Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

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Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

EATON CORPORATION plc

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME


	Three months ended March 31
(In millions except for per share data)	2024		2023
Net sales	$	5,943	$	5,483

Cost of products sold	3,725		3,599
Selling and administrative expense	1,025		904
Research and development expense	189		179
Interest expense - net	30		50

Other income - net	(26)		(11)
Income before income taxes	1,001		762
Income tax expense	179		123
Net income	822		639
Less net income for noncontrolling interests	(1)		(1)
Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders	$	821	$	638

Net income per share attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders
Diluted	$	2.04	$	1.59
Basic	2.05		1.60

Weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding
Diluted	401.9		400.5
Basic	399.9		398.5

Cash dividends declared per ordinary share	$	0.94	$	0.86

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

EATON CORPORATION plc

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME


	Three months ended March 31
(In millions)	2024		2023
Net income	$	822	$	639
Less net income for noncontrolling interests	(1)		(1)
Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders	821		638

Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
Currency translation and related hedging instruments	(53)		119
Pensions and other postretirement benefits	17		(2)
Cash flow hedges	(4)		15


Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders	(40)		132

Total comprehensive income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders	$	781	$	770

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

EATON CORPORATION plc

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS


(In millions)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Current assets
Cash	$	473	$	488
Short-term investments	1,969		2,121
Accounts receivable - net	4,674		4,475
Inventory	3,868		3,739

Prepaid expenses and other current assets	870		851
Total current assets	11,853		11,675

Property, plant and equipment
Land and buildings	2,215		2,241
Machinery and equipment	6,577		6,497
Gross property, plant and equipment	8,792		8,738
Accumulated depreciation	(5,234)		(5,208)
Net property, plant and equipment	3,558		3,530

Other noncurrent assets
Goodwill	14,877		14,977
Other intangible assets	4,975		5,091

Operating lease assets	722		648
Deferred income taxes	481		458
Other assets	2,070		2,052
Total assets	$	38,535	$	38,432

Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
Current liabilities
Short-term debt	$	1	$	8
Current portion of long-term debt	994		1,017
Accounts payable	3,400		3,365
Accrued compensation	492		676

Other current liabilities	2,726		2,680
Total current liabilities	7,613		7,747

Noncurrent liabilities
Long-term debt	8,192		8,244
Pension liabilities	730		768
Other postretirement benefits liabilities	177		180
Operating lease liabilities	601		533
Deferred income taxes	419		402
Other noncurrent liabilities	1,478		1,489
Total noncurrent liabilities	11,597		11,616

Shareholders’ equity
Ordinary shares (399.8 million outstanding in 2024 and 399.4 million in 2023)	4		4
Capital in excess of par value	12,630		12,634
Retained earnings	10,605		10,305
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(3,946)		(3,906)
Shares held in trust	(1)		(1)
Total Eaton shareholders’ equity	19,292		19,036
Noncontrolling interests	34		33
Total equity	19,326		19,069
Total liabilities and equity	$	38,535	$	38,432

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

EATON CORPORATION plc

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS



	Three months ended March 31
(In millions)	2024		2023
Operating activities
Net income	$	822	$	639
Adjustments to reconcile to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation and amortization	225		238
Deferred income taxes	32		17
Pension and other postretirement benefits expense	4		4
Contributions to pension plans	(46)		(29)
Contributions to other postretirement benefits plans	(4)		(5)


Changes in working capital	(524)		(498)







Other - net	(34)		(31)
Net cash provided by operating activities	475		335

Investing activities
Capital expenditures for property, plant and equipment	(183)		(126)


Proceeds from sales of property, plant and equipment	58		3

Sales (purchases) of short-term investments - net	150		(27)
Proceeds from settlement of currency exchange contracts not designated as hedges - net	11		41
Other - net	(3)		(14)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	33		(124)

Financing activities
Proceeds from borrowings	—		318
Payments on borrowings	(4)		(3)
Short-term debt, net	(7)		(236)

Cash dividends paid	(368)		(334)
Exercise of employee stock options	41		17
Repurchase of shares	(138)		—

Employee taxes paid from shares withheld	(56)		(40)
Other - net	(4)		(1)
Net cash used in financing activities	(536)		(281)

Effect of currency on cash	13		11

Total decrease in cash	(15)		(59)
Cash at the beginning of the period	488		294
Cash at the end of the period	$	473	$	235

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

EATON CORPORATION plc

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Amounts are in millions unless indicated otherwise (per share data assume dilution). Columns and rows may not add and the sum of components may not equal total amounts reported due to rounding.

