Diamondback Energy 10-Q 2025-09-30

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025

or

Commission File Number 001-35700

Diamondback Energy, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(432) 221-7400

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of October 31, 2025, the registrant had 286,525,614 shares of common stock outstanding.

DIAMONDBACK ENERGY, INC.

FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025

TABLE OF CONTENTS

i

GLOSSARY OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS TERMS

The following is a glossary of certain oil and natural gas industry terms that are used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “report”) and our other periodic reports under the Exchange Act:

ii

iii

GLOSSARY OF CERTAIN OTHER TERMS

The following is a glossary of certain other terms that are used in this report and our other periodic reports under the Exchange Act:

iv

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Various statements contained in this report are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act, which involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our: future performance; business strategy; future operations (including drilling plans and capital plans); estimates and projections of revenues, losses, costs, expenses, returns, cash flow and financial position; reserve estimates and our ability to replace or increase reserves; anticipated benefits or other effects of strategic transactions (including the Endeavor Acquisition, Double Eagle Acquisition, 2025 Drop Down and the recently completed Sitio Acquisition (in each case, as defined below) discussed in this report and other acquisitions or divestitures; and plans and objectives of management (including plans for future cash flow from operations and for executing environmental strategies) are forward-looking statements. When used in this report, the words “aim,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “future,” “guidance,” “intend,” “may,” “model,” “outlook,” “plan,” “positioned,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions (including the negative of such terms) as they relate to the Company are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain such identifying words. Although we believe that the expectations and assumptions reflected in our forward-looking statements are reasonable as and when made, they involve risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict and, in many cases, beyond our control. In particular, the factors discussed in this report and detailed under Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors in this report and our Annual Report on Form 10–K for the year ended December 31, 2024, could affect our actual results and cause our actual results to differ materially from expectations, estimates or assumptions expressed, forecasted or implied in such forward-looking statements. Unless the context requires otherwise, references to “we,” “us,” “our” or the “Company” are intended to mean the business and operations of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Factors that could cause our outcomes to differ materially include (but are not limited to) the following:

• changes in supply and demand levels for oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids and the resulting impact on the price for those commodities;

• the impact of public health crises, including epidemic or pandemic diseases and any related company or government policies or actions;

• actions taken by the members of OPEC and Russia affecting the production and pricing of oil, as well as other domestic and global political, economic, or diplomatic developments;

• changes in general economic, business or industry conditions, including changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and inflation rates, instability in the financial sector;

• regional supply and demand factors, including delays, curtailment delays or interruptions of production, or governmental orders, rules or regulations that impose production limits;

• federal and state legislative and regulatory initiatives relating to hydraulic fracturing, including the effect of existing and future laws and governmental regulations;

• physical and transition risks relating to climate change;

• restrictions on the use of water, including limits on the use of produced water and a moratorium on new produced water well permits recently imposed by the Texas Railroad Commission in an effort to control induced seismicity in the Permian Basin;

• significant declines in prices for oil, natural gas, or natural gas liquids, which could require recognition of significant impairment charges;

• changes in U.S. energy, environmental, monetary and trade policies, including with respect to tariffs or other trade barriers and any resulting trade tensions;

• conditions in the capital, financial and credit markets, including the availability and pricing of capital for drilling and development operations and our environmental and social responsibility projects;

• challenges with employee retention and an increasingly competitive labor market;

• changes in availability or cost of rigs, equipment, raw materials, supplies and oilfield services;

• changes in safety, health, environmental, tax and other regulations or requirements (including those addressing air emissions, water management, or the impact of global climate change);

• security threats, including cybersecurity threats and disruptions to our business and operations from breaches of our information technology systems, or from breaches of information technology systems of third parties with whom we transact business;

v

• lack of, or disruption in, access to adequate and reliable transportation, processing, storage and other facilities for our oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids;

• failures or delays in achieving expected reserve or production levels from existing and future oil and natural gas developments, including due to operating hazards, drilling risks, or the inherent uncertainties in predicting reserve and reservoir performance;

• difficulty in obtaining necessary approvals and permits;

• severe weather conditions and natural disasters;

• acts of war or terrorist acts and the governmental or military response thereto;

