Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

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Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following selected consolidated GAAP financial data of the Company as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015, were derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company. The following financial data should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes.

Years Ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)20192018201720162015
Operating data:
Gross written premiums$9,133.4$8,475.2$7,173.9$6,033.9$5,891.7
Net written premiums7,824.47,414.46,244.75,270.95,182.3
Premiums earned7,403.76,931.75,937.85,320.55,292.8
Net investment income647.1581.2542.9473.1473.5
Net realized capital gains (losses)185.0(127.1)153.2(7.2)(184.1)
Incurred losses and loss adjustment
expenses (including catastrophes)4,922.95,651.44,522.63,139.63,064.7
Net catastrophe losses (1)550.01,669.81,339.1286.050.7
Commission, brokerage, taxes and fees1,703.71,519.01,304.01,188.71,183.6
Other underwriting expenses440.9371.5318.8302.7257.1
Corporate expenses33.030.725.927.223.3
Interest, fees and bond issue cost
amortization expense31.731.031.636.236.2
Income (loss) before taxes1,099.0(242.2)419.41,099.81,111.9
Income tax expense (benefit)89.5(331.2)(63.4)103.5134.0
Net income (loss) (2)1,009.589.0482.8996.3977.9
EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE:
Basic (3)$24.77$2.18$11.77$23.85$22.29
Diluted (4)$24.70$2.17$11.70$23.68$22.10
Dividends declared$5.75$5.30$5.05$4.70$4.00
Certain GAAP financial ratios: (5)
Loss ratio66.5%81.5%76.2%59.0%57.9%
Other underwriting expense ratio29.0%27.3%27.3%28.0%27.2%
Combined ratio (2)95.5%108.8%103.5%87.0%85.1%
Balance sheet data (at end of period):
Total investments and cash$20,748.5$18,433.1$18,626.5$17,483.1$16,676.4
Total assets27,324.124,751.023,563.321,279.220,545.4
Loss and LAE reserves13,611.313,119.111,884.310,312.39,951.8
Total debt633.8633.6633.4633.2633.0
Total liabilities18,191.116,890.215,222.613,246.112,936.8
Shareholders' equity9,132.97,860.88,340.78,033.17,608.6
Book value per share (6)223.85193.37204.25196.41178.21

(1) Catastrophe losses are presented net of reinsurance and reinstatement premiums. Catastrophe insurance provides coverage for one event. When limits are exhausted, some contractual arrangements provide for the availability of additional coverage upon the payment of additional premium. This additional premium is referred to as reinstatement premium.

(2) Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.

(3) Based on weighted average basic common shares outstanding of 40.3 million, 40.4 million, 40.6 million, 41.3 million, and 43.4 million for 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

(4) Based on weighted average diluted common shares outstanding of 40.4 million, 40.6 million, 40.8 million, 41.6 million, and 43.8 million for 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

(5) Loss ratio is the GAAP losses and LAE incurred as a percentage of GAAP net premiums earned. Underwriting expense ratio is the GAAP commissions, brokerage, taxes, fees and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of GAAP net premiums earned. Combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio and underwriting expense ratio.

(6) Based on 40.8 million, 40.7 million, 40.8 million, 40.9 million, and 42.7 million common shares outstanding for December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

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