Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

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Estimated Useful Lives in Years

Utility

Generation

Distribution

Storage

DTE Electric

The following Consolidated Financial Statements and financial statement schedules are included herein:



	Page
DTE Energy — Controls and Procedures	55
DTE Energy — Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	56
DTE Energy — Consolidated Statements of Operations	60
DTE Energy — Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	61
DTE Energy — Consolidated Statements of Financial Position	62
DTE Energy — Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	64
DTE Energy — Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity	65
DTE Electric — Controls and Procedures	66
DTE Electric — Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	67
DTE Electric — Consolidated Statements of Operations	68
DTE Electric — Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	69
DTE Electric — Consolidated Statements of Financial Position	70
DTE Electric — Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	72
DTE Electric — Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholder's Equity	73
Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	74
Note 1 — Organization and Basis of Presentation	74
Note 2 — Significant Accounting Policies	78
Note 3 — New Accounting Pronouncements	83
Note 4 — Acquisitions	85
Note 5 — Revenue	87
Note 6 — Goodwill	91
Note 7 — Property, Plant, and Equipment	92
Note 8 — Jointly-Owned Utility Plant	94
Note 9 — Asset Retirement Obligations	94
Note 10 — Regulatory Matters	96
Note 11 — Income Taxes	100
Note 12 — Earnings Per Share	103
Note 13 — Fair Value	104
Note 14 — Financial and Other Derivative Instruments	110
Note 15 — Long-Term Debt	116
Note 16 — Preferred and Preference Securities	119
Note 17 — Short-Term Credit Arrangements and Borrowings	119
Note 18 — Capital and Operating Leases	120
Note 19 — Commitments and Contingencies	126
Note 20 — Nuclear Operations	131
Note 21 — Retirement Benefits and Trusteed Assets	132
Note 22 — Stock-Based Compensation	142
Note 23 — Segment and Related Information	144
Note 24 — Related Party Transactions	147
Note 25 — Supplementary Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)	148
Financial Statement Schedule
Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts	163

DTE Energy — Controls and Procedures

(a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

Management of DTE Energy carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of DTE Energy's Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of DTE Energy's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of December 31, 2019, which is the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, DTE Energy's CEO and CFO have concluded that such disclosure controls and procedures are effective in providing reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by DTE Energy in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act (i) is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms and (ii) is accumulated and communicated to DTE Energy's management, including its CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Due to the inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any disclosure controls and procedures, management cannot provide absolute assurance that the objectives of its disclosure controls and procedures will be attained.

(b) Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting

Management of DTE Energy is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, DTE Energy's CEO and CFO, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Management has excluded the acquisition of M5 Louisiana Gathering, LLC and its wholly owned subsidiaries (“Blue Union and LEAP”) from the Company’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 as it was acquired by the Company in an acquisition on December 4, 2019. Blue Union and LEAP represent approximately 3% of consolidated total assets as of December 31, 2019 and less than 1% of total revenues and other income for the year ended December 31, 2019. We plan to fully integrate the acquired businesses into our internal control over financial reporting in 2020.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management of DTE Energy has assessed the effectiveness of DTE Energy’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework. Based on this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, DTE Energy’s internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.

The effectiveness of DTE Energy’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm who also audited DTE Energy’s financial statements, as stated in their report which appears herein.

(c) Changes in internal control over financial reporting

There have been no changes in DTE Energy's internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, DTE Energy's internal control over financial reporting.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of

DTE Energy Company

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of DTE Energy Company and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of changes in equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018**,** and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

As described in Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting, management has excluded the acquisition of M5 Louisiana Gathering, LLC and its wholly owned subsidiaries from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 because they were acquired by the Company in a business combination during 2019. We have also excluded M5 Louisiana Gathering, LLC and its wholly owned subsidiaries from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. M5 Louisiana Gathering, LLC and its wholly owned subsidiaries are wholly-owned subsidiaries whose total assets and total revenues excluded from management’s assessment and our audit of internal control over financial reporting represent approximately 3% and less than 1%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Acquisition of M5 Louisiana Gathering, LLC - Customer Relationship Intangible Assets

As described in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed the acquisition of M5 Louisiana Gathering, LLC for $2.74 billion in 2019, which resulted in $1.47 billion of customer relationship intangible assets being recorded. The fair value of the intangible assets acquired was estimated by applying the income approach based upon discounted projected future cash flows attributable to the existing contracts and agreements. Key management estimates and inputs include revenue and expense projections and discount rates based on the risks associated with the entities. The intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of 40 years, which is based on the number of years the assets are expected to economically contribute to the business. The expected economic benefit incorporates existing customer contracts with a weighted-average amortization life of 13 years and expected renewal rates, based on the estimated volume and production lives of gas resources in the region.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the acquisition of M5 Gathering - customer relationship intangible assets is a critical audit matter are there was significant judgment by management in determining the fair value of the intangible assets acquired, which includes significant estimates and inputs related to revenue and expense projections, discount rates, and expected renewal rates of existing customer contracts. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and in evaluating the audit evidence obtained related to these estimates and inputs. In addition, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the acquisition accounting, including controls over management’s valuation of the intangible assets and controls over development of the significant estimates and inputs related to the valuation of the intangible assets, including revenue and expense projections, discount rates, and expected renewals rates of existing customer contracts. These procedures also included, among others (i) reading the purchase agreement; (ii) testing management’s process for estimating the fair value of the intangible assets; and (iii) testing management’s cash flow projections used to estimate the fair value of the intangible assets, including testing customer renewal rate assumptions included in the projections. Testing management’s process included evaluating the appropriateness of the valuation method and the reasonableness of significant estimates and inputs, including the revenue and expense projections, expected renewal rates, and the discount rate for the intangible assets. Evaluating the reasonableness of these assumptions included agreeing revenue projections, consisting of pricing and minimum volume commitments, to customer contracts, comparing projections to prior year actual results and obtaining support for the expected renewal rates which included analyzing industry data on the production lives of the reserves in the region. We used professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of the valuation method and discount rates.

Accounting for the Effects of New, or Changes to Existing, Regulatory Matters

As described in Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recorded $4.176 million of regulatory assets and $3.329 million of regulatory liabilities as of December 31, 2019. The Company is required to record regulatory assets and liabilities for certain transactions that would have been treated as revenue or expense in non-regulated businesses. Continued applicability of regulatory accounting treatment requires that rates be designed to recover specific costs of providing regulatory services and be charged to and collected from customers. Future regulatory changes could result in a discontinuance of this accounting treatment for regulatory assets and liabilities for some or all of the Company’s regulated businesses and may require the write-off of the portion of any regulatory asset or liability that was no longer probable of recovery through regulated rates. Management believes that currently available facts support the continued use of regulatory assets and liabilities and that all regulatory assets and liabilities are recoverable or refundable in the current regulatory environment.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the accounting for the effects of new, or changes to existing, regulatory matters is a critical audit matter are there was significant judgment by management in assessing the potential outcome and resulting accounting implications of new, or changes to existing, regulatory matters. This in turn led to significant audit judgment and effort in evaluating the appropriateness of management’s assessment and audit evidence obtained related to the assessment.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s assessment and implementation of new regulatory matters or changes to existing regulatory matters. These procedures also included, among others, assessing (i) the reasonableness of management’s assessment of impacts arising from correspondence with regulators and changes in laws and regulations and (ii) the appropriateness of disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Testing regulatory assets and liabilities, including those subject to pending rate orders, involved considering the provisions and formulas outlined in the rate orders, other regulatory correspondence, and the application of relevant regulatory precedents.

Valuation of Level 3 Derivative Instruments

As described in Notes 13 and 14 to the consolidated financial statements, the fair value of level 3 derivative assets was $160 million and the fair value of level 3 derivative liabilities was $156 million as of December 31, 2019. Contracts classified as derivative instruments include electricity, natural gas, oil, certain environmental contracts, certain coal forwards, futures, options, swaps, and foreign currency exchange contracts. The fair value estimate of level 3 assets and liabilities consist of unobservable inputs, and the fair value is estimated based on internally developed models or methodologies using inputs that are generally less readily observable and supported by little, if any, market activity at the measurement date. Management primarily uses a discounted cash flow valuation technique to value level 3 assets and liabilities, which include forward basis prices as unobservable inputs. Other inputs to the valuation model include commodity market prices, broker quotes, interest rates, credit ratings, default rates, market-based seasonality, and basis differential factors.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of level 3 derivative instruments is a critical audit matter are there was significant judgment by management to determine the fair value of these instruments due to the use of internally-developed models or methodologies, which included significant assumptions related to forward basis prices, commodity market prices, broker quotes, and basis differential factors. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and in evaluating the audit evidence obtained related to the valuation, and the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the valuation of level 3 derivative instruments, including controls over the models and methodologies, data, and significant assumptions. These procedures also included, among others, testing the underlying data used in the estimate, evaluating the appropriateness of the models and methodologies, and evaluating the reasonableness of significant assumptions used by management in developing the fair value measurement related to forward basis prices, commodity market prices, broker quotes, and basis differential factors. We used professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of the internally developed models and methodologies, including assessing the methodology used to develop forward basis prices and assessing the key inputs and assumptions used in the models, including commodity market prices, broker quotes, and basis differential factors.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Detroit, Michigan

February 5, 2020

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2008.

DTE Energy Company

Consolidated Statements of Operations



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(In millions, except per share amounts)
Operating Revenues
Utility operations	$	6,638		$	6,670		$	6,434
Non-utility operations	6,031			7,542			6,173
	12,669			14,212			12,607

Operating Expenses
Fuel, purchased power, and gas — utility	1,798			1,981			1,881
Fuel, purchased power, and gas — non-utility	5,053			6,630			5,283
Operation and maintenance	2,419			2,451			2,270
Depreciation and amortization	1,263			1,124			1,030
Taxes other than income	414			405			391
Asset (gains) losses and impairments, net	15			27			41
	10,962			12,618			10,896
Operating Income	1,707			1,594			1,711

Other (Income) and Deductions
Interest expense	641			559			536
Interest income	(17		)	(12		)	(12		)
Non-operating retirement benefits, net	39			37			65
Other income	(350		)	(333		)	(268		)
Other expenses	70			127			103
	383			378			424
Income Before Income Taxes	1,324			1,216			1,287

Income Tax Expense	152			98			175

Net Income	1,172			1,118			1,112

Less: Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests	3			(2		)	(22		)

Net Income Attributable to DTE Energy Company	$	1,169		$	1,120		$	1,134

Basic Earnings per Common Share
Net Income Attributable to DTE Energy Company	$	6.32		$	6.18		$	6.32

Diluted Earnings per Common Share
Net Income Attributable to DTE Energy Company	$	6.31		$	6.17		$	6.32

Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding
Basic	185			181			179
Diluted	185			181			179

See Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

DTE Energy Company

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(In millions)
Net Income	$	1,172		$	1,118		$	1,112

Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Benefit obligations, net of taxes of $2, $2, and $5, respectively	8			8			10
Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during the period, net of taxes of $(4), $—, and $—, respectively	(12		)	(1		)	1
Net unrealized gains on investments during the period, net of taxes of $—, $—, and $1, respectively	—			—			1
Foreign currency translation	1			(2		)	1
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(3		)	5			13

Comprehensive income	1,169			1,123			1,125
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	3			(2		)	(22		)
Comprehensive Income Attributable to DTE Energy Company	$	1,166		$	1,125		$	1,147

See Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

DTE Energy Company

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position



	December 31,
	2019			2018
	(In millions)
ASSETS
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	93		$	71
Restricted cash	—			5
Accounts receivable (less allowance for doubtful accounts of $91 for both periods)
Customer	1,642			1,789
Other	245			108
Inventories
Fuel and gas	373			406
Materials and supplies	386			405
Derivative assets	133			102
Regulatory assets	5			153
Other	209			221
	3,086			3,260
Investments
Nuclear decommissioning trust funds	1,661			1,378
Investments in equity method investees	1,862			1,771
Other	265			219
	3,788			3,368
Property
Property, plant, and equipment	35,072			31,810
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(9,755		)	(10,160		)
	25,317			21,650
Other Assets
Goodwill	2,464			2,293
Regulatory assets	4,171			4,568
Intangible assets	2,393			849
Notes receivable	202			64
Derivative assets	41			31
Prepaid postretirement costs	69			45
Operating lease right-of-use assets	169			—
Other	182			160
	9,691			8,010
Total Assets	$	41,882		$	36,288

See Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

DTE Energy Company

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position — (Continued)



	December 31,
	2019			2018
	(In millions, except shares)
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable	$	1,076		$	1,329
Accrued interest	147			127
Dividends payable	195			172
Short-term borrowings	828			609
Current portion long-term debt, including finance leases	687			1,499
Derivative liabilities	83			67
Regulatory liabilities	65			126
Operating lease liabilities	33			—
Acquisition related deferred payment	379			—
Other	504			509
	3,997			4,438
Long-Term Debt (net of current portion)
Mortgage bonds, notes, and other	14,778			10,982
Junior subordinated debentures	1,146			1,145
Finance lease obligations	11			7
	15,935			12,134
Other Liabilities
Deferred income taxes	2,315			1,975
Regulatory liabilities	3,264			2,922
Asset retirement obligations	2,672			2,469
Unamortized investment tax credit	166			138
Derivative liabilities	86			89
Accrued pension liability	808			837
Nuclear decommissioning	249			205
Operating lease liability	127			—
Other	427			364
	10,114			8,999
Commitments and Contingencies (Notes 10 and 19)

Equity
Common stock (No par value, 400,000,000 shares authorized, and 192,208,533 and 181,925,281 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively)	5,233			4,245
Retained earnings	6,587			6,112
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(148		)	(120		)
Total DTE Energy Company Equity	11,672			10,237
Noncontrolling interests	164			480
Total Equity	11,836			10,717
Total Liabilities and Equity	$	41,882		$	36,288

See Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

DTE Energy Company

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Operating Activities	(In millions)
Net Income	$	1,172		$	1,118		$	1,112
Adjustments to reconcile Net Income to Net cash from operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	1,263			1,124			1,030
Nuclear fuel amortization	60			45			53
Allowance for equity funds used during construction	(24		)	(28		)	(23		)
Deferred income taxes	329			114			196
Equity earnings of equity method investees	(111		)	(132		)	(102		)
Dividends from equity method investees	160			74			74
Asset (gains) losses and impairments, net	14			29			38
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	49			(44		)	(252		)
Inventories	59			(32		)	(4		)
Prepaid postretirement benefit costs	(24		)	(45		)	—
Accounts payable	(288		)	146			129
Accrued pension liability	(29		)	(87		)	(228		)
Accrued postretirement liability	—			(61		)	25
Derivative assets and liabilities	(28		)	31			(94		)
Regulatory assets and liabilities	160			15			217
Other current and noncurrent assets and liabilities	(113		)	413			(54		)
Net cash from operating activities	2,649			2,680			2,117
Investing Activities
Plant and equipment expenditures — utility	(2,724		)	(2,439		)	(2,037		)
Plant and equipment expenditures — non-utility	(273		)	(274		)	(213		)
Acquisition, net of cash acquired	(2,470		)	—			—
Proceeds from sale of nuclear decommissioning trust fund assets	788			1,203			1,240
Investment in nuclear decommissioning trust funds	(794		)	(1,188		)	(1,226		)
Distributions from equity method investees	10			9			10
Contributions to equity method investees	(149		)	(637		)	(299		)
Notes receivable	(98		)	2			1
Other	(22		)	(23		)	(38		)
Net cash used for investing activities	(5,732		)	(3,347		)	(2,562		)
Financing Activities
Issuance of long-term debt, net of issuance costs	2,506			1,432			1,398
Redemption of long-term debt	(821		)	(105		)	(385		)
Issuance of equity units, net of issuance costs	1,265			—			—
Short-term borrowings, net	219			(12		)	122
Issuance of common stock	1,023			—			—
Repurchase of common stock	—			—			(51		)
Dividends on common stock	(692		)	(620		)	(592		)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests, principally REF entities	38			53			50
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	(59		)	(48		)	(40		)
Purchases of noncontrolling interest, principally SGG	(300		)	—			—
Other	(79		)	(46		)	(81		)
Net cash from financing activities	3,100			654			421
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash	17			(13		)	(24		)
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at Beginning of Period	76			89			113
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at End of Period	$	93		$	76		$	89

Supplemental disclosure of cash information
Cash paid (received) for:
Interest, net of interest capitalized	$	595		$	572		$	495
Income taxes	$	18		$	(26	)	$	4
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities(a)
Plant and equipment expenditures in accounts payable	$	311		$	307		$	295
Premium on equity units	$	150		$	—		$	—


(a)	See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Long-Term Debt" for additional non-cash financing activity related to the remarketing of RSNs.

See Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

DTE Energy Company

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity



						Retained Earnings				Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interests
	Common Stock
	Shares		Amount						Total
	(Dollars in millions, shares in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2016	179,433		$	4,030		$	5,114			$	(133	)	$	488		$	9,499
Net Income (Loss)	—		—			1,134				—			(22		)	1,112
Dividends declared on common stock ($3.36 per Common Share)	—		—			(602		)		—			—			(602		)
Repurchase of common stock	(524	)	(51		)	—				—			—			(51		)
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—		—			—				13			—			13
Stock-based compensation, net contributions from noncontrolling interests, and other	478		10			(3		)		—			12			19
Balance, December 31, 2017	179,387		$	3,989		$	5,643			$	(120	)	$	478		$	9,990
Implementation of ASU 2016-01	—		—			5				(5		)	—			—
Net Income (Loss)	—		—			1,120				—			(2		)	1,118
Dividends declared on common stock ($3.60 per Common Share)	—		—			(653		)		—			—			(653		)
Issuance of common stock	255		26			—				—			—			26
Contribution of common stock to pension plan	1,751		175			—				—			—			175
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—		—			—				5			—			5
Stock-based compensation, net contributions from noncontrolling interests, and other	532		55			(3		)		—			4			56
Balance, December 31, 2018	181,925		$	4,245		$	6,112			$	(120	)	$	480		$	10,717
Implementation of ASU 2018-02	—		—			25				(25		)	—			—
Net Income	—		—			1,169				—			3			1,172
Dividends declared on common stock ($3.85 per Common Share)	—		—			(714		)		—			—			(714		)
Issuance of common stock	8,634		1,014			—				—			—			1,014
Premium on equity units	—		(150		)	—				—			—			(150		)
Issuance costs of equity units	—		(30		)	—				—			—			(30		)
Contribution of common stock to pension plan	815		100			—				—			—			100
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—		—			—				(3		)	—			(3		)
Purchase of noncontrolling interests, principally SGG	—		(3		)	—				—			(297		)	(300		)
Stock-based compensation, net distributions to noncontrolling interests, and other	835		57			(5		)		—			(22		)	30
Balance, December 31, 2019	192,209		$	5,233		$	6,587			$	(148	)	$	164		$	11,836

See Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

DTE Electric — Controls and Procedures

(a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

Management of DTE Electric carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of DTE Electric's Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of DTE Electric's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of December 31, 2019, which is the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, DTE Electric's CEO and CFO have concluded that such disclosure controls and procedures are effective in providing reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by DTE Electric in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act (i) is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms and (ii) is accumulated and communicated to DTE Electric's management, including its CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Due to the inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any disclosure controls and procedures, management cannot provide absolute assurance that the objectives of its disclosure controls and procedures will be attained.

(b) Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting

Management of DTE Electric is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, DTE Electric's CEO and CFO, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Management of DTE Electric has assessed the effectiveness of DTE Electric's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework. Based on this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, DTE Electric's internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.

This annual report does not include an audit report of DTE Electric's independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to audit by DTE Electric's independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit DTE Electric to provide only management’s report in this annual report.

(c) Changes in internal control over financial reporting

There have been no changes in DTE Electric's internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, DTE Electric's internal control over financial reporting.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Shareholder of

DTE Electric Company

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of DTE Electric Company and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of changes in shareholder’s equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Detroit, Michigan

February 5, 2020

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2008.

DTE Electric Company

Consolidated Statements of Operations



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(In millions)
Operating Revenues	$	5,224		$	5,298		$	5,102

Operating Expenses
Fuel and purchased power — utility	1,390			1,552			1,454
Operation and maintenance	1,452			1,470			1,428
Depreciation and amortization	946			836			753
Taxes other than income	310			307			302
Asset (gains) losses and impairments, net	13			(1		)	—
	4,111			4,164			3,937
Operating Income	1,113			1,134			1,165

Other (Income) and Deductions
Interest expense	313			283			274
Interest income	(2		)	—			—
Non-operating retirement benefits, net	(1		)	—			—
Other income	(107		)	(83		)	(77		)
Other expenses	56			77			40
	259			277			237
Income Before Income Taxes	854			857			928

Income Tax Expense	138			193			327

Net Income	$	716		$	664		$	601

See Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

DTE Electric Company

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
	(In millions)
Net Income	$	716	$	664	$	601
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
Net unrealized gains on investments during the period, net of taxes of $—, $—, and $1, respectively	—		—		1
Other comprehensive income	—		—		1
Comprehensive Income	$	716	$	664	$	602

See Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

DTE Electric Company

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position



	December 31,
	2019			2018
	(In millions)
ASSETS
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	12		$	18
Accounts receivable (less allowance for doubtful accounts of $46 and $53, respectively)
Customer	729			750
Affiliates	25			11
Other	41			54
Inventories
Fuel	187			171
Materials and supplies	280			279
Regulatory assets	5			148
Other	78			89
	1,357			1,520
Investments
Nuclear decommissioning trust funds	1,661			1,378
Other	38			34
	1,699			1,412
Property
Property, plant, and equipment	24,279			22,747
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(6,706		)	(7,310		)
	17,573			15,437
Other Assets
Regulatory assets	3,448			3,829
Intangible assets	15			21
Prepaid postretirement costs — affiliates	266			189
Operating lease right-of-use assets	87			—
Other	143			121
	3,959			4,160
Total Assets	$	24,588		$	22,529

See Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

DTE Electric Company

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position — (Continued)



	December 31,
	2019		2018
	(In millions, except shares)
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDER'S EQUITY
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable
Affiliates	$	59	$	71
Other	406		441
Accrued interest	84		74
Current portion long-term debt, including finance leases	636		4
Regulatory liabilities	40		98
Short-term borrowings
Affiliates	97		101
Other	354		149
Operating lease liabilities	12		—
Other	155		139
	1,843		1,077
Long-Term Debt (net of current portion)
Mortgage bonds, notes, and other	6,548		6,538
Finance lease obligations	4		7
	6,552		6,545
Other Liabilities
Deferred income taxes	2,355		2,246
Regulatory liabilities	2,546		2,171
Asset retirement obligations	2,447		2,271
Unamortized investment tax credit	166		137
Nuclear decommissioning	249		205
Accrued pension liability — affiliates	717		718
Accrued postretirement liability — affiliates	367		278
Operating lease liabilities	67		—
Other	84		88
	8,998		8,114
Commitments and Contingencies (Notes 10 and 19)

Shareholder's Equity
Common stock ($10 par value, 400,000,000 shares authorized, and 138,632,234 shares issued and outstanding for both periods)	4,811		4,631
Retained earnings	2,384		2,162
Total Shareholder's Equity	7,195		6,793
Total Liabilities and Shareholder's Equity	$	24,588	$	22,529

See Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

DTE Electric Company

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Operating Activities	(In millions)
Net Income	$	716		$	664		$	601
Adjustments to reconcile Net Income to Net cash from operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	946			836			753
Nuclear fuel amortization	60			45			53
Allowance for equity funds used during construction	(22		)	(19		)	(18		)
Deferred income taxes	97			189			345
Asset (gains) losses and impairments, net	13			—			—
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	20			33			(80		)
Inventories	(17		)	15			31
Prepaid postretirement benefit costs — affiliates	(77		)	(76		)	1
Accounts payable	(57		)	54			(2		)
Accrued pension liability — affiliates	(1		)	(93		)	(197		)
Accrued postretirement liability — affiliates	89			(33		)	42
Regulatory assets and liabilities	139			4			202
Other current and noncurrent assets and liabilities	(197		)	101			(147		)
Net cash from operating activities	1,709			1,720			1,584
Investing Activities
Plant and equipment expenditures	(2,200		)	(1,989		)	(1,574		)
Proceeds from sale of nuclear decommissioning trust fund assets	788			1,203			1,240
Investment in nuclear decommissioning trust funds	(794		)	(1,188		)	(1,226		)
Other	(21		)	(15		)	18
Net cash used for investing activities	(2,227		)	(1,989		)	(1,542		)
Financing Activities
Issuance of long-term debt, net of issuance costs	643			519			435
Redemption of long-term debt	—			—			(300		)
Capital contribution by parent company	180			325			100
Short-term borrowings, net — affiliate	(4		)	(15		)	(1		)
Short-term borrowings, net — other	205			(89		)	176
Dividends on common stock	(494		)	(461		)	(432		)
Other	(18		)	(7		)	(18		)
Net cash from (used for) financing activities	512			272			(40		)
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents	(6		)	3			2
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Period	18			15			13
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period	$	12		$	18		$	15

Supplemental disclosure of cash information
Cash paid (received) for:
Interest, net of interest capitalized	$	295		$	283		$	252
Income taxes	$	46		$	—		$	(16	)
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities
Plant and equipment expenditures in accounts payable	$	192		$	181		$	191

See Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

DTE Electric Company

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholder's Equity



				Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
	Common Stock
	Shares	Amount				Total
	(Dollars in millions, shares in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2016	138,632	$	1,386	$	2,820		$	1,787		$	2		$	5,995
Net Income	—	—		—			601			—			601
Dividends declared on common stock	—	—		—			(432		)	—			(432		)
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—	—		—			—			1			1
Capital contribution by parent company	—	—		100			—			—			100
Balance, December 31, 2017	138,632	$	1,386	$	2,920		$	1,956		$	3		$	6,265
Implementation of ASU 2016-01	—	—		—			3			(3		)	—
Net Income	—	—		—			664			—			664
Dividends declared on common stock	—	—		—			(461		)	—			(461		)
Capital contribution by parent company	—	—		325			—			—			325
Balance, December 31, 2018	138,632	$	1,386	$	3,245		$	2,162		$	—		$	6,793
Net Income	—	—		—			716			—			716
Dividends declared on common stock	—	—		—			(494		)	—			(494		)
Capital contribution by parent company	—	—		180			—			—			180
Balance, December 31, 2019	138,632	$	1,386	$	3,425		$	2,384		$	—		$	7,195

See Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Index of Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are a combined presentation for DTE Energy and DTE Electric. The following list indicates the Registrant(s) to which each note applies:



Note 1	Organization and Basis of Presentation	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 2	Significant Accounting Policies	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 3	New Accounting Pronouncements	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 4	Acquisitions	DTE Energy
Note 5	Revenue	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 6	Goodwill	DTE Energy
Note 7	Property, Plant, and Equipment	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 8	Jointly-Owned Utility Plant	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 9	Asset Retirement Obligations	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 10	Regulatory Matters	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 11	Income Taxes	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 12	Common Stock and Earnings Per Share	DTE Energy
Note 13	Fair Value	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 14	Financial and Other Derivative Instruments	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 15	Long-Term Debt	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 16	Preferred and Preference Securities	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 17	Short-Term Credit Arrangements and Borrowings	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 18	Leases	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 19	Commitments and Contingencies	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 20	Nuclear Operations	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 21	Retirement Benefits and Trusteed Assets	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 22	Stock-Based Compensation	DTE Energy and DTE Electric
Note 23	Segment and Related Information	DTE Energy
Note 24	Related Party Transactions	DTE Electric
Note 25	Supplementary Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)	DTE Energy and DTE Electric

NOTE 1 — ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Corporate Structure

DTE Energy owns the following businesses:


•	DTE Electric is a public utility engaged in the generation, purchase, distribution, and sale of electricity to approximately 2.2 million customers in southeastern Michigan;


•	DTE Gas is a public utility engaged in the purchase, storage, transportation, distribution, and sale of natural gas to approximately 1.3 million customers throughout Michigan and the sale of storage and transportation capacity; and


•	Other businesses primarily involved in 1) services related to the gathering, transportation, and storage of natural gas; 2) power and industrial projects; and 3) energy marketing and trading operations.