• changes in the financial strength of counterparties to our credit facilities and hedging contracts;

• changes in our credit rating;

• risks related to the recently completed Endeavor Acquisition, Double Eagle Acquisition, 2025 Drop Down and Sitio Acquisition; and

• other risks and factors disclosed or incorporated by reference under Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors and our Annual Report on Form 10–K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

In light of these factors, the events anticipated by our forward-looking statements may not occur at the time anticipated or at all. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment and new risks emerge from time to time. We cannot predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated by any forward-looking statements we may make. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements made in this report. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report or, if earlier, as of the date they were made. We do not intend to, and disclaim any obligation to, update or revise any forward-looking statements unless required by applicable law.

vi

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

Diamondback Energy, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Unaudited)

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The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto presented in this report as well as our audited financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. The following discussion contains “forward-looking statements” that reflect our future plans, estimates, beliefs and expected performance. Actual results and the timing of events may differ materially from those contained in these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors. See Part II. Item 1A. Risk Factors and Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements**.

Overview

We are an independent oil and natural gas company currently focused on the acquisition, development, exploration and exploitation of unconventional, onshore oil and natural gas reserves in the Permian Basin in West Texas. As discussed in Note 1—Description of the Business and Basis of Presentation and Note 18—Segment Information of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements, as of September 30, 2025, we have one reportable segment, the upstream segment.

Third Quarter 2025 Financial and Operating Highlights

• Recorded net income of $1.0 billion.

• Paid dividends to stockholders of $289 million during the third quarter of 2025 and declared a base cash dividend payable in the fourth quarter of 2025 of $1.00 per share of common stock.

• Increased our common stock repurchase program authorization to $8.0 billion, excluding excise taxes, repurchased $603 million of our common stock, excluding excise taxes, and had approximately $3.1 billion available for future repurchases under our common stock repurchase program at September 30, 2025.

• Our cash operating costs were $10.05 per BOE, including lease operating expenses of $5.65 per BOE, cash general and administrative expenses of $0.55 per BOE and production and ad valorem taxes of $2.44 per BOE and gathering, processing and transportation expenses of $1.41 per BOE.

• Our average production was 942.9 MBOE/d.

• Drilled 107 gross horizontal wells in the Midland Basin and one gross horizontal well in the Delaware Basin and turned 137 gross operated horizontal wells (137 in the Midland Basin and none in the Delaware Basin) to production.

• Cash capital expenditures, excluding acquisitions, were $774 million.

Transactions and Recent Developments

Acquisitions and Divestitures

Diamondback Divestitures

EPIC Divestiture

On October 31, 2025, we divested our 27.5% equity interest in EPIC pursuant to a definitive purchase and sale agreement with Plains for approximately $504 million in cash and an additional $96 million in contingent consideration. On October 31, 2025, we used $500 million of the cash proceeds received from the EPIC Divestiture to partially repay principal borrowings under the Company’s 2025 Term Loan.

Divestiture of Water Assets to Deep Blue

On October 1, 2025, we divested EDS to Deep Blue, which was originally acquired in connection with the Endeavor Acquisition, in exchange for upfront net cash proceeds of $694 million and the potential for us to earn up to an additional $200 million in contingent consideration based on the achievement of certain completion thresholds for the years 2026 through 2028. As part of the divestiture, the Company renewed its 15-year dedication to Deep Blue for its produced water and supply water within a 12-county area of mutual interest in the Midland Basin. The cash proceeds from the divestiture were used to repay borrowings under the Credit Agreement and for general corporate purposes.

Viper Acquisitions and Divestitures

Pending Viper Divestiture of Non-Permian Assets

On October 30, 2025, Viper entered into an equity interest purchase agreement to divest all its non-Permian assets, including those acquired from Sitio, for a purchase price of approximately $670 million, subject to customary purchase price adjustments. The properties to be divested consist of approximately 9,400 net royalty acres in the Denver-Julesburg, Eagle Ford and Williston basins with current production of approximately 4,750 BO/d. The Pending Viper Non-Permian Divestiture is subject to customary closing conditions and is expected to close in the first quarter of 2026.

