insurance policies. Restricted cash is classified as either current or non-current assets based on the estimated term of the remaining restriction.
Marketable Securities
Marketable securities primarily consist of certificates of deposit, commercial paper, U.S. government agency securities, U.S. Treasury securities, corporate bonds, and mutual funds. The Company invests in a diversified portfolio of marketable securities and limits the concentration of its investment in any particular security. Securities with maturities greater than three months, but less than one year, are included in current assets and securities with maturities greater than one year are included in non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. All marketable securities are classified as available-for-sale and reported at fair value.
If the estimated fair value of an available-for-sale debt security is below its amortized cost basis, then the Company evaluates the security for impairment. The Company considers its intent to sell the security or whether it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized basis. If either of these criteria are met, the debt security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations. If neither of these criteria are met, the Company evaluates whether unrealized losses have resulted from a credit loss or other factors. The factors considered in determining whether a credit loss exists can include the extent to which fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, any adverse conditions specifically related to the security, as well as other factors. An impairment relating to credit losses is recorded through an allowance for credit losses reported in other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations. The allowance is limited by the amount that the fair value of the debt security is below its amortized cost basis. When a credit loss exists, the Company compares the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the debt security with the amortized cost basis of the security to determine what allowance amount, if any, should be recorded. As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, no allowance of credit losses related to marketable securities was recorded. Unrealized losses not resulting from credit losses are recorded through accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
Funds Held at Payment Processors
The Company relies on a limited number of third parties to provide payment processing services (“payment processors”) including collecting amounts due from end-users and processing Dasher and merchant payouts. Funds held at payment
processors represent cash due from the Company’s payment processors for transactions with consumers, as well as funds transferred to payment processors for Dasher and merchant payouts.
Accounts Receivable, Net and Allowance for Credit Losses
Accounts receivable, net primarily represents receivables from merchants that were generated through the Company’s Drive and Marketplace related offerings. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses, which is based on the Company’s assessment of the collectability of accounts. The Company regularly reviews the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses on a collective basis by considering the age of each outstanding invoice, each customer’s expected ability to pay and collection history, current market conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions to determine whether the allowance is appropriate. Accounts receivable deemed uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses when identified.
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. The useful lives are as follows:
| Estimated Useful Life | ||||||||
| Equipment for merchants | 2 years | |||||||
| Computer equipment and software | 2 years | |||||||
| Office equipment | 5 years | |||||||
| Capitalized software and website development costs | 2 years | |||||||
| Leasehold improvements | Shorter of estimated useful life or lease term |
Maintenance and repair costs are charged to expense as incurred. Upon disposal of a fixed asset, the Company records a gain or loss based on the difference between the proceeds received and the net book value of the disposed asset.
Intangible Assets, Net
Intangible assets are recorded at fair value as of the date of acquisition and amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The Company reviews identifiable amortizable intangible assets for impairment under the long-lived asset model described under “Impairment of Long-Lived Assets” below.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. The Company’s impairment tests are based on a single operating segment and reporting unit structure. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge is recognized for the excess of the carrying value of the reporting unit over its fair value.
The Company conducted its annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of 2024 and determined that the fair value of the reporting unit significantly exceeded its carrying value. No goodwill impairment charge was recorded in any of the periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
Non-Marketable Equity Securities
Non-marketable equity securities that the Company does not have a controlling financial interest in and does not exercise significant influence over the investee are recorded at cost and adjusted for observable transactions for same or similar investments of the same issuer or impairment (referred to as the measurement alternative).
The carrying value is not adjusted for the Company’s non-marketable equity securities if there are no observable price changes in a same or similar investment of the same issuer or if there are no identified events or changes in circumstances that may indicate impairment.
Capitalized Software and Website Development Costs
The Company incurs costs relating to the development of the Company’s technology platform, which includes Dasher and merchant tools, mobile apps, and website and content development. Software development costs related to software acquired, developed, or modified solely to meet the Company’s internal requirements, with no substantive plans to market such software at the time of development, are capitalized during the application development stage of the project. Costs incurred during the preliminary planning and evaluation stage of the project and during the post implementation operational stage are expensed as incurred. Costs to develop the Company’s technology platform are capitalized when preliminary development efforts are successfully completed, management has authorized and committed project funding, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used as intended. Costs incurred for enhancements that are expected to result in additional functionality are capitalized and expensed over the estimated useful life of the upgrades on a per project basis.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company evaluates its long-lived assets or asset groups for indicators of possible impairment by comparison of the carrying amount to future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by such asset or asset group when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Should an impairment exist, the impairment loss would be measured based on the excess carrying value of the asset or asset group over the asset’s or asset group’s fair value generally determined by estimates of future discounted cash flows. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell.
Insurance Reserves
The Company utilizes third-party insurance that includes retained insurance deductibles to insure costs including auto liability related to both bodily injury and physical damage, and uninsured and underinsured motorists up to a certain dollar retention limit. The recorded insurance reserves reflect the estimated cost for claims incurred but not yet paid and claims that have been incurred but not yet reported and any loss adjustment expense. The estimate of the Company’s ultimate deductible obligation utilizes actuarial techniques applied to historical claim and loss experience. The Company utilizes assumptions based on actuarial judgments with consideration toward claim and loss development factors, which includes the development time frame and settlement patterns, and expected loss rates. Reserves are periodically reviewed and adjusted as necessary as experience develops or new information becomes known. However, ultimate results may differ from the Company’s estimates, which could result in losses over the Company’s reserved amounts.
During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, the Company recorded additions to the insurance reserves of $359 million, $518 million and $526 million, respectively. The Company’s retained insurance deductibles reserves as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 were $758 million and $1.0 billion, respectively.
Loss Contingencies
The Company is involved in various lawsuits, claims, investigations, and proceedings that arise in connection with its business. Certain of these matters include speculative claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts of damages. The Company records a liability in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets when the Company believes that it is both probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount or range can be reasonably estimated. The Company discloses material contingencies when it believes that a loss is not probable but reasonably possible. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount. The Company reviews these provisions on a quarterly basis and adjusts these provisions accordingly to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel, and updated information.
Sales and Indirect Taxes
The Company records sales and indirect tax liabilities when they become probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Sales and indirect tax liabilities are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) primarily consists of foreign currency translation adjustments and unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale marketable securities. The financial statements of the Company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries are translated from their functional currency, which is typically the local currency, into U.S. dollars.
Assets and liabilities are translated at period end rates of exchange, and revenue and expenses are translated using average monthly exchange rates. The resulting gain or loss is included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the consolidated balance sheets.
Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included as a separate component of stockholders’ equity within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
Stock-Based Compensation
The fair value of restricted stock and RSUs is estimated based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. With the exception of the CEO Performance Award and options assumed via acquisition (as discussed further in Note 10 - "Common Stock"), the Company only granted RSUs that vest upon the satisfaction of a service-based vesting condition and the compensation expense for these RSUs is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.
For the CEO Performance Award (as discussed below in Note 10 - "Common Stock"), which includes a market-based condition, the fair value of the award was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The associated stock-based compensation is recorded over the derived service period, using the accelerated attribution method. If the stock price goals are met sooner than the derived service period, the Company will adjust the stock-based compensation expense to reflect the cumulative expense associated with the vested award. Provided that Tony Xu continues to be the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period, regardless of whether the stock price goals are achieved.
The Company records forfeitures when they occur for all share-based payment awards.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recorded based on the estimated future tax effects of differences between the financial statement and income tax basis of existing assets and liabilities. These differences are measured using the enacted statutory tax rates that are expected to apply for the years in which differences are expected to reverse. The Company recognizes the effect on deferred income taxes of a change in tax rates in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce its deferred tax assets to the net amount that it believes is more-likely-than-not to be realized. Management considers all available evidence, both positive and negative, including historical levels of income, expectations and risks associated with estimates of future income, and other relevant factors. Our judgment regarding levels of future profitability are consistent with plans and estimates used to manage the business; however, actual operating results in future years could differ from our current assumptions, judgments and estimates. Should there be a change in the ability to recover deferred tax assets, our income tax provision would increase or decrease, as applicable, in the period in which the assessment is changed.
The Company operates in various tax jurisdictions and is subject to audit by tax authorities. The Company recognizes the tax benefit of an uncertain tax position only if it is more-likely-than-not that the position is sustainable upon examination by the taxing authority, based on the technical merits. The tax benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement with the taxing authority. We consider many factors when evaluating our tax positions and estimating our tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments. Due to uncertainties in any tax audit outcome, our estimates of the ultimate settlement of our unrecognized tax positions may change and the actual tax benefit may differ significantly from the estimates. The Company recognizes interest accrued and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for income taxes.
Fair Value
The Company measures certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis based on an expected exit price, which represents the amount that would be received on the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value may be based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.
The authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis, whereby inputs used in valuation techniques, are assigned a hierarchical level. The following are the hierarchical levels of inputs to measure fair value:
| Level 1 | Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. |
| Level 2 | Inputs reflect quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets or liabilities; or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. |
| Level 3 | Unobservable inputs reflecting the Company’s own assumptions incorporated in valuation techniques used to determine fair value. These assumptions are required to be consistent with market participant assumptions that are reasonably available. |
The carrying amounts of certain of the Company’s financial instruments, which include cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximate their fair values due to their short maturities.