Note 1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Eaton Corporation plc (Eaton or the Company) have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles for interim financial information, the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by United States generally accepted accounting principles (US GAAP) for complete financial statements. However, in the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) have been made that are necessary for a fair presentation of the condensed consolidated financial statements for the interim periods.

This Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Eaton’s 2023 Form 10-K. The interim period results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. Management has evaluated subsequent events through the date this Form 10-Q was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (ASU 2023-07). This accounting standard requires additional segment disclosures on an annual and interim basis, including significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. The standard does not change how operating segments and reportable segments are determined. ASU 2023-07 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The standard is required to be applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. Eaton plans to adopt the standard for the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company is evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-07 and expects the standard will only impact its segment disclosures with no material impact to the consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023-09). This accounting standard requires disaggregated income tax disclosures on an annual basis, including information on the Company’s effective income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-09 and expects the standard will only impact its income taxes disclosures with no material impact to the consolidated financial statements.

Note 2. INVESTMENT IN ASSOCIATE COMPANY

Acquisition of a 49% stake in Jiangsu Ryan Electrical Co. Ltd.

On April 23, 2023, Eaton acquired a 49 percent stake in Jiangsu Ryan Electrical Co. Ltd., a manufacturer of power distribution and sub-transmission transformers in China. Eaton accounts for this investment on the equity method of accounting and is reported within the Electrical Global business segment.

Note 3. REVENUE RECOGNITION

Sales are recognized when obligations under the terms of the contract are satisfied and control of promised goods or services have transferred to our customers. Control is transferred when the customer has the ability to direct the use of and obtain benefits from the goods or services. Sales are measured at the amount of consideration the Company expects to be paid in exchange for these products or services.

The following table provides disaggregated sales by lines of businesses, geographic destination, market channel or end market, as applicable, for the Company's operating segments:


	Three months ended March 31
(In millions)	2024		2023
Electrical Americas
Products	$	733	$	716
Systems	1,957		1,578
Total	$	2,690	$	2,294

Electrical Global
Products	$	844	$	882
Systems	656		618
Total	$	1,500	$	1,500






Aerospace
Original Equipment Manufacturers	$	355	$	314
Aftermarket	291		264
Industrial and Other	225		225
Total	$	871	$	803

Vehicle
Commercial	$	435	$	448
Passenger and Light Duty	290		291
Total	$	724	$	739

eMobility	$	158	$	147

Total net sales	$	5,943	$	5,483

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (revenue recognized exceeds amount billed to the customer), and deferred revenue (advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized). Accounts receivable from customers were $4,170 million and $3,966 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals or upon achievement of contractual milestones. These assets and liabilities are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. Unbilled receivables were $301 million and $289 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and are recorded in Prepaid expenses and other current assets. The increase in unbilled receivables reflects higher revenue recognized from increased business activity in 2024.

Changes in the deferred revenue liabilities are as follows:


(In millions)	Deferred Revenue
Balance at January 1, 2024	$	626
Customer deposits and billings	657
Revenue recognized in the period	(612)

Translation	(5)

Balance at March 31, 2024	$	666


(In millions)	Deferred Revenue
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	508
Customer deposits and billings	514
Revenue recognized in the period	(421)

Translation	4
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	605

Deferred revenue liabilities of $651 million and $610 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, were included in Other current liabilities with the remaining balance presented in Other noncurrent liabilities.

A significant portion of open orders placed with Eaton are by original equipment manufacturers or distributors. These open orders are not considered firm as they have been historically subject to releases by customers. In measuring backlog of unsatisfied or partially satisfied obligations, only the amount of orders to which customers are firmly committed are included. Using this criterion, total backlog at March 31, 2024 was approximately $15 billion. At March 31, 2024, approximately 79% of this backlog is targeted for delivery to customers in the next twelve months and the rest thereafter.