DTE Electric and DTE Gas are regulated by the MPSC. Certain activities of DTE Electric and DTE Gas, as well as various other aspects of businesses under DTE Energy are regulated by the FERC. In addition, the Registrants are regulated by other federal and state regulatory agencies including the NRC, the EPA, the EGLE, and for DTE Energy, the CFTC.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements of the Registrants are prepared using accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These accounting principles require management to use estimates and assumptions that impact reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ from the Registrants' estimates.

The information in these combined notes relates to each of the Registrants as noted in the Index of Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. However, DTE Electric does not make any representation as to information related solely to DTE Energy or the subsidiaries of DTE Energy other than itself.

Certain prior year balances for the Registrants were reclassified to match the current year's Consolidated Financial Statements presentation.

Principles of Consolidation

The Registrants consolidate all majority-owned subsidiaries and investments in entities in which they have controlling influence. Non-majority owned investments are accounted for using the equity method when the Registrants are able to significantly influence the operating policies of the investee. When the Registrants do not influence the operating policies of an investee, the cost method is used. These Consolidated Financial Statements also reflect the Registrants' proportionate interests in certain jointly-owned utility plants. The Registrants eliminate all intercompany balances and transactions.

The Registrants evaluate whether an entity is a VIE whenever reconsideration events occur. The Registrants consolidate VIEs for which they are the primary beneficiary. If a Registrant is not the primary beneficiary and an ownership interest is held, the VIE is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. When assessing the determination of the primary beneficiary, a Registrant considers all relevant facts and circumstances, including: the power, through voting or similar rights, to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and the obligation to absorb the expected losses and/or the right to receive the expected returns of the VIE. The Registrants perform ongoing reassessments of all VIEs to determine if the primary beneficiary status has changed.

Legal entities within DTE Energy's Power and Industrial Projects segment enter into long-term contractual arrangements with customers to supply energy-related products or services. The entities are generally designed to pass-through the commodity risk associated with these contracts to the customers, with DTE Energy retaining operational and customer default risk. These entities generally are VIEs and consolidated when DTE Energy is the primary beneficiary. In addition, DTE Energy has interests in certain VIEs through which control of all significant activities is shared with partners, and therefore are generally accounted for under the equity method.

DTE Energy currently owns an 85% interest in SGG, which owns and operates midstream natural gas assets. SGG has contracts through which certain construction risk is designed to pass-through to the customers, with DTE Energy retaining operational and customer default risk. SGG is a VIE with DTE Energy as the primary beneficiary.

The Registrants have variable interests in NEXUS, which include DTE Energy's 50% ownership interest and DTE Electric's transportation services contract. NEXUS is a joint venture which owns a 256-mile pipeline to transport Utica and Marcellus shale gas to Ohio, Michigan, and Ontario market centers. NEXUS also owns Generation Pipeline, LLC, a 23-mile regulated pipeline system located in northern Ohio, which was acquired in September 2019. Refer to Note 4, "Acquisitions," for additional information. NEXUS is a VIE as it has insufficient equity at risk to finance its activities. The Registrants are not the primary beneficiaries, as the power to direct significant activities is shared between the owners of the equity interests. DTE Energy accounts for its ownership interest in NEXUS under the equity method.

The Registrants hold ownership interests in certain limited partnerships. The limited partnerships include investment funds which support regional development and economic growth, as well as an operational business providing energy-related products. These entities are generally VIEs as a result of certain characteristics of the limited partnership voting rights. The ownership interests are accounted for under the equity method as the Registrants are not the primary beneficiaries.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

DTE Energy has variable interests in VIEs through certain of its long-term purchase and sale contracts. DTE Electric has variable interests in VIEs through certain of its long-term purchase contracts. As of December 31, 2019, the carrying amount of assets and liabilities in DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position that relate to its variable interests under long-term purchase and sale contracts are predominantly related to working capital accounts and generally represent the amounts owed by or to DTE Energy for the deliveries associated with the current billing cycle under the contracts. As of December 31, 2019, the carrying amount of assets and liabilities in DTE Electric's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position that relate to its variable interests under long-term purchase contracts are predominantly related to working capital accounts and generally represent the amounts owed by DTE Electric for the deliveries associated with the current billing cycle under the contracts. The Registrants have not provided any significant form of financial support associated with these long-term contracts. There is no material potential exposure to loss as a result of DTE Energy's variable interests through these long-term purchase and sale contracts. In addition, there is no material potential exposure to loss as a result of DTE Electric's variable interests through these long-term purchase contracts.

The maximum risk exposure for consolidated VIEs is reflected on the Registrants' Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and for DTE Energy, in Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Commitments and Contingencies," related to the REF guarantees and indemnities. For non-consolidated VIEs, the maximum risk exposure of the Registrants is generally limited to their investment, notes receivable, future funding commitments, and amounts which DTE Energy has guaranteed. See Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Commitments and Contingencies," for further discussion of the NEXUS guarantee arrangements.

The following table summarizes the major Consolidated Statements of Financial Position items for consolidated VIEs as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. All assets and liabilities of a consolidated VIE are presented where it has been determined that a consolidated VIE has either (1) assets that can be used only to settle obligations of the VIE or (2) liabilities for which creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of the primary beneficiary. VIEs, in which DTE Energy holds a majority voting interest and is the primary beneficiary, that meet the definition of a business and whose assets can be used for purposes other than the settlement of the VIE's obligations have been excluded from the table below.

Amounts for DTE Energy's consolidated VIEs are as follows:



	December 31, 2019						December 31, 2018
	SGG(a)		Other		Total		SGG(a)		Other		Total
	(In millions)
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	16	$	11	$	27	$	25	$	14	$	39
Restricted cash	—		—		—		—		5		5
Accounts receivable	8		19		27		9		37		46
Inventories	—		74		74		1		92		93
Property, plant, and equipment, net	410		33		443		395		46		441
Goodwill	25		—		25		25		—		25
Intangible assets	542		—		542		557		—		557
Other current and long-term assets	2		—		2		3		—		3
	$	1,003	$	137	$	1,140	$	1,015	$	194	$	1,209

LIABILITIES
Accounts payable and accrued current liabilities	$	2	$	13	$	15	$	3	$	31	$	34
Other current and long-term liabilities	7		7		14		9		10		19
	$	9	$	20	$	29	$	12	$	41	$	53


(a)	Amounts shown are 100% of SGG's assets and liabilities, of which DTE Energy owns 85% at December 31, 2019 and 55% at December 31, 2018.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Amounts for DTE Energy's non-consolidated VIEs are as follows:



	December 31,
	2019		2018
	(In millions)
Investments in equity method investees	$	1,503	$	1,425
Notes receivable	$	21	$	15
Future funding commitments	$	63	$	55

Equity Method Investments

Investments in non-consolidated affiliates that are not controlled by the Registrants, but over which they have significant influence, are accounted for using the equity method. Certain of the equity method investees are also considered VIEs and disclosed in the non-consolidated VIEs table above. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, DTE Energy's share of the underlying equity in the net assets of the investees exceeded the carrying amounts of Investments in equity method investees by $74 million and $59 million, respectively. The difference is being amortized over the life of the underlying assets.

DTE Energy equity method investees are described below:



	Investments				% Owned
Segment	2019		2018		2019	2018	Description
	(In millions)
Significant Equity Method Investees
Gas Storage and Pipelines
NEXUS Pipeline	$	1,345	$	1,260	50%	50%	256-mile pipeline to transport Utica and Marcellus shale gas to Ohio, Michigan, and Ontario market centers. Also includes Generation Pipeline, a 23-mile pipeline located in northern Ohio
Vector Pipeline	131		123		40%	40%	348-mile pipeline connecting Chicago, Michigan, and Ontario market centers
Millennium Pipeline	209		202		26%	26%	263-mile pipeline serving markets in the Northeast
	1,685		1,585
Other Equity Method Investees
Other Segments	177		186
	$	1,862	$	1,771

The balances in Other Equity Method Investees are individually insignificant and are primarily from the Power and Industrial Projects segment. These investments are comprised of projects that deliver energy and utility-type products and services to an industrial customer, sell electricity from renewable energy projects under long-term power purchase agreements, and produce and sell metallurgical coke.

For further information by segment, see Note 23 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Segment and Related Information."

The following table presents summarized financial information of subsidiaries not consolidated and 50 percent or less owned by DTE Energy. The amounts included in the table below represents 100% of the results of continuing operations of such entities accounted for under the equity method of accounting.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Summarized balance sheet data is as follows:



	December 31,
	2019		2018
	(In millions)
Current Assets	$	374	$	358
Non-current assets	$	5,260	$	5,101
Current Liabilities	$	414	$	391
Non-current liabilities	$	698	$	762

Summarized income statement data is as follows:



	December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
	(In millions)
Operating Revenues	$	1,210	$	883	$	756
Operating Expenses	$	853	$	622	$	561
Net Income	$	313	$	365	$	254

NOTE 2 — SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Other Income

Other income for the Registrants is recognized for non-operating income such as equity earnings of equity method investees, allowance for equity funds used during construction, contract services, and gains (losses) from trading securities. DTE Energy's Power and Industrial Projects segment also recognizes Other income in connection with the sale of membership interests in reduced emissions fuel facilities to investors. In exchange for the cash received, the investors will receive a portion of the economic attributes of the facilities, including income tax attributes. The transactions are not treated as a sale of membership interests for financial reporting purposes. Other income related to fixed non-refundable cash payments received from investors for which the earnings process is not contingent upon production of refined coal is recognized on a straight-line basis over the non-cancelable contract term as the economic benefit from the ownership of the facility is transferred to investors. Other income related to cash payments that is contingent upon production of refined coal is considered earned and recognized when the contingency regarding the timing and amount of payment is resolved, generally as refined coal is produced and tax credits are generated.

The following is a summary of DTE Energy's Other income:



	2019		2018		2017
	(In millions)
Income from REF entities	$	130	$	98	$	77
Equity earnings of equity method investees	111		132		102
Gains from equity securities	37		6		26
Contract services	29		51		19
Allowance for equity funds used during construction	24		28		23
Other	19		18		21
	$	350	$	333	$	268

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The following is a summary of DTE Electric's Other income:



	2019		2018		2017
	(In millions)
Gains from equity securities allocated from DTE Energy	$	37	$	6	$	26
Contract services	32		51		21
Allowance for equity funds used during construction	22		19		18
Other	16		7		12
	$	107	$	83	$	77

For information on equity earnings of equity method investees by segment, see Note 23 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Segment and Related Information."

Accounting for ISO Transactions

DTE Electric participates in the energy market through MISO. MISO requires that DTE Electric submit hourly day-ahead, real-time, and FTR bids and offers for energy at locations across the MISO region. DTE Electric accounts for MISO transactions on a net hourly basis in each of the day-ahead, real-time, and FTR markets. In any single hour, transactions in each of the MISO energy markets are netted based on MWh to determine if DTE Electric is in a net sale or purchase position. Net purchases are recorded in Fuel, purchased power, and gas — utility and net sales are recorded in Operating Revenues — Utility operations on the Registrants' Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Energy Trading segment participates in the energy markets through various ISOs and RTOs. These markets require that Energy Trading submits hourly day-ahead, real-time bids and offers for energy at locations across each region. Energy Trading submits bids in the annual and monthly auction revenue rights and FTR auctions to the RTOs. Energy Trading accounts for these transactions on a net hourly basis for the day-ahead, real-time, and FTR markets. These transactions are related to trading contracts which, if derivatives, are presented on a net basis in Operating Revenues — Non-utility operations, and if non-derivatives, the realized gains and losses for sales are recorded in Operating Revenues — Non-utility operations and purchases are recorded in Fuel, purchased power, and gas — non-utility in the DTE Energy Consolidated Statements of Operations.

DTE Electric and Energy Trading record accruals for future net purchases adjustments based on historical experience and reconcile accruals to actual costs when invoices are received from MISO and other ISOs and RTOs.

Derivatives

Energy Trading classifies derivative transactions as revenue or expense based on the intent of the transaction (buy or sell). Revenues are recorded on a gross or net basis within the income statement depending upon whether it represents a non-trading activity or trading activity, respectively. For additional information, refer to Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Financial and Other Derivative Instruments".

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) is the change in common shareholders’ equity during a period from transactions and events from non-owner sources, including Net Income. The amounts recorded to Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for DTE Energy include changes in benefit obligations, consisting of deferred actuarial losses and prior service costs, unrealized gains and losses from derivatives accounted for as cash flow hedges, DTE Energy's interest in other comprehensive income of equity investees which comprise the net unrealized gains and losses on investments, and foreign currency translation adjustments. DTE Energy releases income tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income when the circumstances upon which they are premised cease to exist.

Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are presented in DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity and DTE Electric's Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholder's Equity. For further discussion regarding changes in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "New Accounting Pronouncements." For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, reclassifications out of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) not relating to the adoption of new accounting pronouncements for DTE Energy were not material.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The following table summarizes the changes in DTE Energy's Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component(a) for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:



	Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives			Net Unrealized Loss on Investments			Benefit Obligations(b)			Foreign Currency Translation			Total
	(In millions)
Balance, December 31, 2017	$	(3	)	$	(2	)	$	(110	)	$	(5	)	$	(120	)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications	(2		)	—			(1		)	(2		)	(5		)
Amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	1			—			9			—			10
Net current-period Other comprehensive income (loss)	(1		)	—			8			(2		)	5
Implementation of ASU 2016-01	(7		)	2			—			—			(5		)
Balance, December 31, 2018	$	(11	)	$	—		$	(102	)	$	(7	)	$	(120	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(14		)	—			(7		)	1			(20		)
Amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	2			—			15			—			17
Net current-period Other comprehensive income (loss)	(12		)	—			8			1			(3		)
Implementation of ASU 2018-02	(2		)	—			(23		)	—			(25		)
Balance, December 31, 2019	$	(25	)	$	—		$	(117	)	$	(6	)	$	(148	)


(a)	All amounts are net of tax, except for Foreign currency translation.


(b)	The amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are included in the computation of the net periodic pension and other postretirement benefit costs (see Note 21 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Retirement Benefits and Trusteed Assets").

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash in banks, and temporary investments purchased with remaining maturities of three months or less. Restricted cash consists of funds held to satisfy requirements of certain debt and DTE Energy partnership operating agreements. Restricted cash designated for interest and principal payments within one year is classified as a Current Asset.

Receivables

Accounts receivable are primarily composed of trade receivables and unbilled revenue. The Registrants' Accounts receivable are stated at net realizable value.

The allowance for doubtful accounts for DTE Electric and DTE Gas is generally calculated using the aging approach that utilizes rates developed in reserve studies. DTE Electric and DTE Gas establish an allowance for uncollectible accounts based on historical losses and management’s assessment of existing economic conditions, customer trends, and other factors. Customer accounts are generally considered delinquent if the amount billed is not received by the due date, which is typically in 21 days, however, factors such as assistance programs may delay aggressive action. DTE Electric and DTE Gas assess late payment fees on trade receivables based on past-due terms with customers. Customer accounts are written off when collection efforts have been exhausted. The time period for write-off is 150 days after service has been terminated.

The customer allowance for doubtful accounts for DTE Energy's other businesses is calculated based on specific review of probable future collections based on receivable balances generally in excess of 30 days.

DTE Energy unbilled revenues of $0.9 billion and $1.0 billion at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, include $263 million and $264 million of DTE Electric unbilled revenues, respectively, included in Customer Accounts receivable.

Notes Receivable

Notes receivable, or financing receivables, for DTE Energy are primarily comprised of finance lease receivables and loans and are included in Notes receivable and Other current assets on DTE Energy’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Notes receivable, or financing receivables, for DTE Electric are primarily comprised of loans.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Notes receivable are typically considered delinquent when payment is not received for periods ranging from 60 to 120 days. The Registrants cease accruing interest (nonaccrual status), consider a note receivable impaired, and establish an allowance for credit loss when it is probable that all principal and interest amounts due will not be collected in accordance with the contractual terms of the note receivable. Cash payments received on nonaccrual status notes receivable, that do not bring the account contractually current, are first applied to contractually owed past due interest, with any remainder applied to principal. Accrual of interest is generally resumed when the note receivable becomes contractually current.

In determining the allowance for credit losses for notes receivable, the Registrants consider the historical payment experience and other factors that are expected to have a specific impact on the counterparty’s ability to pay. In addition, the Registrants monitor the credit ratings of the counterparties from which they have notes receivable.

Inventories

Inventory related to utility operations is generally valued at average cost. Inventory related to non-utility operations is valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value.

DTE Gas' natural gas inventory of $40 million and $48 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, is determined using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. The replacement cost of gas in inventory exceeded the LIFO cost by $49 million and $113 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Property, Retirement and Maintenance, and Depreciation and Amortization

Property is stated at cost and includes construction-related labor, materials, overheads, and AFUDC for utility property. The cost of utility properties retired is charged to accumulated depreciation. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense when incurred.

Utility property at DTE Electric and DTE Gas is depreciated over its estimated useful life using straight-line rates approved by the MPSC. DTE Energy's non-utility property is depreciated over its estimated useful life using the straight-line method. Depreciation and amortization expense also includes the amortization of certain regulatory assets for the Registrants.

The cost of nuclear fuel is capitalized. The amortization of nuclear fuel is included within Fuel, purchased power, and gas — utility in the DTE Energy Consolidated Statements of Operations, and Fuel and purchased power in the DTE Electric Consolidated Statements of Operations, and is recorded using the units-of-production method.

See Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Property, Plant, and Equipment."

Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the expected undiscounted future cash flows generated by the asset, an impairment loss is recognized resulting in the asset being written down to its estimated fair value. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less costs to sell.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Intangible Assets

The Registrants have certain Intangible assets as shown below:



		December 31, 2019							December 31, 2018
	Useful Lives	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Value		Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Value
		(In millions)
Intangible assets subject to amortization
Customer relationships	25 to 40 years(a)	$	2,252	$	(66	)	$	2,186	$	779	$	(44	)	$	735
Contract intangibles	6 to 26 years	268		(76		)	192		159		(66		)	93
		2,520		(142		)	2,378		938		(110		)	828

DTE Electric renewable energy credits	(b)	15		—			15		20		—			20
DTE Electric emission allowances	(b)	—		—			—		1		—			1
DTE Electric Long-term intangible assets		15		—			15		21		—			21

DTE Energy Long-term intangible assets		$	2,535	$	(142	)	$	2,393	$	959	$	(110	)	$	849


(a)	The useful lives of the customer relationship intangible assets are based on the number of years in which the assets are expected to economically contribute to the business. The expected economic benefit incorporates existing customer contracts and expected renewal rates based on the estimated volume and production lives of gas resources in the region.


(b)	Emission allowances and renewable energy credits are charged to expense, using average cost, as the allowances and credits are consumed in the operation of the business.

The following table summarizes DTE Energy's estimated customer relationship and contract intangible amortization expense expected to be recognized during each year through 2024:



	2020		2021		2022		2023		2024
	(In millions)
Estimated amortization expense	$	82	$	86	$	86	$	86	$	86

DTE Energy amortizes customer relationship and contract intangible assets on a straight-line basis over the expected period of benefit. DTE Energy's Intangible assets amortization expense was $33 million in 2019, $27 million in 2018, and $29 million in 2017.

Excise and Sales Taxes

The Registrants record the billing of excise and sales taxes as a receivable with an offsetting payable to the applicable taxing authority, with no net impact on the Registrants’ Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Deferred Debt Costs

The costs related to the issuance of long-term debt are deferred and amortized over the life of each debt issue. The deferred amounts are included as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of each debt issue in Mortgage bonds, notes, and other and Junior subordinated debentures on DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and in Mortgage bonds, notes, and other on DTE Electric's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. In accordance with MPSC regulations applicable to DTE Energy’s electric and gas utilities, the unamortized discount, premium, and expense related to utility debt redeemed with a refinancing are amortized over the life of the replacement issue. Discount, premium, and expense on early redemptions of debt associated with DTE Energy's non-utility operations are charged to earnings.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Investments in Debt and Equity Securities

The Registrants generally record investments in debt and equity securities at market value with unrealized gains or losses included in earnings. Changes in the fair value of Fermi 2 nuclear decommissioning investments are recorded as adjustments to Regulatory assets or liabilities, due to a recovery mechanism from customers. The Registrants' equity investments are reviewed for impairment each reporting period. If the assessment indicates that an impairment exists, a loss is recognized resulting in the equity investment being written down to its estimated fair value. See Note 13 of the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Fair Value."

DTE Energy Foundation

There were no contributions made by DTE Energy to the DTE Energy Foundation for the year ended December 31, 2019. DTE Energy's charitable contributions to the DTE Energy Foundation were $22 million and $43 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The DTE Energy Foundation is a non-consolidated not-for-profit private foundation, the purpose of which is to contribute to and assist charitable organizations.

Other Accounting Policies

See the following notes for other accounting policies impacting the Registrants’ Consolidated Financial Statements:



Note		Title
5		Revenue
9		Asset Retirement Obligations
10		Regulatory Matters
11		Income Taxes
13		Fair Value
14		Financial and Other Derivative Instruments
18		Leases
21		Retirement Benefits and Trusteed Assets
22		Stock-Based Compensation

NOTE 3 — NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Recently Adopted Pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), as amended. This guidance requires a lessee to account for leases as finance or operating leases and disclose key information about leasing arrangements. Both types of leases will result in the lessee recognizing a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability on its balance sheet, with differing methodology for income statement recognition, depending on the lease classification. The Registrants adopted the standard on January 1, 2019 using the prospective approach. The standard provides a number of transition practical expedients of which the Registrants elected the package of three expedients that must be taken together, allowing entities to not reassess whether an agreement is a lease, to carryforward the existing lease classification, and to not reassess initial direct costs associated with existing leases; but did not elect to apply hindsight in determining lease term and impairment of the right-to-use assets. The Registrants also elected to not evaluate land easements under the new guidance at adoption if they were not previously accounted for as leases. These practical expedients apply to leases that commenced prior to January 1, 2019.

At adoption of the new standard, the Registrants recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for certain operating leases of approximately $137 million and $130 million, respectively, for DTE Energy and approximately $74 million and $67 million, respectively, for DTE Electric as of January 1, 2019. The right-of-use lease assets include $9 million of prepaid lease costs that have been reclassified from Other assets, current and noncurrent, and $2 million of deferred lease costs that have been reclassified from Other liabilities, current and noncurrent, for the Registrants. The adoption of the ASU did not have a significant impact on the Registrants' Consolidated Statements of Operations but required additional disclosures for leases. See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Leases."

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The amendments in this update allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the TCJA. The amendments in this update also require entities to disclose their accounting policy for releasing income tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income. The Registrants adopted the standard effective January 1, 2019. Upon adoption, DTE Energy reclassified $25 million of income tax effects from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to Retained Earnings.

Recently Issued Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as amended. The amendments in this update replace the incurred loss impairment methodology in current generally accepted accounting principles with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information, including forecasts, to develop credit loss estimates. The ASU requires entities to use the new methodology to measure impairment of financial instruments, including accounts receivable, and may result in earlier recognition of credit losses than under current generally accepted accounting principles. Entities will apply the new guidance as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is adopted. The ASU is effective for the Registrants beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein. The Registrants will adopt the ASU on its effective date. The Registrants are currently assessing the impact of this standard on their Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurements (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework — Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. The amendments in this update modify the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820. The ASU is effective for the Registrants for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein. The Registrants will adopt the ASU on its effective date. The Registrants are currently assessing the impact of this standard on their Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, Compensation — Retirement Benefits — Defined Benefit Plans (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework — Changes to the Disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. The amendments in this update modify the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. The ASU is effective for the Registrants for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The Registrants anticipate adopting the ASU on its effective date. The Registrants are currently assessing the impact of this standard on their Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other — Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract. The amendments in this update align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal use software license). The ASU is effective for the Registrants for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein. The Registrants will adopt the ASU on its effective date. The ASU may be applied using either a retrospective or prospective approach. The Registrants will apply the ASU prospectively, and are currently assessing the impact of this standard on their Consolidated Financial Statements.

In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-17, Consolidation (Topic 810): Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities. The amendments in this update modify the requirements for determining whether a decision-making fee is a variable interest and require reporting entities to consider indirect interests held through related parties under common control on a proportional basis. The ASU is effective for the Registrants for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein. The Registrants will adopt the ASU on its effective date. The Registrants are currently assessing the impact of this standard on their Consolidated Financial Statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740) — Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in this update simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions and clarifying certain requirements regarding franchise taxes, goodwill, consolidated tax expenses, and annual effective tax rate calculations. The ASU is effective for the Registrants for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The Registrants are currently assessing the impact of this standard on their Consolidated Financial Statements.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

NOTE 4 — ACQUISITIONS

Electric Segment Acquisition

Effective September 12, 2019, DTE Sustainable Generation closed on the purchase of an 89 MW renewable energy project located in Michigan from Heritage Sustainable Energy in support of DTE Energy's renewable energy goals. Direct transaction costs primarily related to advisory fees were immaterial and are included in Operation and maintenance in DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of consideration provided for the acquisition was approximately $175 million, of which $174 million has been paid in cash.

The acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. Accordingly, the cost was allocated to the underlying net assets based on their respective fair values as shown below:



	(In millions)
Contract intangibles	$	109
Property, plant, and equipment, net	60
Working capital	6
Total	$	175

The intangible assets recorded pertain to existing customer contracts and were estimated by applying the income approach, based on discounted projected cash flows attributable to the existing agreements. The contract intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis with useful lives ranging from 11 years to 13 years, which is based on the remaining number of years the assets are expected to economically contribute to the business. The pro forma financial information has not been presented for DTE Energy because the effects of the acquisition were not material to the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

In conjunction with the above acquisition, DTE Sustainable Generation closed on a purchase and sale agreement with Heritage Sustainable Energy in January 2020 to acquire an additional renewable energy project for approximately $33 million paid in cash.

The acquired projects are non-utility operations and related revenues are classified accordingly as Operating Revenues - Non-utility operations within DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Operations and the Electric segment results of operations. Refer to Note 23 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Segment and Related Information."

Gas Storage and Pipelines Segment Acquisitions

Generation Pipeline Acquisition

Effective September 20, 2019, NEXUS closed on the purchase of Generation Pipeline, LLC, a pipeline system regulated by the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio. The 23-mile pipeline system supplies gas to industrial customers in the Toledo, OH area, has existing interconnects with ANR Pipeline Company and Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Company, and is located four miles from NEXUS. Total consideration paid for the acquired entity was approximately $163 million, of which DTE Energy's portion was 50%. DTE Energy accounts for its ownership interest in NEXUS under the equity method, which now includes equity in earnings related to Generation Pipeline, LLC.

Blue Union and LEAP Acquisition

On December 4, 2019, DTE Energy closed on the purchase of midstream natural gas assets in support of its strategy to continue to grow and earn competitive returns for shareholders. DTE Energy purchased 100 percent of M5 Louisiana Gathering, LLC and its wholly owned subsidiaries from Momentum Midstream and Indigo Natural Resources. The acquisition includes the Blue Union and LEAP assets which provide natural gas gathering and other midstream services to producers located primarily in Louisiana.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The fair value of the consideration provided for the entities acquired was $2.74 billion and includes $2.36 billion paid in cash and an estimated $378 million of contingent consideration to be paid upon completion of a gathering pipeline in the second half of 2020. The contingent payment will range from $0 million to $385 million, with no payment due until the pipeline is completed. As of December 31, 2019, the liability for the contingent consideration payment and the related accretion expense of $1 million is included in a separate line in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The acquisition was financed through the issuance of Equity Units, common stock, and Senior Notes. See Notes 12 and 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Common Stock and Earnings Per Share" and "Long-Term Debt," respectively, for more information. The acquired assets are part of DTE Energy's non-utility Gas Storage and Pipelines segment.

The acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. The allocation of the purchase price included in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position is preliminary and may be revised up to one year from the date of acquisition due to adjustments in the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. The purchase price is subject to (i) final working capital settlement adjustments, and (ii) resolution of any indemnification claims that might be deducted from the $100 million of cash consideration paid and held in escrow. As such, DTE Energy cannot estimate the potential amount of the additional revisions to the purchase price allocation in 2020. The excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired totaled approximately $171 million and was classified as goodwill. The factors contributing to the recognition of goodwill are based on various strategic benefits that are expected to be realized from the Blue Union and LEAP acquisition. The acquisition will provide DTE Energy with a platform for midstream growth and access to further investment opportunities in the Haynesville basin. The goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

The preliminary allocation of the purchase price is based on estimated fair values of the Blue Union and LEAP assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition, December 4, 2019. The components of the preliminary purchase price allocation are as follows:



	(In millions)
Assets
Cash	$	62
Accounts receivable	31
Property, plant, and equipment, net	1,035
Goodwill	171
Customer relationship intangibles	1,473
Other current assets	1
	$	2,773
Liabilities
Accounts payable	$	26
Acquisition related deferred payment	378
Other current liabilities	2
Asset retirement obligations	9
	$	415
Total cash consideration	$	2,358

The intangible assets recorded as a result of the acquisition pertain to existing customer relationships, which were valued at approximately $1.47 billion as of the acquisition date. The fair value of the intangible assets acquired was estimated by applying the income approach. The income approach is based upon discounted projected future cash flows attributable to the existing contracts and agreements. The fair value measurement is based on significant unobservable inputs, including management estimates and assumptions, and thus represents a Level 3 measurement, pursuant to the applicable accounting guidance. Key estimates and inputs include revenue and expense projections and discount rates based on the risks associated with the entities. The intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of 40 years, which is based on the number of years the assets are expected to economically contribute to the business. The expected economic benefit incorporates existing customer contracts with a weighted-average amortization life of 13 years and expected renewal rates, based on the estimated volume and production lives of gas resources in the region. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Significant Accounting Policies," for more information.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

DTE Energy has incurred $18 million of direct transaction costs for the year ended December 31, 2019. These costs are primarily related to advisory fees and are included in Operation and maintenance in DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Operations. Additionally, DTE Energy has incurred $49 million of issuance costs related to the acquisition financing, of which $10 million are included in Mortgage bonds, notes, and other, and $39 million are included in Common Stock in DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

DTE Energy's 2019 Consolidated Statements of Operations include Operating Revenues — Non-utility operations of $15 million and Net Income of $3 million associated with the acquired entities for the one-month period following the acquisition date, excluding the $18 million transaction costs described above. The pro forma financial information has not been presented for DTE Energy because the effects of the acquisition were not material to the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

NOTE 5 — REVENUE

Significant Accounting Policy

Upon the adoption of Topic 606, revenue is measured based upon the consideration specified in a contract with a customer at the time when performance obligations are satisfied. Under Topic 606, a performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service or a series of distinct goods or services to the customer. The Registrants recognize revenue when performance obligations are satisfied by transferring control over a product or service to a customer. The Registrants have determined control to be transferred when the product is delivered or the service is provided to the customer. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, recognition of revenue for the Registrants subsequent to the adoption of Topic 606 is substantially similar in amount and approach to that prior to adoption.

Rates for DTE Electric and DTE Gas include provisions to adjust billings for fluctuations in fuel and purchased power costs, cost of natural gas, and certain other costs. Revenues are adjusted for differences between actual costs subject to reconciliation and the amounts billed in current rates. Under or over recovered revenues related to these cost recovery mechanisms are included in Regulatory assets or liabilities on the Registrants' Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and are recovered or returned to customers through adjustments to the billing factors.

For discussion of derivative contracts, see Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Financial and Other Derivative Instruments."

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following is a summary of revenues disaggregated by segment for DTE Energy:



	2019		2018
	(In millions)
Electric(a)
Residential	$	2,427	$	2,494
Commercial	1,795		1,794
Industrial	659		690
Other(b)	348		320
Total Electric operating revenues(c)	$	5,229	$	5,298

Gas
Gas sales	$	1,043	$	1,055
End User Transportation	219		232
Intermediate Transportation	78		58
Other(b)	142		91
Total Gas operating revenues(d)	$	1,482	$	1,436

Other segment operating revenues
Gas Storage and Pipelines(e)	$	501	$	485
Power and Industrial Projects(f)	$	1,560	$	2,204
Energy Trading(g)	$	4,610	$	5,557


(a)	Revenues under the Electric segment generally represent those of DTE Electric.


(b)	Includes revenue adjustments related to various regulatory mechanisms.


(c)	Includes $22 million under Alternative Revenue Programs and $19 million of other revenues, which are both outside the scope of Topic 606 for the year ended December 31, 2019 and includes $21 million under Alternative Revenue Programs and $20 million of other revenues, which are both outside the scope of Topic 606 for the year ended December 31, 2018.


(d)	Includes $8 million under Alternative Revenue Programs and $7 million of other revenues, which are both outside the scope of Topic 606 for the year ended December 31, 2019 and includes $2 million under Alternative Revenue Programs and $7 million of other revenues, which are both outside the scope of Topic 606 for the year ended December 31, 2018.


(e)	Includes revenues outside the scope of Topic 606 primarily related to $9 million of contracts accounted for as leases for the year ended December 31, 2019.


(f)	Includes revenues outside the scope of Topic 606 primarily related to $121 million and $125 million of contracts accounted for as leases for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.


(g)	Includes revenues outside the scope of Topic 606 primarily related to $3.4 billion and $4.5 billion of derivatives for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Nature of Goods and Services

The following is a description of principal activities, separated by reportable segments, from which DTE Energy generates revenue. For more detailed information about reportable segments, see Note 23 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Segment and Related Information.”

The Registrants have contracts with customers which may contain more than one performance obligation. When more than one performance obligation exists in a contract, the consideration under the contract is allocated to the performance obligations based on the relative standalone selling price. DTE Energy generally determines standalone selling prices based on the prices charged to customers or the use of the adjusted market assessment approach. The adjusted market assessment approach involves the evaluation of the market in which DTE Energy sells goods or services and estimating the price that a customer in that market would be willing to pay.

Under Topic 606, when a customer simultaneously receives and consumes the product or service provided, revenue is considered to be recognized over time. Alternatively, if it is determined that the criteria for recognition of revenue over time is not met, the revenue is considered to be recognized at a point in time.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Electric

Electric consists principally of DTE Electric. Electric revenues are primarily comprised of the supply and delivery of electricity, and related capacity. Revenues are primarily associated with cancelable contracts, with the exception of certain long-term contracts with commercial and industrial customers. Revenues, including estimated unbilled amounts, are generally recognized over time based upon volumes delivered or through the passage of time ratably based upon providing a stand-ready service. The Registrants have determined that the above methods represent a faithful depiction of the transfer of control to the customer. Unbilled revenues are typically determined utilizing approved tariff rates and estimated meter volumes. Estimated unbilled amounts recognized in revenue are subject to adjustment in the following reporting period as actual volumes by customer class are known. Revenues are typically subject to tariff rates based upon customer class and type of service and are billed and received monthly. Tariff rates are determined by the MPSC on a per unit or monthly basis.

Gas

Gas consists principally of DTE Gas. Gas revenues are primarily comprised of the supply and delivery of natural gas, and other services including storage, transportation, and appliance maintenance. Revenues are primarily associated with cancelable contracts with the exception of certain long-term contracts with commercial and industrial customers. Revenues, including estimated unbilled amounts, are generally recognized over time based upon volumes delivered or through the passage of time ratably based upon providing a stand-ready service. DTE Energy has determined that the above methods represent a faithful depiction of the transfer of control to the customer. Unbilled revenues are typically determined using both estimated meter volumes and estimated usage based upon the number of unbilled days and historical temperatures. Estimated unbilled amounts recognized in revenue are subject to adjustment in the following reporting period as actual volumes by customer class and service type are known. Revenues are typically subject to tariff rates or other rates subject to regulatory oversight and are billed and received monthly. Tariff rates are determined by the MPSC on a per unit or monthly basis.

Gas Storage and Pipelines

Gas Storage and Pipelines revenues generally consist of services related to the gathering, transportation, and storage of natural gas. Contracts are primarily long-term in nature. Revenues, including estimated unbilled amounts, are generally recognized over time based upon services provided or through the passage of time ratably based upon providing a stand-ready service. DTE Energy has determined that the above methods represent a faithful depiction of the transfer of control to the customer. Revenues are typically billed and received monthly. Pricing for such revenues may consist of demand rates, commodity rates, transportation rates, and other associated fees. Consideration may consist of both fixed and variable components. Generally, uncertainties in the variable consideration components are resolved and revenues are known at the time of recognition.

Power and Industrial Projects

Power and Industrial Projects revenues include contracts accounted for as leases which are outside of the scope of Topic 606. For performance obligations within the scope of Topic 606, the timing of revenue recognition is dependent upon when control over the associated product or service is transferred.

Revenues at Power and Industrial Projects, within the scope of Topic 606, generally consist of sales of refined coal, coal, blast furnace coke, coke oven gas, electricity, equipment maintenance services, and other energy related products and services. Revenues, including estimated unbilled amounts, for the sale of blast furnace coke are generally recognized at a point in time when the product is delivered, which represents the transfer of control to the customer. Other revenues are generally recognized over time based upon services provided or through the passage of time ratably based upon providing a stand-ready service. DTE Energy has determined that the above methods represent a faithful depiction of the transfer of control to the customer. Market based pricing structures exist in such contracts including adjustments for consumer price or other indices. Consideration may consist of both fixed and variable components. Generally, uncertainties in the variable consideration components are resolved and revenues are known at the time of recognition. Billing terms vary and are generally monthly with payment terms typically within 30 days following billing.

Energy Trading

Energy Trading revenues consist primarily of derivative contracts outside of the scope of Topic 606. For performance obligations within the scope of Topic 606, the timing of revenue recognition is dependent upon when control over the associated product or service is transferred.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Revenues, including estimated unbilled amounts, within the scope of Topic 606 arising from the sale of natural gas, electricity, power capacity, and other energy related products are generally recognized over time based upon volumes delivered or through the passage of time ratably based upon providing a stand-ready service. DTE Energy has determined that the above methods represent a faithful depiction of the transfer of control to the customer. Revenues are known at the time of recognition. Payment for the aforementioned revenues is generally due from customers in the month following delivery.

Revenues associated with RECs are recognized at a point in time when control of the RECs are transferred to the customer which is deemed to be when the subject RECs are entered for transfer to the customer in the applicable regulatory tracking system. Revenues associated with RECs under a wholesale full requirements power contract are deferred until control has been transferred. The deferred revenues represent a contract liability for which payment has been received and the amounts have been estimated using the adjusted market assessment approach. With the exception of RECs, generally all other performance obligations associated with wholesale full requirements power contracts are satisfied over time in conjunction with the delivery of power. At the time power is delivered, DTE Energy may not have control over the RECs as the RECs are not self-generated and may not yet have been procured resulting in deferred revenues.

Deferred Revenue

The following is a summary of deferred revenue activity:



	DTE Energy
	(In millions)
Beginning Balance, January 1, 2019	$	74
Increases due to cash received or receivable, excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period	51
Revenue recognized that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the period	(50		)
Ending Balance, December 31, 2019	$	75

The deferred revenues at DTE Energy generally represent amounts paid by or receivable from customers for which the associated performance obligation has not yet been satisfied.

Deferred revenues include amounts associated with REC performance obligations under certain wholesale full requirements power contracts. Deferred revenues associated with RECs are recognized as revenue when control of the RECs has transferred.

Other performance obligations associated with deferred revenues include providing products and services related to customer prepayments. Deferred revenues associated with these products and services are recognized when control has transferred to the customer.

The following table represents deferred revenue amounts for DTE Energy that are expected to be recognized as revenue in future periods:



	DTE Energy
	(In millions)
2020	$	43
2021	6
2022	7
2023	6
2024	3
2025 and thereafter	10
	$	75

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligations

In accordance with optional exemptions available under Topic 606, the Registrants did not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (1) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less, (2) with the exception of fixed consideration, contracts for which revenue is recognized at the amount to which the Registrants have the right to invoice for goods provided and services performed, and (3) contracts for which variable consideration relates entirely to an unsatisfied performance obligation.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Such contracts consist of varying types of performance obligations across the segments, including the supply and delivery of energy related products and services. Contracts with variable volumes and/or variable pricing, including those with pricing provisions tied to a consumer price or other index, have also been excluded as the related consideration under the contract is variable at inception of the contract. Contract lengths vary from cancelable to multi-year.

The Registrants expect to recognize revenue for the following amounts related to fixed consideration associated with remaining performance obligations in each of the future periods noted:



	DTE Energy		DTE Electric
	(In millions)
2020	$	253	$	8
2021	292		8
2022	232		7
2023	164		7
2024	126		7
2025 and thereafter	538		—
	$	1,605	$	37

Other Matters

The following table represents expenses recognized for estimated uncollectible accounts receivable:



	December 31,
	2019		2018
	(In millions)
DTE Energy	$	111	$	140
DTE Electric	$	65	$	85

NOTE 6 — GOODWILL

DTE Energy has goodwill resulting from business combinations.

The following is the summary of change in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31:



	2019		2018
	(In millions)
Balance as of January 1	$	2,293	$	2,293
Goodwill attributable to Gas Storage and Pipelines 2019 acquisition of Blue Union and LEAP	171		—
Balance at December 31	$	2,464	$	2,293

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

NOTE 7 — PROPERTY, PLANT, AND EQUIPMENT

The following is a summary of Property, plant, and equipment by classification as of December 31:



	2019			2018
Property, plant, and equipment	(In millions)
DTE Electric
Generation	$	12,028		$	11,027
Distribution	9,715			9,153
Other	2,536			2,567
Total DTE Electric	24,279			22,747
DTE Gas
Distribution	4,164			3,823
Storage	570			548
Transmission and other	1,244			1,204
Total DTE Gas	5,978			5,575
Non-utility and other
Gas Storage and Pipelines	3,524			2,307
Power and Industrial Projects	1,108			1,070
Other	183			111
Non-utility and other	4,815			3,488
Total DTE Energy	35,072			31,810
Accumulated depreciation and amortization
DTE Electric
Generation	(3,460		)	(3,609		)
Distribution	(2,553		)	(2,974		)
Other	(693		)	(727		)
Total DTE Electric	(6,706		)	(7,310		)
DTE Gas
Distribution	(1,334		)	(1,283		)
Storage	(172		)	(165		)
Transmission and other	(409		)	(404		)
Total DTE Gas	(1,915		)	(1,852		)
Non-utility and other
Gas Storage and Pipelines	(459		)	(390		)
Power and Industrial Projects	(604		)	(546		)
Other	(71		)	(62		)
Non-utility and other	(1,134		)	(998		)
Total DTE Energy	(9,755		)	(10,160		)
Net DTE Energy Property, plant, and equipment	$	25,317		$	21,650
Net DTE Electric Property, plant, and equipment	$	17,573		$	15,437

The following is a summary of the Registrants' AFUDC and interest capitalized for the years ended December 31:



	DTE Energy				DTE Electric
	2019		2018		2019		2018
	(In millions)
Allowance for debt funds used during construction and interest capitalized	$	15	$	15	$	10	$	9
Allowance for equity funds used during construction	24		28		22		19
Total	$	39	$	43	$	32	$	28

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The composite depreciation rate for DTE Electric was approximately 4.0%, 3.7%, and 3.6% in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The composite depreciation rate for DTE Gas was 2.7% for all periods. The average estimated useful life for each major class of utility Property, plant, and equipment as of December 31, 2019 follows:

The estimated useful lives for DTE Electric's Other utility assets range from 3 to 80 years, while the estimated useful lives for DTE Gas' Transmission and other utility assets range from 3 to 70 years. The estimated useful lives for major classes of DTE Energy's non-utility assets and facilities range from 2 to 55 years.

The following is a summary of Depreciation and amortization expense for DTE Energy:



	2019		2018		2017
	(In millions)
Property, plant, and equipment	$	997	$	878	$	829
Regulatory assets and liabilities	227		212		165
Intangible assets	33		27		29
Other	6		7		7
	$	1,263	$	1,124	$	1,030

The following is a summary of Depreciation and amortization expense for DTE Electric:



	2019		2018		2017
	(In millions)
Property, plant, and equipment	$	748	$	652	$	615
Regulatory assets and liabilities	193		179		133
Other	5		5		5
	$	946	$	836	$	753

Capitalized software costs are classified as Property, plant, and equipment and the related amortization is included in accumulated depreciation and amortization on the Registrants' Consolidated Financial Statements. The Registrants capitalize the costs associated with computer software developed or obtained for use in their businesses. The Registrants amortize capitalized software costs on a straight-line basis over the expected period of benefit, ranging from 3 to 15 years for DTE Energy and 3 to 15 years for DTE Electric.

The following balances for capitalized software relate to DTE Energy:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
	(In millions)
Amortization expense of capitalized software	$	123	$	108	$	101
Gross carrying value of capitalized software	$	906	$	905
Accumulated amortization of capitalized software	$	520	$	534

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The following balances for capitalized software relate to DTE Electric:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
	(In millions)
Amortization expense of capitalized software	$	112	$	101	$	93
Gross carrying value of capitalized software	$	811	$	799
Accumulated amortization of capitalized software	$	462	$	463

NOTE 8 — JOINTLY-OWNED UTILITY PLANT

DTE Electric has joint ownership interest in two power plants, Belle River and Ludington Hydroelectric Pumped Storage. DTE Electric’s share of direct expenses of the jointly-owned plants are included in Fuel, purchased power, and gas — utility and Operation and maintenance expenses in the DTE Energy Consolidated Statements of Operations and Fuel and purchased power— utility and Operation and maintenance expenses in the DTE Electric Consolidated Statements of Operations.

DTE Electric's ownership information of the two utility plants as of December 31, 2019 was as follows:



	Belle River		Ludington Hydroelectric Pumped Storage
In-service date	1984-1985		1973
Total plant capacity	1,270 MW		2,220 MW
Ownership interest	81%		49%
Investment in Property, plant, and equipment (in millions)	$	1,903	$	616
Accumulated depreciation (in millions)	$	896	$	193

Belle River

The Michigan Public Power Agency (MPPA) has ownership interests in Belle River Unit No. 1 and other related facilities. The MPPA is entitled to 19% of the total capacity and energy of the plant and is responsible for the same percentage of the plant’s operation, maintenance, and capital improvement costs.

Ludington Hydroelectric Pumped Storage

Consumers Energy Company has an ownership interest in the Ludington Hydroelectric Pumped Storage Plant. Consumers Energy is entitled to 51% of the total capacity and energy of the plant and is responsible for the same percentage of the plant’s operation, maintenance, and capital improvement costs.

NOTE 9 — ASSET RETIREMENT OBLIGATIONS

DTE Electric has a legal retirement obligation for the decommissioning costs for its Fermi 1 and Fermi 2 nuclear plants, dismantlement of facilities located on leased property, and various other operations. DTE Electric has conditional retirement obligations for asbestos and PCB removal at certain of its power plants and various distribution equipment. DTE Gas has conditional retirement obligations for gas pipelines, certain service centers, compressor and gate stations. The Registrants recognize such obligations as liabilities at fair market value when they are incurred, which generally is at the time the associated assets are placed in service. Fair value is measured using expected future cash outflows discounted at the Registrants' credit-adjusted risk-free rate. For its utility operations, the Registrants recognize in the Consolidated Statements of Operations removal costs in accordance with regulatory treatment. Any differences between costs recognized related to asset retirement and those reflected in rates are recognized as either a Regulatory asset or liability on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

If a reasonable estimate of fair value cannot be made in the period in which the retirement obligation is incurred, such as for assets with indeterminate lives, the liability is recognized when a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. Natural gas storage system and certain other distribution assets for DTE Gas and substations, manholes, and certain other distribution assets for DTE Electric have an indeterminate life. Therefore, no liability has been recorded for these assets.

Changes to asset retirement obligations for 2019, 2018, and 2017 were as follows:



	2019			2018			2017
DTE Energy	(In millions)
Asset retirement obligations at January 1	$	2,469		$	2,320		$	2,197
Accretion	149			140			131
Liabilities incurred	20			27			2
Liabilities settled	(17		)	(16		)	(6		)
Revision in estimated cash flows	51			(2		)	(4		)
Asset retirement obligations at December 31	$	2,672		$	2,469		$	2,320



	2019			2018			2017
DTE Electric	(In millions)
Asset retirement obligations at January 1	$	2,271		$	2,125		$	2,012
Accretion	138			129			120
Liabilities incurred	1			27			1
Liabilities settled	(14		)	(8		)	(2		)
Revision in estimated cash flows	51			(2		)	(6		)
Asset retirement obligations at December 31	$	2,447		$	2,271		$	2,125

Approximately $2.1 billion of the asset retirement obligations represent nuclear decommissioning liabilities that are funded through a surcharge to electric customers over the life of the Fermi 2 nuclear plant. The NRC has jurisdiction over the decommissioning of nuclear power plants and requires minimum decommissioning funding based upon a formula. The MPSC and FERC regulate the recovery of costs of decommissioning nuclear power plants and both require the use of external trust funds to finance the decommissioning of Fermi 2. Rates approved by the MPSC provide for the recovery of decommissioning costs of Fermi 2 and the disposal of low-level radioactive waste. DTE Electric believes the MPSC collections will be adequate to fund the estimated cost of decommissioning. The decommissioning assets, anticipated earnings thereon, and future revenues from decommissioning collections will be used to decommission Fermi 2. DTE Electric expects the liabilities to be reduced to zero at the conclusion of the decommissioning activities. If amounts remain in the trust funds for Fermi 2 following the completion of the decommissioning activities, those amounts will be disbursed based on rulings by the MPSC and FERC.

A portion of the funds recovered through the Fermi 2 decommissioning surcharge and deposited in external trust accounts is designated for the removal of non-radioactive assets and returning the site to greenfield. This removal and greenfielding is not considered a legal liability. Therefore, it is not included in the asset retirement obligation, but is reflected as the Nuclear decommissioning liability. The decommissioning of Fermi 1 is funded by DTE Electric. Contributions to the Fermi 1 trust are discretionary. For additional discussion of Nuclear decommissioning trust fund assets, see Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Fair Value."

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

NOTE 10 — REGULATORY MATTERS

Regulation

DTE Electric and DTE Gas are subject to the regulatory jurisdiction of the MPSC, which issues orders pertaining to rates, recovery of certain costs, including the costs of generating facilities and regulatory assets, conditions of service, accounting, and operating-related matters. DTE Electric is also regulated by the FERC with respect to financing authorization and wholesale electric activities. Regulation results in differences in the application of generally accepted accounting principles between regulated and non-regulated businesses.

The Registrants are unable to predict the outcome of the unresolved regulatory matters discussed herein. Resolution of these matters is dependent upon future MPSC orders and appeals, which may materially impact the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Registrants.

Regulatory Assets and Liabilities

DTE Electric and DTE Gas are required to record Regulatory assets and liabilities for certain transactions that would have been treated as revenue or expense in non-regulated businesses. Continued applicability of regulatory accounting treatment requires that rates be designed to recover specific costs of providing regulated services and be charged to and collected from customers. Future regulatory changes could result in the discontinuance of this accounting treatment for Regulatory assets and liabilities for some or all of the Registrants' businesses and may require the write-off of the portion of any Regulatory asset or liability that was no longer probable of recovery through regulated rates. Management believes that currently available facts support the continued use of Regulatory assets and liabilities and that all Regulatory assets and liabilities are recoverable or refundable in the current regulatory environment.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The following are balances and a brief description of the Registrants' Regulatory assets and liabilities at December 31:



	DTE Energy						DTE Electric
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Assets	(In millions)
Recoverable pension and other postretirement costs
Pension	$	1,983		$	1,961		$	1,497		$	1,476
Other postretirement costs	201			213			131			121
Fermi 2 asset retirement obligation	669			778			669			778
Recoverable undepreciated costs on retiring plants	657			630			657			630
Recoverable Michigan income taxes	189			201			152			161
Deferred environmental costs	66			69			—			—
Recoverable income taxes related to AFUDC equity	56			51			47			41
Unamortized loss on reacquired debt	56			60			40			43
Customer360 deferred costs	55			42			55			42
Energy Waste Reduction incentive	54			49			43			39
Nuclear Performance Evaluation and Review Committee Tracker	48			43			48			43
Enhanced Tree Trimming Program deferred costs	43			—			43			—
Other recoverable income taxes	20			23			20			23
Non-service pension and other postretirement costs	15			10			—			—
Transitional Reconciliation Mechanism	10			21			10			21
Accrued PSCR/GCR revenue	3			116			3			116
Removal costs asset	—			407			—			407
Other	51			47			38			36
	4,176			4,721			3,453			3,977
Less amount included in Current Assets	(5		)	(153		)	(5		)	(148		)
	$	4,171		$	4,568		$	3,448		$	3,829



	DTE Energy						DTE Electric
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Liabilities	(In millions)
Refundable federal income taxes	$	2,359		$	2,410		$	1,911		$	1,958
Removal costs liability	700			253			483			—
Negative other postretirement offset	93			101			69			79
Renewable energy	54			86			54			86
Non-service pension and other postretirement costs	46			22			21			11
Accrued PSCR/GCR refund	23			—			—			—
TCJA rate reduction liability	1			118			—			93
Other	53			58			48			42
	3,329			3,048			2,586			2,269
Less amount included in Current Liabilities	(65		)	(126		)	(40		)	(98		)
	$	3,264		$	2,922		$	2,546		$	2,171

As noted below, certain Regulatory assets for which costs have been incurred have been included (or are expected to be included, for costs incurred subsequent to the most recently approved rate case) in DTE Electric's or DTE Gas' rate base, thereby providing a return on invested costs (except as noted). Certain other regulatory assets are not included in rate base but accrue recoverable carrying charges until surcharges to collect the assets are billed. Certain Regulatory assets do not result from cash expenditures and therefore do not represent investments included in rate base or have offsetting liabilities that reduce rate base.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

ASSETS

•

Recoverable pension and other postretirement costs — Accounting standards for pension and other postretirement benefit costs require, among other things, the recognition in Other comprehensive income of the actuarial gains or losses and the prior service costs that arise during the period but that are not immediately recognized as components of net periodic benefit costs. DTE Electric and DTE Gas record the impact of actuarial gains or losses and prior service costs as a Regulatory asset since the traditional rate setting process allows for the recovery of pension and other postretirement costs. The asset will reverse as the deferred items are amortized and recognized as components of net periodic benefit costs.(a)


•	Fermi 2 asset retirement obligation — This obligation is for Fermi 2 decommissioning costs. The asset captures the timing differences between expense recognition and current recovery in rates and will reverse over the remaining life of the related plant.(a)


•	Recoverable undepreciated costs on retiring plants — Deferral of estimated remaining balances associated with coal power plants expected to be retired by 2023.

•

Recoverable Michigan income taxes — The State of Michigan enacted a corporate income tax resulting in the establishment of state deferred tax liabilities for DTE Energy's utilities. Offsetting Regulatory assets were also recorded as the impacts of the deferred tax liabilities will be reflected in rates as the related taxable temporary differences reverse and flow through current income tax expense.


•	Deferred environmental costs — The MPSC approved the deferral of investigation and remediation costs associated with DTE Gas' former MGP sites. Amortization of deferred costs is over a ten-year period beginning in the year after costs were incurred, with recovery (net of any insurance proceeds) through base rate filings.(a)


•	Recoverable income taxes related to AFUDC equity — Accounting standards for income taxes require recognition of a deferred tax liability for the equity component of AFUDC. A regulatory asset is required for the future increase in taxes payable related to the equity component of AFUDC that will be recovered from customers through future rates over the remaining life of the related plant.


•	Unamortized loss on reacquired debt — The unamortized discount, premium, and expense related to debt redeemed with a refinancing are deferred, amortized, and recovered over the life of the replacement issue.

•

Customer360 deferred costs — The MPSC approved the deferral and amortization of certain costs associated with implementing Customer360, an integrated software application that enables improved interface among customer service, billing, meter reading, credit and collections, device management, account management, and retail access. Amortization of deferred costs over a 15-year amortization period began after the billing system was put into operation during the second quarter of 2017.