Concentration of Credit Risk
The Company’s cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, funds held at payment processors, and accounts receivable are potentially subject to concentration of credit risk. Although the Company deposits its cash with multiple financial institutions, the deposits, at times, exceed federally insured limits. Management believes that the institutions are financially stable and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists. The Company limits purchases of debt securities to investment-grade securities. The Company has not experienced any significant credit losses historically.
Payment processors are financial institutions or credit card companies that the Company believes are of high credit quality. The Company retains the risk of collecting such amounts from the payment processors, which are included in funds held at payment processors for the unsettled portion at each period end. The portion of the payments to be remitted to Dashers and merchants is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities. Although the Company pre-authorizes forms of payment to mitigate its exposure, the Company absorbs all credit card losses.
Accounts receivable, net primarily represents receivables from merchants that were generated through the Company’s Drive and Marketplace related offerings. As of December 31, 2023, one entity individually accounted for 13% of accounts receivable, net. As of December 31, 2024, one entity individually accounted for 13% of accounts receivable, net. No customer accounted for 10% or more of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024.
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with its Customers. The Company generates a substantial majority of its revenue from orders completed through its Marketplaces and the related commissions charged to partner merchants and fees charged to consumers. A partner merchant represents a merchant that has entered into a contractual agreement with the Company. Revenue from the Marketplaces is recognized at the point in time when the consumer obtains control of the merchant’s products. The Company also generates revenue from membership fees paid by consumers for DashPass and Wolt+, which is recognized as part of the Marketplaces. Revenue generated from the Company’s DashPass and Wolt+ memberships is recognized on a ratable basis over the contractual period, which is generally one month to one year depending on the type of membership purchased by the consumer. In addition, the Company also generates revenue from its Drive offering by collecting per-order fees from merchants that use its local commerce platform to arrange for delivery services that fulfill demand generated through their own channels. Revenue from Drive is recognized at the point in time when the consumer obtains control of the merchant’s products.
When determining the appropriate accounting for the fees collected in exchange for the use of the Company’s local commerce platform, the Company considered its contractual arrangements with the parties involved as well as its customary business practices. Under the Company’s agreements with partner merchants, the Company agrees to a commission to be earned as a percentage of the total dollar value of goods ordered. When a consumer signs up to use the Company’s local commerce platform, the consumer agrees to be charged certain fees, at the time an order is placed, in exchange for use of the platform. The Company has concluded that a contract exists between the Company and a partner merchant when the partner merchant accepts each consumer’s order, and a contract exists between the Company and a consumer when the consumer places the order and requests delivery services. The duration of a contract is typically equal to the time between when the order is placed and a Dasher picks up the food from the merchant. Contracts including variable consideration with partner merchants were not material for the periods presented.
The Company’s local commerce platform facilitates orders between consumers and partner merchants. Separately, the Company’s platform arranges for consumers to obtain delivery service from Dashers. The Company has determined that the order facilitation service and delivery facilitation service are distinct performance obligations and has therefore considered whether it is a principal or agent separately for each of these items. The order facilitation service and the delivery facilitation service are distinct given that the consumer can benefit from each item separately. Further, the order facilitation service and delivery facilitation service are separately identifiable as the nature of the promises are to transfer the order facilitation service and delivery facilitation service individually, rather than as a combined item.
Principal vs. Agent Considerations
Judgment is required in determining whether the Company is the principal or the agent in transactions with partner merchants, consumers, and Dashers. As it relates to the accounting for order facilitation services and delivery facilitation services, the Company evaluated whether to present revenue on a gross versus net basis based on whether it controls each specified good or service before it is provided to the consumer in Marketplace transactions.
With respect to order facilitation services, the Company has determined it is an agent for partner merchants in facilitating the sale of products to the consumer through its Marketplaces. The consumer accesses the Company’s local commerce platform to identify merchants and places an order for merchants’ products. These orders are picked up from partner merchants and delivered to consumers by Dashers. The Company does not control the products prior to them being transferred to the consumer as it neither has the ability to redirect the products to another consumer nor does it obtain any economic benefit from the products.
With respect to the vast majority of its delivery facilitation services, the Company has determined it is acting as an agent for the consumer in facilitating the delivery of products by connecting consumers with Dashers. As the Company’s role with the delivery facilitation service is only to arrange for a delivery opportunity to be offered to prospective Dashers, it does not control how the delivery service is ultimately provided to the consumer.
In the vast majority of its transactions with end-users, the Company is an agent in facilitating the sale of products and delivery services, thus the Company reports revenue on a net basis, reflecting amounts collected from consumers, less amounts remitted to merchants and Dashers.
Dasher payout represents the amounts paid to Dashers for deliveries, including incentives and tips, except for certain referral bonuses. From time to time, Dashers may request an earlier payment settlement in exchange for a reduction in Dasher payout. The amounts payable to merchants and Dashers are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets as payments are typically settled within a week.
The Company recognizes revenue from both partner merchants and consumers for each successfully completed transaction. The Company satisfies its performance obligations to a partner merchant when there is a successful sale of the merchant’s products and meets its performance obligation to a consumer once the Dasher has picked up the products from the merchant for delivery to the consumer.
The Company also provides value-added services to merchants. These services are generally considered separate performance obligations and revenue is recognized over the period in which services are provided.
Gift Cards
The Company sells gift cards to consumers that can be redeemed through the Marketplaces. The majority of gift cards sold have no expiration date and administrative fees are not charged on unused gift cards. When gift cards are redeemed, revenue is recognized on a net basis as the difference between the amounts collected from consumers less amounts remitted to merchants and Dashers. The Company also estimates the portion of outstanding gift cards that will never be redeemed (“breakage”) and for which there is no legal obligation to remit the value of the unredeemed gift cards to the relevant jurisdiction as unclaimed or abandoned property. The Company recognizes the breakage amounts as revenue, proportionate to the pattern of revenue recognition for the gift card redemptions. The Company recorded $47 million, $41 million and $46 million of gift card breakage revenue during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024, respectively. Estimating future breakage rates requires judgment based on current and historical patterns of redemption, and the actual breakage rates may vary from the estimate. For jurisdictions where gift cards have expiration dates, the Company recognizes breakage when they expire.
Refunds and Credits
From time to time the Company issues credits or refunds to merchants and consumers to ameliorate issues that may arise with orders. The Company accounts for such refunds as variable consideration and therefore records the amount of each refund or credit issued as a reduction of revenue.
Incentive Programs
The Company offers incentives to attract consumers and Dashers to use its local commerce platform. Consumers typically receive credits or discounted delivery fees while Dashers typically receive cash incentives. Each of the incentives are described below.
Consumer Promotions
The Company uses promotions in tandem with sales and marketing spend to attract new consumers to its platform. Promotions offered to consumers are primarily recorded as a reduction of revenue and include the following:
New consumer incentives: The Company records discounts and incentives provided to new consumers as a promotion and reduces revenue on the date that the corresponding revenue transaction is recorded.
Consumer referrals: The Company offers referral credits to its existing consumers for referrals of new consumers. These referral credits are paid in exchange for a distinct marketing service and therefore the portion of these credits that is equal to or less than the fair value of acquiring a new consumer are accounted for as a consumer acquisition cost. The majority of new consumer acquisition costs is expensed as incurred and reflected as sales and marketing expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The portion of these credits in excess of the fair value of acquiring a new consumer is accounted for as a reduction of revenue.
Existing consumer incentives: On occasion, the Company offers promotional discounts to existing consumers. The Company records incentives provided to existing consumers as a promotion and reduces revenue on the date that the corresponding revenue transaction is recorded.
Dasher Incentives and Referrals
The Company offers various incentives to Dashers, which are primarily recorded within Dasher payout and reduce revenue. These are offered in various forms and include:
Peak pay: The Company makes additional payments to Dashers to incentivize them to accept delivery opportunities during peak demand time.
Dasher referrals: The Company offers referral bonuses to referring Dashers, as well as to referred Dashers, once the new Dasher has met certain qualifying conditions. The Company expenses the fair value of payments made to the referring Dashers as incurred in sales and marketing expenses in the consolidated statements of operations, since the marketing of the Company’s platform to acquire new Dashers represents a distinct benefit to the Company. The portion of these referral bonuses in excess of the fair value of payments made to the referring Dashers is accounted for as a reduction of revenue. Payments made to the referred Dashers are recorded within Dasher payout and reduce revenue at the time the corresponding revenue transaction is recorded.
Advertising Costs
Advertising costs are expensed when incurred and are included in sales and marketing expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Advertising expenses were $1.1 billion, $1.3 billion, and $1.3 billion for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024, respectively.
Net Income (Loss) Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders
The Company computes net income (loss) per common share following the two-class method required for multiple classes of common stock and participating securities. The two-class method requires income (loss) available to DoorDash, Inc. common stockholders for the period to be allocated between multiple classes of common stock and participating securities based upon their respective rights to receive dividends as if all income (loss) for the period had been distributed. The rights, including the liquidation and dividend rights, of the Class A common stock, Class B common stock, and Class C common stock are substantially identical, other than voting rights. Accordingly, the Class A common stock and Class B
common stock shared proportionately in the Company’s net income and losses. No shares of Class C common stock were issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2024.
Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, less shares subject to repurchase. The diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by giving effect to all potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period. For periods in which the Company reports net losses, diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share, because all potentially dilutive securities are anti-dilutive. Vested RSUs that have not been settled have been included in the appropriate common share class used to calculate basic and diluted net income (loss) per share.
Leases
The Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. A contract is or contains a lease if it conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. ROU assets represents the Company's right to use the underlying assets for the lease term and lease liabilities represents the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The Company has elected the practical expedient of not recognizing ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases with terms of twelve months or less. Expense related to short-term leases is recognized either straight-line over the lease term or as incurred depending on whether the lease payments are fixed or variable. ROU assets are recognized as the lease liability, adjusted for lease incentives received. Lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of the future lease payments at the lease commencement date. The Company’s classes of assets that are leased include real estate leases and equipment leases. Operating leases consist of real estate leases and are included in operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases consist of equipment leases and are included in property and equipment, net on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Most of the Company’s leases are operating leases, and activities related to finance leases were not material for the periods presented.
The Company’s real estate leases are for an initial period between one and 15 years, and typically include renewal options, the election of which is at the option of the Company. The Company includes renewal options in the measurement of lease liabilities only to the extent the option is reasonably certain to be exercised. For leases that provide the option to terminate, the lease term includes periods covered by such options to the extent the Company is reasonably certain not to exercise the option.
The Company subleases certain portions of buildings subject to operating leases. The terms and conditions of the subleases are commensurate with the terms and conditions within the original operating leases. The term of the subleases generally range from two to six years, payments are fixed within the contracts, and there are no residual value guarantees or other restrictions or covenants in the leases.
When the discount rate implicit in the lease cannot be readily determined, the Company uses the applicable incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement in order to discount lease payments to present value for purposes of performing lease classification tests and measuring the lease liability. The incremental borrowing rate represents the rate of interest the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. Because the Company does not typically borrow on a collateralized basis, it uses a derived unsecured synthetic credit rating adjusted for collateralization, current available yield curves, and the lease term as inputs to derive an appropriate incremental borrowing rate.
Variable Interest Entities
The Company evaluates its ownership, contractual and other interests in entities to determine if it has a variable interest in an entity and if it is the primary beneficiary. These evaluations are complex and involve judgment and the use of estimates and assumptions based on available historical and prospective information, among other factors. If the Company determines that entities for which the Company holds a contractual or ownership interest in are variable interest entities ("VIE") and that the Company is the primary beneficiary, the Company consolidates such entities in the consolidated financial statements. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the party that meets both of the following criteria: (1) has the power to make decisions that most significantly affect the economic performance of the VIE and (2) has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that in either case could potentially be significant to the VIE. Periodically, the Company determines whether any changes in the interest or relationship with the entity impacts the determination of whether the Company is still the primary beneficiary. If the Company is not deemed to be the primary beneficiary in a VIE, the Company accounts for the investment or other variable interests in a VIE in accordance with applicable GAAP. Refer
to Note 14 - "Variable Interest Entities" of these notes to the Company's consolidated financial statements for further information.
Restructuring
Costs and liabilities associated with management-approved restructuring activities are recognized when they are incurred. One-time employee termination costs are recognized at the time of communication to employees, unless future service is required, in which case the costs are recognized over the future service period. Ongoing employee termination benefits are recognized as a liability when it is probable that a liability exists and the amount is reasonably estimable. Restructuring charges are recognized as an operating expense within the consolidated statements of operations and related liabilities are recorded within accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company periodically evaluates and, if necessary, adjusts its estimates based on currently available information.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-07”), which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements. ASU 2023-07 expands segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the CODM and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, an amount and description of its composition for other segment items, and interim disclosures of a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets. Additionally, the amendments require disclosure of the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. All disclosure requirements of ASU 2023-07 are required for entities with a single reportable segment. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 on January 1, 2024 and applied the amendment retrospectively to all prior periods presented on the Company's consolidated financial statements. See Note 15 – "Segment Reporting" of these notes to the Company's consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses" ("ASU 2024-03"), which requires disclosure, on an annual and interim basis, of specified information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to financial statements. ASU 2024-03 will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
3. Revenue
Disaggregated Revenue Information
All revenue recognized during the periods presented was related to the Company's core business, which is primarily composed of the Company's Marketplaces and Commerce Platform.
Revenue by geographic area is determined based on the address of the merchant, or in the case of the Company's membership products, the address of the consumer. Revenue by geographic area was as follows (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| United States | $ | 6,251 | $ | 7,781 | $ | 9,403 | |||||||||||
| International(1) | 332 | 854 | 1,319 | ||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 6,583 | $ | 8,635 | $ | 10,722 |
(1) No individual country outside the United States represented 10% or more of total consolidated revenue for the periods presented.
Contract Liabilities
The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to or collections from customers. The Company’s contract liabilities balance, which is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance
sheets, is primarily composed of unredeemed gift cards, prepayments received from consumers and merchants, certain consumer credits as well as other transactions for which the revenue is recognized over time. A summary of activities related to contract liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was as follows (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31, 2024 | |||||
| Beginning balance | $ | 308 | |||
| Addition to contract liabilities | 2,813 | ||||
| Reduction of contract liabilities(1)(2) | (2,725) | ||||
| Ending balance | $ | 396 |
(1) Gift cards and certain consumer credits can be redeemed through the Marketplaces. When they are redeemed, revenue is recognized on a net basis as the difference between the amounts collected from consumers less amounts remitted to merchants and Dashers for those transactions. Therefore, the amount recognized as revenue related to the reduction of gift cards and certain consumer credits is less than the amount presented in the table above. Net revenue associated with gift cards and certain consumer credits is not tracked by the Company as it is impracticable to do so.
(2) Included in the beginning balance of contract liabilities was $181 million associated with unearned prepayments received by the Company, all of which was recognized as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2024. The ending balance of unearned prepayments is expected to be recognized as revenue in 12 months or less.
Deferred Contract Costs
Deferred contract costs represent direct and incremental costs incurred to acquire or fulfill the Company’s contracts, consisting of sales commissions and costs related to merchant onboarding, which the Company expects to recover. Deferred contract costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected period of benefit, which the Company determined by considering historical attrition rates and other factors. Deferred contract costs are recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Amortization of deferred contract costs related to sales commissions is recognized in sales and marketing expense and amortization of deferred contract costs related to merchant onboarding is recognized in cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of operations. A summary of activities related to deferred contract costs was as follows (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance | $ | 62 | $ | 100 | $ | 137 | |||||||||||
| Addition to deferred contract costs | 70 | 82 | 80 | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization of deferred contract costs | (32) | (45) | (60) | ||||||||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | 100 | $ | 137 | $ | 157 | |||||||||||
| Deferred contract costs, current | $ | 36 | $ | 51 | $ | 64 | |||||||||||
| Deferred contract costs, non-current | 64 | 86 | 93 | ||||||||||||||
| Total deferred contract costs | $ | 100 | $ | 137 | $ | 157 |
Allowance for Credit Losses
The allowance for credit losses related to accounts receivable and changes were as follows (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance | $ | 39 | $ | 20 | $ | 17 | |||||||||||
| Current-period provision for expected credit losses | — | 8 | 15 | ||||||||||||||
| Write-offs charged against the allowance | (19) | (11) | (10) | ||||||||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | 20 | $ | 17 | $ | 22 |
4. Acquisitions
Wolt Acquisition
On May 31, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of 100 percent of the outstanding equity interests of Wolt Enterprise Oy (“Wolt”). Wolt was acquired to help the Company accelerate its product development, increase its international scale, bring greater focus to its markets outside the United States, and improve the value provided to
consumers, merchants, and Dashers around the world. The Company’s acquisition-related costs were $48 million and all costs were recorded as general and administrative expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations during the period in which they were incurred. The acquisition date fair value of the consideration transferred for Wolt was $2,838 million, which consisted of the following (in millions):
| Fair Value | |||||
| DoorDash Class A common stock | $ | 2,705 | |||
| Stock-based compensation awards (DoorDash options, RSUs, and revesting common stock) attributable to pre-combination services | 133 | ||||
| Total consideration | $ | 2,838 |
The fair value of 36 million shares of Class A common stock issued was determined on the basis of the closing market price of the Company’s Class A common stock on the acquisition date. The Company also issued certain stock-based compensation awards and their fair value was determined using a Black-Scholes option pricing model with the applicable assumptions as of the acquisition date for options (1.7 million DoorDash options) and using the closing market price of the Company's Class A common stock on the acquisition date for RSUs (1.4 million DoorDash RSUs).
For certain Wolt employees, a portion of their total consideration transferred was restricted subject to revesting over a service period, including 568 thousand shares of the Company's Class A common stock. This restricted equity consideration is considered compensation for post-combination services and is being recognized as stock-based compensation expense over the four year period following the acquisition, based on the fair value of the shares using the closing market price of the Company's Class A common stock on the acquisition date.