Note 4. CREDIT LOSSES FOR RECEIVABLES

Receivables are exposed to credit risk based on the customers’ ability to pay which is influenced by, among other factors, their financial liquidity position. Eaton’s receivables are generally short-term in nature with a majority outstanding less than 90 days.

Eaton performs ongoing credit evaluation of its customers and maintains sufficient allowances for potential credit losses. The Company evaluates the collectability of its receivables based on the length of time the receivable is past due, and any anticipated future write-off based on historic experience adjusted for market conditions. The Company's segments, supported by our global credit department, perform the credit evaluation and monitoring process to estimate and manage credit risk. The process includes an evaluation of credit losses for both the overall segment receivable and specific customer balances. The process also includes review of customer financial information and credit ratings, approval and monitoring of customer credit limits, and an assessment of market conditions. The Company may also require prepayment from customers to mitigate credit risk. Receivable balances are written off against an allowance for credit losses after a final determination of collectability has been made.

Accounts receivable are net of an allowance for credit losses of $39 million and $38 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The change in the allowance for credit losses includes expense and net write-offs, none of which are significant.

Note 5. INVENTORY

Inventory is carried at lower of cost or net realizable value. The components of inventory are as follows:


(In millions)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Raw materials	$	1,527	$	1,515
Work-in-process	999		870
Finished goods	1,341		1,354
Total inventory	$	3,868	$	3,739

Note 6. GOODWILL

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment are as follows:


(In millions)	January 1, 2024		Translation		March 31, 2024
Electrical Americas	$	7,415	$	(8)	$	7,407
Electrical Global	4,038		(73)		3,965

Aerospace	2,901		(18)		2,883
Vehicle	289		(1)		288
eMobility	334		—		334
Total	$	14,977	$	(100)	$	14,877

Note 7. SUPPLY CHAIN FINANCE PROGRAM

The Company negotiates payment terms directly with its suppliers for the purchase of goods and services. In addition, a third-party financial institution offers a voluntary supply chain finance (SCF) program that enables certain of the Company’s suppliers, at the supplier’s sole discretion, to sell receivables due from the Company to the financial institution on terms directly negotiated with the financial institution. If a supplier elects to participate in the SCF program, the supplier decides which invoices are sold to the financial institution and the Company has no economic interest in a supplier’s decision to sell an invoice. Payments by the Company to participating suppliers are paid to the financial institution on the invoice due date, regardless of whether an individual invoice is sold by the supplier to the financial institution. The amounts due to the financial institution for suppliers that participate in the SCF program are included in Accounts payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the associated payments are included in operating activities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

The changes in SCF obligations are as follows:


(In millions)	SCF Obligations
Balance at January 1, 2024	$	369
Invoices confirmed during the period	351
Invoices paid during the period	(359)

Balance at March 31, 2024	$	361


(In millions)	SCF Obligations
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	219
Invoices confirmed during the period	297
Invoices paid during the period	(234)
Translation	1
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	283

Note 8. RETIREMENT BENEFITS PLANS

The components of retirement benefits expense are as follows:


	United States pension benefit expense				Non-United States pension benefit expense
	Three months ended March 31
(In millions)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Service cost	$	5	$	5	$	12	$	11
Interest cost	33		36		21		21
Expected return on plan assets	(47)		(49)		(33)		(30)
Amortization	2		1		3		1
	(7)		(7)		3		3

Settlements	9		9		1		1
Total expense	$	1	$	2	$	4	$	4

The components of retirement benefits expense other than service costs are included in Other income - net.

During 2020, the Company announced it was freezing its United States pension plans for its non-union employees. The freeze was effective January 1, 2021 for non-union U.S. employees whose retirement benefit was determined under a cash balance formula and is effective January 1, 2026 for non-union U.S. employees whose retirement benefit is determined under a final average pay formula.

Note 9. LEGAL CONTINGENCIES

Eaton is subject to a broad range of claims, administrative and legal proceedings such as lawsuits that relate to contractual allegations and indemnity claims, tax audits, patent infringement, personal injuries, antitrust matters, and employment-related matters. Eaton is also subject to legal claims from historic products which may have contained asbestos. Insurance may cover some of the costs associated with these claims and proceedings. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome or cost of these matters, the Company believes they will not have a material adverse effect on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Note 10. INCOME TAXES

The effective income tax rate for the first quarter of 2024 was expense of 17.9% compared to expense of 16.1% for the first quarter of 2023. The increase in the effective tax rate in the first quarter of 2024 was primarily due to greater levels of income in higher tax jurisdictions, partially offset by a larger impact from the excess tax benefits recognized for employee share-based payments in the quarter.