Sitio Acquisition

On August 19, 2025, Viper and Viper LLC completed the Sitio Acquisition in an all-equity transaction valued at approximately $4.0 billion, subject to further adjustments for transaction costs and certain customary post-closing adjustments, including the retirement of Sitio’s net debt of $1.2 billion. The mineral and royalty interests acquired in the Sitio Acquisition represent approximately 25,300 net royalty acres in the Permian Basin and approximately 9,000 net royalty acres in the Denver-Julesburg, Eagle Ford and Williston basins, for total acreage of approximately 34,300 net royalty acres.

Capital Transactions

Viper 2025 Notes Offering and Redemption of Notes

On July 23, 2025, Viper LLC issued the Viper 2025 Notes for an aggregate principal amount of $1.6 billion. Viper used a portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the Viper 2025 Notes to redeem or satisfy and discharge, as applicable, approximately $780 million in aggregate principal amount of their previously outstanding senior notes, including accrued interest paid and redemption premiums. The Viper 2027 Notes were subsequently redeemed in full on November 1, 2025. Viper used the remaining net proceeds (i) to retire Sitio’s 7.875% senior notes due 2028, (ii) to repay borrowings under Sitio’s revolving credit facility, (iii) to pay fees, costs and expenses related to the redemption or repayment of such debt, and (iv) for general corporate purposes.

Viper Term Loan

In connection with the closing of the Sitio Acquisition, Viper LLC entered into the $500 million Viper Term Loan, which Viper drew in a single borrowing to partially fund the retirement of Sitio’s debt.

See Note 9—Debt of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the capital transactions above.

Retirement of Notes

In the fourth quarter of 2025, we opportunistically repurchased principal amounts of $152 million of our 4.400% Senior Notes due 2051 and $51 million of our 4.250% Senior Notes due 2052 in open market transactions for total cash consideration of $167 million, including accrued interest paid, at an average of 82.3% of par value.

See Note 4—Acquisitions and Divestitures and Note 17—Subsequent Events of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the transactions above.

Commodity Prices and Impairment

Prices for oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids are determined primarily by prevailing market conditions. Regional and worldwide economic activity, changes in trade or other government policies or regulations, including with respect to tariffs or other trade barriers, and any resulting trade tensions, extreme weather conditions and other substantially variable factors influence market conditions for these products. These factors are beyond our control and are difficult to predict. During the first nine months of 2025 and 2024, WTI prices averaged $66.65 and $77.61 per Bbl, respectively, and Henry Hub prices averaged $3.48 and $2.22 per MMBtu, respectively.

Given the overall decline in SEC Prices through the first three quarters of 2025 and into the fourth quarter of 2025 as compared to 2024, we believe a material non

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Commodity Price Risk

Our major market risk exposure in our exploration and production business is in the pricing applicable to our oil and natural gas production. Realized pricing is primarily driven by the prevailing worldwide price for crude oil and spot market prices applicable to our natural gas production. Pricing for oil and natural gas production can be volatile and unpredictable. We cannot predict events, including conflicts in the Middle East, changes in interest rates and inflation and global supply chain disruptions that may lead to future price volatility. We cannot predict events that may lead to future price volatility and the near term energy outlook remains subject to heightened levels of uncertainty. Further, the prices we receive for production depend on many other factors outside of our control.

We use derivatives, including swaps, basis swaps, roll swaps, costless collars, puts and basis puts, to reduce price volatility associated with certain of our oil and natural gas sales.

At September 30, 2025, we had a net asset derivative position of $90 million related to our commodity price risk derivatives. Utilizing actual derivative contractual volumes under our commodity price derivatives as of September 30, 2025, a 10% increase in forward curves associated with the underlying commodity would have decreased the net asset position by $27 million to $63 million, while a 10% decrease in forward curves associated with the underlying commodity would have increased the net asset position by $71 million to $161 million. However, any cash derivative gain or loss may be substantially offset by a decrease or increase, respectively, in the actual sales value of production covered by the derivative instrument. For additional information on our open commodity derivative instruments at September 30, 2025, see Note 13—Derivatives of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Counterparty and Customer Credit Risk

Our principal exposures to credit risk are due to the concentration of receivables from the sale of our oil and natural gas production (approximately $1.3 billion at September 30, 2025), and to a lesser extent, receivables resulting from joint interest and other receivables (approximately $244 million at September 30, 2025).