The total purchase consideration of the Wolt acquisition was allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired, and liabilities assumed, based upon their respective fair values as of the date of the acquisition. The Company recorded $1,997 million of goodwill, which represents the excess of the purchase price over the net assets acquired. Goodwill is primarily attributed to the assembled workforce of Wolt and anticipated synergies from the future growth and strategic advantages in the global local commerce industry. The goodwill recorded in connection with the acquisition of Wolt is not deductible for tax purposes. The fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on management’s best estimate and assumptions, with the assistance of an independent third-party valuation firm.
The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date (in millions):
| May 31, 2022 | |||||
| Current assets | $ | 272 | |||
| Intangible assets | 772 | ||||
| Goodwill | 1,997 | ||||
| Other non-current assets | 82 | ||||
| Current liabilities | (204) | ||||
| Deferred tax liability, net | (34) | ||||
| Other non-current liabilities | (47) | ||||
| Total purchase price | $ | 2,838 |
The following table sets forth the components of intangible assets acquired (in millions) and their estimated useful life as of the date of acquisition (in years):
| Estimated Useful Life | May 31, 2022 | ||||||||||
| Merchant relationships | 11 | $ | 236 | ||||||||
| Trademark | 10 | 268 | |||||||||
| Existing technology | 6 | 150 | |||||||||
| Customer relationships | 3 | 107 | |||||||||
| Courier relationships | 1 | 11 | |||||||||
| Total acquired intangible assets | $ | 772 |
Existing technology represents the existing online and mobile Wolt platform for restaurant and grocery delivery and pickup orders. The merchant, customer, and courier relationships represent the fair value of the underlying relationships with merchants, such as restaurants and grocery stores, users of Wolt’s food and delivery services, and courier partners. The estimated fair values of the existing technology and trademarks were determined using a relief from royalty method. The fair values of the merchant, courier and customer relationships were determined using a replacement cost method. The Company expects to amortize the fair value of these intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their respective estimated useful lives.
From the date of acquisition through December 31, 2022, the amount of revenue and net loss from Wolt included in the consolidated statements of operations were $259 million and $345 million, respectively.
The following unaudited pro forma results presents the combined revenue and net loss as if the Wolt acquisition had been completed on January 1, 2021, the beginning of the Company's fiscal 2021. The unaudited pro forma information is based on estimates and assumptions which the Company believes are reasonable and primarily reflects adjustments for the pro forma impact of additional amortization related to the fair value of acquired intangible assets and transaction costs. The unaudited pro forma results are presented for informational purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of what the actual results of operations of the combined company would have been if the acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2021, nor are they indicative of future results of operations. The unaudited pro forma results were as follows (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31, 2022 | |||||
| Revenue | $ | 6,734 | |||
| Net loss | $ | (1,549) |
Bbot Acquisition
On March 1, 2022, the Company acquired Bbot, a hospitality technology company. The addition of Bbot's products and technology to the Company's platform offers merchants more solutions for their in-store and online channels, including in-store digital ordering and payments. The acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. The total purchase consideration was approximately $88 million in cash, including a $9 million indemnification holdback, which was settled during the three month period ended June 30, 2023.
The total purchase consideration was allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired, and liabilities assumed, based upon their respective fair values as of the date of the acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the net assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. Goodwill is primarily attributable to the anticipated synergies from the future growth opportunities from the adoption of Bbot’s technology by the Company’s merchants. The fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on management's best estimate and assumptions, with the assistance of an independent third-party valuation firm.
The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date (in millions):
| March 1, 2022 | |||||
| Current assets | $ | 11 | |||
| Intangible assets | 18 | ||||
| Goodwill | 60 | ||||
| Other liabilities | (1) | ||||
| Total purchase price | $ | 88 |
The intangible assets acquired consisted of existing technology and customer relationships, which had estimated remaining useful lives of 5 and 3 years as of the date of the acquisition, respectively.
The acquisition was not material to the Company for the periods presented and therefore, pro forma information has not been presented.
5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the periods presented were as follows (in millions):
| Total | |||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | 2,370 | |||
| Goodwill measurement period adjustment | 3 | ||||
| Effects of foreign currency translation | 59 | ||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2023 | 2,432 | ||||
| Effects of foreign currency translation | (117) | ||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $ | 2,315 |
There was no goodwill impairment during any of the periods presented. See Note 4 – "Acquisitions" of these notes to the Company's consolidated financial statements for further details of goodwill recorded.
Intangible assets, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 (in millions):
| Weighted-average Remaining Useful Life (in years) | Gross Carrying Value | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Existing technology | 4.3 | $ | 241 | $ | (117) | $ | 124 | ||||||||||||||||
| Merchant relationships | 9.1 | 302 | (56) | 246 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Courier relationships | — | 12 | (12) | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Customer relationships | 1.4 | 123 | (69) | 54 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Trade name and trademarks | 8.4 | 286 | (51) | 235 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | 964 | $ | (305) | $ | 659 |
Intangible assets, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2024 (in millions):
| Weighted-average Remaining Useful Life (in years) | Gross Carrying Value | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Existing technology | 3.3 | $ | 232 | $ | (142) | $ | 90 | ||||||||||||||||
| Merchant relationships | 8.3 | 286 | (82) | 204 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Customer relationships | 0.4 | 116 | (101) | 15 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Trade name and trademarks | 7.4 | 269 | (75) | 194 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Assembled workforce in asset acquisition | 2.2 | 10 | (3) | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $ | 913 | $ | (403) | $ | 510 |
Amortization expense associated with intangible assets was $99 million, $127 million, and $125 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024, respectively.
The estimated future amortization expense of intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 was as follows (in millions):
| Year Ending December 31, | Amortization Expense | |||||||
| 2025 | $ | 98 | ||||||
| 2026 | 81 | |||||||
| 2027 | 76 | |||||||
| 2028 | 61 | |||||||
| 2029 | 50 | |||||||
| Thereafter | 144 | |||||||
| Total estimated future amortization expense | $ | 510 |
6. Fair Value Measurements
Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables set forth the Company’s cash equivalents and marketable securities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy (in millions):
| December 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash equivalents | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | $ | 1,349 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,349 | |||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | — | 35 | — | 35 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term marketable securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Certificates of deposit | — | 38 | — | 38 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial paper | — | 216 | — | 216 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | — | 289 | — | 289 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government agency securities | — | 162 | — | 162 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | — | 717 | — | 717 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term marketable securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | — | 383 | — | 383 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government agency securities | — | 55 | — | 55 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | — | 145 | — | 145 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,349 | $ | 2,040 | $ | — | $ | 3,389 |
| December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash equivalents | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | $ | 2,272 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 2,272 | |||||||||||||||
| Commercial paper | — | 5 | — | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | — | 15 | — | 15 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term marketable securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Certificates of deposit | — | 39 | — | 39 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial paper | — | 76 | — | 76 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | — | 509 | — | 509 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government agency securities | — | 33 | — | 33 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | — | 612 | — | 612 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Mutual Funds | 53 | — | — | 53 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term marketable securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial paper | — | 2 | — | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | — | 420 | — | 420 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government agency securities | — | 74 | — | 74 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | — | 339 | — | 339 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 2,325 | $ | 2,124 | $ | — | $ | 4,449 |
The fair value of the Company’s Level 1 financial instruments is based on quoted market prices for identical instruments in active markets. The fair value of the Company’s Level 2 fixed income securities is obtained from independent pricing services, which may use quoted market prices for identical or comparable instruments in less active markets or model driven valuations using observable market data or inputs corroborated by observable market data.
Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis
The Company’s non-marketable equity securities accounted for using the measurement alternative are recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis. When indicators of impairment exist or observable price changes in a same or similar security from the same issuer occur, the respective non-marketable equity security would be classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy because the valuation methods include a combination of the observable transaction price at the transaction date and other unobservable inputs. Non-marketable equity securities are recorded in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.
During the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2023, the Company made investments in non-marketable equity securities of $18 million and $23 million, respectively, and no investments in non-marketable equity securities during the year ended December 31, 2024. The following is a summary of unrealized gains and losses from upward or downward adjustments recorded in other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations, and included as adjustments to the carrying value of non-marketable equity securities held during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024 (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Upward adjustments | $ | 9 | $ | — | $ | 2 | |||||||||||
| Downward adjustments (including impairment) | (312) | (101) | (6) | ||||||||||||||
| Total unrealized loss for non-marketable equity securities | $ | (303) | $ | (101) | $ | (4) |
Estimating the fair value of the Company’s investments in non-marketable equity securities requires the use of estimates and judgments. Changes in estimates and judgments could result in different estimates of fair value and future adjustments.