Brazil Tax Years 2005-2012

The Company has two Brazilian tax cases primarily relating to the amortization of certain goodwill generated from the acquisition of third-party businesses and corporate reorganizations. One case involves tax years 2005-2008 (Case 1), and the other involves tax years 2009-2012 (Case 2). Case 2 is proceeding on a more accelerated timeline than Case 1. For Case 2, the Company received a tax assessment in 2014 that included interest and penalties. In November 2019, the Company received an unfavorable result at the final tax administrative appeals level, resulting in an alleged tax deficiency of $27 million plus $118 million of interest and penalties (translated at the March 31, 2024 exchange rate). The Company is challenging this assessment in the judicial system and, on April 18, 2022, received an unfavorable decision at the first judicial level. On April 27, 2022, the Company filed a motion for clarification relating to that decision. On May 20, 2022, the court largely upheld its prior decision without further clarification. On June 9, 2022, the Company filed its notice of appeal to the second level court. The Company intends to continue its challenge of this assessment in the judicial system.

As previously disclosed for Case 1, the Company received a separate tax assessment alleging a tax deficiency of $33 million plus $120 million of interest and penalties (translated at the March 31, 2024 exchange rate), which the Company is challenging in the judicial system. On April 4, 2024, the court published a favorable decision resulting in a reduction to the Case 1 assessment for the goodwill generated from the acquisition of a third-party business. In the same decision, the court confirmed the cancellation of an additional 75% penalty imposed by the tax authorities. As a result of the favorable decision, the alleged tax deficiency was reduced to $32 million plus $98 million of interest and penalties (translated at the March 31, 2024 exchange rate). The remainder of Case 1 is still pending resolution at the first judicial level.

Both cases are expected to take several years to resolve through the Brazilian judicial system and require provision of certain assets as security for the alleged deficiencies. As of March 31, 2024, the Company pledged Brazilian real estate assets with net book value of $20 million and provided additional security in the form of bank secured bonds and insurance bonds totaling $136 million and a cash deposit of $26 million (translated at the March 31, 2024 exchange rate).

The Company believes that the final resolution of both of the assessments will not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements. The ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be predicted with certainty given the complex nature of tax controversies. Should the ultimate outcome of these matters deviate from our reasonable expectations, they may have a material adverse impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. However, Eaton believes that its interpretations of tax laws and application of tax laws to its facts are correct.

Note 11. EATON SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

The changes in Shareholders’ equity are as follows:


	Ordinary shares			Capital in excess of par value		Retained earnings		Accumulated other comprehensive loss		Shares held in trust		Total Eaton shareholders' equity		Noncontrolling interests		Total equity

(In millions)	Shares	Dollars
Balance at January 1, 2024	399.4	$	4	$	12,634	$	10,305	$	(3,906)	$	(1)	$	19,036	$	33	$	19,069


Net income	—	—		—		821		—		—		821		1		822
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax								(40)				(40)				(40)
Cash dividends paid and accrued	—	—		—		(381)		—		—		(381)		—		(381)

Issuance of shares under equity-based compensation plans	0.9	—		(4)		(1)		—		—		(5)		—		(5)




Repurchase of shares	(0.5)	—		—		(138)		—		—		(138)		—		(138)
Balance at March 31, 2024	399.8	$	4	$	12,630	$	10,605	$	(3,946)	$	(1)	$	19,292	$	34	$	19,326


	Ordinary shares			Capital in excess of par value		Retained earnings		Accumulated other comprehensive loss		Shares held in trust		Total Eaton shareholders' equity		Noncontrolling interests		Total equity

(In millions)	Shares	Dollars
Balance at January 1, 2023	397.8	$	4	$	12,512	$	8,468	$	(3,946)	$	(1)	$	17,038	$	38	$	17,075


Net income	—	—		—		638		—		—		638		1		639
Other comprehensive income, net of tax								132				132		—		132
Cash dividends paid and accrued	—	—		—		(348)		—		—		(348)		(4)		(352)