•

Energy Waste Reduction incentive — DTE Electric and DTE Gas operate MPSC approved energy waste reduction programs designed to reduce overall energy usage by their customers. The utilities are eligible to earn an incentive by exceeding statutory savings targets. The utilities have consistently exceeded the savings targets and recognize the incentive as a regulatory asset in the period earned.(a)

•

Nuclear Performance Evaluation and Review Committee Tracker — Deferral and amortization of certain costs associated with oversight and review of DTE Electric's nuclear power generation program, including safety and regulatory compliance, nuclear leadership, nuclear facilities, as well as operation and financial performance, pursuant to the MPSC authorization. The approved five-year amortization period began January 1, 2018, with recovery through base rate filings.


•	Enhanced Tree Trimming Program deferred costs — The MPSC approved the deferral of costs for the first three years of a tree trimming surge, aimed at reducing the number and duration of customer interruptions. The MPSC will review the surge program and amortization of deferred costs in future rate filings.


•	Other recoverable income taxes — Income taxes receivable from DTE Electric's customers representing the difference in property-related deferred income taxes and amounts previously reflected in DTE Electric's rates. This asset will reverse over the remaining life of the related plant.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)


•	Non-service pension and other postretirement costs — Upon adoption of ASU 2017-07 on January 1, 2018, certain non-service costs are no longer capitalized into Property, Plant & Equipment. Such costs may be recorded to regulatory assets for ratemaking purposes and recovered as amortization expense based on the composite depreciation rate for plant-in-service.


•	Transitional Reconciliation Mechanism — The MPSC approved the recovery of the deferred net incremental revenue requirement associated with the transition of PLD customers to DTE Electric's distribution system, effective July 1, 2014. Annual reconciliations are filed and surcharges are implemented to recover approved amounts.


•	Accrued PSCR/GCR revenue — Receivable for the temporary under-recovery of and carrying costs on fuel and purchased power costs incurred by DTE Electric which are recoverable through the PSCR mechanism and temporary under-recovery of and carrying costs on gas costs incurred by DTE Gas which are recoverable through the GCR mechanism.

•

Removal costs asset — Receivable for the recovery of asset removal expenditures in excess of amounts collected from customers.(a) Cost of removal is included within depreciation rates approved by the MPSC. In connection with DTE Electric's recent rate order in 2019 which approved an updated depreciation study, DTE Electric re-measured the amount of historical depreciation expense that had been allocated between accumulated depreciation and cost of removal. The reallocation was performed following a settlement with the MPSC in which DTE Electric agreed to maintain specific, individual reserve accounts for the cost of removal for certain retiring plants. Based upon the reallocation, it was determined that the amounts collected for asset removal expenditures, as a component of depreciation, have exceeded actual asset removal expenditures. Accordingly, DTE Electric reallocated amounts from accumulated depreciation to the removal cost regulatory balance resulting in a net Removal costs liability as of December 31, 2019.


(a)	Regulatory assets not earning a return or accruing carrying charges.

LIABILITIES


•	Refundable federal income taxes — DTE Electric and DTE Gas' remeasurement of deferred taxes due to the enactment of the TCJA, which reflects the net impact of the tax rate change on cumulative temporary differences expected to reverse after the effective date of January 1, 2018. Refer to "2017 Tax Reform" section below for additional information.


•	Removal costs liability — The amount collected from customers for the funding of future asset removal activities. For 2019, the liability includes amounts previously reflected within the Removal costs asset for DTE Electric, as noted above.

•

Negative other postretirement offset — DTE Electric and DTE Gas' negative other postretirement costs are not included as a reduction to their authorized rates; therefore, DTE Electric and DTE Gas are accruing a Regulatory liability to eliminate the impact on earnings of the negative other postretirement expense accrual. The Regulatory liabilities will reverse to the extent DTE Electric and DTE Gas' other postretirement expense is positive in future years.


•	Renewable energy — Amounts collected in rates in excess of renewable energy expenditures.


•	Non-service pension and other postretirement costs — Upon adoption of ASU 2017-07 on January 1, 2018, certain non-service cost activity is no longer credited to Property, Plant & Equipment. Such costs may be recorded to regulatory liabilities for ratemaking purposes and refunded through credits to amortization expense based on the composite depreciation rate for plant-in-service.


•	Accrued PSCR/GCR refund - Liability for the temporary over-recovery of and a return on power supply costs and transmission costs incurred by DTE Electric which are recoverable through the PSCR mechanism and temporary over-recovery of and a return on gas costs incurred by DTE Gas which are recoverable through the GCR mechanism.

•

TCJA rate reduction liability — Due to the change in the corporate Federal income tax rate from 35% to 21%, DTE Electric and DTE Gas reduced rates charged to customers during 2018. A regulatory liability equal to the difference between revenues billed based on a 35% rate, and revenues based on a 21% rate, was accrued for the period January 1, 2018 through the date the lower rates were implemented. The refund of the liability occurred from January 1, 2019 through June 30, 2019.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

2018 Electric Rate Case Filing

DTE Electric filed a rate case with the MPSC on July 6, 2018 requesting an increase in base rates of $328 million based on a projected twelve-month period ending April 30, 2020. The requested increase in base rates was primarily due to an increase in net plant resulting from infrastructure investments, depreciation expense, as requested in the 2016 DTE Electric Depreciation Case Filing, and reliability improvement projects. The rate filing also requested an increase in return on equity from 10.0% to 10.5% and included projected changes in sales, operation and maintenance expenses, and working capital. In addition, the rate filing requested an Infrastructure Recovery Mechanism to recover the incremental revenue requirement associated with certain distribution, fossil generation, and nuclear generation capital expenditures through 2022. Finally, as noted in the 2017 Tax Reform section below, DTE Electric proposed an amortization schedule for Calculation C in this filing. On February 1, 2019 DTE Electric reduced its initial requested increase in base rates to $248.6 million, primarily reflecting the reduction in requested depreciation expense resulting from the MPSC's approval of new depreciation rates. On May 2, 2019, the MPSC issued an order approving an annual revenue increase of $125 million for services rendered on or after May 9, 2019. The MPSC authorized a return on equity of 10.0%. In addition, the order approved the proposed amortization schedule for Calculation C but denied the requested Infrastructure Recovery Mechanism.

2019 Electric Rate Case Filing

DTE Electric filed a rate case with the MPSC on July 8, 2019 requesting an increase in base rates of $351 million based on a projected twelve-month period ending April 30, 2021. The requested increase in base rates is primarily due to an increase in net plant resulting from infrastructure and generation investments. The rate filing also requests an increase in return on equity from 10.0% to 10.5% and includes projected changes in sales and operating and maintenance expenses. A final MPSC order in this case is expected by May 2020.

2016 DTE Electric Depreciation Case Filing

DTE Electric filed a depreciation case with the MPSC on November 1, 2016 requesting an increase in depreciation rates for plant in service balances as of December 31, 2015. The MPSC issued an order on December 6, 2018 authorizing DTE Electric to increase its composite depreciation rate from 3.06% to 3.72%. The new rates are effective for service rendered on or after May 9, 2019, per the final order in DTE Electric's 2018 rate case issued on May 2, 2019.

2017 Tax Reform

On December 27, 2017, the MPSC issued an order to consider changes in the rates of all Michigan rate-regulated utilities to reflect the effects of the federal TCJA. On January 19, 2018, DTE Electric and DTE Gas filed information with the MPSC regarding the potential change in revenue requirements due to the TCJA effective January 1, 2018 and outlined their recommended method to flow the current and deferred tax benefits of those impacts to ratepayers.

On February 22, 2018, the MPSC issued an order in this case requiring utilities, including DTE Electric and DTE Gas, to follow a 3-step approach of credits and calculations. In 2018, MPSC orders for the first two steps, Credit A and Credit B, were issued for DTE Electric and DTE Gas. The third step is to perform Calculation C to address all remaining issues relative to the new tax law, which is primarily the remeasurement of deferred taxes and how the amounts deferred as Regulatory liabilities will flow to ratepayers. DTE Gas filed its Calculation C case on November 16, 2018 to reduce the annual revenue requirement by $12 million related to the amortization of deferred tax remeasurement. On August 20, 2019, the MPSC issued an order in this case approving a $13 million reduction to DTE Gas' annual revenue requirement. This reduction in revenue will be offset by a corresponding reduction in income tax expenses with the Consolidated Statement of Operations. DTE Electric proposed an amortization schedule for Calculation C in its general rate case filed July 6, 2018, which was approved by the MPSC in the May 2, 2019 rate order.

2019 Gas Rate Case Filing

DTE Gas filed a rate case with the MPSC on November 25, 2019 requesting an increase in base rates of $204 million based on a projected twelve-month period ending September 30, 2021. The requested increase in base rates is primarily due to an increase in net plant resulting from infrastructure investments and operating and maintenance expenses. The rate filing also requests an increase in return on equity from 10.0% to 10.5% and includes projected changes in sales and working capital. A final MPSC order in this case is expected by September 2020.

NOTE 11 — INCOME TAXES

Income Tax Summary

DTE Energy files a consolidated federal income tax return. DTE Electric is a part of the consolidated federal income tax return of DTE Energy. DTE Energy and its subsidiaries file consolidated and/or separate company income tax returns in various states and localities, including a consolidated return in the State of Michigan. DTE Electric is part of the Michigan consolidated income tax return of DTE Energy. The federal, state and local income tax expense for DTE Electric is determined on an individual company basis with no allocation of tax expenses or benefits from other affiliates of DTE Energy. DTE Electric had income tax receivables with DTE Energy of $14 million and $8 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The Registrants' total Income Tax Expense varied from the statutory federal income tax rate for the following reasons:



	2019			2018			2017
DTE Energy	(In millions)
Income Before Income Taxes	$	1,324		$	1,216		$	1,287
Income tax expense at statutory rate - 21% in 2019 and 2018 - 35% in 2017	$	278		$	255		$	450
Production tax credits	(128		)	(223		)	(189		)
Investment tax credits	(4		)	(4		)	(4		)
TCJA regulatory liability amortization	(38		)	—			—
Depreciation	2			2			(4		)
Noncontrolling interests	—			2			8
AFUDC equity	(4		)	(14		)	(18		)
Employee Stock Ownership Plan dividends	(3		)	(3		)	(5		)
Stock based compensation	(7		)	(3		)	(14		)
State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit	48			60			51
Enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act	—			21			(105		)
Other, net	8			5			5
Income Tax Expense	$	152		$	98		$	175
Effective income tax rate	11.5		%	8.1		%	13.6		%



	2019			2018			2017
DTE Electric	(In millions)
Income Before Income Taxes	$	854		$	857		$	928
Income tax expense at statutory rate - 21% in 2019 and 2018 - 35% in 2017	$	179		$	180		$	325
Production tax credits	(45		)	(35		)	(36		)
Investment tax credits	(4		)	(3		)	(4		)
TCJA regulatory liability amortization	(35		)	—			—
Depreciation	2			2			3
AFUDC equity	(4		)	(3		)	(5		)
Employee Stock Ownership Plan dividends	(2		)	(2		)	(3		)
State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit	49			49			48
Enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act	—			7			—
Other, net	(2		)	(2		)	(1		)
Income Tax Expense	$	138		$	193		$	327
Effective income tax rate	16.2		%	22.5		%	35.2		%

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Components of the Registrants' Income Tax Expense were as follows:



	2019			2018			2017
DTE Energy	(In millions)
Current income tax expense (benefit)
Federal	$	(184	)	$	(17	)	$	(22	)
State and other income tax	7			1			1
Total current income taxes	(177		)	(16		)	(21		)
Deferred income tax expense
Federal	275			38			118
State and other income tax	54			76			78
Total deferred income taxes	329			114			196
	$	152		$	98		$	175



	2019		2018		2017
DTE Electric	(In millions)
Current income tax expense (benefit)
Federal	$	25	$	—	$	(17	)
State and other income tax	16		4		(1		)
Total current income taxes	41		4		(18		)
Deferred income tax expense
Federal	51		131		270
State and other income tax	46		58		75
Total deferred income taxes	97		189		345
	$	138	$	193	$	327

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax effect of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets or liabilities and the reported amounts in the Registrant's Consolidated Financial Statements. Consistent with the original establishment of these deferred tax liabilities (assets), recognition of these non-cash transactions are not reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

The Registrants' deferred tax assets (liabilities) were comprised of the following at December 31:



	DTE Energy						DTE Electric
	2019			2018			2019			2018
	(In millions)
Property, plant, and equipment	$	(3,755	)	$	(3,462	)	$	(2,956	)	$	(2,840	)
Regulatory assets and liabilities	(47		)	(54		)	4			(3		)
Tax credit carry-forwards	1,161			1,178			252			250
Pension and benefits	300			311			258			258
Federal net operating loss carry-forward	276			117			—			2
State and local net operating loss carry-forwards	117			59			—			1
Investments in equity method investees	(465		)	(216		)	—			(1		)
Other	138			125			87			87
	(2,275		)	(1,942		)	(2,355		)	(2,246		)
Less valuation allowance	(40		)	(33		)	—			—
Long-term deferred income tax liabilities	$	(2,315	)	$	(1,975	)	$	(2,355	)	$	(2,246	)

Deferred income tax assets	$	2,264		$	2,021		$	865		$	855
Deferred income tax liabilities	(4,579		)	(3,996		)	(3,220		)	(3,101		)
	$	(2,315	)	$	(1,975	)	$	(2,355	)	$	(2,246	)

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Tax credit carry-forwards for DTE Energy include $1.01 billion of general business credits that expire from 2034 through 2039 and $153 million of alternative minimum tax credits that will be refundable over the next three years. The alternative minimum tax credits are production tax credits earned prior to 2006 but not utilized. The majority of these alternative minimum tax credits were generated from projects that had received a private letter ruling (PLR) from the IRS. These PLRs provide assurance as to the appropriateness of using these credits to offset taxable income, however, these tax credits are subject to IRS audit and adjustment. No valuation allowance is required for the tax credits carry-forward deferred tax asset.

DTE Energy has a federal net operating loss carry-forward of $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2019. The net operating loss carry-forwards generated in 2015 and 2016 will expire from 2035 through 2036, and the net operating loss carry-forward generated in 2018 and subsequent years will be carried forward indefinitely. No valuation allowance is required for the federal net operating loss deferred tax asset.

DTE Energy has state and local deferred tax assets related to net operating loss carry-forwards of $117 million and $59 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The state and local net operating loss carry-forwards expire from 2020 through 2039. DTE Energy has recorded valuation allowances at December 31, 2019 and 2018 of approximately $40 million and $33 million, respectively, which are primarily related to these deferred tax assets. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, DTE Energy considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible.

Tax credit carry-forwards for DTE Electric include $252 million of general business credits that expire from 2036 through 2039. No valuation allowance is required for the tax credits carry-forward deferred tax asset.

DTE Electric has no state and local deferred tax assets related to net operating loss carry-forwards at December 31, 2019, while there was $1 million of state and local deferred tax assets related to net operating loss carry-forwards at December 31, 2018. No valuation allowance is required for DTE Electric's state and local net operating loss carry-forwards.

The above tables exclude unamortized investment tax credits that are shown separately on the Registrants' Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Investment tax credits are deferred and amortized to income over the average life of the related property.

Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

On December 22, 2017, the TCJA was enacted reducing the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018. As a result of the enactment, the deferred tax assets and liabilities were remeasured to reflect the impact of the TCJA on the cumulative temporary differences expected to reverse after the effective date. The net impact of this remeasurement was a decrease in deferred tax liabilities of $2.56 billion, of which $2.45 billion was attributable to regulated utilities and offset to regulatory assets and liabilities. This regulatory treatment is consistent with prior precedent set by the MPSC from previous tax law changes. The remaining $105 million was attributable to the non-utility entities and was recognized as a net reduction to income tax expense in 2017.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, DTE Energy and DTE Electric finalized their analysis and recorded true-up adjustments to the remeasurement of deferred taxes of $21 million and $7 million, respectively. The impact of the true-up adjustments was an increase in Income Tax Expense, of which $17 million was attributable to the regulated utilities and increased Regulatory liabilities.

During 2019, DTE Electric and DTE Gas began amortizing excess deferred tax liabilities in accordance with orders issued by the Michigan Public Service Commission. Refer to Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Regulatory Matters," for further detail regarding these orders.

Uncertain Tax Positions

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for the Registrants is as follows:



	2019		2018		2017
DTE Energy	(In millions)
Balance at January 1	$	10	$	10	$	10
Additions for tax positions of prior years	—		—		—
Balance at December 31	$	10	$	10	$	10

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)



	2019		2018		2017
DTE Electric	(In millions)
Balance at January 1	$	13	$	13	$	13
Additions for tax positions of prior years	—		—		—
Balance at December 31	$	13	$	13	$	13

DTE Energy had $8 million of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2019 and 2018 that, if recognized, would favorably impact its effective tax rate. DTE Energy does not anticipate any material decrease in unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months.

DTE Electric had $10 million of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2019 and 2018 that, if recognized, would favorably impact its effective tax rate. DTE Electric does not anticipate any material decrease in unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months.

The Registrants recognize interest and penalties pertaining to income taxes in Interest expense and Other expenses, respectively, on their Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Accrued interest pertaining to income taxes for DTE Energy totaled $4 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018. DTE Energy recognized interest expense related to income taxes of $1 million in 2019 and 2018, and a nominal amount in 2017. DTE Energy had accrued no penalties pertaining to income taxes.

Accrued interest pertaining to income taxes for DTE Electric totaled $6 million and $5 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. DTE Electric recognized interest expense related to income taxes of $1 million in 2019 and 2018, and a nominal amount in 2017. DTE Electric had accrued no penalties pertaining to income taxes.

In 2019, DTE Energy, including DTE Electric, settled a federal tax audit for the 2017 tax year. DTE Energy's federal income tax returns for 2018 and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the IRS. DTE Energy's Michigan Business Tax returns for the years 2008-2011 and Michigan Corporate Income Tax returns for the year 2015 and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the State of Michigan. DTE Energy also files tax returns in numerous state and local jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitation.

NOTE 12 — COMMON STOCK AND EARNINGS PER SHARE

Common Stock

On October 1, 2019, DTE Energy issued approximately 5.87 million shares of common stock under the stock repurchase contracts associated with DTE Energy's 2016 Series C Equity Units for $675 million. Refer to Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Long-Term Debt" for additional information.

In conjunction with the acquisition of Blue Union and LEAP, in November 2019 DTE Energy issued 2.76 million shares of common stock at $126.00 per share grossing $348 million. Net proceeds from the offering were approximately $339 million. Refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Acquisitions" for additional information.

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the net income, adjusted for income allocated to participating securities, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share reflect the dilution that would occur if any potentially dilutive instruments were exercised or converted into common shares. DTE Energy's participating securities are restricted shares under the stock incentive program that contain rights to receive non-forfeitable dividends. Equity units, performance shares, and stock options do not receive cash dividends; as such, these awards are not considered participating securities. For additional information, see Notes 15 and 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Long-Term Debt" and "Stock-Based Compensation," respectively.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The following is a reconciliation of DTE Energy's basic and diluted income per share calculation for the years ended December 31:



	2019			2018			2017
	(In millions, except per share amounts)
Basic Earnings per Share
Net Income Attributable to DTE Energy Company	$	1,169		$	1,120		$	1,134
Less: Allocation of earnings to net restricted stock awards	(2		)	(2		)	(2		)
Net income available to common shareholders — basic	$	1,167		$	1,118		$	1,132

Average number of common shares outstanding — basic	185			181			179
Basic Earnings per Common Share	$	6.32		$	6.18		$	6.32

Diluted Earnings per Share
Net Income Attributable to DTE Energy Company	$	1,169		$	1,120		$	1,134
Less: Allocation of earnings to net restricted stock awards	(2		)	(2		)	(2		)
Net income available to common shareholders — diluted	$	1,167		$	1,118		$	1,132

Average number of common shares outstanding - diluted	185			181			179
Diluted Earnings per Common Share(a)	$	6.31		$	6.17		$	6.32


(a)	Equity Units excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS were approximately 9.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 6.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, as the dilutive stock price threshold was not met. For more information, see Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Long-Term Debt."

NOTE 13 — FAIR VALUE

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date in a principal or most advantageous market. Fair value is a market-based measurement that is determined based on inputs, which refer broadly to assumptions that market participants use in pricing assets or liabilities. These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated, or generally unobservable inputs. The Registrants make certain assumptions they believe that market participants would use in pricing assets or liabilities, including assumptions about risk, and the risks inherent in the inputs to valuation techniques. Credit risk of the Registrants and their counterparties is incorporated in the valuation of assets and liabilities through the use of credit reserves, the impact of which was immaterial at December 31, 2019 and 2018. The Registrants believe they use valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable market-based inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

A fair value hierarchy has been established that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value in three broad levels. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). In some cases, the inputs used to measure fair value might fall in different levels of the fair value hierarchy. All assets and liabilities are required to be classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Assessing the significance of a particular input may require judgment considering factors specific to the asset or liability and may affect the valuation of the asset or liability and its placement within the fair value hierarchy. The Registrants classify fair value balances based on the fair value hierarchy defined as follows:


•	Level 1 — Consists of unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Registrants have the ability to access as of the reporting date.


•	Level 2 — Consists of inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are directly observable for the asset or liability or indirectly observable through corroboration with observable market data.

•

Level 3 — Consists of unobservable inputs for assets or liabilities whose fair value is estimated based on internally developed models or methodologies using inputs that are generally less readily observable and supported by little, if any, market activity at the measurement date. Unobservable inputs are developed based on the best available information and subject to cost-benefit constraints.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The following table presents assets and liabilities for DTE Energy measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis(a):



	December 31, 2019																	December 31, 2018
	Level 1			Level 2			Level 3			Other(b)		Netting(c)			Net Balance			Level 1			Level 2			Level 3			Other(b)		Netting(c)			Net Balance
	(In millions)
Assets
Cash equivalents(d)	$	15		$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—		$	15		$	16		$	2		$	—		$	—	$	—		$	18
Nuclear decommissioning trusts
Equity securities	1,046			—			—			—		—			1,046			851			—			—			—		—			851
Fixed income securities	160			378			—			—		—			538			12			490			—			—		—			502
Private equity and other	—			—			—			43		—			43			—			—			—			20		—			20
Cash equivalents	34			—			—			—		—			34			5			—			—			—		—			5
Other investments(e)
Equity securities	140			—			—			—		—			140			110			—			—			—		—			110
Fixed income securities	79			—			—			—		—			79			69			—			—			—		—			69
Cash equivalents	4			—			—			—		—			4			4			—			—			—		—			4
Derivative assets
Commodity contracts
Natural gas	205			76			74			—		(266		)	89			199			87			63			—		(277		)	72
Electricity	—			223			83			—		(225		)	81			—			247			56			—		(252		)	51
Environmental & Other	—			110			3			—		(110		)	3			—			—			7			—		(1		)	6
Foreign currency exchange contracts	—			1			—			—		—			1			—			4			—			—		—			4
Total derivative assets	205			410			160			—		(601		)	174			199			338			126			—		(530		)	133
Total	$	1,683		$	788		$	160		$	43	$	(601	)	$	2,073		$	1,266		$	830		$	126		$	20	$	(530	)	$	1,712

Liabilities
Derivative liabilities
Commodity contracts
Natural gas	$	(221	)	$	(41	)	$	(89	)	$	—	$	266		$	(85	)	$	(197	)	$	(71	)	$	(112	)	$	—	$	272		$	(108	)
Electricity	—			(231		)	(67		)	—		225			(73		)	—			(227		)	(58		)	—		240			(45		)
Environmental & Other	—			(121		)	—			—		110			(11		)	—			(1		)	—			—		1			—
Interest rate contracts	—			—			—			—		—			—			—			(3		)	—			—		—			(3		)
Total	$	(221	)	$	(393	)	$	(156	)	$	—	$	601		$	(169	)	$	(197	)	$	(302	)	$	(170	)	$	—	$	513		$	(156	)
Net Assets (Liabilities) at end of period	$	1,462		$	395		$	4		$	43	$	—		$	1,904		$	1,069		$	528		$	(44	)	$	20	$	(17	)	$	1,556
Assets
Current	$	218		$	320		$	123		$	—	$	(513	)	$	148		$	212		$	273		$	96		$	—	$	(461	)	$	120
Noncurrent	1,465			468			37			43		(88		)	1,925			1,054			557			30			20		(69		)	1,592
Total Assets	$	1,683		$	788		$	160		$	43	$	(601	)	$	2,073		$	1,266		$	830		$	126		$	20	$	(530	)	$	1,712
Liabilities
Current	$	(211	)	$	(300	)	$	(85	)	$	—	$	513		$	(83	)	$	(191	)	$	(251	)	$	(76	)	$	—	$	451		$	(67	)
Noncurrent	(10		)	(93		)	(71		)	—		88			(86		)	(6		)	(51		)	(94		)	—		62			(89		)
Total Liabilities	$	(221	)	$	(393	)	$	(156	)	$	—	$	601		$	(169	)	$	(197	)	$	(302	)	$	(170	)	$	—	$	513		$	(156	)
Net Assets (Liabilities) at end of period	$	1,462		$	395		$	4		$	43	$	—		$	1,904		$	1,069		$	528		$	(44	)	$	20	$	(17	)	$	1,556


(a)	See footnotes on following page.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)


(b)	Amounts represent assets valued at NAV as a practical expedient for fair value.


(c)	Amounts represent the impact of master netting agreements that allow DTE Energy to net gain and loss positions and cash collateral held or placed with the same counterparties.

(d)

At December 31, 2019, the $15 million consisted of $4 million and $11 million of cash equivalents included in Cash and Cash equivalents and Other investments on DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, respectively. At December 31, 2018, the $18 million consisted of $3 million, $5 million, and $10 million of cash equivalents included in Cash and Cash equivalents, Restricted cash, and Other investments on DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, respectively.


(e)	Excludes cash surrender value of life insurance investments.

The following table presents assets for DTE Electric measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of:



	December 31, 2019										December 31, 2018
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Other(a)		Net Balance		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Other(a)		Net Balance
	(In millions)
Assets
Cash equivalents(b)	$	11	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	11	$	8	$	2	$	—	$	—	$	10
Nuclear decommissioning trusts
Equity securities	1,046		—		—		—		1,046		851		—		—		—		851
Fixed income securities	160		378		—		—		538		12		490		—		—		502
Private equity and other	—		—		—		43		43		—		—		—		20		20
Cash equivalents	34		—		—		—		34		5		—		—		—		5
Other investments
Equity securities	13		—		—		—		13		10		—		—		—		10
Derivative assets — FTRs	—		—		3		—		3		—		—		6		—		6
Total	$	1,264	$	378	$	3	$	43	$	1,688	$	886	$	492	$	6	$	20	$	1,404

Assets
Current	$	11	$	—	$	3	$	—	$	14	$	8	$	2	$	6	$	—	$	16
Noncurrent	1,253		378		—		43		1,674		878		490		—		20		1,388
Total Assets	$	1,264	$	378	$	3	$	43	$	1,688	$	886	$	492	$	6	$	20	$	1,404


(a)	Amounts represent assets valued at NAV as a practical expedient for fair value.


(b)	At December 31, 2019, the $11 million consisted of cash equivalents included in Other investments on DTE Electric's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. At December 31, 2018, the $10 million consisted of cash equivalents included in Other investments on DTE Electric's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents include investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased. The cash equivalents shown in the fair value table are comprised of short-term investments and money market funds.