The following table summarizes the carrying value of the Company's non-marketable equity securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 including impairments and cumulative upward and downward adjustments made to the initial cost basis of the securities, which were recorded in other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations (in millions):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2023 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Initial cost basis | $ | 450 | $ | 450 | |||||||
| Upward adjustments | 9 | 11 | |||||||||
| Downward adjustments (including impairment) | (413) | (419) | |||||||||
| Total carrying value at the end of reporting period | $ | 46 | $ | 42 |
7. Balance Sheet Components
Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities
The following tables summarize the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gain, gross unrealized loss, and fair value of the Company’s cash equivalents and marketable securities (in millions):
| December 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost or Amortized Cost | Unrealized | Estimated Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Gains | Losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash equivalents | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | $ | 1,349 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,349 | |||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | 35 | — | — | 35 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term marketable securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Certificates of deposit | 38 | — | — | 38 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial paper | 216 | — | — | 216 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | 290 | — | (1) | 289 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government agency securities | 162 | — | — | 162 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | 717 | 1 | (1) | 717 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term marketable securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | 382 | 2 | (1) | 383 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government agency securities | 55 | — | — | 55 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | 144 | 1 | — | 145 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 3,388 | $ | 4 | $ | (3) | $ | 3,389 |
| December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost or Amortized Cost | Unrealized | Estimated Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Gains | Losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash equivalents | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | $ | 2,272 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 2,272 | |||||||||||||||
| Commercial paper | 5 | — | — | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | 15 | — | — | 15 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term marketable securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Certificates of deposit | 39 | — | — | 39 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial paper | 76 | — | — | 76 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | 508 | 1 | — | 509 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government agency securities | 33 | — | — | 33 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | 611 | 1 | — | 612 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Mutual Funds | 53 | — | — | 53 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term marketable securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial paper | 2 | — | — | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | 420 | 1 | (1) | 420 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government agency securities | 74 | — | — | 74 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | 340 | — | (1) | 339 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 4,448 | $ | 3 | $ | (2) | $ | 4,449 |
For marketable securities with unrealized loss positions, the Company does not intend to sell these securities and it is more likely than not that the Company will hold these securities until maturity or a recovery of the cost basis. No allowance for credit losses was recorded for these securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024.
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in millions):
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses | $ | 165 | $ | 237 | ||||||||||
| Deferred contract costs | 51 | 64 | ||||||||||||
| Other receivable | 163 | 133 | ||||||||||||
| Other current assets | 146 | 253 | ||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 525 | $ | 687 |
Property and Equipment, net
Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in millions):
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||
| Equipment for merchants | $ | 167 | $ | 190 | ||||||||||
| Computer equipment and software | 77 | 96 | ||||||||||||
| Capitalized software and website development costs | 953 | 1,339 | ||||||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | 217 | 211 | ||||||||||||
| Office equipment | 66 | 77 | ||||||||||||
| Construction in progress | 40 | 61 | ||||||||||||
| Total | 1,520 | 1,974 | ||||||||||||
| Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (808) | (1,196) | ||||||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | $ | 712 | $ | 778 |
Depreciation expenses were $113 million, $126 million, and $118 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024, respectively.
The Company capitalized $303 million, $362 million, and $386 million in capitalized software and website development costs during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024, respectively. Capitalized software and website development costs are included in property and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets. Amortization of capitalized software and website development costs was $157 million, $256 million, and $318 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024, respectively. Construction in progress primarily included leasehold improvements on premises that are not ready for use and equipment for merchants that are not placed in service.
Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in millions):
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||
| Litigation reserves | $ | 75 | $ | 160 | ||||||||||
| Sales tax payable and accrued sales and indirect taxes | 245 | 337 | ||||||||||||
| Accrued operations related expenses | 331 | 446 | ||||||||||||
| Accrued advertising | 112 | 142 | ||||||||||||
| Dasher and merchant payable | 950 | 1,136 | ||||||||||||
| Insurance reserves | 758 | 1,049 | ||||||||||||
| Contract liabilities | 308 | 396 | ||||||||||||
| Other | 347 | 383 | ||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 3,126 | $ | 4,049 |
8. Leases
The Company leases its facilities under non-cancelable lease agreements which expire between 2025 and 2035. Certain of these arrangements have free rent, escalating rent payment provisions, lease renewal options, and tenant allowances. Under such arrangements, the Company recognizes a ROU asset and lease liability on the consolidated balance sheets. Lease costs are recognized on a straight-line basis over the non-cancelable lease term.
In June 2024, the Company ceased use of and made available for sublease certain corporate office spaces. As a result, the Company determined that the asset groups, which primarily consist of the related operating lease right-of-use assets and leasehold improvements, were impaired, and recognized an impairment charge of $83 million recorded as general and administrative expenses during the year ended December 31, 2024. The fair value of the asset groups was estimated using an income-approach based on estimated future cash flows expected to be derived from the office spaces based on current sublease market rent. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was continuing its efforts to sublease the spaces.
The components of lease costs related to the Company’s operating leases included in the consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented were as follows (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating lease costs | $ | 81 | $ | 108 | $ | 103 | |||||||||||
| Short-term lease costs | 9 | 12 | 16 | ||||||||||||||
| Sublease income | (4) | (3) | (2) | ||||||||||||||
| Total lease costs | $ | 86 | $ | 117 | $ | 117 |
Lease terms and discount rates for operating leases were as follows:
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||
| Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) | 7.76 | 7.45 | |||||||||
| Weighted-average discount rate | 6.60% | 6.79% |
Supplemental cash flow and non-cash information was as follows (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating cash flows for operating leases | $ | 75 | $ | 113 | $ | 116 | |||||||||||
| ROU assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating leases | $ | 154 | $ | 85 | $ | 81 |
As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the Company had entered into long term non-cancelable real estate lease contracts of $66 million and $6 million, respectively, for which leases have not yet commenced. Such leases are not included in the operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
As of December 31, 2024, the future minimum lease payments required under operating leases were as follows (in millions):
| Year Ending December 31, | Amount | |||||||
| 2025 | $ | 101 | ||||||
| 2026 | 104 | |||||||
| 2027 | 87 | |||||||
| 2028 | 79 | |||||||
| 2029 | 73 | |||||||
| Thereafter | 259 | |||||||
| Total future minimum lease payments | 703 | |||||||
| Less: Leases signed but not yet commenced | (6) | |||||||
| Less: Imputed interest | (147) | |||||||
| Less: Tenant improvement receivable | (14) | |||||||
| Present value of future minimum lease payments | $ | 536 |
Future minimum sublease income as of December 31, 2024 is not material.
9. Commitments and Contingencies
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, the Company may be a party to litigation and subject to claims incidental to its business. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company currently believes that the final outcome of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on its business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of judgment, defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors. At each reporting period, the Company evaluates whether or not a potential loss amount or a potential range of loss is probable and reasonably estimable, requiring recognition of a loss accrual, or whether the potential loss is reasonably possible, requiring potential disclosure. Legal fees are expensed as incurred.
The Company is currently the subject of regulatory and administrative investigations, audits, demands, and inquiries conducted by federal, state, or local governmental agencies concerning the Company’s business practices, the classification and compensation of Dashers, the DoorDash Dasher pay models, compliance with consumer protection laws, privacy, cybersecurity, tax issues, unemployment insurance, workers' compensation insurance, and other matters. For example, the Company is currently under audit by the Employment Development Department, State of California (the “CA EDD”) for payroll tax liabilities. In January 2023, the CA EDD issued an assessment for certain amounts that it found to be owed by the Company on behalf of Dashers due to their being classified as independent contractors. The Company believes that Dashers are, and have been, properly classified as independent contractors. Accordingly, the Company believes that it has meritorious defenses and intends to vigorously appeal such adverse assessment. However, the ultimate resolution of the audit is uncertain and, accordingly, the Company has recorded an accrual for this matter within accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024. The results of investigations, audits, demands, and inquiries and related governmental action are inherently unpredictable and, as such, there is always the risk of an investigation, audit, demand, or inquiry having a material impact on the Company's business, financial condition, and results of operations.
In June 2020, the San Francisco District Attorney filed an action in the Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco, alleging that the Company misclassified California Dashers as independent contractors as opposed to employees in violation of the California Labor Code and the California Unfair Competition Law, among other allegations. This action is seeking both restitutionary damages and a permanent injunction that would bar the Company from continuing to classify California Dashers as independent contractors. It is a reasonable possibility that a loss may be incurred; however, the possible range of losses is not estimable given the status of the case.
Indemnification
The Company enters into standard indemnification arrangements in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these arrangements, the Company agrees to indemnify, hold harmless, and reimburse the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, in connection with any trade secret, copyright, patent, or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to the Company's technology. The terms of these indemnification agreements are generally perpetual any time after the execution of the agreement.
In addition, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and officers that may require the Company to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers of the Company, other than liabilities arising from willful misconduct of the individual.
The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these agreements is not determinable because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future, but have not yet been made. The Company has not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. No liability associated with such indemnifications was recorded as of December 31, 2023 and 2024.
Non-cancelable Purchase Commitments
The Company has non-cancelable purchase commitments, which primarily relate to the purchase of data processing and technology platform infrastructure. These purchase commitments are not recorded as liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 as the Company has not yet received the related services. As of December 31, 2024, the future minimum payments under the Company’s non-cancelable purchase commitments were as follows (in millions):
| Year Ending December 31, | Amount | |||||||
| 2025 | $ | 316 | ||||||
| 2026 | 372 | |||||||
| 2027 | 285 | |||||||
| 2028 | 87 | |||||||
| 2029 | 8 | |||||||
| Total future minimum payments | $ | 1,068 |
Insurance Collateral
The Company is required to maintain $692 million in collateral in connection with certain insurance policies, which can be held in a combination of cash, surety bonds, and letters of credit. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $692 million of collateral outstanding in the form of surety bonds and letters of credit in connection with the insurance collateral requirement.