Issuance of shares under equity-based compensation plans	0.7	—		(11)		(1)		—		1		(11)		—		(11)

Changes in noncontrolling interest of consolidated subsidiaries - net	—	—		—		—		—		—		—		1		1



Balance at March 31, 2023	398.6	$	4	$	12,502	$	8,757	$	(3,814)	$	—	$	17,449	$	36	$	17,485

On February 27, 2019, the Board of Directors adopted a share repurchase program for share repurchases up to $5.0 billion of ordinary shares (2019 Program). On February 23, 2022, the Board renewed the 2019 Program by providing authority for up to $5.0 billion in repurchases to be made during the three-year period commencing on that date (2022 Program). Under the 2022 Program, the ordinary shares are expected to be repurchased over time, depending on market conditions, the market price of ordinary shares, capital levels, and other considerations. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, 0.5 million ordinary shares were repurchased under the 2022 program in the open market at a total cost of $138 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, no ordinary shares were repurchased.

The changes in Accumulated other comprehensive loss are as follows:


(In millions)	Currency translation and related hedging instruments		Pensions and other postretirement benefits		Cash flow hedges		Total
Balance at January 1, 2024	$	(3,029)	$	(995)	$	118	$	(3,906)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(49)		6		4		(39)
Amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss (income)	(4)		11		(9)		(1)
Net current-period Other comprehensive income (loss)	(53)		17		(4)		(40)
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	(3,082)	$	(978)	$	114	$	(3,946)

The reclassifications out of Accumulated other comprehensive loss are as follows:


(In millions)	Three months ended March 31, 2024			Consolidated Statements of Income classification
Gains and (losses) on net investment hedges (amount excluded from effectiveness testing)
Currency exchange contracts	$	4		Interest expense - net
Tax expense	—
Total, net of tax	4

Amortization of defined benefits pensions and other postretirement benefits items
Actuarial loss and prior service cost	(12)		1


Tax benefit	—
Total, net of tax	(11)

Gains and (losses) on cash flow hedges
Floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps	3			Interest expense - net
Currency exchange contracts	8			Net sales and Cost of products sold
Commodity contracts	(1)			Cost of products sold

Tax expense	(2)
Total, net of tax	9

Total reclassifications for the period	$	1

1 These components of Accumulated other comprehensive loss are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost. See Note 8 for additional information about pension and other postretirement benefits items.

Net Income Per Share Attributable to Eaton Ordinary Shareholders

A summary of the calculation of net income per share attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31
(In millions except for per share data)	2024		2023
Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders	$	821	$	638

Weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding - diluted	401.9		400.5
Less dilutive effect of equity-based compensation	2.0		2.0
Weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding - basic	399.9		398.5

Net income per share attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders
Diluted	$	2.04	$	1.59
Basic	2.05		1.60

For the first quarter of 2024 and 2023, all stock options were included in the calculation of diluted net income per share attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders because they were all dilutive.

Note 12. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value is measured based on an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to satisfy a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, a fair value hierarchy is established, which categorizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows: (Level 1) observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; (Level 2) inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and (Level 3) unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.

A summary of financial instruments and contingent consideration recognized at fair value, and the fair value measurements used, is as follows:


(In millions)	Total		Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)		Other observable inputs (Level 2)		Unobservable inputs (Level 3)
March 31, 2024
Cash	$	473	$	473	$	—	$	—
Short-term investments	1,969		1,969		—		—
Net derivative contracts	20		—		20		—
Contingent future payments from acquisition of Green Motion	(17)		—		—		(17)

December 31, 2023
Cash	$	488	$	488	$	—	$	—
Short-term investments	2,121		2,121		—		—
Net derivative contracts	11		—		11		—
Contingent future payments from acquisition of Green Motion	(18)		—		—		(18)

Eaton values its financial instruments using an industry standard market approach, in which prices and other relevant information is generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities.