Nuclear Decommissioning Trusts and Other Investments

The nuclear decommissioning trusts and other investments hold debt and equity securities directly and indirectly through commingled funds. Exchange-traded debt and equity securities held directly are valued using quoted market prices in actively traded markets. Commingled funds that hold exchange-traded equity or debt securities are valued based on stated NAVs. Non-exchange traded fixed income securities are valued based upon quotations available from brokers or pricing services. Other assets such as private equity investments are classified as NAV assets. A primary price source is identified by asset type, class, or issue for each security. The trustee monitors prices supplied by pricing services and may use a supplemental price source or change the primary price source of a given security if the trustee determines that another price source is considered preferable. The Registrants have obtained an understanding of how these prices are derived, including the nature and observability of the inputs used in deriving such prices.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Derivative Assets and Liabilities

Derivative assets and liabilities are comprised of physical and financial derivative contracts, including futures, forwards, options, and swaps that are both exchange-traded and over-the-counter traded contracts. Various inputs are used to value derivatives depending on the type of contract and availability of market data. Exchange-traded derivative contracts are valued using quoted prices in active markets. The Registrants consider the following criteria in determining whether a market is considered active: frequency in which pricing information is updated, variability in pricing between sources or over time, and the availability of public information. Other derivative contracts are valued based upon a variety of inputs including commodity market prices, broker quotes, interest rates, credit ratings, default rates, market-based seasonality, and basis differential factors. The Registrants monitor the prices that are supplied by brokers and pricing services and may use a supplemental price source or change the primary price source of an index if prices become unavailable or another price source is determined to be more representative of fair value. The Registrants have obtained an understanding of how these prices are derived. Additionally, the Registrants selectively corroborate the fair value of their transactions by comparison of market-based price sources. Mathematical valuation models are used for derivatives for which external market data is not readily observable, such as contracts which extend beyond the actively traded reporting period. The Registrants have established a Risk Management Committee whose responsibilities include directly or indirectly ensuring all valuation methods are applied in accordance with predefined policies. The development and maintenance of the Registrants' forward price curves has been assigned to DTE Energy's Risk Management Department, which is separate and distinct from the trading functions within DTE Energy.

The following table presents the fair value reconciliation of Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for DTE Energy:



	Year Ended December 31, 2019												Year Ended December 31, 2018
	Natural Gas			Electricity			Other			Total			Natural Gas			Electricity			Other			Total
	(In millions)
Net Assets (Liabilities) as of January 1	$	(49	)	$	(2	)	$	7		$	(44	)	$	(29	)	$	12		$	8		$	(9	)
Transfers from Level 3 into Level 2	—			—			—			—			(3		)	—			—			(3		)
Total gains (losses)
Included in earnings	15			77			(1		)	91			(146		)	29			1			(116		)
Recorded in Regulatory liabilities	—			—			2			2			—			—			9			9
Purchases, issuances, and settlements:
Settlements	19			(59		)	(5		)	(45		)	129			(43		)	(11		)	75
Net Assets (Liabilities) as of December 31	$	(15	)	$	16		$	3		$	4		$	(49	)	$	(2	)	$	7		$	(44	)
The amount of total gains (losses) included in Net Income attributed to the change in unrealized gains (losses) related to assets and liabilities held at December 31, 2019 and 2018 and reflected in Operating Revenues — Non-utility operations and Fuel, purchased power, and gas — non-utility in DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Operations	$	(1	)	$	59		$	(38	)	$	20		$	(119	)	$	15		$	(16	)	$	(120	)

The following table presents the fair value reconciliation of Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for DTE Electric:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018
	(In millions)
Net Assets as of January 1	$	6		$	9
Change in fair value recorded in Regulatory liabilities	2			9
Purchases, issuances, and settlements:
Settlements	(5		)	(12		)
Net Assets as of December 31	$	3		$	6
The amount of total gains (losses) included in Regulatory liabilities attributed to the change in unrealized gains (losses) related to assets and liabilities held at December 31, 2019 and 2018 and reflected in DTE Electric's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position	$	3		$	6

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Derivatives are transferred between levels primarily due to changes in the source data used to construct price curves as a result of changes in market liquidity. Transfers in and transfers out are reflected as if they had occurred at the beginning of the period.

There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 for the Registrants during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, and there were no transfers from or into Level 3 for DTE Electric during the same periods.

The following tables present the unobservable inputs related to DTE Energy's Level 3 assets and liabilities:



	December 31, 2019
Commodity Contracts	Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities			Valuation Techniques	Unobservable Input	Range							Weighted Average
	(In millions)
Natural Gas	$	74	$	(89	)	Discounted Cash Flow	Forward basis price (per MMBtu)	$	(1.78	)	—	$	5.78	/MMBtu	$	(0.09	)/MMBtu
Electricity	$	83	$	(67	)	Discounted Cash Flow	Forward basis price (per MWh)	$	(10	)	—	$	6	/MWh	$	—



	December 31, 2018
Commodity Contracts	Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities			Valuation Techniques	Unobservable Input	Range							Weighted Average
	(In millions)
Natural Gas	$	63	$	(112	)	Discounted Cash Flow	Forward basis price (per MMBtu)	$	(2.15	)	—	$	5.59	/MMBtu	$	(0.10	)/MMBtu
Electricity	$	56	$	(58	)	Discounted Cash Flow	Forward basis price (per MWh)	$	(7	)	—	$	9	/MWh	$	1	/MWh

The unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the electricity and natural gas commodity types consist of inputs that are less observable due in part to lack of available broker quotes, supported by little, if any, market activity at the measurement date or are based on internally developed models. Certain basis prices (i.e., the difference in pricing between two locations) included in the valuation of natural gas and electricity contracts were deemed unobservable.

The inputs listed above would have a direct impact on the fair values of the above security types if they were adjusted. A significant increase (decrease) in the basis price would result in a higher (lower) fair value for long positions, with offsetting impacts to short positions.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the carrying amount and fair value of financial instruments for DTE Energy:



	December 31, 2019								December 31, 2018
	Carrying		Fair Value						Carrying		Fair Value
	Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(In millions)
Notes receivable — Other(a), excluding lessor finance leases	$	184	$	—	$	—	$	184	$	40	$	—	$	—	$	40
Dividends payable	$	195	$	195	$	—	$	—	$	172	$	172	$	—	$	—
Short-term borrowings	$	828	$	—	$	828	$	—	$	609	$	—	$	609	$	—
Notes payable — Other(b), excluding lessee finance leases	$	25	$	—	$	—	$	25	$	41	$	—	$	—	$	41
Long-term debt(c)	$	16,606	$	2,572	$	14,207	$	1,252	$	13,622	$	1,796	$	10,712	$	1,317


(a)	Current portion included in Current Assets — Other on DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.


(b)	Included in Current Liabilities — Other and Other Liabilities — Other on DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.


(c)	Includes debt due within one year, unamortized debt discounts, and issuance costs. Excludes finance lease obligations.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The following table presents the carrying amount and fair value of financial instruments for DTE Electric:



	December 31, 2019								December 31, 2018
	Carrying		Fair Value						Carrying		Fair Value
	Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(In millions)
Notes receivable — Other(a), excluding lessor finance leases	$	9	$	—	$	—	$	9	$	6	$	—	$	—	$	6
Short-term borrowings — affiliates	$	97	$	—	$	—	$	97	$	101	$	—	$	—	$	101
Short-term borrowings — other	$	354	$	—	$	354	$	—	149		$	—	$	149	$	—
Notes payable — Other(b), excluding lessee finance leases	$	21	$	—	$	—	$	21	$	21	$	—	$	—	$	21
Long-term debt(c)	$	7,180	$	—	$	7,916	$	173	$	6,538	$	—	$	6,552	$	161


(a)	Included in Current Assets — Other on DTE Electric's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.


(b)	Included in Current Liabilities — Other and Other Liabilities — Other on DTE Electric's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.


(c)	Includes debt due within one year, unamortized debt discounts, and issuance costs. Excludes finance lease obligations.

For further fair value information on financial and derivative instruments, see Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Financial and Other Derivative Instruments."

Nuclear Decommissioning Trust Funds

DTE Electric has a legal obligation to decommission its nuclear power plants following the expiration of its operating licenses. This obligation is reflected as an Asset retirement obligation on DTE Electric's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Rates approved by the MPSC provide for the recovery of decommissioning costs of Fermi 2 and the disposal of low-level radioactive waste. See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Asset Retirement Obligations."

The following table summarizes DTE Electric's fair value of the nuclear decommissioning trust fund assets:



	December 31,
	2019		2018
	(In millions)
Fermi 2	$	1,650	$	1,372
Fermi 1	3		3
Low-level radioactive waste	8		3
	$	1,661	$	1,378

The costs of securities sold are determined on the basis of specific identification. The following table sets forth DTE Electric's gains and losses and proceeds from the sale of securities by the nuclear decommissioning trust funds:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(In millions)
Realized gains	$	56		$	65		$	83
Realized losses	$	(31	)	$	(42	)	$	(29	)
Proceeds from sale of securities	$	788		$	1,203		$	1,240

Realized gains and losses from the sale of securities and unrealized gains and losses incurred by the Fermi 2 trust are recorded to the Regulatory asset and Nuclear decommissioning liability. Realized gains and losses from the sale of securities and unrealized gains and losses on the low-level radioactive waste funds are recorded to the Nuclear decommissioning liability.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The following table sets forth DTE Electric's fair value and unrealized gains and losses for the nuclear decommissioning trust funds:



	December 31, 2019							December 31, 2018
	Fair Value		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses
	(In millions)
Equity securities	$	1,046	$	396	$	(39	)	$	851	$	235	$	(79	)
Fixed income securities	538		24		(1		)	502		7		(8		)
Private equity and other	43		—		—			20		—		—
Cash equivalents	34		—		—			5		—		—
	$	1,661	$	420	$	(40	)	$	1,378	$	242	$	(87	)

The following table summarizes the fair value of the fixed income securities held in nuclear decommissioning trust funds by contractual maturity:



	December 31, 2019
	(In millions)
Due within one year	$	15
Due after one through five years	102
Due after five through ten years	109
Due after ten years	312
	$	538

Other Securities

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Registrants' securities, included in Other investments on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, were comprised primarily of money market and equity securities. Net gains related to equity securities held at December 31, 2019 were $37 million. Net losses related to equity securities held at December 31, 2018 were $11 million and net gains related to equity securities held at December 31, 2017 were $26 million. Gains or losses related to the Rabbi Trust assets are allocated from DTE Energy to DTE Electric.

NOTE 14 — FINANCIAL AND OTHER DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

The Registrants recognize all derivatives at their fair value as Derivative assets or liabilities on their respective Consolidated Statements of Financial Position unless they qualify for certain scope exceptions, including the normal purchases and normal sales exception. Further, derivatives that qualify and are designated for hedge accounting are classified as either hedges of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge); or as hedges of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (fair value hedge). For cash flow hedges, the derivative gain or loss is deferred in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and later reclassified into earnings when the underlying transaction occurs. For fair value hedges, changes in fair values for the derivative and hedged item are recognized in earnings each period. For derivatives that do not qualify or are not designated for hedge accounting, changes in fair value are recognized in earnings each period.

The Registrants' primary market risk exposure is associated with commodity prices, credit, and interest rates. The Registrants have risk management policies to monitor and manage market risks. The Registrants use derivative instruments to manage some of the exposure. DTE Energy uses derivative instruments for trading purposes in its Energy Trading segment. Contracts classified as derivative instruments include electricity, natural gas, oil, certain environmental contracts, forwards, futures, options, swaps, and foreign currency exchange contracts. Items not classified as derivatives include natural gas and environmental inventory, pipeline transportation contracts, some environmental contracts, and natural gas storage assets.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

DTE Electric — DTE Electric generates, purchases, distributes, and sells electricity. DTE Electric uses forward contracts to manage changes in the price of electricity and fuel. Substantially all of these contracts meet the normal purchases and normal sales exception and are therefore accounted for under the accrual method. Other derivative contracts are MTM and recoverable through the PSCR mechanism when settled. This results in the deferral of unrealized gains and losses as Regulatory assets or liabilities until realized.

DTE Gas — DTE Gas purchases, stores, transports, distributes, and sells natural gas, buys and sells transportation capacity, and sells storage capacity. DTE Gas has fixed-priced contracts for portions of its expected natural gas supply requirements through March 2022. Substantially all of these contracts meet the normal purchases and normal sales exception and are therefore accounted for under the accrual method. DTE Gas may also sell forward transportation and storage capacity contracts. Forward transportation and storage contracts are generally not derivatives and are therefore accounted for under the accrual method.

Gas Storage and Pipelines — This segment is primarily engaged in services related to the gathering, transportation, and storage of natural gas. Primarily fixed-priced contracts are used in the marketing and management of transportation and storage services. Generally, these contracts are not derivatives and are therefore accounted for under the accrual method.

Power and Industrial Projects — This segment manages and operates energy and pulverized coal projects, a coke battery, reduced emissions fuel projects, renewable gas recovery, and power generation assets. Primarily fixed-price contracts are used in the marketing and management of the segment assets. These contracts are generally not derivatives and are therefore accounted for under the accrual method.

Energy Trading — Commodity Price Risk — Energy Trading markets and trades electricity, natural gas physical products, and energy financial instruments, and provides energy and asset management services utilizing energy commodity derivative instruments. Forwards, futures, options, and swap agreements are used to manage exposure to the risk of market price and volume fluctuations in its operations. These derivatives are accounted for by recording changes in fair value to earnings unless hedge accounting criteria are met.

Energy Trading — Foreign Currency Exchange Risk — Energy Trading has foreign currency exchange forward contracts to economically hedge fixed Canadian dollar commitments existing under natural gas and power purchase and sale contracts and natural gas transportation contracts. Energy Trading enters into these contracts to mitigate price volatility with respect to fluctuations of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar. These derivatives are accounted for by recording changes in fair value to earnings unless hedge accounting criteria are met.

Corporate and Other — Interest Rate Risk — DTE Energy may use interest rate swaps, treasury locks, and other derivatives to hedge the risk associated with interest rate market volatility.

Credit Risk — DTE Energy maintains credit policies that significantly minimize overall credit risk. These policies include an evaluation of potential customers’ and counterparties’ financial condition, including the viability of underlying productive assets, credit rating, collateral requirements, or other credit enhancements such as letters of credit or guarantees. DTE Energy generally uses standardized agreements that allow the netting of positive and negative transactions associated with a single counterparty. DTE Energy maintains a provision for credit losses based on factors surrounding the credit risk of its customers, historical trends, and other information. Based on DTE Energy's credit policies and its December 31, 2019 provision for credit losses, DTE Energy’s exposure to counterparty nonperformance is not expected to have a material adverse effect on DTE Energy's Consolidated Financial Statements.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Derivative Activities

DTE Energy manages its MTM risk on a portfolio basis based upon the delivery period of its contracts and the individual components of the risks within each contract. Accordingly, it records and manages the energy purchase and sale obligations under its contracts in separate components based on the commodity (e.g. electricity or natural gas), the product (e.g. electricity for delivery during peak or off-peak hours), the delivery location (e.g. by region), the risk profile (e.g. forward or option), and the delivery period (e.g. by month and year). The following describes the categories of activities represented by their operating characteristics and key risks:

•

Asset Optimization — Represents derivative activity associated with assets owned and contracted by DTE Energy, including forward natural gas purchases and sales, natural gas transportation, and storage capacity. Changes in the value of derivatives in this category typically economically offset changes in the value of underlying non-derivative positions, which do not qualify for fair value accounting. The difference in accounting treatment of derivatives in this category and the underlying non-derivative positions can result in significant earnings volatility.


•	Marketing and Origination — Represents derivative activity transacted by originating substantially hedged positions with wholesale energy marketers, producers, end-users, utilities, retail aggregators, and alternative energy suppliers.


•	Fundamentals Based Trading — Represents derivative activity transacted with the intent of taking a view, capturing market price changes, or putting capital at risk. This activity is speculative in nature as opposed to hedging an existing exposure.


•	Other — Includes derivative activity at DTE Electric related to FTRs. Changes in the value of derivative contracts at DTE Electric are recorded as Derivative assets or liabilities, with an offset to Regulatory assets or liabilities as the settlement value of these contracts will be included in the PSCR mechanism when realized.

The following table presents the fair value of derivative instruments for DTE Energy:



	December 31, 2019					December 31, 2018
	Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities			Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities
	(In millions)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	(3	)
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Commodity contracts
Natural gas	$	355	$	(351	)	$	349	$	(380	)
Electricity	306		(298		)	303		(285		)
Environmental & Other	113		(121		)	7		(1		)
Foreign currency exchange contracts	1		—			4		—
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments	$	775	$	(770	)	$	663	$	(666	)

Current	$	646	$	(596	)	$	563	$	(518	)
Noncurrent	129		(174		)	100		(151		)
Total derivatives	$	775	$	(770	)	$	663	$	(669	)

The following table presents the fair value of derivative instruments for DTE Electric:



	December 31,
	2019		2018
	(In millions)
FTRs — Other current assets	$	3	$	6
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments	$	3	$	6

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Certain of DTE Energy's derivative positions are subject to netting arrangements which provide for offsetting of asset and liability positions as well as related cash collateral. Such netting arrangements generally do not have restrictions. Under such netting arrangements, DTE Energy offsets the fair value of derivative instruments with cash collateral received or paid for those contracts executed with the same counterparty, which reduces DTE Energy's Total Assets and Liabilities. Cash collateral is allocated between the fair value of derivative instruments and customer accounts receivable and payable with the same counterparty on a pro-rata basis to the extent there is exposure. Any cash collateral remaining, after the exposure is netted to zero, is reflected in Accounts receivable and Accounts payable as collateral paid or received, respectively.

DTE Energy also provides and receives collateral in the form of letters of credit which can be offset against net Derivative assets and liabilities as well as Accounts receivable and payable. DTE Energy had issued letters of credit of $6 million outstanding at December 31, 2019 and $4 million at December 31, 2018, which could be used to offset net Derivative liabilities. Letters of credit received from third parties which could be used to offset net Derivative assets were $4 million and $8 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Such balances of letters of credit are excluded from the tables below and are not netted with the recognized assets and liabilities in DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

For contracts with certain clearing agents, the fair value of derivative instruments is netted against realized positions with the net balance reflected as either 1) a Derivative asset or liability or 2) an Account receivable or payable. Other than certain clearing agents, Accounts receivable and Accounts payable that are subject to netting arrangements have not been offset against the fair value of Derivative assets and liabilities.

The following table presents net cash collateral offsetting arrangements for DTE Energy:



	December 31,
	2019			2018
	(In millions)
Cash collateral netted against Derivative assets	$	—		$	(17	)
Cash collateral recorded in Accounts receivable(a)	13			10
Cash collateral recorded in Accounts payable(a)	(3		)	(6		)
Total net cash collateral posted (received)	$	10		$	(13	)


(a)	Amounts are recorded net by counterparty.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The following table presents the netting offsets of Derivative assets and liabilities for DTE Energy:



	December 31, 2019									December 31, 2018
	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets (Liabilities)			Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position			Net Amounts of Assets (Liabilities) Presented in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position			Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets (Liabilities)			Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position			Net Amounts of Assets (Liabilities) Presented in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
	(In millions)
Derivative assets
Commodity contracts
Natural gas	$	355		$	(266	)	$	89		$	349		$	(277	)	$	72
Electricity	306			(225		)	81			303			(252		)	51
Environmental & Other	113			(110		)	3			7			(1		)	6
Foreign currency exchange contracts	1			—			1			4			—			4
Total derivative assets	$	775		$	(601	)	$	174		$	663		$	(530	)	$	133

Derivative liabilities
Commodity contracts
Natural gas	$	(351	)	$	266		$	(85	)	$	(380	)	$	272		$	(108	)
Electricity	(298		)	225			(73		)	(285		)	240			(45		)
Environmental & Other	(121		)	110			(11		)	(1		)	1			—
Interest rate contracts	—			—			—			(3		)	—			(3		)
Total derivative liabilities	$	(770	)	$	601		$	(169	)	$	(669	)	$	513		$	(156	)

The following table presents the netting offsets of Derivative assets and liabilities showing the reconciliation of derivative instruments to DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position:



	December 31, 2019												December 31, 2018
	Derivative Assets						Derivative Liabilities						Derivative Assets						Derivative Liabilities
	Current			Noncurrent			Current			Noncurrent			Current			Noncurrent			Current			Noncurrent
	(In millions)
Total fair value of derivatives	$	646		$	129		$	(596	)	$	(174	)	$	563		$	100		$	(518	)	$	(151	)
Counterparty netting	(513		)	(88		)	513			88			(451		)	(62		)	451			62
Collateral adjustment	—			—			—			—			(10		)	(7		)	—			—
Total derivatives as reported	$	133		$	41		$	(83	)	$	(86	)	$	102		$	31		$	(67	)	$	(89	)

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Operations is as follows:



	Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives		Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives for Years Ended December 31,
		2019				2018				2017
			(In millions)
Commodity contracts
Natural gas	Operating Revenues — Non-utility operations		$	44			$	(42	)		$	(74	)
Natural gas	Fuel, purchased power, and gas — non-utility		(5		)		(94		)		97
Electricity	Operating Revenues — Non-utility operations		44				49				105
Environmental & Other	Operating Revenues — Non-utility operations		(26		)		(1		)		2
Foreign currency exchange contracts	Operating Revenues — Non-utility operations		(2		)		7				(2		)
Total			$	55			$	(81	)		$	128

Revenues and energy costs related to trading contracts are presented on a net basis in DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Operations. Commodity derivatives used for trading purposes, and financial non-trading commodity derivatives, are accounted for using the MTM method with unrealized and realized gains and losses recorded in Operating Revenues — Non-utility operations. Non-trading physical commodity sale and purchase derivative contracts are generally accounted for using the MTM method with unrealized and realized gains and losses for sales recorded in Operating Revenues — Non-utility operations and purchases recorded in Fuel, purchased power, and gas — non-utility.

The following represents the cumulative gross volume of DTE Energy's derivative contracts outstanding as of December 31, 2019:



Commodity		Number of Units
Natural gas (MMBtu)		1,699,804,805
Electricity (MWh)		31,351,229
Foreign currency exchange (CAD)		78,563,487

Various subsidiaries of DTE Energy have entered into contracts which contain ratings triggers and are guaranteed by DTE Energy. These contracts contain provisions which allow the counterparties to require that DTE Energy post cash or letters of credit as collateral in the event that DTE Energy’s credit rating is downgraded below investment grade. Certain of these provisions (known as "hard triggers") state specific circumstances under which DTE Energy can be required to post collateral upon the occurrence of a credit downgrade, while other provisions (known as "soft triggers") are not as specific. For contracts with soft triggers, it is difficult to estimate the amount of collateral which may be requested by counterparties and/or which DTE Energy may ultimately be required to post. The amount of such collateral which could be requested fluctuates based on commodity prices (primarily natural gas, power, and coal) and the provisions and maturities of the underlying transactions. As of December 31, 2019, DTE Energy's contractual obligation to post collateral in the form of cash or letters of credit in the event of a downgrade to below investment grade, under both hard trigger and soft trigger provisions, was $527 million.

As of December 31, 2019, DTE Energy had $678 million of derivatives in net liability positions, for which hard triggers exist. There is no collateral that has been posted against such liabilities, including cash and letters of credit. Associated derivative net asset positions for which contractual offset exists were $593 million. The net remaining amount of $85 million is derived from the $527 million noted above.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

NOTE 15 — LONG-TERM DEBT

Long-Term Debt

DTE Energy's long-term debt outstanding and weighted average interest rates of debt outstanding at December 31 were:



	Interest Rate(a)	Maturity Date	2019			2018
			(In millions)
Mortgage bonds, notes, and other
DTE Energy Debt, Unsecured	3.2%	2022 — 2033	$	6,625		$	4,425
DTE Electric Taxable Debt, Principally Secured	4.2%	2020 — 2049	6,930			6,280
DTE Electric Tax-Exempt Revenue Bonds(b)	4.3%	2020 — 2030	310			310
DTE Gas Taxable Debt, Principally Secured	4.3%	2020 — 2049	1,710			1,550
Other Long-Term Debt, including Non-Recourse Debt			—			1
			15,575			12,566
Unamortized debt discount			(24		)	(16		)
Unamortized debt issuance costs			(91		)	(73		)
Long-term debt due within one year			(682		)	(1,495		)
			$	14,778		$	10,982
Junior Subordinated Debentures
Subordinated Debentures	5.5%	2062 — 2077	$	1,180		$	1,180
Unamortized debt issuance costs			(34		)	(35		)
			$	1,146		$	1,145


(a)	Weighted average interest rate as of December 31, 2019.


(b)	DTE Electric Tax-Exempt Revenue Bonds are issued by a public body that loans the proceeds to DTE Electric on terms substantially mirroring the Revenue Bonds.

DTE Electric's long-term debt outstanding and weighted average interest rates of debt outstanding at December 31 were:



	Interest Rate(a)	Maturity Date	2019			2018
			(In millions)
Mortgage bonds, notes, and other
Taxable Debt, Principally Secured	4.2%	2020 — 2049	$	6,930		$	6,280
Tax-Exempt Revenue Bonds(b)	4.3%	2020 — 2030	310			310
			7,240			6,590
Unamortized debt discount			(15		)	(11		)
Unamortized debt issuance costs			(45		)	(41		)
Long-term debt due within one year			(632		)	—
			$	6,548		$	6,538


(a)	Weighted average interest rate as of December 31, 2019.


(b)	Tax-Exempt Revenue Bonds are issued by a public body that loans the proceeds to DTE Electric on terms substantially mirroring the Revenue Bonds.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Debt Issuances

In 2019, the following debt was issued:



Company	Month	Type	Interest Rate	Maturity Date	Amount
					(In millions)
DTE Electric	February	Mortgage Bonds(a)	3.95%	2049	$	650
DTE Energy	June	Senior Notes(b)	2.60%	2022	300
DTE Energy	June	Senior Notes(b)	3.40%	2029	500
DTE Gas	October	Mortgage Bonds(b)	2.95%	2029	140
DTE Gas	October	Mortgage Bonds(b)	3.72%	2049	140
DTE Energy	November	Senior Notes(c)	2.25%	2022	500
DTE Energy	November	Senior Notes(c)	2.95%	2030	300
DTE Energy	November	Equity Units(c)	(d)	2025	1,300
					$	3,830


(a)	Bonds were issued as Green Bonds and the proceeds will be used to finance expenditures for solar and wind energy, payments under power purchase agreements for solar and wind energy, and energy optimization programs.


(b)	Proceeds were used for the repayment of short-term borrowings and general corporate purposes.


(c)	Proceeds were used to pay a portion of the purchase price of the Blue Union and LEAP acquisition. Refer to "Acquisition Financing" below for additional information.


(d)	See "Acquisition Financing" below for more information regarding the rates associated with the Equity Units.

Debt Redemptions

In 2019, the following debt was redeemed:



Company	Month	Type	Interest Rate	Maturity Date	Amount
					(In millions)
DTE Energy	October	Senior Notes	1.50%	2019	$	400
DTE Gas	October	Senior Notes	5.00%	2019	120
DTE Energy	December	Senior Notes	2.40%	2019	300
DTE Energy	Various	Other long-term debt	Various	2019	1
					$	821

The following table shows the Registrants' scheduled debt maturities, excluding any unamortized discount on debt:



	2020		2021		2022		2023		2024		2025 and Thereafter		Total
	(In millions)
DTE Energy(a)	$	682	$	462	$	2,716	$	1,177	$	1,425	$	10,293	$	16,755
DTE Electric	$	632	$	462	$	316	$	202	$	400	$	5,228	$	7,240


(a)	Amounts include DTE Electric's scheduled debt maturities.

In January 2020, DTE Electric sent notice to optionally redeem its $300 million 2010 Series A 4.89% Senior Notes due September 2020. The notes are expected to be redeemed in March 2020.

Junior Subordinated Debentures

DTE Energy has the right to defer interest payments on the Junior Subordinated Debentures. Should DTE Energy exercise this right, it cannot declare or pay dividends on, or redeem, purchase or acquire, any of its capital stock during the deferral period. Any deferred interest payments will bear additional interest at the rate associated with the related debt issue. As of December 31, 2019, no interest payments have been deferred on the Junior Subordinated Debentures.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Cross Default Provisions

Substantially all of the net utility properties of DTE Electric and DTE Gas are subject to the lien of mortgages. Should DTE Electric or DTE Gas fail to timely pay their indebtedness under these mortgages, such failure may create cross defaults in the indebtedness of DTE Energy.