Revolving Credit Facility and Letters of Credit
In November 2019, the Company entered into a revolving credit and guaranty agreement, which, as most recently amended and restated on April 26, 2024, provides for an unsecured revolving credit facility of up to $800 million, with a letter of credit sublimit of $600 million, maturing on April 26, 2029. Loans under the revolving credit facility bear interest at the Company’s option, at (i) a base rate equal to the highest of (A) the prime rate, (B) the higher of the federal funds rate or a composite overnight bank borrowing rate plus 0.50%, or (C) an adjusted SOFR rate for a one-month interest period plus 1.00%, or (ii) an adjusted SOFR rate (based on an interest period of one, three, or six months) plus a margin equal to 1.00%. The Company is also obligated to pay other customary fees for a credit facility of this size and type, including letter of credit fees, an upfront fee, and an unused commitment fee of 0.10%. The Company's obligations under the revolving credit facility are guaranteed by certain of its domestic subsidiaries meeting materiality thresholds set forth in the credit agreement. The credit agreement contains customary affirmative covenants and customary negative covenants that
restrict the Company's ability and its subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things, incur subsidiary indebtedness, grant liens, declare cash dividends or make certain other distributions, repurchase stock, merge or consolidate with other companies or sell substantially all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, make investments and loans, and engage in certain transactions with affiliates. The Company must also maintain compliance with a maximum senior net leverage ratio, measured quarterly, determined in accordance with the terms of the credit agreement.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the Company was in compliance with the covenants under the credit agreement. As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, no revolving loans were outstanding under the credit facility.
In addition to the letters of credit maintained in connection with the insurance collateral requirement, the Company also maintains letters of credit established primarily for real estate leases and insurance policies. As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the Company had $138 million and $141 million of issued letters of credit outstanding, respectively, of which $115 million and $112 million, respectively, were issued from the revolving credit and guaranty agreement.
Sales and Indirect Tax Matters
The Company records sales and indirect tax liabilities as they become probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. These reserves are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company is under audit by various state, local, and foreign tax authorities with regard to sales and indirect tax matters. The timing of the resolution of indirect tax examinations is highly uncertain, and the amounts ultimately paid, if any, upon resolution of the issues raised by the tax authorities may differ from the amounts accrued.
10. Common Stock
Stock Repurchase Program
In February 2024, the Company authorized the repurchase of Class A common stock, in an aggregate amount of up to $1.1 billion. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company repurchased 2.1 million shares of its Class A common stock at a weighted average price of $105.12 per share for a total amount of $224 million. The shares were retired immediately upon repurchase.
Restricted Stock
The Company granted restricted stock to certain continuing employees in connection with the Wolt acquisition. Vesting of this stock is dependent on the respective employee’s continued employment at the Company during the requisite service period, which is generally up to four years from the issuance date. The fair value of the restricted stock issued to employees that is subject to post-acquisition employment is recorded as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.
The activities for the restricted stock issued to employees was as follows (in thousands, except per share data):
| Number of Shares | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share | ||||||||||
| Unvested restricted stock as of December 31, 2023 | 285 | ||||||||||
| Granted | — | $ | — | ||||||||
| Vested | (193) | $ | 76.91 | ||||||||
| Forfeited | — | $ | — | ||||||||
| Unvested restricted stock as of December 31, 2024 | 92 |
Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance
The following table summarizes the Company’s shares of common stock reserved for future issuance on an as-converted basis (in thousands):
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||
| Stock options issued and outstanding under the 2014 Plan and Inducement Plan | 9,022 | 4,516 | |||||||||
| RSUs outstanding under the 2014 Plan, 2020 Plan and Inducement Plan | 37,822 | 29,566 | |||||||||
| Remaining shares available for future issuance | 50,137 | 64,481 | |||||||||
| Shares available for issuance under the 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan | 6,499 | 6,499 | |||||||||
| Total | 103,480 | 105,062 |
2014 Equity Incentive Plan
In March 2014, the Company adopted the 2014 Stock Option Plan, as amended (the "2014 Plan"), which provided for the granting of stock options to employees, consultants, and advisors of the Company. Options granted under the 2014 Plan are either incentive stock options or nonqualified stock options. Options under the 2014 Plan were granted for a term of up to ten years (or five years if the option was an incentive stock option granted to a greater than 10% stockholder) and at prices no less than 100% of the estimated fair value of the shares on the date of grant as determined by the Company’s board of directors; provided, however, that the exercise price of an incentive stock option granted to a greater than 10% stockholder could not be less than 110% of the estimated fair value of the shares on the date of grant. Options granted generally vested over four years.
The 2014 Plan allowed for the early exercise of options. Under the terms of the 2014 Plan, option holders, upon early exercise, were required to sign a restricted stock purchase agreement that gave the Company the right to repurchase any unvested shares, at the original exercise price, in the event the grantees’ employment terminated for any reason. The repurchase right lapsed over time as the shares vested at the same rate as the original option vesting schedule. Stock-based awards forfeited, cancelled, or repurchased generally were returned to the pool of shares of common stock available for issuance.
In connection with the IPO, the 2014 Plan was terminated effective immediately prior to the effectiveness of the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2020 Plan") and the Company ceased granting any additional awards under the 2014 Plan. All outstanding awards under the 2014 Plan at the time of the termination of the 2014 Plan remain subject to the terms of the 2014 Plan, and any shares underlying stock options that expire or terminate or are forfeited or repurchased by the Company under the 2014 Plan were automatically transferred to the 2020 Plan.
2020 Equity Incentive Plan
In November 2020, the Company's board of directors adopted, and the Company's stockholders approved, the 2020 Plan, which became effective one business day prior to the effective date of the IPO registration statement. The 2020 Plan provides for the granting of incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock, RSUs, stock appreciation rights, performance units, and performance shares for the Company's Class A common stock to the Company's employees, directors, and consultants. Stock-based awards under the 2020 Plan that expire or are forfeited, cancelled, or repurchased generally are returned to the pool of shares of Class A common stock available for issuance under the 2020 Plan. In addition, the number of shares of the Company's Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the 2020 Plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each calendar year, starting on January 1, 2021 in an amount equal to the least of (i) 32,493,000 shares, (ii) five percent (5%) of the total number of all classes of common stock outstanding on December 31 of the fiscal year before the date of each automatic increase, or (iii) such other number of shares determined by the Company's board of directors prior to the applicable January 1.
The exercise price of the options granted under the 2020 Plan will at least be equal to the fair market value of the Company's Class A common stock on the date of grant. The options may be granted for a term of up to ten years (or five years if the option is an incentive stock option granted to a greater than 10% stockholder) and at prices no less than 100% of the fair market value of the shares on the date of grant, provided, however, that the exercise price of an incentive stock option granted to a greater than 10% stockholder shall not be less than 110% of the estimated fair value of the shares on the date of grant. Options granted under the 2020 Plan generally vest over four years.
2022 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan
In May 2022, the Company's board of directors adopted the 2022 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (the “Inducement Plan”), pursuant to which the Company reserved 9,760,000 shares of Class A common stock to be used exclusively for grants of equity-based awards to individuals who were not previously employees or directors of the Company, as a material inducement to the individual’s entry into employment with the Company. The Inducement Plan permits the grant
of nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock, RSUs, stock appreciation rights, performance units and performance shares. Shares that actually have been issued under the Inducement Plan under any award will not be returned to the Inducement Plan and will not become available for future distribution under the Inducement Plan; however, if shares issued pursuant to awards of restricted stock, RSUs, performance shares or performance units are repurchased by the Company or are forfeited to the Company due to failure to vest, such shares will become available for future grant under the Inducement Plan. Shares used to pay the exercise price of an award or to satisfy the tax withholding obligations related to an award will become available for future grant or sale under the Inducement Plan. The exercise price, term, and any other terms and conditions of the options granted under the Inducement Plan will be determined by the administrator of the plan.
RSUs
The Company generally grants RSUs that vest only upon the satisfaction of a service-based vesting condition, which is generally four years. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.
CEO Performance Award
In November 2020, the Company’s board of directors approved the grant of 10,379,000 RSUs to the CEO (the “CEO Performance Award”). The CEO Performance Award vests upon the satisfaction of a service condition and achievement of certain stock price goals. The CEO Performance Award is excluded from Class A common stock issued and outstanding until the satisfaction of these vesting conditions. The CEO Performance Award also provides the holder with certain stockholder rights, such as the right to vote the shares with the other holders of Class A common stock and a right to cumulative declared dividends. However, the CEO Performance Award is not considered a participating security for purposes of calculating net loss per share attributable to common stockholders as the right to the cumulative declared dividends is forfeitable if the service condition is not met.