On March 22, 2021, Eaton acquired Green Motion SA, a leading designer and manufacturer of electric vehicle charging hardware and related software based in Switzerland. Green Motion SA was acquired for $106 million, including $49 million of cash paid at closing and an initial estimate of $57 million for the fair value of contingent future consideration based on 2023 and 2024 revenue performance. The fair value of contingent consideration liabilities is estimated by discounting contingent payments expected to be made, and may increase or decrease based on changes in revenue estimates and discount rates, with a maximum possible undiscounted value of $114 million. As of March 31, 2024, the fair value of the contingent future payments has been reduced to $17 million based primarily on lower revenue in 2023 and anticipated reductions in projected 2024 revenue compared to the initial estimates at closing.

Other Fair Value Measurements

Long-term debt and the current portion of long-term debt had a carrying value of $9,186 million and fair value of $8,678 million at March 31, 2024 compared to $9,261 million and $8,924 million, respectively, at December 31, 2023. The fair value of Eaton's debt instruments was estimated using prevailing market interest rates on debt with similar creditworthiness, terms and maturities and is considered a Level 2 fair value measurement.

Note 13. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

In the normal course of business, Eaton is exposed to certain risks related to fluctuations in interest rates, currency exchange rates and commodity prices. The Company uses various derivative and non-derivative financial instruments, primarily interest rate swaps, currency forward exchange contracts, currency swaps and commodity contracts to manage risks from these market fluctuations. The instruments used by Eaton are straightforward, non-leveraged instruments. The counterparties to these instruments are financial institutions with strong credit ratings. Eaton maintains control over the size of positions entered into with any one counterparty and regularly monitors the credit rating of these institutions. Such instruments are not purchased and sold for trading purposes.

Derivative financial instruments are accounted for at fair value and recognized as assets or liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accounting for the gain or loss resulting from the change in the fair value of the derivative financial instrument depends on whether it has been designated as part of a hedging relationship, is effective and the nature of the hedging activity. Eaton formally documents all relationships between derivative financial instruments accounted for as designated hedges and the hedged item, as well as its risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge transaction. This process includes linking derivative financial instruments to a recognized asset or liability, specific firm commitment, forecasted transaction, or net investment in a foreign operation. These financial instruments can be designated as:

Hedges of the change in the fair value of a recognized fixed-rate asset or liability, or the firm commitment to acquire such an asset or liability (a fair value hedge); for these hedges, the gain or loss from the derivative financial instrument, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk, are recognized in income during the period of change in fair value.
Hedges of the variable cash flows of a recognized variable-rate asset or liability, or the forecasted acquisition of such an asset or liability (a cash flow hedge); for these hedges, the gain or loss from the derivative financial instrument is recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income and reclassified to income in the same period when the gain or loss on the hedged item is included in income.
Hedges of the currency exposure related to a net investment in a foreign operation (a net investment hedge); for these hedges, the gain or loss from the derivative financial instrument is recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income and reclassified to income in the same period when the gain or loss related to the net investment in the foreign operation is included in income.

The gain or loss from a derivative financial instrument designated as a hedge is classified in the same line of the Consolidated Statements of Income as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item. The cash flows resulting from these financial instruments are classified in operating activities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

For derivatives that are not designated as a hedge, any gain or loss is immediately recognized in income. The majority of derivatives used in this manner relate to risks resulting from assets or liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and certain commodity contracts that arise in the normal course of business.

Eaton uses currency exchange contracts and certain of its debt denominated in foreign currency to hedge portions of its net investments in foreign operations against foreign currency exposure (net investment hedges). The Company uses the spot rate method to assess hedge effectiveness when currency exchange contracts are used in net investment hedges. Under this method, changes in the spot exchange rate are recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss. Changes related to the forward rate are excluded from the hedging relationship and the forward points are amortized to Interest expense - net on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract. The cash flows resulting from these currency exchange contracts are classified in investing activities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Derivative Financial Statement Impacts

The fair value of derivative financial instruments recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets is as follows:


(In millions)	Notional amount		Other current assets		Other noncurrent assets		Other current liabilities		Other noncurrent liabilities		Type of hedge	Term
March 31, 2024
Derivatives designated as hedges

Forward starting floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps	$	216	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1	Cash flow	8 years
Currency exchange contracts	311		9		3		5		—		Cash flow	1 to 22 months
Commodity contracts	42		2		—		—		—		Cash flow	1 to 11 months
Currency exchange contracts	555		2		—		—		—		Net investment	3 months
Total			$	12	$	3	$	5	$	2