2016 Acquisition Senior Notes Remarketing

In October 2016, DTE Energy issued $675 million of 2016 Equity Units, initially in the form of Corporate Units. The Corporate Units were listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol DTV. Each Corporate Unit consisted of a stock purchase contract and a 1/20 interest in a RSN issued by DTE Energy. The stock purchase contract obligated the holders to purchase shares of DTE Energy's common stock at a future settlement date. The purchase price under the stock purchase contracts was $50 per Corporate Unit and the number of shares purchased was determined by a formula based upon the average closing price of DTE Energy common stock near the settlement date. The RSNs were pledged as collateral to secure the purchase of common stock under the related stock purchase contracts.

In August 2019, DTE Energy remarketed the $675 million 2016 Series C 1.5% RSNs due 2024 pursuant to the terms of the 2016 Equity Units. As a result of the remarketing, the interest rate was reset to 2.529%, payable semi-annually at the new rate beginning October 1, 2019. DTE Energy did not receive any proceeds from the remarketing. All proceeds belonged to the investors holding the related 2016 Equity Units and were temporarily used to purchase a portfolio of treasury securities. The securities were released on behalf of investors on October 1, 2019 to satisfy the related stock purchase contracts and pay the purchase price to DTE Energy for the issuance of approximately 5.87 million shares of common stock.

Gas Storage and Pipelines Segment Acquisition Financing

In December 2019, DTE Energy closed on the purchase of midstream natural gas assets. The acquisition was financed through the issuance of Equity Units, Senior Notes, and common stock. For information on the common stock issuance, refer to Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Common Stock and Earnings Per Share."

In November 2019, DTE issued $1.3 billion of 2019 Equity Units. Each Equity Unit has a stated amount of $50 and was initially issued in the form of a Corporate Unit, comprised of (i) a forward purchase contract to buy DTE Energy common stock (stock purchase contract) and (ii) a 1/20 undivided beneficial ownership interest in $1,000 principal amount of DTE Energy’s 2019 Series F 2.25% RSNs due 2025. The RSN debt instruments and the stock purchase contract equity instruments are deemed to be separate instruments as the investor may trade the RSNs separately from the stock purchase contracts and may also settle the stock purchase contracts separately. The Corporate Units are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol DTP.

The stock purchase contract obligates the holder to purchase from DTE Energy on the settlement date, November 1, 2022, for a price of $50 per stock purchase contract, the following number of shares of DTE Energy’s common stock, subject to anti-dilution adjustments:


•	if the AMV of DTE Energy’s common stock, which is the average volume-weighted average price of DTE Energy’s common stock for the trading days during the 20 consecutive scheduled trading day period ending on the third scheduled trading day immediately preceding the stock purchase contract settlement date, is equal to or greater than $157.50, 0.3175 shares of common stock;


•	if the AMV is less than $157.50 but greater than $126.00, a number of shares of common stock equal to $50 divided by the AMV; and


•	if the AMV is less than or equal to $126.00, 0.3968 shares of common stock.

The RSNs bear interest at a rate of 2.25% per year, payable quarterly, and mature on November 1, 2025. The RSNs will be remarketed in 2022. If this remarketing is successful, the interest rate on the RSNs will be reset, and thereafter interest will be payable semi-annually at the reset rate. If there is no successful remarketing, the interest rate on the RSNs will not be reset, and the holders of the RSNs will have the right to put the RSNs to DTE Energy at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount, and the proceeds of the put right will be deemed to have been applied against the holders’ obligation under the stock purchase contracts. DTE Energy may also redeem, in whole or in part, the RSNs in the event of a failed final remarketing.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

DTE Energy will also pay the stock purchase contract holders quarterly contract adjustment payments at a rate of 4% per year of the stated amount of $50 per Equity Unit, or $2 per year, commencing on February 1, 2020. The present value of the future contract adjustment payments of $150 million is recorded as a reduction of shareholders’ equity, offset by the stock purchase contract liability. The stock purchase contract liability is included in Current Liabilities — Other and Other Liabilities — Other on DTE Energy’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Interest payments on the RSNs are recorded as interest expense and stock purchase contract payments are charged against the liability. Accretion of the stock purchase contract liability is recorded as imputed interest expense. The treasury stock method will be used to compute diluted EPS for the stock purchase contract. Under the treasury stock method, the stock purchase contract will only have a dilutive effect when the settlement rate is based on the market value of DTE’s common stock that is greater than $157.50 (the threshold appreciation price). If payments for the stock purchase contract are deferred, DTE Energy may not make any cash distributions related to its capital stock, including dividends, redemptions, repurchases, liquidation payments or guarantee payments. Also, during the deferral period, DTE Energy may not make any payments on or redeem or repurchase any debt securities that are equal in right of payment with, or subordinated to, the RSNs.

Until settlement of the stock purchase contracts, the shares of stock underlying each contract are not outstanding. Under the terms of the stock purchase contracts, assuming no anti-dilution or other adjustments, DTE Energy will issue between 8.3 million and 10.3 million shares of its common stock in November 2022. A total of 13 million shares of DTE Energy’s common stock have been reserved for issuance in connection with the stock purchase contracts.

Selected information about DTE Energy’s 2019 Equity Units is presented below:



Issuance Date	Units Issued	Total Net Proceeds		Total Long-Term Debt		RSN Annual Interest Rate	Stock Purchase Contract Annual Rate	Stock Purchase Settlement Date	Stock Purchase Contract Liability		RSN Maturity Date
(In millions, except interest rates)
11/1/19	26	$	1,268	$	1,300	2.25%	4.0%	11/1/2022	$	150	11/1/2025

In November 2019, DTE Energy issued $500 million of 2019 Series G 2.25% Senior Notes due 2022 and $300 million of Series H 2.95% Senior Notes due 2030. The proceeds from the Senior Notes were used for the acquisition.

NOTE 16 — PREFERRED AND PREFERENCE SECURITIES

As of December 31, 2019, the amount of authorized and unissued stock is as follows:



Company	Type of Stock	Par Value		Shares Authorized
DTE Energy	Preferred	$	—	5,000,000
DTE Electric	Preferred	$	100	6,747,484
DTE Electric	Preference	$	1	30,000,000
DTE Gas	Preferred	$	1	7,000,000
DTE Gas	Preference	$	1	4,000,000

NOTE 17 — SHORT-TERM CREDIT ARRANGEMENTS AND BORROWINGS

DTE Energy, DTE Electric, and DTE Gas have unsecured revolving credit agreements that can be used for general corporate borrowings, but are intended to provide liquidity support for each of the companies’ commercial paper programs. Borrowings under the revolvers are available at prevailing short-term interest rates. Additionally, DTE Energy has other facilities to support letter of credit issuance.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The agreements require DTE Energy, DTE Electric, and DTE Gas to maintain a total funded debt to capitalization ratio of no more than 0.65 to 1. In the agreements, "total funded debt" means all indebtedness of each respective company and their consolidated subsidiaries, including finance lease obligations, hedge agreements, and guarantees of third parties’ debt, but excluding contingent obligations, nonrecourse and junior subordinated debt, and certain equity-linked securities and, except for calculations at the end of the second quarter, certain DTE Gas short-term debt. "Capitalization" means the sum of (a) total funded debt plus (b) "consolidated net worth," which is equal to consolidated total equity of each respective company and their consolidated subsidiaries (excluding pension effects under certain FASB statements), as determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. At December 31, 2019, the total funded debt to total capitalization ratios for DTE Energy, DTE Electric, and DTE Gas were 0.58 to 1, 0.51 to 1, and 0.48 to 1, respectively, and were in compliance with this financial covenant.

The availability under the facilities in place at December 31, 2019 is shown in the following table:



	DTE Energy		DTE Electric		DTE Gas		Total
	(In millions)
Unsecured letter of credit facility, expiring in February 2021	$	150	$	—	$	—	$	150
Unsecured letter of credit facility, expiring in August 2021	110		—		—		110
Unsecured revolving credit facility, expiring April 2024	1,500		500		300		2,300
	1,760		500		300		2,560
Amounts outstanding at December 31, 2019
Commercial paper issuances	280		354		194		828
Letters of credit	229		—		—		229
	509		354		194		1,057
Net availability at December 31, 2019	$	1,251	$	146	$	106	$	1,503

DTE Energy has $9 million of other outstanding letters of credit which are used for various corporate purposes and are not included in the facilities described above.

The weighted average interest rate for short-term borrowings was 2.0% and 2.9% at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, for DTE Energy. The weighted average interest rate for short-term borrowings was 1.9% and 2.9% at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, for DTE Electric.

In conjunction with maintaining certain exchange-traded risk management positions, DTE Energy may be required to post collateral with its clearing agent. DTE Energy has a demand financing agreement for up to $100 million with its clearing agent. The agreement, as amended, also allows for up to $50 million of additional margin financing provided that DTE Energy posts a letter of credit for the incremental amount and allows the right of setoff with posted collateral. At December 31, 2019, the capacity under this facility was $150 million. The amount outstanding under this agreement was $114 million and $93 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and was fully offset by the posted collateral.

Dividend Restrictions

Certain of DTE Energy’s credit facilities contain a provision requiring DTE Energy to maintain a total funded debt to capitalization ratio, as defined in the agreements, of no more than 0.65 to 1, which has the effect of limiting the amount of dividends DTE Energy can pay in order to maintain compliance with this provision. At December 31, 2019, the effect of this provision was to restrict the payment of approximately $3.2 billion of Retained earnings totaling $6.6 billion. There are no other effective limitations with respect to DTE Energy’s ability to pay dividends.

NOTE 18 — LEASES

Disclosures related to the year ended December 31, 2019 are presented as required under Topic 842. Prior period disclosures for the year ended December 31, 2018 are presented under Topic 840. The Registrants have elected to use a practical expedient provided by Topic 842 whereby comparative disclosures for prior periods are allowed to be presented under Topic 840. As a result, the disclosures presented under Topic 842 and Topic 840 will not be fully comparable in specific disclosure requirements.

Lessee

Topic 842 — Leases at DTE Energy are primarily comprised of various forms of equipment, computer hardware, coal railcars, production facilities, buildings, and certain easement leases with terms ranging from approximately 2 to 40 years. Leases at DTE Electric are primarily comprised of various forms of equipment, computer hardware, coal railcars, and certain easement leases with terms ranging from approximately 2 to 40 years.

A lease is deemed to exist when the Registrants have the right to control the use of identified property, plant or equipment, as conveyed through a contract, for a certain period of time and consideration paid. The right to control is deemed to occur when the Registrants have the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits of the identified assets and the right to direct the use of such assets.

Lease liabilities are determined utilizing a discount rate to determine the present values of lease payments. Topic 842 requires the use of the rate implicit in the lease when it is readily determinable. When the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable, the incremental borrowing rate is used. The Registrants have determined their respective incremental borrowing rates based upon the rate of interest that would have been paid on a collateralized basis over similar tenors to that of the leases. The incremental borrowing rates for DTE Electric and DTE Gas have been determined utilizing respective secured borrowing rates for first mortgage bonds with like tenors of remaining lease terms. Incremental borrowing rates for non-utility entities have been determined utilizing an implied secured borrowing rate based upon an unsecured rate for a similar tenor of remaining lease terms, which is then adjusted for the estimated impact of collateral.

Certain leases of the Registrants contain escalation clauses whereby the payments are adjusted for consumer price or labor indices. DTE Energy has leases with non-index based escalation clauses for fixed dollar or percentage increases. DTE Electric has leases with non-index based escalation clauses for fixed dollar increases. DTE Energy also has leases with variable payments based upon usage of, or revenues associated with, the leased assets. DTE Electric also has leases with variable payments based upon the usage of the leased assets.

Certain leases of easements and coal railcars contain provisions whereby the Registrants have the option to terminate the lease agreement by giving notice of such termination during the time frames specified in the respective lease. The Registrants have considered such provisions in the determination of the lease term when it is reasonably certain that the lease would be terminated.

The Registrants have certain leases which contain purchase options. Based upon the nature of the leased property and terms of the purchase options, the Registrants have determined it is not reasonably certain that such purchase options will be utilized. Thus, the impact of the purchase options has not been included in the determination of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for the subject leases.

The Registrants have certain leases which contain renewal options. Where the renewal options were deemed reasonably certain to occur, the impacts of such options were included in the determination of the right of use assets and lease liabilities.

The Registrants have agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. Consideration in a lease is allocated between lease and non-lease components based upon the estimated relative standalone prices. The Registrants have certain coal railcar leases for which non-lease and lease components are accounted for as a single lease component, as permitted under Topic 842.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The components of lease cost for the year ended December 31, 2019 were as follows:



	DTE Energy		DTE Electric
	(In millions)
Operating lease cost	$	41	$	17
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	4		4
Interest of lease liabilities	—		—
Total finance lease cost	4		4
Variable lease cost	10		—
Short-term lease cost	10		3
	$	65	$	24

The Registrants have elected not to apply the recognition requirements of Topic 842 to leases with a term of 12 months or less. DTE Energy and DTE Electric record operating, variable, and short-term lease costs as Operating Expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations, except for certain amounts that may be capitalized to other assets.

Other information related to leases for the year ended December 31, 2019 were as follows:



	DTE Energy		DTE Electric
	(In millions)
Supplemental Cash Flows Information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of these liabilities:
Operating cash flows for finance leases	$	5	$	5
Operating cash flows for operating leases	$	40	$	16
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases	$	68	$	27
Finance leases	$	8	$	—

Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term
Operating leases	9.7 years		10.6 years
Finance leases	9.1 years		2.0 years

Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases	3.5%		3.3%
Finance leases	3.1%		3.1%

The Registrants' future minimum lease payments under leases for remaining periods as of December 31, 2019 were as follows:



	DTE Energy						DTE Electric
	Operating Leases			Finance Leases			Operating Leases			Finance Leases
	(In millions)
2020	$	38		$	5		$	14		$	3
2021	30			5			13			4
2022	26			1			12			—
2023	20			1			10			—
2024	12			1			8			—
2025 and thereafter	67			4			38			—
Total future minimum lease payments	193			17			95			7
Imputed interest	(33		)	(2		)	(16		)	—
	$	160		$	15		$	79		$	7

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Finance leases reported on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were as follows:



	DTE Energy		DTE Electric
	December 31, 2019
	(In millions)
Right-of-use assets, within Property, plant, and equipment, net	$	15	$	7
Current lease liabilities, within Current Liabilities — Other	$	4	$	3

Topic 840 — The following disclosures are presented under Topic 840 for the year ended December 31, 2018.

The Registrants lease various assets under operating leases, including coal railcars, office buildings, a warehouse, computers, vehicles, and other equipment. The lease arrangements expire at various dates through 2051 and 2046 for DTE Energy and DTE Electric, respectively.

The Registrants' future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases at December 31, 2018 were as follows:



	DTE Energy		DTE Electric
	(In millions)
2019	$	42	$	17
2020	30		12
2021	18		10
2022	11		7
2023	8		5
2024 and thereafter	45		29
	$	154	$	80

The Registrants are the lessee under certain capital leases related to software and information technology related equipment. Property under capital leases for the Registrants as of December 31, 2018 were as follows:



	DTE Energy		DTE Electric
	(In millions)
Gross property under capital leases	$	18	$	18
Accumulated amortization of property under capital leases	$	7	$	7

Lessor

Topic 842 — DTE Energy leases a portion of its pipeline system to the Vector Pipeline through a finance lease contract that has been renewed through 2025, with additional renewal options reasonably certain to be exercised through 2040. DTE Energy owns a 40% interest in the Vector Pipeline. In addition, DTE Energy has an energy services agreement that expires in 2026, of which a portion is accounted for as a finance lease.

DTE Energy also leases various assets under operating leases for a pipeline, energy facilities and related equipment. Such leases are comprised of both fixed payments and variable payments which are contingent on volumes, with terms ranging from 3 to 24 years. Generally, the operating leases do not have renewal provisions or options to purchase the assets at the end of the lease. The operating leases generally do not have termination for convenience provisions. Termination may be allowed under specific circumstances stated in the lease contract, such as under an event of default.

Certain of the finance and operating leases have lease terms that extend to the end of the estimated economic life of the leased assets, thereby resulting in no residual value. Any remaining residual values under the finance and operating leases are expected to be recovered through rates, renewals or new lease contracts. Residual values have been determined using the estimated economic life of the leased assets. The finance and operating leases do not contain residual value guarantees.

Certain of the operating leases have both lease and non-lease components. The lease and non-lease components are allocated based upon estimated relative standalone selling prices.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

A lease is deemed to exist when the Registrants have provided other parties with the right to control the use of identified property, plant or equipment, as conveyed through a contract, for a certain period of time and consideration received. The right to control is deemed to occur when the Registrants have provided other parties with the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits of the identified assets and the right to direct the use of such assets.

DTE Energy’s lease income associated with operating leases was as follows for the year ended December 31, 2019:



	DTE Energy
	(In millions)
Fixed payments(a)	$	65
Variable payments(a)	128
	$	193


(a)	Includes $130 million of lease payments reported in Operating Revenues and $63 million of lease payments reported in Other income on DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Operations.

DTE Energy’s minimum future rental revenues under operating leases for remaining periods as of December 31, 2019 were as follows:



	DTE Energy
	(In millions)
2020	$	64
2021	62
2022	22
2023	22
2024	22
2025 and thereafter	194
	$	386

Depreciation expense associated with DTE Energy's property under operating leases was $26 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Property under operating leases for DTE Energy as of December 31, 2019 were as follows:



	DTE Energy
	(In millions)
Gross property under operating leases	$	445
Accumulated amortization of property under operating leases	$	173

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The components of DTE Energy’s net investment in finance leases for remaining periods as of December 31, 2019 were as follows:



	DTE Energy
	(In millions)
2020	$	9
2021	4
2022	4
2023	5
2024	5
2025 and thereafter	55
Total minimum future lease receipts	82
Residual value of leased pipeline	19
Less unearned income	55
Net investment in finance lease	46
Less current portion	5
	$	41

Interest income recognized under finance leases was $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Topic 840 — DTE Energy leases various assets under operating leases for energy facilities and related equipment.

DTE Energy’s minimum future rental revenues under non-cancelable operating leases as of December 31, 2018 were as follows:



	DTE Energy
	(In millions)
2019	$	66
2020	66
2021	64
2022	20
2023	20
2024 and thereafter	196
	$	432

The amounts listed above do not include contingent rentals associated with the leased assets. DTE Energy had contingent rental revenues of $107 million, $91 million, and $101 million in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.

DTE Energy leases a portion of its pipeline system to the Vector Pipeline through a capital lease contract that was set to expire in 2020, with renewal options extending for five years. DTE Energy owns a 40% interest in the Vector Pipeline. In addition, DTE Energy has two energy services agreements, for which a portion of are accounted for as capital leases. These agreements were set to expire in 2019 and 2026.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The components of DTE Energy’s net investment in capital leases at December 31, 2018 were as follows:



	DTE Energy
	(In millions)
2019	$	10
2020	9
2021	—
2022	—
2023	—
2024 and thereafter	1
Total minimum future lease receipts	20
Residual value of leased pipeline	40
Less unearned income	9
Net investment in capital lease	51
Less current portion	5
	$	46

Property under operating leases for DTE Energy as of December 31, 2018 were as follows:



	DTE Energy
	(In millions)
Gross property under operating leases	$	447
Accumulated amortization of property under operating leases	$	148

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

NOTE 19 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Environmental

DTE Electric

Air — DTE Electric is subject to the EPA ozone and fine particulate transport and acid rain regulations that limit power plant emissions of SO2 and NOX. The EPA and the State of Michigan have also issued emission reduction regulations relating to ozone, fine particulate, regional haze, mercury, and other air pollution. These rules have led to controls on fossil-fueled power plants to reduce SO2, NOX, mercury, and other emissions. Additional rulemakings may occur over the next few years which could require additional controls for SO2, NOX, and other hazardous air pollutants.

The EPA proposed revised air quality standards for ground level ozone in November 2014 and specifically requested comments on the form and level of the ozone standards. The standards were finalized in October 2015. The State of Michigan recommended to the EPA in October 2016 which areas of the state are not attaining the new standard. On April 30, 2018, the EPA finalized the State of Michigan's recommended marginal non-attainment designation for southeast Michigan. The State is required to develop and implement a plan to address the southeast Michigan ozone non-attainment area by 2021. The Registrants cannot predict the financial impact of the State's plan to address the ozone non-attainment area at this time.

In July 2009, the Registrants received a NOV/FOV from the EPA alleging, among other things, that five DTE Electric power plants violated New Source Performance standards, Prevention of Significant Deterioration requirements, and operating permit requirements under the Clean Air Act. In June 2010, the EPA issued a NOV/FOV making similar allegations related to a project and outage at Unit 2 of the Monroe Power Plant. In March 2013, DTE Energy received a supplemental NOV from the EPA relating to the July 2009 NOV/FOV. The supplemental NOV alleged additional violations relating to the New Source Review provisions under the Clean Air Act, among other things.

In August 2010, the U.S. Department of Justice, at the request of the EPA, brought a civil suit in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan against DTE Energy and DTE Electric, related to the June 2010 NOV/FOV and the outage work performed at Unit 2 of the Monroe Power Plant. In August 2011, the U.S. District Court judge granted DTE Energy's motion for summary judgment in the civil case, dismissing the case and entering judgment in favor of DTE Energy and DTE Electric. In October 2011, the EPA filed a Notice of Appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. In March 2013, the Court of Appeals remanded the case to the U.S. District Court for review of the procedural component of the New Source Review notification requirements. In September 2013, the EPA filed a motion seeking leave to amend their complaint regarding the June 2010 NOV/FOV adding additional claims related to outage work performed at the Trenton Channel and Belle River Power Plants as well as additional claims related to work performed at the Monroe Power Plant. In March 2014, the U.S. District Court judge again granted DTE Energy's motion for summary judgment dismissing the civil case related to Monroe Unit 2. In April 2014, the U.S. District Court judge granted motions filed by the EPA and the Sierra Club to amend their New Source Review complaint adding additional claims for Monroe Units 1, 2, and 3, Belle River Units 1 and 2, and Trenton Channel Unit 9. In October 2014, the EPA and the U.S. Department of Justice filed a notice of appeal of the U.S. District Court judge's dismissal of the Monroe Unit 2 case. The amended New Source Review claims were all stayed pending resolution of the appeal by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. On January 10, 2017, a divided panel of the Court reversed the decision of the U.S. District Court. On May 8, 2017, DTE Energy and DTE Electric filed a motion to stay the mandate pending filing of a petition for writ of certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court. The Sixth Circuit granted the motion on May 16, 2017, staying the claims in the U.S. District Court until the U.S. Supreme Court disposes of the case. DTE Electric and DTE Energy filed a petition for writ of certiorari on July 31, 2017. On December 11, 2017, the U.S. Supreme Court denied certiorari. As a result of the Supreme Court electing not to review the matter, the case was sent back to the U.S. District Court for further proceedings and on June 14, 2018 the case was stayed pending settlement negotiations. The proceedings at the District Court remain stayed while the parties discuss potential resolution of the matter.

The Registrants believe that the plants and generating units identified by the EPA and the Sierra Club have complied with all applicable federal environmental regulations. Depending upon the outcome of the litigation and further discussions with the EPA regarding the two NOVs/FOVs, DTE Electric could be required to install additional pollution control equipment at some or all of the power plants in question, implement early retirement of facilities where control equipment is not economical, engage in supplemental environmental programs, and/or pay fines. The Registrants do not expect the outcome of this matter to have a material impact on their Consolidated Financial Statements.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The EPA has implemented regulatory actions under the Clean Air Act to address emissions of GHGs from the utility sector and other sectors of the economy. Among these actions, in 2015 the EPA finalized performance standards for emissions of carbon dioxide from new and existing fossil-fuel fired EGUs. The performance standards for existing EGUs, known as the EPA Clean Power Plan, were challenged by petitioners and stayed by the U.S. Supreme Court in February 2016 pending final review by the courts. On October 10, 2017, the EPA, under a new administration, proposed to rescind the Clean Power Plan, and in August 2018, the EPA proposed revised emission guidelines for GHGs from existing EGUs. On June 19, 2019, the EPA Administrator officially repealed the Clean Power Plan and finalized its replacement, named the ACE rule. The ACE Rule requires the state of Michigan to submit a plan in 2022 that includes GHG standards for existing coal-fired power plant units in Michigan. These final rules do not impact DTE Energy's revised commitment to reduce carbon emissions 32% by the early 2020s, 50% by 2030, and 80% by 2040, or its goal of net zero emissions by 2050 for DTE Electric, from the 2005 carbon emissions levels.

In addition to the GHG standards for existing EGUs, in December 2018, the EPA issued proposed revisions to the carbon dioxide performance standards for new, modified, or reconstructed fossil-fuel fired EGUs. The carbon standards for new sources are not expected to have a material impact on DTE Electric, since DTE Electric has no plans to build new coal-fired generation and any potential new gas generation will be able to comply with the standards.

Pending or future legislation or other regulatory actions could have a material impact on DTE Electric's operations and financial position and the rates charged to its customers. Impacts include expenditures for environmental equipment beyond what is currently planned, financing costs related to additional capital expenditures, the purchase of emission credits from market sources, higher costs of purchased power, and the retirement of facilities where control equipment is not economical. DTE Electric would seek to recover these incremental costs through increased rates charged to its utility customers, as authorized by the MPSC.

To comply with air pollution requirements, DTE Electric spent approximately $2.4 billion through 2019. DTE Electric does not anticipate additional capital expenditures for air pollution requirements through 2026, subject to the results of future rulemakings.

Water — In response to an EPA regulation, DTE Electric was required to examine alternatives for reducing the environmental impacts of the cooling water intake structures at several of its facilities. Based on the results of completed studies and expected future studies, DTE Electric may be required to install technologies to reduce the impacts of the water intake structures. A final rule became effective in October 2014. The final rule requires studies to be completed and submitted as part of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit application process to determine the type of technology needed to reduce impacts to fish. DTE Electric has initiated the process of completing the required studies. Final compliance for the installation of any required technology will be determined by the state on a case by case, site specific basis. DTE Electric is currently evaluating the compliance options and working with the State of Michigan on evaluating whether any controls are needed. These evaluations/studies may require modifications to some existing intake structures. It is not possible to quantify the impact of this rulemaking at this time.

Contaminated and Other Sites — Prior to the construction of major interstate natural gas pipelines, gas for heating and other uses was manufactured locally from processes involving coal, coke, or oil. The facilities, which produced gas, have been designated as MGP sites. DTE Electric conducted remedial investigations at contaminated sites, including three former MGP sites. The investigations have revealed contamination related to the by-products of gas manufacturing at each MGP site. In addition to the MGP sites, DTE Electric is also in the process of cleaning up other contaminated sites, including the area surrounding an ash landfill, electrical distribution substations, electric generating power plants, and underground and aboveground storage tank locations. The findings of these investigations indicated that the estimated cost to remediate these sites is expected to be incurred over the next several years. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, DTE Electric had $8 million and $7 million, respectively, accrued for remediation. Any change in assumptions, such as remediation techniques, nature and extent of contamination, and regulatory requirements, could impact the estimate of remedial action costs for the sites and affect DTE Electric’s financial position and cash flows. DTE Electric believes the likelihood of a material change to the accrued amount is remote based on current knowledge of the conditions at each site.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Coal Combustion Residuals and Effluent Limitations Guidelines — A final EPA rule for the disposal of coal combustion residuals, commonly known as coal ash, became effective in October 2015, and was revised in October 2016 and July 2018. The rule is based on the continued listing of coal ash as a non-hazardous waste and relies on various self-implementation design and performance standards. DTE Electric owns and operates three permitted engineered coal ash storage facilities to dispose of coal ash from coal-fired power plants and operates a number of smaller impoundments at its power plants subject to certain provisions in the CCR rule. At certain facilities, the rule currently requires the installation of monitoring wells, compliance with groundwater standards, and the closure of basins at the end of the useful life of the associated power plant. At other facilities, the rule requires ash laden waters be moved from earthen basins to steel and concrete tanks. DTE Electric has estimated the impact of the current rule to be $608 million.