The CEO Performance Award is eligible to vest beginning on the first trading day 18 months following the Company’s IPO date, and expiring seven years after the IPO date. The CEO Performance Award comprises nine tranches that are eligible to vest based on the achievement of stock price goals, ranging from $187.60 to $501.00 per share, each of which are referred to as a Company Stock Price Target, measured over a consecutive 180-day calendar period during the performance period as set forth below. This measurement period was designed to reward the CEO only if the Company achieved sustained growth in the stock price.
| Company Stock Price Target | Number of RSUs Eligible to Vest | |||||||||||||
| 1 | $187.60 | 518,950 | ||||||||||||
| 2 | $226.80 | 518,950 | ||||||||||||
| 3 | $265.80 | 1,037,900 | ||||||||||||
| 4 | $305.00 | 1,037,900 | ||||||||||||
| 5 | $344.00 | 1,037,900 | ||||||||||||
| 6 | $383.00 | 1,556,850 | ||||||||||||
| 7 | $422.20 | 1,556,850 | ||||||||||||
| 8 | $461.20 | 1,556,850 | ||||||||||||
| 9 | $501.00 | 1,556,850 |
The Company calculated the grant date fair value of the CEO Performance Award based on multiple stock price paths developed through the use of a Monte Carlo simulation model. A Monte Carlo simulation model also calculates a derived service period for each of the nine vesting tranches, which is the measure of the expected time to achieve each Company Stock Price Target. A Monte Carlo simulation model requires the use of various assumptions, including the underlying stock price, volatility, and the risk-free interest rate as of the valuation date, corresponding to the length of time remaining in the performance period, and expected dividend yield. The weighted-average grant date fair value of the CEO Performance Award was $39.8275 per share. The Company will recognize total stock-based compensation expense of $413 million over the derived service period of each tranche, which is between 2.53 to 4.42 years, using the accelerated attribution method as long as the CEO satisfies the service-based vesting condition. If the Company Stock Price Targets are met sooner than the derived service period, the Company will adjust its stock-based compensation to reflect the cumulative expense associated with the vested awards. Provided that Tony Xu continues to be the Company's CEO, the Company will recognize stock-based compensation expense over the requisite service period, regardless of whether the Company Stock Price Targets are achieved.
The Company recorded $112 million, $104 million, and $67 million of stock-based compensation expense related to the CEO Performance Award during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the CEO Performance Award was $7 million, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining period of 0.32 years.
Stock Award Activities
A summary of activity under the 2014 Plan, 2020 Plan, and Inducement Plan was as follows (in millions, except share amounts which are reflected in thousands, and per share data):
| Options Outstanding | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares subject to Options Outstanding | Weighted- Average Exercise Price | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2023 | 9,022 | $ | 4.38 | 3.41 | $ | 853 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Granted | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercised | (4,504) | $ | 3.04 | $ | 580 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cancelled and forfeited | (2) | $ | 2.63 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2024 | 4,516 | $ | 5.72 | 3.18 | $ | 732 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercisable as of December 31, 2024 | 4,300 | $ | 5.79 | 3.24 | $ | 696 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2024 | 4,516 | $ | 5.72 | 3.18 | $ | 732 |
The aggregate intrinsic value disclosed in the above table is based on the difference between the exercise price of the stock option and the closing stock price of the Company's Class A common stock on the Nasdaq Stock Market as of the respective year-end dates. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024 was $451 million, $510 million, and $580 million, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock assumed via acquisition during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $72.99 per share. There were no stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024.
A summary of RSU activity was as follows (in millions, except share amounts which are reflected in thousands, and per share data):
| Number of Shares | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | |||||||||||||||
| Unvested RSUs as of December 31, 2023 | 37,792 | $ | 3,645 | ||||||||||||||
| Granted | 8,527 | $ | 128.17 | ||||||||||||||
| Vested | (15) | $ | 80.47 | ||||||||||||||
| Vested and settled | (14,059) | $ | 84.77 | ||||||||||||||
| Forfeited | (2,710) | $ | 84.45 | ||||||||||||||
| Unvested RSUs as of December 31, 2024 | 29,535 | $ | 4,955 |
The aggregate intrinsic value disclosed in the above table is based on the closing stock price of the Company's Class A common stock on the Nasdaq Stock Market as of the respective year-end dates. The weighted-average fair value per share of RSUs granted and assumed via acquisition during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024 was $74.16, $65.06, and $128.17, respectively.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
The Company estimated the fair value of stock options assumed via acquisition using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Key assumptions of the Black-Scholes valuation model are the risk-free interest rate, expected volatility, expected term and expected dividends. The Company determined the expected term of assumed in the money option awards by considering vesting provisions, the expected exercise behavior, and contractual term of the awards. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues similar in duration to the expected term of the stock option awards. The Company developed the expected volatility using the average volatility of its Class A common stock and the stocks of a peer group of similar publicly traded peer companies. The Company utilized a dividend yield of zero, as it had no history or plan of declaring dividends on its common stock.
There were no stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024, except for the options assumed via acquisition in 2022. The assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options assumed via acquisition for the periods presented were as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Expected volatility | 69.13% | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Risk-free rate | 2.29% | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Expected term (in years) | 1.69 | — | — |
The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of operations as follows (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization | $ | 102 | $ | 139 | $ | 151 | |||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | 98 | 119 | 117 | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 365 | 466 | 505 | ||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | 313 | 364 | 326 | ||||||||||||||
| Restructuring charges | 11 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 889 | $ | 1,088 | $ | 1,099 |
As of December 31, 2024, there was $3 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average period of 0.97 years.
As of December 31, 2024, there was $1.6 billion of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested restricted stock and RSUs, excluding the unrecognized stock-based compensation expense associated with the CEO Performance Award. The Company expects to recognize this expense over the remaining weighted-average period of 2.04 years.
2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The Company's board of directors adopted, and the Company's stockholders approved, the 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP"), which became effective on the business day immediately prior to the effectiveness of the IPO. A total of 6,498,600 shares of Class A common stock were initially reserved for sale under the ESPP. The number of shares of Class A common stock available for issuance under the ESPP will be increased on the first day of each fiscal year beginning with the fiscal year following the fiscal year in which the first enrollment date (if any) occurs equal to the least of (i) 6,498,600 shares of Class A common stock, (ii) one and one-half percent (1.5%) of the outstanding shares of all classes of common stock on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, or (iii) an amount determined by the administrator of the ESPP.
The ESPP includes two components: a component that allows the Company to make offerings intended to qualify under Section 423 of the Code and a component that allows the Company to make offerings not intended to qualify under Section 423 of the Code to designated companies. Subject to any limitations contained therein, the ESPP allows eligible employees to contribute (in the form of payroll deductions or otherwise to the extent permitted by the administrator) an amount established by the administrator from time to time in its discretion to purchase Class A common stock at a discounted price per share.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, there had been no offering period or purchase period under the ESPP, and no such period will begin unless and until determined by the administrator.
11. Income Taxes
The components of income (loss) before income taxes were as follows (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| United States | $ | (991) | $ | 259 | $ | 925 | |||||||||||
| Foreign | (408) | (793) | (769) | ||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | (1,399) | $ | (534) | $ | 156 |
The components of provision for (benefit from) income taxes were as follows (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Current | |||||||||||||||||
| Federal | $ | — | $ | 6 | $ | 5 | |||||||||||
| State | — | 9 | 6 | ||||||||||||||
| Foreign | 4 | 17 | 27 | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 4 | $ | 32 | $ | 38 | |||||||||||
| Deferred | |||||||||||||||||
| Federal | — | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| State | 1 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Foreign | (36) | (2) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Total | (35) | (1) | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| Total provision for (benefit from) income taxes | $ | (31) | $ | 31 | $ | 39 |
The items accounting for differences between income taxes computed at the federal statutory rate and the provision (benefit) recorded for income taxes were as follows (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Income taxes computed at the federal statutory rate | $ | (294) | $ | (112) | $ | 33 | |||||||||||
| State taxes, net of federal benefits | — | 7 | 5 | ||||||||||||||
| Tax impact of foreign earnings and losses | 55 | 181 | (23) | ||||||||||||||
| Change in valuation allowance | 179 | 47 | 292 | ||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | 6 | (59) | (174) | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development credits | 22 | (44) | (106) | ||||||||||||||
| Non-deductible expenses | 14 | 9 | 13 | ||||||||||||||
| Other | (13) | 2 | (1) | ||||||||||||||
| Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | $ | (31) | $ | 31 | $ | 39 |
The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows (in millions):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2023 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets | |||||||||||
| Loss carryovers | $ | 697 | $ | 808 | |||||||
| Tax credits | 245 | 376 | |||||||||
| Capitalized research and development | 691 | 886 | |||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | 43 | 54 | |||||||||
| Lease liabilities | 122 | 149 | |||||||||
| Accruals and reserves | 234 | 360 | |||||||||
| Other | 103 | 112 | |||||||||
| Total gross deferred tax assets | 2,135 | 2,745 | |||||||||
| Less: Valuation allowance | (1,858) | (2,352) | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets net of valuation allowance | 277 | 393 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | |||||||||||
| Property and equipment and intangible assets | (144) | (224) | |||||||||
| Lease assets | (98) | (111) | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | (38) | (62) | |||||||||
| Total gross deferred tax liabilities | (280) | (397) | |||||||||
| Net deferred tax liabilities | $ | (3) | $ | (4) |
Due to the weight of objectively verifiable negative evidence, including its history of losses, the Company’s deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance, with the exception of certain foreign jurisdictions. Overall, the valuation allowance increased by $257 million, $203 million, and $494 million in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had accumulated U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of $1.8 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively. Federal net operating losses carry forward indefinitely. Of the $1.7 billion of state net operating losses, $559 million carry forward indefinitely. The remaining state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2025. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $1.7 billion that begin to expire in 2025.
The Company also had $417 million and $213 million of federal and state research and development tax credit carryforwards, respectively, as of December 31, 2024. The federal research and development tax credits expire in varying amounts starting in 2041. The California research credits do not expire and carry forward indefinitely.
