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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

______________________

FORM 10-K

______________________

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

OR

For the transition period from ________ to ________

Commission File Number**: 001-40691**

______________________

Robinhood Markets, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

______________________

85 Willow Rd

Menlo Park, CA 94025

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(844) 428-5411

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No o

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ý Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ý

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.o

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2024, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $16.3 billion (based on the closing price of the registrant’s Class A common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on that date). Shares of common stock owned by executive officers and directors have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This calculation does not reflect a determination that certain persons are affiliates of the registrant for any other purpose.

As of February 12, 2025, the numbers of shares of the issuer’s Class A and Class B common stock outstanding were 767,947,897 and 117,512,743.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The information required by Part III of this Report, to the extent not set forth herein, is incorporated herein by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in 2024, which definitive proxy statement shall be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this Report relates.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD‑LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”) of Robinhood Markets, Inc (“RHM” and, together with its subsidiaries, “we”, “Robinhood”, or the “Company”) contains forward-looking statements (as such phrase is used in the federal securities laws), which involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “believe,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “contemplate,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” or “continue,” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans or intentions. This Annual Report includes, among others, forward-looking statements regarding:

• our expectations regarding legal and regulatory proceedings and investigations;

• our intent to continue to invest in technology;

• our expectations about our ability to rapidly adopt and introduce new tools relating to artificial intelligence (“AI”), including building complex AI agents and AI-native advisory products;

• our expectations about our ability to lead in cryptocurrency and blockchain technology;

• our plans to launch new products and features that drive tokenization in the future;

• our expectations about becoming the number one retail trading platform across all asset classes;

• our plans to keep investing in our existing products and features while also launching new products and services like Robinhood Legend, index options, futures, and event contracts;

• our expectations of making Robinhood Legend the most state-of-the art desktop platform for trading; our plan to launch a more comprehensive event contract product in response to customer demand;

• our expectations about becoming number one in wallet share for the next generation;

• our belief that as our customers grow their wealth, they will continue to expand their relationship with our platform, providing an increased opportunity to meet their growing financial needs;

• our expectations regarding products related to wealth management and advisory, including our plan to focus on multigenerational advisory in our future product roadmap;

• our plan to continue expanding the coverage of Robinhood Gold;

• our belief that there is a significant opportunity for Robinhood to grow internationally and our intent to continue expanding our operations outside of the United States, including our plan to continue the expansion of our United Kingdom (“U.K.”) brokerage product offering, including option trading, in 2025, and our plan to open an office in Singapore as our APAC headquarters;

• our plan to consider factors such as population size and demographics, legal and regulatory environments, and general investing attitudes and the competitive landscape in potential new markets prior to pursuing such expansion;

• our expectations about adapting our product and service offerings to reflect local regulatory requirements, customer preferences, and other location-specific factors when pursuing such expansion;

• our expectations with respect to our pending acquisitions of Bitstamp (as defined below) and TradePMR (as defined below);

• our current expectations with respect to the timing of our Repurchase Program (as defined below); and

• our expectations about the sufficiency of our primary sources of liquidity being adequate to meet our current liquidity needs for the next 12 months.

Our forward-looking statements are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other factors that may cause our actual future results, performance, or achievements to differ materially from any future results expressed or implied in this Annual Report. Reported results should not be considered an indication of future performance. Factors that contribute to the uncertain nature of our forward-looking statements include, among others:

• our rapid and continuing expansion, including continuing to introduce new products and services on our platforms as well as geographic expansion;

• the difficulty of managing our business effectively, including the size of our workforce, and the risk of declining or negative growth;

• the fluctuations in our financial results and key metrics from quarter to quarter;

• our reliance on transaction-based revenue, including payment for order flow (“PFOF”), the risk of new regulation or bans on PFOF and similar practices, and the addition of our new fee-based model for cryptocurrency;

• our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates and rapidly changing interest rate environments;

• the difficulty of raising additional capital (to provide liquidity needs and support business growth and objectives) on reasonable terms, if at all;

• the need to maintain capital levels required by regulators and self-regulatory organizations (“SROs”);

• the risk that we might mishandle the cash, securities, and cryptocurrencies we hold on behalf of customers, and our exposure to liability for processing, operational, or technical errors in clearing functions;

• the impact of negative publicity on our brand and reputation;

• the risk that changes in business, economic, or political conditions that impact the global financial markets, or a systemic market event, might harm our business;

• our dependence on key employees and a skilled workforce;

• the difficulty of complying with an extensive, complex, and changing regulatory environment and the need to adjust our business model in response to new or modified laws and regulations;

• the possibility of adverse developments in pending litigation and regulatory investigations;

• the effects of competition;

• our need to innovate and acquire or invest in new products, services, technologies and geographies in order to attract and retain customers and deepen their engagement with us in order to maintain growth;

• our reliance on third parties to perform some key functions and the risk that processing, operational or technological failures could impair the availability or stability of our platforms;

• the risk of cybersecurity incidents, theft, data breaches, and other online attacks;

• the difficulty of processing customer data in compliance with privacy laws;

• our need as a regulated financial services company to develop and maintain effective compliance and risk management infrastructures;

• the risks associated with incorporating AI technologies into some of our products and processes;

• the volatility of cryptocurrency prices and trading volumes;

• the risk that our platforms and services could be exploited to facilitate illegal payments; and

• the risk that substantial future sales of Class A common stock in the public market, or the perception that they may occur, could cause the price of our stock to fall.

Because some of these risks and uncertainties cannot be predicted or quantified and some are beyond our control, you should not rely on our forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. More information about potential risks and uncertainties that could affect our business and financial results is included in the section of this Annual Report titled “Risk Factors” and our other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which are available on the SEC’s web site at www.sec.gov. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment; new risks and uncertainties may emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all risks nor identify all uncertainties. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements might not be achieved and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Except as otherwise noted, all forward-looking statements are made as of the date we file this Annual Report, and are based on information and estimates available to us at this time. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, performance, or achievements. Except as required by law, Robinhood assumes no obligation to update any of the statements in this Annual Report whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances, or otherwise. You should read this Annual Report with the understanding that our actual future results, performance, events, and circumstances might be materially different from what we expect.

PART I