On December 2, 2019 a proposed revision to the CCR Rule was published in the Federal Register to address the D.C. Circuit’s 2018 decision regarding CCR impoundments that are not lined with an engineered liner system. The rule proposes that all CCR impoundments that do not meet the engineered liner requirements must close by specific dates, and it further confirms that all clay lined impoundments are viewed as unlined. The EPA is also preparing a rulemaking, expected to be proposed early in 2020, that will provide mechanisms to determine if certain alternative liner systems may be as protective as the current liners specified in the CCR rule. DTE Electric is currently evaluating options based on the range of outcomes of the current proposed rule and the anticipated proposed rule to determine any changes to DTE Electric's plans in the operation and closure of coal ash impoundments.

At the State level, legislation was signed by the Governor in December 2018 and provides for further regulation of the CCR program in Michigan. Additionally, the bill provides the basis of a CCR program that EGLE will submit to the EPA for approval to fully regulate the CCR program in Michigan in lieu of a Federal permit program.

In November 2015, the EPA finalized the ELG Rule for the steam electric power generating industry which requires additional controls to be installed between 2018 and 2023. Compliance schedules for individual facilities and individual waste streams are determined through issuance of new National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits by the State of Michigan. The State of Michigan has issued a NPDES permit for the Belle River Power Plant establishing a compliance deadline of December 31, 2021. No new permits that would require ELG compliance have been issued for other facilities, consequently no compliance timelines have been established.

On April 12, 2017, the EPA granted a petition for reconsideration of the 2015 ELG Rule. The EPA also signed an administrative stay of the ELG Rule’s compliance deadlines for fly ash transport water, bottom ash transport water, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater, among others. On June 6, 2017, the EPA published in the Federal Register a proposed rule (Postponement Rule) to postpone certain applicable deadlines within the 2015 ELG rule. The Postponement Rule was published on September 18, 2017. The Postponement Rule nullified the administrative stay but also extended the earliest compliance deadlines for only FGD wastewater and bottom ash transport water until November 1, 2020 in order for the EPA to propose and finalize a new ruling. On November 22, 2019, the EPA issued a proposed rule to revise the technology-based effluent limitations guidelines and standards applicable to flue gas desulfurization wastewater and bottom ash transport water. The ELG compliance requirements and final deadlines for bottom ash transport water and FGD wastewater, and total ELG related compliance costs will not be known until the EPA completes its reconsideration of the ELG Rule expected by the end of 2020.

DTE Gas

Contaminated and Other Sites — DTE Gas owns or previously owned, 14 former MGP sites. Investigations have revealed contamination related to the by-products of gas manufacturing at each site. Cleanup of eight of the MGP sites is complete and the sites are closed. DTE Gas has also completed partial closure of four additional sites. Cleanup activities associated with the remaining sites will continue over the next several years. The MPSC has established a cost deferral and rate recovery mechanism for investigation and remediation costs incurred at former MGP sites. In addition to the MGP sites, DTE Gas is also in the process of cleaning up other contaminated sites, including gate stations, gas pipeline releases, and underground storage tank locations. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, DTE Gas had $25 million accrued for remediation. Any change in assumptions, such as remediation techniques, nature and extent of contamination, and regulatory requirements, could impact the estimate of remedial action costs for the sites and affect DTE Gas' financial position and cash flows. DTE Gas anticipates the cost amortization methodology approved by the MPSC, which allows for amortization of the MGP costs over a ten-year period beginning with the year subsequent to the year the MGP costs were incurred, will prevent the associated investigation and remediation costs from having a material adverse impact on DTE Gas' results of operations.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Non-utility

DTE Energy's non-utility businesses are subject to a number of environmental laws and regulations dealing with the protection of the environment from various pollutants.

In March 2019, the EPA issued a finding of violation to EES Coke, the Michigan coke battery facility that is a wholly-owned subsidiary of DTE Energy, alleging that the 2008 and 2014 permits issued by EGLE did not comply with the Clean Air Act. EES Coke evaluated the EPA's alleged violations and believes that the permits approved by EGLE complied with the Clean Air Act. Discussions with the EPA are ongoing. At the present time, DTE Energy does not believe this will have a material financial impact.

Other

In 2010, the EPA finalized a new one-hour SO2 ambient air quality standard that requires states to submit plans and associated timelines for non-attainment areas that demonstrate attainment with the new SO2 standard in phases. Phase 1 addresses non-attainment areas designated based on ambient monitoring data. Phase 2 addresses non-attainment areas with large sources of SO2 and modeled concentrations exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for SO2. Phase 3 addresses smaller sources of SO2 with modeled or monitored exceedances of the new SO2 standard.

Michigan's Phase 1 non-attainment area includes DTE Energy facilities in southwest Detroit and areas of Wayne County. Modeling runs by EGLE suggest that emission reductions may be required by significant sources of SO2 emissions in these areas, including DTE Electric power plants and DTE Energy's Michigan coke battery facility. As part of the state implementation plan (SIP) process, DTE Energy has worked with EGLE to develop air permits reflecting significant SO2 emission reductions that, in combination with other non-DTE Energy sources' emission reduction strategies, will help the state attain the standard and sustain its attainment. Since several non-DTE Energy sources are also part of the proposed compliance plan, DTE Energy is unable to determine the full impact of the final required emissions reductions on DTE's facilities at this time.

Michigan's Phase 2 non-attainment area includes DTE Electric facilities in St. Clair County. State implementation plan submittal and EPA approval describing the control strategy and timeline for demonstrating compliance with the new SO2 standard is the next step in the process and is expected to be completed by first quarter 2020. DTE Energy is currently working with EGLE to develop the required SIP. DTE Energy is unable to determine the full impact of the SIP strategy.

Synthetic Fuel Guarantees

DTE Energy discontinued the operations of its synthetic fuel production facilities throughout the United States as of December 31, 2007. DTE Energy provided certain guarantees and indemnities in conjunction with the sales of interests in its synfuel facilities. The guarantees cover potential commercial, environmental, oil price, and tax-related obligations that will survive until 90 days after expiration of all applicable statutes of limitations. DTE Energy estimates that its maximum potential liability under these guarantees at December 31, 2019 was approximately $400 million. Payment under these guarantees are considered remote.

REF Guarantees

DTE Energy has provided certain guarantees and indemnities in conjunction with the sales of interests in or lease of its REF facilities. The guarantees cover potential commercial, environmental, and tax-related obligations that will survive until 90 days after expiration of all applicable statutes of limitations. DTE Energy estimates that its maximum potential liability under these guarantees at December 31, 2019 was $549 million. Payments under these guarantees are considered remote.

NEXUS Guarantees

NEXUS is party to certain 15-year capacity agreements for the transportation of natural gas with DTE Gas and Texas Eastern Transmission, LP, an unrelated third party. In conjunction with these agreements, DTE Energy provided certain guarantees on behalf of NEXUS to DTE Gas and Texas Eastern Transmission, LP, with maximum potential payments totaling $226 million and $360 million at December 31, 2019, respectively; each representing 50% of all payment obligations due and payable by NEXUS. Each guarantee terminates at the earlier of (i) such time as all of the guaranteed obligations have been fully performed, or (ii) two months following the end of the primary term of the capacity agreements. In October 2018, NEXUS Pipeline was placed in service. The amount of each guarantee decreases annually as payments are made by NEXUS to each of the aforementioned counterparties.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

NEXUS is also party to certain 15-year capacity agreements for the transportation of natural gas with Vector, an equity method investee of DTE Energy. Pursuant to the terms of those agreements, in October 2018, DTE Energy executed a guarantee agreement with Vector, with a maximum potential payment totaling $7 million at December 31, 2019, representing 50% of the first-year payment obligations due and payable by NEXUS. The guarantee terminates at the earlier of (i) such time as all of the guaranteed obligations have been fully performed or (ii) 15 years from the date DTE Energy entered into the guarantee.

Should NEXUS fail to perform under the terms of these agreements, DTE Energy is required to perform on its behalf. Payments under these guarantees are considered remote.

Other Guarantees

In certain limited circumstances, the Registrants enter into contractual guarantees. The Registrants may guarantee another entity’s obligation in the event it fails to perform and may provide guarantees in certain indemnification agreements. Finally, the Registrants may provide indirect guarantees for the indebtedness of others. DTE Energy’s guarantees are not individually material with maximum potential payments totaling $56 million at December 31, 2019. Payments under these guarantees are considered remote.

DTE Energy is periodically required to obtain performance surety bonds in support of obligations to various governmental entities and other companies in connection with its operations. As of December 31, 2019, DTE Energy had $109 million of performance bonds outstanding. In the event that such bonds are called for nonperformance, DTE Energy would be obligated to reimburse the issuer of the performance bond. DTE Energy is released from the performance bonds as the contractual performance is completed and does not believe that a material amount of any currently outstanding performance bonds will be called.

Vector Line of Credit

In July 2019, DTE Energy, as lender, entered into a revolving term credit facility with Vector, as borrower, in the amount of C$70 million. The credit facility was executed in response to the passage of Canadian regulations requiring oil and gas pipelines to demonstrate their financial ability to respond to a catastrophic event and exists for the sole purpose of satisfying these regulations. Vector may only draw upon the facility if the funds are required to respond to a catastrophic event. The maximum potential payments under the line of credit at December 31, 2019 is $54 million. The funding of a loan under the terms of the credit facility is considered remote.

Labor Contracts

There are several bargaining units for DTE Energy subsidiaries' approximate 5,300 represented employees, including DTE Electric's approximate 2,800 represented employees. The majority of the represented employees are under contracts that expire in 2021 and 2022.

Purchase Commitments

As of December 31, 2019, the Registrants were party to numerous long-term purchase commitments relating to a variety of goods and services required for their businesses. These agreements primarily consist of fuel supply commitments and renewable energy contracts for the Registrants, as well as energy trading contracts for DTE Energy. The Registrants estimate the following commitments from 2020 through 2051 for DTE Energy, and 2020 through 2039 for DTE Electric, as detailed in the following table:



	DTE Energy		DTE Electric
	(In millions)
2020	$	3,152	$	1,556
2021	1,055		299
2022	561		95
2023	418		96
2024	365		96
2025 and thereafter	1,503		688
	$	7,054	$	2,830

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Utility capital expenditures, expenditures for non-utility businesses, and contributions to equity method investees will be approximately $4.5 billion and $2.6 billion in 2020 for DTE Energy and DTE Electric, respectively. The Registrants have made certain commitments in connection with the estimated 2020 annual capital expenditures and contributions to equity method investees.

Bankruptcies

DTE Energy's Power and Industrial Projects segment holds ownership interests in, and operates, five generating plants that sell electric output from renewable sources under long-term power purchase agreements with PG&E. PG&E filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on January 29, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, PG&Es account is substantially current and outstanding accounts receivable from PG&E are not material. Therefore, DTE Energy determined no reserve was necessary.

As of December 31, 2019, the book value of long-lived assets used in producing electric output for sale to PG&E was approximately $101 million. The Power and Industrial Projects segment also has equity investments, including a note receivable, of approximately $74 million in entities that sell power to PG&E. In January 2019, following the bankruptcy filing, DTE Energy performed an impairment analysis on its long-lived assets. Based on its undiscounted cash flow projections, DTE Energy determined it did not have an impairment loss as of December 31, 2018. DTE Energy also determined there was not an other-than-temporary decline in its equity investments. DTE has not identified subsequent facts or circumstances that would cause a change to these conclusions through December 31, 2019. DTE Energy’s assumptions and conclusions may change, and it could have impairment losses if any of the terms of the contracts are not honored by PG&E or the contracts are rejected through the bankruptcy process.

Other Contingencies

The Registrants are involved in certain other legal, regulatory, administrative, and environmental proceedings before various courts, arbitration panels, and governmental agencies concerning claims arising in the ordinary course of business. These proceedings include certain contract disputes, additional environmental reviews and investigations, audits, inquiries from various regulators, and pending judicial matters. The Registrants cannot predict the final disposition of such proceedings. The Registrants regularly review legal matters and record provisions for claims that they can estimate and are considered probable of loss. The resolution of these pending proceedings is not expected to have a material effect on the Registrants' Consolidated Financial Statements in the periods they are resolved.

For a discussion of contingencies related to regulatory matters and derivatives, see Notes 10 and 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Regulatory Matters" and "Financial and Other Derivative Instruments," respectively.

NOTE 20 — NUCLEAR OPERATIONS

Property Insurance

DTE Electric maintains property insurance policies specifically for the Fermi 2 plant. These policies cover such items as replacement power and property damage. NEIL is the primary supplier of the insurance policies.

DTE Electric maintains a policy for extra expenses, including replacement power costs necessitated by Fermi 2’s unavailability due to an insured event. This policy has a 12-week waiting period and provides an aggregate $490 million of coverage over a three-year period.

DTE Electric has $1.5 billion in primary coverage and $1.25 billion of excess coverage for stabilization, decontamination, debris removal, repair and/or replacement of property, and decommissioning. The combined coverage limit for total property damage is $2.75 billion. The total limit for property damage for non-nuclear events is $2.0 billion and an aggregate of $328 million of coverage for extra expenses over a two-year period.

On January 13, 2015, the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2015 was signed, extending TRIA through December 31, 2020. For multiple terrorism losses caused by acts of terrorism not covered under the TRIA occurring within one year after the first loss from terrorism, the NEIL policies would make available to all insured entities up to $3.2 billion, plus any amounts recovered from reinsurance, government indemnity, or other sources to cover losses.

Under NEIL policies, DTE Electric could be liable for maximum assessments of up to $42 million per event if the loss associated with any one event at any nuclear plant should exceed the accumulated funds available to NEIL.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Public Liability Insurance

As required by federal law, DTE Electric maintains $450 million of public liability insurance for a nuclear incident. For liabilities arising from a terrorist act outside the scope of TRIA, the policy is subject to one industry aggregate limit of $300 million. Further, under the Price-Anderson Amendments Act of 2005, deferred premium charges up to $138 million could be levied against each licensed nuclear facility, but not more than $20 million per year per facility. Thus, deferred premium charges could be levied against all owners of licensed nuclear facilities in the event of a nuclear incident at any of these facilities.

Nuclear Fuel Disposal Costs

In accordance with the Federal Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, DTE Electric has a contract with the DOE for the future storage and disposal of spent nuclear fuel from Fermi 2 that required DTE Electric to pay the DOE a fee of 1 mill per kWh of Fermi 2 electricity generated and sold. The fee was a component of nuclear fuel expense. The 1 mill per kWh DOE fee was reduced to zero effective May 16, 2014.

The DOE's Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository program for the acceptance and disposal of spent nuclear fuel was terminated in 2011. DTE Electric is a party in the litigation against the DOE for both past and future costs associated with the DOE's failure to accept spent nuclear fuel under the timetable set forth in the Federal Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982. In July 2012, DTE Electric executed a settlement agreement with the federal government for costs associated with the DOE's delay in acceptance of spent nuclear fuel from Fermi 2 for permanent storage. The settlement agreement, including extensions, provides for a claims process and payment of delay-related costs experienced by DTE Electric through 2019. DTE Electric's claims are being settled and paid on a timely basis. The settlement proceeds reduce the cost of the dry cask storage facility assets and provide reimbursement for related operating expenses.

DTE Electric currently employs a spent nuclear fuel storage strategy utilizing a fuel pool and a dry cask storage facility. The spent nuclear fuel storage strategy is expected to provide sufficient spent fuel storage capability for the life of the plant as defined by DTE Electric's operating license agreement.

The federal government continues to maintain its legal obligation to accept spent nuclear fuel from Fermi 2 for permanent storage. Issues relating to long-term waste disposal policy and to the disposition of funds contributed by DTE Electric ratepayers to the federal waste fund await future governmental action.

NOTE 21 — RETIREMENT BENEFITS AND TRUSTEED ASSETS

DTE Energy's subsidiary, DTE Energy Corporate Services, LLC, sponsors defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement plans covering certain employees of the Registrants.

The table below represents the pension and other postretirement benefit plans of each Registrant at December 31, 2019:



	Registrants
	DTE Energy	DTE Electric
Qualified Pension Plans
DTE Energy Company Retirement Plan	X	X
DTE Gas Company Retirement Plan for Employees Covered by Collective Bargaining Agreements	X
Shenango Inc. Pension Plan	X
Nonqualified Pension Plans
DTE Energy Company Supplemental Retirement Plan	X	X
DTE Energy Company Executive Supplemental Retirement Plan(a)	X	X
DTE Energy Company Supplemental Severance Benefit Plan	X
Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
The DTE Energy Company Comprehensive Non-Health Welfare Plan	X	X
The DTE Energy Company Comprehensive Retiree Group Health Care Plan	X	X
DTE Supplemental Retiree Benefit Plan	X	X
DTE Energy Company Retiree Reimbursement Arrangement Plan	X	X


(a)	Sponsored by the DTE Energy subsidiary, DTE Energy Holding Company.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

DTE Electric participates in various plans that provide pension and other postretirement benefits for DTE Energy and its affiliates. The plans are sponsored by the LLC. DTE Electric accounts for its participation in DTE Energy's qualified and nonqualified pension plans by applying multiemployer accounting. DTE Electric accounts for its participation in other postretirement benefit plans by applying multiple-employer accounting. Within multiemployer and multiple-employer plans, participants pool plan assets for investment purposes and to reduce the cost of plan administration. The primary difference between plan types is assets contributed in multiemployer plans can be used to provide benefits for all participating employers, while assets contributed within a multiple-employer plan are restricted for use by the contributing employer. As a result of multiemployer accounting treatment, capitalized costs associated with these plans are reflected in Property, plant, and equipment in DTE Electric's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The same capitalized costs are reflected as Regulatory assets and liabilities in DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. In addition, the service cost and non-service cost components are presented in Operation and maintenance in DTE Electric's Consolidated Statements of Operations. The same non-service cost components are presented in Other (Income) and Deductions — Non-operating retirement benefits, net in DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Operations. Plan participants of all plans are solely DTE Energy and affiliate participants.

Pension Plan Benefits

DTE Energy has qualified defined benefit retirement plans for eligible represented and non-represented employees. The plans are noncontributory and provide traditional retirement benefits based on the employee's years of benefit service, average final compensation, and age at retirement. In addition, certain represented and non-represented employees are covered under cash balance provisions that determine benefits on annual employer contributions and interest credits. DTE Energy also maintains supplemental nonqualified, noncontributory, retirement benefit plans for certain management employees. These plans provide for benefits that supplement those provided by DTE Energy’s other retirement plans.

Net pension cost for DTE Energy includes the following components:



	2019			2018			2017
	(In millions)
Service cost	$	84		$	99		$	92
Interest cost	219			202			214
Expected return on plan assets	(325		)	(329		)	(311		)
Amortization of:
Net actuarial loss	133			176			176
Prior service cost	1			—			1
Net pension cost	$	112		$	148		$	172



	2019			2018
	(In millions)
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in Regulatory assets and Other comprehensive income (loss)
Net actuarial loss	$	156		$	125
Amortization of net actuarial loss	(133		)	(176		)
Amortization of prior service cost	(1		)	—
Total recognized in Regulatory assets and Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	22		$	(51	)
Total recognized in net periodic pension cost, Regulatory assets, and Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	134		$	97
Estimated amounts to be amortized from Regulatory assets and Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit cost during next fiscal year
Net actuarial loss	$	171		$	131
Prior service cost	$	1		$	1

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The following table reconciles the obligations, assets, and funded status of the plans as well as the amounts recognized as prepaid pension cost or pension liability in DTE Energy's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position at December 31:



	DTE Energy
	2019			2018
	(In millions)
Accumulated benefit obligation, end of year	$	5,387		$	4,779
Change in projected benefit obligation
Projected benefit obligation, beginning of year	$	5,124		$	5,576
Service cost	84			99
Interest cost	219			202
Actuarial (gain) loss	719			(438		)
Benefits paid	(336		)	(315		)
Projected benefit obligation, end of year	$	5,810		$	5,124
Change in plan assets
Plan assets at fair value, beginning of year	$	4,273		$	4,636
Actual return on plan assets	888			(233		)
Company contributions	168			185
Benefits paid	(336		)	(315		)
Plan assets at fair value, end of year	$	4,993		$	4,273
Funded status	$	(817	)	$	(851	)
Amount recorded as:
Current liabilities	$	(9	)	$	(14	)
Noncurrent liabilities	(808		)	(837		)
	$	(817	)	$	(851	)
Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), pre-tax
Net actuarial loss	$	153		$	152
Prior service cost	4			5
	$	157		$	157
Amounts recognized in Regulatory assets(a)
Net actuarial loss	$	1,995		$	1,973
Prior service credit	(12		)	(12		)
	$	1,983		$	1,961


(a)	See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Regulatory Matters."

The Registrants' policy is to fund pension costs by contributing amounts consistent with the provisions of the Pension Protection Act of 2006, and additional amounts when it deems appropriate. The following table provides contributions to the qualified pension plans in:



	2019		2018		2017
	(In millions)
DTE Energy	$	150	$	175	$	223
DTE Electric	$	100	$	175	$	185

During 2019, DTE Energy contributed the following amounts of DTE Energy common stock to the DTE Energy Company Affiliates Employee Benefit Plans Master Trust:



Date	Number of Shares	Price per Share	Amount
			(In millions)
March 5, 2019	814,597	$122.76	$	100

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The above contribution was made on behalf of DTE Electric, for which DTE Electric paid DTE Energy cash consideration of $100 million in March 2019. DTE Energy made additional cash contributions of $50 million to the qualified pension plans in 2019.

At the discretion of management, and depending upon financial market conditions, DTE Energy anticipates making up to $185 million in contributions, including $160 million of DTE Electric contributions, to the qualified pension plans in 2020.

DTE Energy's subsidiaries are responsible for their share of qualified and nonqualified pension benefit costs. DTE Electric's allocated portion of pension benefit costs included in capital expenditures and operating and maintenance expense were $93 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, $120 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, and $136 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. These amounts include recognized contractual termination benefit charges, curtailment gains, and settlement charges.

At December 31, 2019, the benefits related to DTE Energy's qualified and nonqualified pension plans expected to be paid in each of the next five years and in the aggregate for the five fiscal years thereafter are as follows:



	(In millions)
2020	$	311
2021	319
2022	324
2023	330
2024	334
2025-2029	1,723
Total	$	3,341

Assumptions used in determining the projected benefit obligation and net pension costs of DTE Energy are:



	2019	2018	2017
Projected benefit obligation
Discount rate	3.28%	4.40%	3.70%
Rate of compensation increase	4.98%	4.98%	4.98%
Net pension costs
Discount rate	4.40%	3.70%	4.25%
Rate of compensation increase	4.98%	4.98%	4.65%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets	7.30%	7.50%	7.50%

DTE Energy employs a formal process in determining the long-term rate of return for various asset classes. Management reviews historic financial market risks and returns and long-term historic relationships between the asset classes of equities, fixed income, and other assets, consistent with the widely accepted capital market principle that asset classes with higher volatility generate a greater return over the long-term. Current market factors such as inflation, interest rates, asset class risks, and asset class returns are evaluated and considered before long-term capital market assumptions are determined. The long-term portfolio return is also established employing a consistent formal process, with due consideration of diversification, active investment management, and rebalancing. Peer data is reviewed to check for reasonableness. As a result of this process, the Registrants have long-term rate of return assumptions for the pension plans of 7.10% and other postretirement benefit plans of 7.20% for 2020. The Registrants believe these rates are a reasonable assumption for the long-term rate of return on plan assets for 2020 given the current investment strategy.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The DTE Energy Company Affiliates Employee Benefit Plans Master Trust employs a liability driven investment program whereby the characteristics of plan liabilities are considered when determining investment policy. Risk tolerance is established through consideration of future plan cash flows, plan funded status, and corporate financial considerations. The investment portfolio contains a diversified blend of equity, fixed income, and other investments. Furthermore, equity investments are diversified across U.S. and non-U.S. stocks and large and small market capitalizations. Fixed income investments generally include U.S. Treasuries, other governmental debt, diversified corporate bonds, bank loans, and mortgage-backed securities. Other investments are used to enhance long-term returns while improving portfolio diversification. Derivatives may be utilized in a risk controlled manner, to potentially increase the portfolio beyond the market value of invested assets and/or reduce portfolio investment risk. Investment risk is measured and monitored on an ongoing basis through annual liability measurements, periodic asset/liability studies, and quarterly investment portfolio reviews.

Target allocations for DTE Energy's pension plan assets as of December 31, 2019 are listed below:



U.S. Large Capitalization (Cap) Equity Securities	16	%
U.S. Small Cap and Mid Cap Equity Securities	4
Non-U.S. Equity Securities	15
Fixed Income Securities	42
Hedge Funds and Similar Investments	14
Private Equity and Other	9
	100	%

The following tables provide the fair value measurement amounts for DTE Energy's pension plan assets at December 31, 2019 and 2018(a):



	December 31, 2019								December 31, 2018
	Level 1		Level 2		Other(b)		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Other(b)		Total
DTE Energy asset category:	(In millions)
Short-term Investments(c)	$	99	$	—	$	—	$	99	$	—	$	27	$	—	$	27
Equity Securities
Domestic(d)	172		—		870		1,042		729		4		—		733
International(e)	387		—		322		709		337		9		240		586
Fixed Income Securities
Governmental(f)	569		—		—		569		—		868		—		868
Corporate(g)	—		1,452		—		1,452		6		1,024		—		1,030
Hedge Funds and Similar Investments(h)	169		—		502		671		88		—		542		630
Private Equity and Other(i)	—		—		451		451		—		—		399		399
DTE Energy Total	$	1,396	$	1,452	$	2,145	$	4,993	$	1,160	$	1,932	$	1,181	$	4,273


(a)	For a description of levels within the fair value hierarchy, see Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Fair Value."


(b)	Amounts represent assets valued at NAV as a practical expedient for fair value.


(c)	This category predominantly represents certain short-term fixed income securities and money market investments that are managed in separate accounts or commingled funds. Pricing for investments in this category are obtained from quoted prices in actively traded markets or valuations from brokers or pricing services.


(d)	This category represents portfolios of large, medium and small capitalization domestic equities. Investments in this category include exchange-traded securities for which unadjusted quoted prices can be obtained and exchange-traded securities held in a commingled fund classified as NAV assets.


(e)	This category primarily consists of portfolios of non-U.S. developed and emerging market equities. Investments in this category are exchange-traded securities whereby unadjusted quoted prices can be obtained. Exchange-traded securities held in a commingled fund are classified as NAV assets.


(f)	This category includes U.S. Treasuries, bonds, and other governmental debt. Pricing for investments in this category is obtained from quoted prices in actively traded markets and quotations from broker or pricing services.


(g)	This category primarily consists of corporate bonds from diversified industries, bank loans, and mortgage backed securities. Pricing for investments in this category is obtained from quoted prices in actively traded markets and quotations from broker or pricing services.


(h)	This category utilizes a diversified group of strategies that attempt to capture financial market inefficiencies and includes publicly traded mutual funds, commingled funds and limited partnership funds. Pricing for mutual funds in this category is obtained from quoted prices in actively traded markets. Commingled funds and limited partnership funds are classified as NAV assets.


(i)	This category includes a diversified group of funds and strategies that primarily invests in private equity partnerships. This category also includes investments in real estate and private debt. All pricing for investments in this category are classified as NAV assets.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The pension trust holds debt and equity securities directly and indirectly through commingled funds. Exchange-traded debt and equity securities held directly are valued using quoted market prices in actively traded markets. The commingled funds hold exchange-traded equity or debt securities and are valued based on stated NAVs. Non-exchange traded fixed income securities are valued by the trustee based upon quotations available from brokers or pricing services. A primary price source is identified by asset type, class, or issue for each security. The trustee monitors prices supplied by pricing services and may use a supplemental price source or change the primary price source of a given security if the trustee challenges an assigned price and determines that another price source is considered preferable. DTE Energy has obtained an understanding of how these prices are derived, including the nature and observability of the inputs used in deriving such prices.

Other Postretirement Benefits

The Registrants participate in defined benefit plans sponsored by the LLC that provide certain other postretirement health care and life insurance benefits for employees who are eligible for these benefits. The Registrants' policy is to fund certain trusts to meet its other postretirement benefit obligations. DTE Energy did not make any contributions to these trusts during 2019 and does not anticipate making any contributions to the trusts in 2020.