The Company’s ability to utilize the net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards in the future may be limited in the event of past or future ownership changes as defined in Section 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and similar state tax law. Based on the most recent analysis, the Company does not anticipate a current limitation on the tax attributes under Section 382 and 383.
The Company intends to invest substantially all of its foreign subsidiary earnings, as well as its capital in its foreign subsidiaries, indefinitely in those jurisdictions in which the Company could incur significant, additional costs upon repatriation of such amounts.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of gross unrecognized tax benefits is included in the table below (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year | $ | 69 | $ | 69 | $ | 183 | |||||||||||
| Increases related to current year tax positions | 19 | 47 | 64 | ||||||||||||||
| Increases related to prior year tax positions | — | 67 | 28 | ||||||||||||||
| Decreases related to prior year tax positions | (19) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Unrecognized tax benefits at end of year | $ | 69 | $ | 183 | $ | 275 |
The Company had $275 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2024, the majority of which would not impact its effective tax rate if recognized due to the Company's valuation allowance. The Company does not anticipate that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits relating to tax positions existing at December 31, 2024 will significantly increase or decrease within the next 12 months.
The Company’s policy is to recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within provision for (benefit from) income taxes, which were not material for the periods presented.
The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S. and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The material jurisdictions in which the Company operates include the United States and Finland. The Company’s 2013 and subsequent tax years remain open to examination by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. The Company’s 2018 and subsequent tax years remain open to examination in Finland.
12. Net Income (Loss) per Share Attributable to DoorDash, Inc. Common Stockholders
The Company computes net income (loss) per share attributable to DoorDash, Inc. common stockholders using the two-class method required for multiple classes of common stock and participating securities. The rights, including the liquidation and dividend rights, of the Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, other than voting rights. Accordingly, the Class A common stock and Class B common stock share equally in the Company’s net income and losses. The computation of diluted net income per share of Class A common stock for the year ended December 31, 2024 does not assume the conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock because including such shares would have an anti-dilutive effect.
The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to DoorDash, Inc. common stockholders during the periods presented. RSUs that vested but have not been settled are included in the denominator in calculating basic and diluted net income (loss) per share (in millions, except share amounts which are reflected in thousands, and per share data):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class A | Class B | Class A | Class B | Class A | Class B | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic net income (loss) per share | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Numerator | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) including redeemable non-controlling interests | $ | (1,260) | $ | (108) | $ | (525) | $ | (40) | $ | 109 | $ | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: Net loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | (3) | — | (7) | — | (6) | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to DoorDash, Inc. common stockholders | (1,257) | (108) | (518) | (40) | 115 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Denominator | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average number of shares outstanding used to compute basic net income (loss) per share attributable to DoorDash, Inc. common stockholders | 342,015 | 29,398 | 365,340 | 27,608 | 384,692 | 26,859 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to DoorDash, Inc. common stockholders | $ | (3.68) | $ | (3.68) | $ | (1.42) | $ | (1.42) | $ | 0.30 | $ | 0.30 |
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class A | Class B | Class A | Class B | Class A | Class B | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted net income (loss) per share | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Numerator | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to DoorDash, Inc. common stockholders | $ | (1,257) | $ | (108) | $ | (518) | $ | (40) | $ | 115 | $ | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Denominator | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average number of shares outstanding used to compute basic net income (loss) per share attributable to DoorDash, Inc. common stockholders | 342,015 | 29,398 | 365,340 | 27,608 | 384,692 | 26,859 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average effect of potentially dilutive securities | — | — | — | — | 18,691 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average number of shares outstanding used to compute diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to DoorDash, Inc. common stockholders | 342,015 | 29,398 | 365,340 | 27,608 | 403,383 | 26,859 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to DoorDash, Inc. common stockholders | $ | (3.68) | $ | (3.68) | $ | (1.42) | $ | (1.42) | $ | 0.29 | $ | 0.29 |
The following outstanding shares of potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share because including such shares would have an anti-dilutive effect, or issuance of such shares is contingent upon the satisfaction of certain conditions which were not satisfied at the end of the respective periods (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Stock options to purchase common stock | 16,021 | 9,022 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Unvested restricted stock and restricted stock units | 45,172 | 38,072 | 10,801 | ||||||||||||||
| Escrow shares | 2,012 | 72 | 72 | ||||||||||||||
| Total | 63,205 | 47,166 | 10,873 |
13. Employee Benefit Plans
401(k) Plan
The Company has a 401(k) Plan that qualifies as a deferred salary arrangement under Section 401 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. Under the 401(k) Plan, eligible and participating employees may defer a portion of their pretax earnings not to exceed the maximum amount allowable. In 2023, the Company began to make discretionary matching contributions to those participating employees who met certain employment criteria. The Company's matching contributions to the plan were not material for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2024.
Defined Benefit Plan
Employees based in Finland are covered under the Finnish Employees’ Pension Act (“TyEL”). TyEL is a statutory private sector pension act that is partly funded and paid through a pay-as-you-go pool. The Old-age Pension and Disability Pension benefits of TyEL are classified as postretirement benefits under defined benefit plan accounting standards and based on an actuarial valuation. The Old-age Pension liability for active employees includes the effect of future salary increases. The Disability Pension liability for active employees is based on employees' total salary two years before the fiscal year.
Net periodic benefit cost is reflected in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Service cost is reflected in total costs and expenses. Other components of net periodic benefit cost, including interest cost and amortization of actuarial gains and losses, is included in other expense, net. Actuarial gains and losses resulting from remeasurement are initially recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.
14. Variable Interest Entities
On July 1, 2022, the Company formed a joint venture with a retail partner in Canada with the objective of providing on-demand delivery of grocery and convenience items to customers in Canada (the "JV"). The Company owns a majority interest in the JV.
In connection with the formation of the JV, the Company had committed to contribute cash and certain assets worth $98 million Canadian dollars (approximately $73 million US dollars) over three years. Upon the closing of the transaction, the Company contributed cash and certain assets of $41 million Canadian dollars (approximately $32 million US dollars). During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company contributed cash of $18 million Canadian dollars (approximately $13 million US dollars). Additional capital contributions will be made in a manner that preserves the ownership percentage of each shareholder.
The common units held by the Company in the JV were determined to be a variable interest. The Company is the primary beneficiary because the Company has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the performance of the JV. As a result, the Company consolidates the assets and liabilities of the JV.
Total assets of the JV included on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 were $39 million and $32 million, respectively. Total liabilities of the JV included on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 were $11 million and $8 million, respectively.
The JV’s assets may only be used to settle the JV’s obligations and may not be used for other consolidated entities. The JV’s liabilities are non-recourse to the general credit of the Company’s other consolidated entities.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the minority shareholder’s ownership in the JV is classified as redeemable non-controlling interest, because it is redeemable on an event that is not solely in the Company’s control. The redeemable non-controlling interest is not accreted to redemption value because it is currently not probable that the non-controlling interest will become redeemable. Total redeemable non-controlling interest was $7 million and $7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively. Net loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest was $3 million, $7 million and $6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.
15. Segment Reporting
The Company’s Chief Executive Officer is the Company’s CODM. The CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of making operating decisions, allocating resources, and evaluating financial
performance. As such, the Company has determined that it operates in one reportable segment. The significant segment expenses regularly provided to the CODM was as follows (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 6,583 | $ | 8,635 | $ | 10,722 | |||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 369 | 509 | 561 | ||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | 889 | 1,088 | 1,099 | ||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue* | 3,486 | 4,450 | 5,391 | ||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing* | 1,584 | 1,757 | 1,920 | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development* | 464 | 537 | 663 | ||||||||||||||
| General and administrative* | 834 | 871 | 1,126 | ||||||||||||||
| Restructuring charges* | 81 | 2 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Total costs and expenses | 7,707 | 9,214 | 10,760 | ||||||||||||||
| Loss from operations | (1,124) | (579) | (38) | ||||||||||||||
| Interest income, net | 30 | 152 | 199 | ||||||||||||||
| Other expense, net | (305) | (107) | (5) | ||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes | (1,399) | (534) | 156 | ||||||||||||||
| Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | (31) | 31 | 39 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) including redeemable non-controlling interests | (1,368) | (565) | 117 | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | (3) | (7) | (6) | ||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to DoorDash, Inc. common stockholders | $ | (1,365) | $ | (558) | $ | 123 |
*Exclusive of stock-based compensation and depreciation and amortization shown separately.
16. Subsequent Events
In February 2025, the Company announced the authorization of a share repurchase program for the repurchase of shares of its Class A common stock in an aggregate amount of up to $5.0 billion, which is inclusive of the remaining share repurchase authority of $876 million under the share repurchase program that was previously announced by the Company in February 2024. Repurchases may be made from time to time through open market purchases or through privately negotiated transactions subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements, and other relevant factors. Open market repurchases may be structured to occur in accordance with the requirements of Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act. The Company may also, from time to time, enter into Rule 10b5-1 plans to facilitate repurchases of its Class A common stock under this authorization. The Company may or may not repurchase any portion of the total authorized amount, and the timing and actual number of shares repurchased may depend on a variety of factors, including price, general business and market conditions, and alternative investment opportunities.
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