Joint interest receivables arise from billings to entities that own partial interests in wells we operate. These entities participate in our wells primarily based on their ownership in leases on which we intend to drill. We have little ability to control whether these entities will participate in our wells. We do not require our customers to post collateral and the failure or inability of our significant customers to meet their obligations to us due to their liquidity issues, bankruptcy, insolvency or liquidation may adversely affect our financial results.

Interest Rate Risk

We are subject to market risk exposure related to changes in interest rates on our indebtedness under our revolving credit facilities, 2025 Term Loan and changes in the fair value of our fixed rate debt.

Outstanding borrowings under our Credit Agreement bear interest at a per annum rate elected by Diamondback E&P that is equal to (i) term SOFR or (ii) an alternate base rate (which is equal to the greatest of the prime rate, the Federal Funds effective rate plus 0.50% and 1-month term SOFR plus 1.0%, subject to a 1.0% floor), in each case plus the applicable margin. At September 30, 2025, the applicable margin ranges from 0.000% to 0.750% per annum in the case of the alternate base rate and from 1.000% to 1.750% per annum in the case of term SOFR, in each case based on the pricing level for our revolving credit facility. We are obligated to pay a quarterly commitment fee ranging from 0.100% to 0.250% per year on the unused portion of the commitment for our revolving credit facility.

Outstanding borrowings under the 2025 Term Loan bear interest at a per annum rate elected by the Company that is equal to (i) Adjusted Term SOFR or (ii) an alternate base rate (which is equal to the greatest of (a) the Federal Funds effective rate plus 0.50%, (b) the prime rate, (c) Adjusted Term SOFR plus 1.0%, and (d) 1.0%), in each case plus the applicable margin. At September 30, 2025, the applicable margin ranges from 0.125% to 1.000% per annum in the case of the alternate base rate and from 1.125% to 2.000% per annum in the case of Adjusted Term SOFR, in each case based on the pricing level for the 2025 Term Loan. We are obligated to pay a commitment fee equal to 0.125% per year on the aggregate principal amount of the commitments for the 2025 Term Loan.

Borrowings under the Viper LLC Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a per annum rate elected by Viper LLC that is equal to term SOFR or an alternate base rate (which is equal to the greatest of the prime rate, the Federal Funds effective rate plus 0.50% and 1-month term SOFR plus 1.0%, subject to a 1.0% floor), in each case plus the applicable margin. For Viper LLC’s revolving credit facility, the applicable margin ranges from 0.125% to 1.000% per annum in the case of the alternate base rate and from 1.125% to 2.000% per annum in the case of term SOFR, in each case based on the pricing level. Viper is obligated to pay a commitment fee equal to 0.125% to 0.325% per year on the aggregate principal amount of the commitments.

Borrowings under the Viper Term Loan bear interest at a per annum rate elected by Viper LLC that is equal to term SOFR or an alternate base rate (which is equal to the greatest of the prime rate, the Federal Funds effective rate plus 0.50% and 1-month term SOFR plus 1.0%, subject to a 1.0% floor), in each case plus the applicable margin. For the Viper Term Loan, the applicable margin ranges from 0.250% to 1.125% per annum in the case of the alternate base rate loans and from 1.250% to 2.125% per annum in the case of term SOFR loans, in each case based on the pricing level. The pricing level depends on the rating of Viper’s long-term senior unsecured debt by certain ratings agencies. Viper is obligated to pay a commitment fee equal to 0.20% per annum on the aggregate principal amount of the commitments.