DTE Energy and DTE Electric offer a defined contribution VEBA for eligible represented and non-represented employees, in lieu of defined benefit post-employment health care benefits. The Registrants allocate a fixed amount per year to an account in a defined contribution VEBA for each employee. These accounts are managed either by the Registrant (for non-represented and certain represented groups) or by the Utility Workers of America for Local 223 employees. DTE Energy contributions to the VEBA for these accounts were $13 million in 2019, $11 million in 2018, and $8 million in 2017, including DTE Electric contributions of $6 million in 2019 and $5 million in 2018 and 2017.

The Registrants also contribute a fixed amount to a Retiree Reimbursement Account, for certain non-represented and represented retirees, spouses, and surviving spouses when the youngest of the retiree's covered household becomes eligible for Medicare Part A based on age. The amount of the annual allocation to each participant is determined by the employee's retirement date and increases each year for each eligible participant at the lower of the rate of medical inflation or 2%.

Net other postretirement credit for DTE Energy includes the following components:



	2019			2018			2017
	(In millions)
Service cost	$	22		$	27		$	27
Interest cost	70			69			73
Expected return on plan assets	(96		)	(143		)	(130		)
Amortization of:
Net actuarial loss	12			11			13
Prior service credit	(9		)	—			(14		)
Net other postretirement credit	$	(1	)	$	(36	)	$	(31	)



	2019			2018
	(In millions)
Other changes in plan assets and accumulated postretirement benefit obligation recognized in Regulatory assets and Other comprehensive income (loss)
Net actuarial (gain) loss	$	34		$	(8	)
Amortization of net actuarial loss	(12		)	(11		)
Prior service credit	(53		)	(44		)
Amortization of prior service credit	9			—
Total recognized in Regulatory assets and Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(22	)	$	(63	)
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost, Regulatory assets, and Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(23	)	$	(99	)
Estimated amounts to be amortized from Regulatory assets and Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit cost during next fiscal year
Net actuarial loss	$	16		$	12
Prior service credit	$	(19	)	$	(9	)

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Net other postretirement credit for DTE Electric includes the following components:



	2019			2018			2017
	(In millions)
Service cost	$	16		$	20		$	20
Interest cost	53			53			56
Expected return on plan assets	(65		)	(98		)	(90		)
Amortization of:
Net actuarial loss	5			8			8
Prior service credit	(7		)	—			(10		)
Net other postretirement cost (credit)	$	2		$	(17	)	$	(16	)



	2019			2018
	(In millions)
Other changes in plan assets and accumulated postretirement benefit obligation recognized in Regulatory assets
Net actuarial (gain) loss	$	41		$	(46	)
Amortization of net actuarial loss	(5		)	(8		)
Prior service cost	(33		)	—
Amortization of prior service (cost) credit	7			(35		)
Total recognized in Regulatory assets	$	10		$	(89	)
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and Regulatory assets	$	12		$	(106	)
Estimated amounts to be amortized from Regulatory assets into net periodic benefit cost during next fiscal year
Net actuarial loss	$	11		$	5
Prior service credit	$	(14	)	$	(7	)

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The following table reconciles the obligations, assets, and funded status of the plans including amounts recorded as Accrued postretirement liability in the Registrants' Consolidated Statements of Financial Position at December 31:



	DTE Energy						DTE Electric
	2019			2018			2019			2018
	(In millions)
Change in accumulated postretirement benefit obligation
Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation, beginning of year	$	1,645		$	1,910		$	1,247		$	1,470
Service cost	22			27			16			20
Interest cost	70			69			53			53
Plan amendments	(53		)	(44		)	(33		)	(35		)
Actuarial (gain) loss	153			(227		)	118			(196		)
Benefits paid	(86		)	(90		)	(64		)	(65		)
Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation, end of year	$	1,751		$	1,645		$	1,337		$	1,247
Change in plan assets
Plan assets at fair value, beginning of year	$	1,689		$	1,848		$	1,158		$	1,272
Actual return on plan assets	215			(75		)	141			(52		)
Benefits paid	(85		)	(84		)	(63		)	(62		)
Plan assets at fair value, end of year	$	1,819		$	1,689		$	1,236		$	1,158
Funded status	$	68		$	44		$	(101	)	$	(89	)
Amount recorded as:
Noncurrent assets	$	69		$	45		$	266		$	189
Current liabilities	(1		)	(1		)	—			—
Noncurrent liabilities	—			—			(367		)	(278		)
	$	68		$	44		$	(101	)	$	(89	)
Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), pre-tax
Net actuarial (gain) loss	$	(8	)	$	1		$	—		$	—
	$	(8	)	$	1		$	—		$	—
Amounts recognized in Regulatory assets(a)
Net actuarial loss	$	289		$	257		$	193		$	156
Prior service credit	(88		)	(44		)	(62		)	(35		)
	$	201		$	213		$	131		$	121


(a)	See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Regulatory Matters."

At December 31, 2019, the benefits expected to be paid, including prescription drug benefits, in each of the next five years and in the aggregate for the five fiscal years thereafter for the Registrants are as follows:



	DTE Energy		DTE Electric
	(In millions)
2020	$	84	$	64
2021	88		67
2022	92		70
2023	94		72
2024	96		73
2025-2029	496		378
Total	$	950	$	724

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Assumptions used in determining the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation and net other postretirement benefit costs of the Registrants are:



	2019	2018	2017
Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation
Discount rate	3.29%	4.40%	3.70%
Health care trend rate pre- and post- 65	6.75 / 7.25%	6.75 / 7.25%	6.75 / 7.25%
Ultimate health care trend rate	4.50%	4.50%	4.50%
Year in which ultimate reached pre- and post- 65	2032	2031	2030
Other postretirement benefit costs
Discount rate	4.40%	3.70%	4.25%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets	7.30%	7.75%	7.75%
Health care trend rate pre- and post- 65	6.75 / 7.25%	6.75 / 7.25%	6.50 / 6.75%
Ultimate health care trend rate	4.50%	4.50%	4.50%
Year in which ultimate reached pre- and post- 65	2031	2030	2028

A one percentage point increase in health care cost trend rates would have increased the total service cost and interest cost components of benefit costs for DTE Energy by $3 million, including $2 million for DTE Electric, in 2019 and would have increased the accumulated benefit obligation for DTE Energy by $62 million, including $44 million for DTE Electric, at December 31, 2019. A one percentage point decrease in the health care cost trend rates would have decreased the total service and interest cost components of benefit costs for DTE Energy by $3 million, including $2 million for DTE Electric, in 2019 and would have decreased the accumulated benefit obligation for DTE Energy by $54 million, including $39 million for DTE Electric, at December 31, 2019.

The process used in determining the long-term rate of return on assets for the other postretirement benefit plans is similar to that previously described for the pension plans.

The DTE Energy Company Master VEBA Trust employs a liability driven investment program whereby the characteristics of plan liabilities are considered when determining investment policy. Risk tolerance is established through consideration of future plan cash flows, plan funded status, and corporate financial considerations. The investment portfolio contains a diversified blend of equity, fixed income, and other investments. Furthermore, equity investments are diversified across U.S. and non-U.S. stocks and large and small market capitalizations. Fixed income investments generally include U.S. Treasuries, other governmental debt, diversified corporate bonds, bank loans, and mortgage-backed securities. Other investments are used to enhance long-term returns while improving portfolio diversification. Derivatives may be utilized in a risk controlled manner to potentially increase the portfolio beyond the market value of invested assets and/or reduce portfolio investment risk. Investment risk is measured and monitored on an ongoing basis through annual liability measurements, periodic asset/liability studies, and quarterly investment portfolio reviews.

Target allocations for the Registrants' other postretirement benefit plan assets as of December 31, 2019 are listed below:



U.S. Large Cap Equity Securities	16	%
U.S. Small Cap and Mid Cap Equity Securities	3
Non-U.S. Equity Securities	16
Fixed Income Securities	37
Hedge Funds and Similar Investments	14
Private Equity and Other	14
	100	%

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The following tables provide the fair value measurement amounts for the Registrants' other postretirement benefit plan assets at December 31, 2019 and 2018(a):



	December 31, 2019								December 31, 2018
	Level 1		Level 2		Other(b)		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Other(b)		Total
DTE Energy asset category:	(In millions)
Short-term Investments(c)	$	80	$	—	$	—	$	80	$	14	$	2	$	—	$	16
Equity Securities
Domestic(d)	51		—		273		324		300		—		—		300
International(e)	182		—		89		271		234		—		67		301
Fixed Income Securities
Governmental(f)	74		—		—		74		—		85		—		85
Corporate(g)	—		256		251		507		11		265		130		406
Hedge Funds and Similar Investments(h)	71		—		182		253		97		—		203		300
Private Equity and Other(i)	—		—		310		310		—		—		281		281
DTE Energy Total	$	458	$	256	$	1,105	$	1,819	$	656	$	352	$	681	$	1,689

DTE Electric asset category:
Short-term Investments(c)	$	55	$	—	$	—	$	55	$	10	$	1	$	—	$	11
Equity Securities
Domestic(d)	34		—		185		219		206		—		—		206
International(e)	124		—		60		184		163		—		45		208
Fixed Income Securities
Governmental(f)	48		—		—		48		—		53		—		53
Corporate(g)	—		168		176		344		7		179		92		278
Hedge Funds and Similar Investments(h)	49		—		123		172		68		—		139		207
Private Equity and Other(i)	—		—		214		214		—		—		195		195
DTE Electric Total	$	310	$	168	$	758	$	1,236	$	454	$	233	$	471	$	1,158


(a)	For a description of levels within the fair value hierarchy see Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Fair Value."


(b)	Amounts represent assets valued at NAV as a practical expedient for fair value.


(c)	This category predominantly represents certain short-term fixed income securities and money market investments that are managed in separate accounts or commingled funds. Pricing for investments in this category are obtained from quoted prices in actively traded markets or valuations from brokers or pricing services.


(d)	This category represents portfolios of large, medium and small capitalization domestic equities. Investments in this category include exchange-traded securities for which unadjusted quoted prices can be obtained and exchange-traded securities held in a commingled fund classified as NAV assets.


(e)	This category primarily consists of portfolios of non-U.S. developed and emerging market equities. Investments in this category are exchange-traded securities whereby unadjusted quoted prices can be obtained. Exchange-traded securities held in a commingled fund are classified as NAV assets.


(f)	This category includes U.S. Treasuries, bonds and other governmental debt. Pricing for investments in this category is obtained from quoted prices in actively traded markets and quotations from broker or pricing services.


(g)	This category primarily consists of corporate bonds from diversified industries, bank loans, and mortgage backed securities. Pricing for investments in this category is obtained from quoted prices in actively traded markets and quotations from broker or pricing services. Non-exchange traded securities and exchange-traded securities held in commingled funds are classified as NAV assets.


(h)	This category utilizes a diversified group of strategies that attempt to capture financial market inefficiencies and includes publicly traded mutual funds, commingled funds and limited partnership funds. Pricing for mutual funds in this category is obtained from quoted prices in actively traded markets. Commingled funds and limited partnership funds are classified as NAV assets.


(i)	This category includes a diversified group of funds and strategies that primarily invests in private equity partnerships. This category also includes investments in real estate and private debt. All investments in this category are classified as NAV assets.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

The DTE Energy Company Master VEBA Trust holds debt and equity securities directly and indirectly through commingled funds. Exchange-traded debt and equity securities held directly are valued using quoted market prices in actively traded markets. The commingled funds hold exchange-traded equity or debt securities and are valued based on NAVs. Non-exchange traded fixed income securities are valued by the trustee based upon quotations available from brokers or pricing services. A primary price source is identified by asset type, class, or issue for each security. The trustee monitors prices supplied by pricing services and may use a supplemental price source or change the primary price source of a given security if the trustee challenges an assigned price and determines that another price source is considered preferable. The Registrants have obtained an understanding of how these prices are derived, including the nature and observability of the inputs used in deriving such prices.

Defined Contribution Plans

The Registrants also sponsor defined contribution retirement savings plans. Participation in one of these plans is available to substantially all represented and non-represented employees. For substantially all employees, the Registrants match employee contributions up to certain predefined limits based upon eligible compensation and the employee’s contribution rate. Additionally, for eligible represented and non-represented employees who do not participate in the Pension Plans, the Registrants annually contribute an amount equivalent to 4% (8% for certain DTE Gas represented employees) of an employee's eligible pay to the employee's defined contribution retirement savings plan. For DTE Energy, the cost of these plans was $65 million, $61 million, and $57 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. For DTE Electric, the cost of these plans was $31 million, $29 million, and $27 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively.

NOTE 22 — STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

DTE Energy’s stock incentive program permits the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualifying stock options, stock awards, performance shares, and performance units to employees and members of its Board of Directors. As a result of a stock award, a settlement of an award of performance shares, or by exercise of a participant’s stock option, DTE Energy may deliver common stock from its authorized but unissued common stock and/or from outstanding common stock acquired by or on behalf of DTE Energy in the name of the participant. Key provisions of the stock incentive program are:


•	Authorized limit is 16,500,000 shares of common stock;


•	Prohibits the grant of a stock option with an exercise price that is less than the fair market value of DTE Energy’s stock on the date of the grant; and

•

Imposes the following award limits to a single participant in a single calendar year, (1) options for more than 500,000 shares of common stock; (2) stock awards for more than 150,000 shares of common stock; (3) performance share awards for more than 300,000 shares of common stock (based on the maximum payout under the award); or (4) more than 1,000,000 performance units, which have a face amount of $1.00 each.

DTE Energy records compensation expense at fair value over the vesting period for all awards it grants.

The following table summarizes the components of stock-based compensation for DTE Energy:



	2019		2018		2017
	(In millions)
Stock-based compensation expense	$	71	$	64	$	58
Tax benefit	$	13	$	13	$	23
Stock-based compensation cost capitalized in Property, plant, and equipment	$	16	$	11	$	9

Stock Options

Options are exercisable according to the terms of the individual stock option award agreements and expire ten years after the date of the grant. The option exercise price equals the fair value of the stock on the date that the option was granted. Stock options vest ratably over a three-year period.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

There were no options granted and no options expensed during 2019, 2018, or 2017. The intrinsic value of options outstanding and options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 were not material.

Restricted Stock Awards

Stock awards granted under the plan are restricted for varying periods, generally for three years. Participants have all rights of a shareholder with respect to a stock award, including the right to receive dividends and vote the shares. Prior to vesting in stock awards, the participant: (i) may not sell, transfer, pledge, exchange, or otherwise dispose of shares; (ii) shall not retain custody of the share certificates; and (iii) will deliver to DTE Energy a stock power with respect to each stock award upon request.

The stock awards are recorded at cost that approximates fair value on the date of grant. The cost is amortized to compensation expense over the vesting period.

The fair value of awards vested were not material for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. Compensation cost charged against income was $11 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017.

Performance Share Awards

Performance shares awarded under the plan are for a specified number of shares of DTE Energy common stock that entitle the holder to receive a cash payment, shares of DTE Energy common stock, or a combination thereof. The final value of the award is determined by the achievement of certain performance objectives and market conditions. The awards vest at the end of a specified period, usually three years. Awards granted in 2019, 2018, and 2017 were primarily deemed to be equity awards. The DTE Energy stock price and number of probable shares attributable to market conditions for such equity awards are fair valued only at the grant date. DTE Energy accounts for performance share awards by accruing compensation expense over the vesting period based on: (i) the number of shares expected to be paid which is based on the probable achievement of performance objectives; and (ii) the closing stock price market value. The settlement of the award is based on the closing price at the settlement date.

DTE Energy recorded compensation expense for performance share awards as follows:



	2019		2018		2017
	(In millions)
Compensation expense	$	60	$	53	$	47
Cash settlements(a)	$	19	$	13	$	15
Stock settlements(a)	$	79	$	39	$	66


(a)	Sum of cash and stock settlements approximates the intrinsic value of the awards.

During the vesting period, the recipient of a performance share award has no shareholder rights. During the period beginning on the date the performance shares are awarded and ending on the certification date of the performance objectives, the number of performance shares awarded will be increased, assuming full dividend reinvestment at the fair market value on the dividend payment date. The cumulative number of performance shares will be adjusted to determine the final payment based on the performance objectives achieved. Performance share awards are nontransferable and are subject to risk of forfeiture.

The following table summarizes DTE Energy’s performance share activity for the period ended December 31, 2019:



	Performance Shares		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance at December 31, 2018	1,286,686		$	97.17
Grants	446,579		$	115.85
Forfeitures	(44,044	)	$	102.42
Payouts	(463,190	)	$	88.53
Balance at December 31, 2019	1,226,031		$	107.35

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Unrecognized Compensation Costs

As of December 31, 2019, DTE Energy's total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock incentive plan arrangements and the weighted average recognition period was as follows:



	Unrecognized Compensation Cost		Weighted Average to be Recognized
	(In millions)		(In years)
Stock awards	$	19	1.57
Performance shares	62		1.05
	$	81	1.17

Allocated Stock-Based Compensation

DTE Electric received an allocation of costs from DTE Energy associated with stock-based compensation. DTE Electric's allocation for 2019, 2018, and 2017 for stock-based compensation expense was $43 million, $38 million, and $34 million, respectively.

NOTE 23 — SEGMENT AND RELATED INFORMATION

DTE Energy sets strategic goals, allocates resources, and evaluates performance based on the following structure:

Electric segment consists principally of DTE Electric, which is engaged in the generation, purchase, distribution, and sale of electricity to approximately 2.2 million residential, commercial, and industrial customers in southeastern Michigan.

Gas segment consists principally of DTE Gas, which is engaged in the purchase, storage, transportation, distribution, and sale of natural gas to approximately 1.3 million residential, commercial, and industrial customers throughout Michigan and the sale of storage and transportation capacity.

Gas Storage and Pipelines is primarily engaged in services related to the gathering, transportation, and storage of natural gas.

Power and Industrial Projects is comprised primarily of projects that deliver energy and utility-type products and services to industrial, commercial, and institutional customers, produce reduced emissions fuel, and sell electricity and pipeline-quality gas from renewable energy projects.

Energy Trading consists of energy marketing and trading operations.

Corporate and Other includes various holding company activities, holds certain non-utility debt, and holds energy-related investments.

The federal income tax provisions or benefits of DTE Energy’s subsidiaries are determined on an individual company basis and recognize the tax benefit of tax credits and net operating losses, if applicable. The state and local income tax provisions of the utility subsidiaries are determined on an individual company basis and recognize the tax benefit of various tax credits and net operating losses, if applicable. The subsidiaries record federal, state, and local income taxes payable to or receivable from DTE Energy based on the federal, state, and local tax provisions of each company.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

Inter-segment billing for goods and services exchanged between segments is based upon tariffed or market-based prices of the provider and primarily consists of the sale of reduced emissions fuel, power sales, and natural gas sales in the following segments:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
	(In millions)
Electric	$	56	$	52	$	48
Gas	12		12		8
Gas Storage and Pipelines	27		36		42
Power and Industrial Projects	596		642		569
Energy Trading	22		27		35
Corporate and Other	2		2		2
	$	715	$	771	$	704

Financial data of DTE Energy's business segments follows:



	Electric			Gas		Gas Storage and Pipelines		Power and Industrial Projects		Energy Trading		Corporate and Other		Reclassifications and Eliminations		Total
	(In millions)
2019
Operating Revenues — Utility operations	$	5,224		1,482		—		—		—		—		(68	)	$	6,638
Operating Revenues — Non-utility operations	$	5		—		501		1,560		4,610		2		(647	)	$	6,031
Depreciation and amortization	$	949		144		94		69		6		1		—		$	1,263
Interest expense	$	315		78		73		33		8		266		(132	)	$	641
Interest income	$	(2	)	(6	)	(8	)	(9	)	(4	)	(120	)	132		$	(17	)
Equity in earnings of equity method investees	$	1		2		97		14		—		(3	)	—		$	111
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	$	137		62		74		(63	)	17		(75	)	—		$	152
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to DTE Energy Company	$	714		185		204		133		49		(116	)	—		$	1,169
Investment in equity method investees	$	5		11		1,685		130		—		31		—		$	1,862
Capital expenditures and acquisitions	$	2,368		530		2,510		54		5		—		—		$	5,467
Goodwill	$	1,208		743		470		26		17		—		—		$	2,464
Total Assets	$	24,617		5,717		4,832		537		798		7,679		(2,298	)	$	41,882

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)



	Electric		Gas		Gas Storage and Pipelines		Power and Industrial Projects		Energy Trading		Corporate and Other		Reclassifications and Eliminations		Total
	(In millions)
2018
Operating Revenues — Utility operations	$	5,298	1,436		—		—		—		—		(64	)	$	6,670
Operating Revenues — Non-utility operations	$	—			485		2,204		5,557		3		(707	)	$	7,542
Depreciation and amortization	$	836	133		82		67		5		1		—		$	1,124
Interest expense	$	283	70		68		31		6		220		(119	)	$	559
Interest income	$	—	(6	)	(9	)	(9	)	(3	)	(104	)	119		$	(12	)
Equity in earnings of equity method investees	$	—	2		123		3		—		4		—		$	132
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	$	193	67		68		(195	)	13		(48	)	—		$	98
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to DTE Energy Company	$	664	150		235		161		39		(129	)	—		$	1,120
Investment in equity method investees	$	7	12		1,585		134		—		33		—		$	1,771
Capital expenditures and acquisitions	$	1,979	460		176		91		5		2		—		$	2,713
Goodwill	$	1,208	743		299		26		17		—		—		$	2,293
Total Assets	$	22,501	5,378		3,161		495		909		6,153		(2,309	)	$	36,288



	Electric		Gas		Gas Storage and Pipelines		Power and Industrial Projects		Energy Trading		Corporate and Other		Reclassifications and Eliminations		Total
	(In millions)
2017
Operating Revenues — Utility operations	$	5,102	1,388		—		—		—		—		(56	)	$	6,434
Operating Revenues — Non-utility operations	$	—	—		453		2,089		4,277		2		(648	)	$	6,173
Depreciation and amortization	$	753	123		76		72		5		1		—		$	1,030
Interest expense	$	274	65		77		29		5		192		(106	)	$	536
Interest income	$	—	(7	)	(14	)	(7	)	(2	)	(88	)	106		$	(12	)
Equity in earnings of equity method investees	$	1	2		90		9		—		—		—		$	102
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)(a)	$	321	78		(30	)	(195	)	49		(48	)	—		$	175
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to DTE Energy Company	$	606	146		275		138		72		(103	)	—		$	1,134
Investment in equity method investees	$	7	11		879		150		—		26		—		$	1,073
Capital expenditures and acquisitions	$	1,574	463		137		56		7		13		—		$	2,250
Goodwill	$	1,208	743		299		26		17		—		—		$	2,293
Total Assets	$	21,163	5,072		2,594		593		725		5,324		(1,704	)	$	33,767


(a)	Includes Income Tax Expense (Benefit) of $(5) million, $(115) million, $(21) million, $2 million, and $34 million for Electric — non-utility, Gas Storage and Pipelines, Power and Industrial Projects, Energy Trading, and Corporate and Other, respectively, related to the enactment of the TCJA.

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

NOTE 24 — RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

DTE Energy enters into related party transactions with certain equity method investees, primarily between DTE Gas and NEXUS. DTE Gas is party to a 15-year capacity lease agreement with NEXUS for the transportation of natural gas. Under the lease agreement, DTE Gas provides firm pipeline capacity in the DTE Gas system in order for NEXUS to provide service to its customers from an interconnect between NEXUS and DTE Gas. NEXUS is charged a fixed daily pipeline reservation charge. DTE Gas operating revenues from this agreement was $32 million and $6 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively. DTE Gas is also party to a 15-year service agreement with NEXUS for the transportation of natural gas. Under the service agreement, NEXUS provides firm pipeline capacity to transport natural gas to service DTE Gas customers. DTE Gas incurs a firm daily pipeline reservation charge, which totaled $21 million and $2 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively. These expenses are included in Fuel, purchased power, and gas - utility on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and are recovered through the GCR mechanism. Other related party transactions with equity method investees include transactions with Vector Pipeline and Millennium Pipeline. These transactions were not material for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017.

DTE Electric has agreements with affiliated companies to sell energy for resale, purchase fuel and power, provide fuel supply services, and provide power plant operation and maintenance services. DTE Electric has agreements with certain DTE Energy affiliates where DTE Electric charges the affiliates for their use of the shared capital assets of DTE Electric. A shared services company accumulates various corporate support services expenses and charges various subsidiaries of DTE Energy, including DTE Electric. DTE Electric records federal, state, and local income taxes payable to or receivable from DTE Energy based on its federal, state, and local tax provisions.

The following is a summary of DTE Electric's transactions with affiliated companies:



	2019		2018		2017
	(In millions)
Revenues
Energy sales	$	10	$	9	$	9
Other services	$	5	$	4	$	4
Shared capital assets	$	47	$	43	$	39
Costs
Fuel and purchased power	$	9	$	7	$	6
Other services and interest	$	23	$	33	$	(2	)
Corporate expenses, net	$	372	$	377	$	370
Other
Dividends declared	$	494	$	461	$	432
Dividends paid	$	494	$	461	$	432
Capital contribution from DTE Energy	$	180	$	325	$	100

DTE Electric's Accounts receivable and Accounts payable related to Affiliates are payable upon demand and are generally settled in cash within a monthly business cycle. Notes receivable and Short-term borrowings related to Affiliates are subject to a credit agreement with DTE Energy whereby short-term excess cash or cash shortfalls are remitted to or funded by DTE Energy. This credit arrangement involves the charge and payment of interest at market-based rates. Refer to DTE Electric's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position for affiliate balances at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

There were no contributions made by DTE Electric to the DTE Energy Foundation for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. There were $7 million in charitable contributions made by DTE Electric to the DTE Energy Foundation for the year ended December 31, 2017. The DTE Energy Foundation is a non-consolidated not-for-profit private foundation, the purpose of which is to contribute and assist charitable organizations.

See the following notes for other related party transactions impacting DTE Electric’s Consolidated Financial Statements:



Note		Title
1		Organization and Basis of Presentation
21		Retirement Benefits and Trusteed Assets
22		Stock-Based Compensation

DTE Energy Company — DTE Electric Company

Combined Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued)

NOTE 25 — SUPPLEMENTARY QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION (UNAUDITED)

DTE Energy

Quarterly earnings per share may not equal full year totals, since quarterly computations are based on weighted average common shares outstanding during each quarter.



	First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter		Fourth Quarter		Year
	(In millions, except per share amounts)
2019
Operating Revenues	$	3,514	$	2,888	$	3,119	$	3,148	$	12,669
Operating Income	$	542	$	300	$	450	$	415	$	1,707
Net Income Attributable to DTE Energy Company	$	401	$	182	$	319	$	267	$	1,169
Basic Earnings per Share	$	2.20	$	0.99	$	1.74	$	1.40	$	6.32
Diluted Earnings per Share	$	2.19	$	0.99	$	1.73	$	1.40	$	6.31
2018
Operating Revenues	$	3,753	$	3,159	$	3,550	$	3,750	$	14,212
Operating Income	$	504	$	329	$	429	$	332	$	1,594
Net Income Attributable to DTE Energy Company	$	361	$	234	$	334	$	191	$	1,120
Basic Earnings per Share	$	2.01	$	1.29	$	1.84	$	1.05	$	6.18
Diluted Earnings per Share	$	2.00	$	1.29	$	1.84	$	1.05	$	6.17

DTE Electric



	First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter		Fourth Quarter		Year
	(In millions)
2019
Operating Revenues	$	1,235	$	1,190	$	1,519	$	1,280	$	5,224
Operating Income	$	226	$	223	$	440	$	224	$	1,113
Net Income	$	147	$	133	$	307	$	129	$	716
2018
Operating Revenues	$	1,205	$	1,276	$	1,521	$	1,296	$	5,298
Operating Income	$	253	$	269	$	444	$	168	$	1,134
Net Income	$	140	$	163	$	305	$	56	$	664

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