Derivatives not designated as hedges
Currency exchange contracts	$	4,429	$	18			$	6				1 to 6 months




December 31, 2023
Derivatives designated as hedges
Forward starting floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps	$	165	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3	Cash flow	8 years
Currency exchange contracts	505		17		3		7		1		Cash flow	1 to 25 months
Commodity contracts	54		1		—		1		—		Cash flow	1 to 12 months
Currency exchange contracts	564		—		—		1		—		Net investment	3 months
Total			$	17	$	3	$	9	$	4

Derivatives not designated as hedges
Currency exchange contracts	$	4,797	$	12			$	8				1 to 7 months

The currency exchange contracts shown in the table above as derivatives not designated as hedges are primarily contracts entered into to manage currency volatility or exposure on intercompany receivables, payables and loans. While Eaton does not elect hedge accounting treatment for these derivatives, Eaton targets managing 100% of the intercompany balance sheet exposure to minimize the effect of currency volatility related to the movement of goods and services in the normal course of its operations. This activity represents the great majority of these currency exchange contracts. The cash flows resulting from the settlement of these derivatives have been classified in investing activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Foreign currency denominated debt designated as non-derivative net investment hedging instruments had a carrying value on an after-tax basis of $3,068 million at March 31, 2024 and $3,140 million at December 31, 2023.

As of March 31, 2024, the volume of outstanding commodity contracts that were entered into to hedge forecasted transactions:


Commodity	March 31, 2024		Term
Aluminum	3	Millions of pounds	1 to 9 months
Copper	9	Millions of pounds	1 to 11 months
Gold	1,405	Troy ounces	1 to 10 months
Silver	20,376	Troy ounces	1 to 7 months

The following amounts were recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps:


(In millions)	Carrying amount of the hedged assets (liabilities)				Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustment included in the carrying amount of the hedged asset (liabilities)1
Location on Consolidated Balance Sheets	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023			March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Long-term debt	$	(713)	$	(713)		$	(40)	$	(42)

1 At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, these amounts include the cumulative liability amount of fair value hedging adjustments remaining for which the hedge accounting has been discontinued of $40 million and $42 million, respectively.

The impact of cash flow and fair value hedging activities to the Consolidated Statements of Income is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31, 2024
(In millions)	Net Sales		Cost of products sold		Interest expense - net
Amounts from Consolidated Statements of Income	$	5,943	$	3,725	$	30

Gain (loss) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
Forward starting floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps
Hedged item	$	—	$	—	$	(3)
Derivative designated as hedging instrument	—		—		3

Currency exchange contracts
Hedged item	$	(1)	$	(7)	$	—
Derivative designated as hedging instrument	1		7		—


Commodity contracts
Hedged item	$	—	$	1	$	—
Derivative designated as hedging instrument	—		(1)		—


	Three months ended March 31, 2023
(In millions)	Net Sales		Cost of products sold		Interest expense - net
Amounts from Consolidated Statements of Income	$	5,483	$	3,599	$	50

Gain (loss) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
Forward starting floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps
Hedged item	$	—	$	—	$	(3)
Derivative designated as hedging instrument	—		—		3

Currency exchange contracts
Hedged item	$	2	$	(15)	$	—
Derivative designated as hedging instrument	(2)		15		—

The impact of derivatives not designated as hedges to the Consolidated Statements of Income is as follows:


	Gain (loss) recognized in Consolidated Statements of Income				Consolidated Statements of Income classification
	Three months ended March 31
(In millions)	2024		2023
Gain (loss) on derivatives not designated as hedges
Currency exchange contracts	$	20	$	11	Interest expense - net

Total	$	20	$	11

The impact of derivative and non-derivative instruments designated as hedges to the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income is as follows:


	Gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)				Location of gain (loss) reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss	Gain (loss) reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss
	Three months ended March 31					Three months ended March 31
(In millions)	2024		2023			2024		2023
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
Forward starting floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps	$	2	$	—	Interest expense - net	$	3	$	3

Currency exchange contracts	3		31		Net sales and Cost of products sold	8		11
Commodity contracts	1		2		Cost of products sold	(1)		—

Derivatives designated as net investment hedges
Currency exchange contracts
Effective portion	11		(14)		Gain (loss) on sale of business	—		—
Amount excluded from effectiveness testing	3		5		Interest expense - net	4		1

Non-derivative designated as net investment hedges
Foreign currency denominated debt	72		(63)		Gain (loss) on sale of business	—		—
Total	$	92	$	(39)		$	15	$	15

The pre-tax portion of the fair value of currency exchange contracts designated as net investment hedges included in Accumulated other comprehensive loss were net gains of $19 million at March 31, 2024. The pre-tax portion of the fair value of the forward points included in Accumulated other comprehensive loss were net gains of $3 million at March 31, 2024.