The pricing levels described above depend on certain rating agencies’ ratings of our long-term senior unsecured debt and on the ratings of Viper’s long-term senior unsecured debt as applicable. We believe significant interest rate changes would not have a material near-term impact on our future earnings or cash flows. For additional information on our variable interest rate debt at September 30, 2025, see Note 9—Debt of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Historically, we have at times used interest rate swaps to manage our exposure to (i) interest rate changes on our floating-rate debt, and (ii) fair value changes on our fixed rate debt. At September 30, 2025, we have interest rate swap agreements for an aggregate $300 million notional amount to manage the impact of changes to the fair value of our fixed rate senior notes due to changes in market interest rates through December 2029. We pay an average variable rate of interest for these swaps based on three month SOFR plus 2.1865% and receive a fixed interest rate of 3.50% from our counterparties. At September 30, 2025, our receive-fixed, pay-variable interest rate swaps were in a liability position of $31 million and the weighted average variable rate was 5.81%. For additional information on our interest rate swaps, see Note 13—Derivatives of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Under the direction of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have established disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. The disclosure controls and procedures are also intended to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

As of September 30, 2025, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act. Based upon our evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of September 30, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Management’s assessment of, and conclusion on, the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of the entities acquired in the Sitio Acquisition on August 19, 2025. Under guidelines established by the SEC, companies are permitted to exclude acquisitions from their assessment of internal control over financial reporting during the first year of an acquisition while integrating the acquired company. The Company is in the process of integrating Sitio’s and our internal controls over financial reporting. As a result of these integration activities, certain controls will be evaluated and may be changed. Except as noted above, there have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, internal controls over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Diamondback has elected to use a $1 million threshold for disclosing certain environmental proceedings to which a federal, state or local governmental authority is a party**.**

We are a party to various routine legal proceedings, disputes and claims arising in the ordinary course of our business, including those that arise from interpretation of federal and state laws and regulations affecting the natural gas and crude oil industry, personal injury claims, title disputes, royalty disputes, contract claims, employment claims, claims alleging violations of antitrust laws, contamination claims relating to oil and natural gas exploration and development and environmental claims, including claims involving assets previously sold to third parties and no longer part of our current operations. While the ultimate outcome of the pending proceedings, disputes or claims and any resulting impact on us, cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe that none of these matters, if ultimately decided adversely, will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. See Note 16—Commitments and Contingencies of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Our business faces many risks. Any of the risks discussed in this report and our other SEC filings could have a material impact on our business, financial position or results of operations. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also materially impair our business operations, financial condition or future results.

As of the date of this filing, we continue to be subject to the risk factors previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2025, Part II, Item 1A Risk Factors in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on May 7, 2025, and in subsequent filings we make with the SEC. There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, and in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None.

Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock repurchase activity for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was as follows:

(1)Includes 3,426 shares of common stock repurchased from executives in order to satisfy tax withholding requirements. Such shares are canceled and retired immediately upon repurchase.

(2)The average price paid per share includes any commissions paid to repurchase stock.

(3)On July 31, 2025, our board of directors approved a $2.0 billion increase in our common stock repurchase authorization from $6.0 billion to $8.0 billion, excluding excise tax. The stock repurchase program has no time limit and may be suspended, modified, or discontinued by the board of directors at any time.

(4)The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which was enacted into law on August 16, 2022, imposed a nondeductible 1% excise tax on the net value of certain stock repurchases made after December 31, 2022. All dollar amounts presented exclude such excise taxes, as applicable.

On August 13, 2025, Charles A. Meloy, a member of the board of directors of the Company, adopted a Rule 10b5-1 trading agreement intended to satisfy Rule 10b5-1(c), as amended. The plan relates to the sale of up to 110,000 shares of our common stock between November 12, 2025, and May 8, 2026. The shares covered by this plan include shares of common stock currently held by Wolfrock Energy, L.L.C., a Texas limited liability company of which Mr. Meloy is the sole manager and has voting and dispositive power over the shares of common stock.

None of the Company’s other directors or officers adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the Company’s fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2025.

On October 31, 2025, the Company’s board of directors approved certain amendments to our Fifth Amended and Restated Bylaws, effective immediately (as amended and restated, the “Sixth Amended and Restated Bylaws”). Among other things, the Sixth Amended and Restated Bylaws:

(i)clarify and enhance procedural mechanics and disclosure requirements relating to stockholders calling special meetings and stockholder director nominations and submissions of proposals, including requiring additional background information from proposed director nominees;

(ii)adopt a federal forum provision, selecting federal courts as the exclusive forum for claims under the Securities Act, unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum; and

(iii)make other technical, conforming, modernizing and clarifying amendments.

The foregoing summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Sixth Amended and Restated Bylaws, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 3.3 hereto.

EXHIBIT INDEX

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.