At March 31, 2024, a gain of $5 million of estimated unrealized net gains or losses associated with our cash flow hedges were expected to be reclassified to income from Accumulated other comprehensive loss within the next twelve months. These reclassifications relate to our designated foreign currency and commodity hedges that will mature in the next twelve months.

Note 14. RESTRUCTURING CHARGES

In the second quarter of 2020, Eaton initiated a multi-year restructuring program to reduce its cost structure and gain efficiencies in its business segments and at corporate in order to initially respond to declining market conditions brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the inception of the program, the Company incurred expenses of $199 million for workforce reductions and $184 million for plant closing and other costs, resulting in total charges of $382 million through December 31, 2023. This multi-year restructuring program was substantially complete at the end of 2023, with final payments expected to be made in 2024.

During the first quarter of 2024, Eaton implemented a new multi-year restructuring program to accelerate opportunities to optimize its operations and global support structure. These actions will better align the Company's functions to support anticipated growth and drive greater effectiveness throughout the Company. Restructuring charges incurred under this program were $63 million in the first quarter of 2024. This restructuring program is expected to be completed in 2026 and is expected to incur additional expenses related to workforce reductions of $216 million and plant closing and other costs of $96 million, resulting in total estimated charges of $375 million for the entire program.

A summary of restructuring program charges is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31
(In millions except for per share data)	2024		2023
Workforce reductions	$	59	$	2
Plant closing and other	4		7
Total before income taxes	63		10
Income tax benefit	14		2
Total after income taxes	$	49	$	8
Per ordinary share - diluted	$	0.12	$	0.02

Restructuring program charges related to the following segments:


	Three months ended March 31
(In millions)	2024		2023
Electrical Americas	$	7	$	2
Electrical Global	24		3
Aerospace	8		1
Vehicle	24		2

Corporate	—		1
Total	$	63	$	10

A summary of liabilities related to workforce reductions, plant closing, and other associated costs is as follows:


(In millions)	Workforce reductions		Plant closing and other		Total












Balance at January 1, 2024	$	35	$	6	$	41
Liability recognized, net	59		4		63
Payments, utilization and translation	(14)		(3)		(18)
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	80	$	7	$	86

These restructuring program charges were included in Cost of products sold, Selling and administrative expense, Research and development expense, or Other income – net, as appropriate. In Business Segment Information, these restructuring program charges are treated as Corporate items. See Note 15 for additional information about business segments.

Note 15. BUSINESS SEGMENT INFORMATION

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated on a regular basis by the chief operating decision maker, or decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. Eaton's operating segments are Electrical Americas, Electrical Global, Aerospace, Vehicle, and eMobility. Operating profit includes the operating profit from intersegment sales. For additional information regarding Eaton's business segments, see Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements contained in the 2023 Form 10-K.


	Three months ended March 31
(In millions)		2024		2023
Net sales
Electrical Americas		$	2,690	$	2,294
Electrical Global		1,500		1,500

Aerospace		871		803
Vehicle		724		739
eMobility		158		147
Total net sales		$	5,943	$	5,483

Segment operating profit (loss)
Electrical Americas		$	785	$	525
Electrical Global		274		274

Aerospace		201		180
Vehicle		116		107
eMobility		(4)		(4)
Total segment operating profit		1,371		1,082

Corporate
Intangible asset amortization expense		(106)		(124)
Interest expense - net		(30)		(50)
Pension and other postretirement benefits income		12		11


Restructuring program charges		(63)		(10)
Other expense - net		(184)		(148)
Income before income taxes		1,001		762
Income tax expense		179		123
Net income		822		639
Less net income for noncontrolling interests		(1)		(1)
Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders		$	821	$	638

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