Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

(U.S. dollars in millions, except per share amounts)

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to help the reader understand our results of operations and financial condition. The MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Part I, Item 1 (Financial Statements and Supplementary Data) of this Form 10-Q.

Overview

Howmet is a global leader in lightweight metals engineering and manufacturing. Howmet’s innovative, multi-material products, which include nickel, titanium, aluminum, and cobalt, are used worldwide in the aerospace (commercial and defense), commercial transportation, and industrial and other markets.

In the second quarter of 2022, the Company derived approximately 45% of its revenue from products sold to the commercial aerospace market which is substantially less than the pre-pandemic 2019 annual rate of approximately 60%. Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the commercial aerospace industry to date, there has been a decrease in domestic and international air travel, which in turn has adversely affected demand for narrow-body and wide-body aircraft. Although domestic air travel is increasing, it still is below pre-pandemic 2019 levels on an average monthly basis. International travel also continues to be lower than pre-pandemic 2019 levels. Narrow-body demand is returning faster than wide-body demand and the commercial wide-body aircraft market is taking longer to recover, which is creating a shift in our product mix compared to pre-pandemic conditions. In addition to the impact from the pandemic, the timing and level of future aircraft builds by original equipment manufacturers are subject to changes and uncertainties, such as declines in Boeing 787 production rates due to delays in its recertification, which may cause our future results to differ from prior periods due to changes in product mix in certain segments.

For additional information regarding the ongoing risks related to our business, see section Part I, Item 1A in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Results of Operations

Earnings Summary:

Sales. Sales were $1,393 in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $1,195 in the second quarter of 2021 and $2,717 in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $2,404 in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase of $198, or 17%, in the second quarter of 2022 was primarily due to higher sales of 34% from the commercial aerospace market, an increase in material cost pass through of approximately $60, and favorable product pricing of $19. The increase of $313, or 13%, in the six months ended June 30, 2022 was primarily due to higher sales of 31% from the commercial aerospace market, an increase in material cost pass through of approximately $100, and favorable product pricing of $33, partially offset by lower sales in the defense aerospace market.

Cost of goods sold (“COGS”). COGS as a percentage of Sales was 70.9% in the second quarter of 2022 compared to 71.7% in the second quarter of 2021 and 71.3% in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to 72.0% in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease in the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2022 was primarily due to higher sales volumes and favorable product pricing, partially offset by material cost pass through and increased headcount, primarily in the Engine Products and Fastening Systems segments, in anticipation of future revenue increases in 2022. Additionally, the Company recorded total COGS reimbursements of $3 and net charges of $6 in the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, related to fires that occurred at a Fastening Systems plant in France in 2019 (the “France Plant Fire”) and at a Forged Wheels plant in Barberton, Ohio in 2020 (the “Barberton Plant Fire”). The Company recorded total COGS charges of $2 and $7 in the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, related to the France Plant Fire and Barberton Plant Fire. The Company anticipates additional charges of approximately $2 to $6 in the third quarter of 2022, with further impacts in subsequent quarters as the businesses continue to recover from the fires.

Selling, general administrative, and other expenses (“SG&A”). SG&A expenses were $83 in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $55 in the second quarter of 2021 and $152 in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $120 in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase of $28, or 51%, in the second quarter of 2022 and $32, or 27%, in the six months ended June 30, 2022 was primarily due to the timing of expenditures, higher employment and legacy costs, as well as legal and other advisory reimbursements received in 2021 that did not occur in 2022.

Research and development expenses (“R&D”). R&D expenses were $9 in the second quarter of 2022 and $4 in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $5, or 125%. R&D expenses were $16 in the six months ended June 30, 2022 and $9 in the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $7, or 78%. The increase in the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2022 was primarily due to higher spending on technology projects.

Restructuring and other charges. Restructuring and other charges were $6 in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $5 in the second quarter of 2021 or an increase of $1. Restructuring and other charges were $8 in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $14 in the six months ended June 30, 2021 or a decrease of $6. Restructuring and other charges for the second quarter of 2022 were primarily due to charges for U.S. pension plan settlements of $3 and exit related costs, including accelerated depreciation, of $3. Restructuring and other charges for the six months ended June 30, 2022 were primarily due to exit related costs, including accelerated depreciation, of $5 and charges for U.S. pension plan settlements of $4. Restructuring and other charges for the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2021 were primarily due to charges for pension plan settlements and exit related costs.

See Note D to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item I of this Form 10-Q for additional detail.

Interest expense, net. Interest expense, net was $57 in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $66 in the second quarter of 2021 and $115 in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $138 in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease of $9, or 14%, in the second quarter of 2022 and $23, or 17%, in the six months ended June 30, 2022 was primarily due to a reduced average level of debt for the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2022.

See Note N to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item I of this Form 10-Q for additional detail related to the Company’s debt.

Loss on debt redemption. Debt redemption or tender premiums include the cost to redeem or repurchase certain of the Company’s notes at a price which may be equal to the greater of the principal amount or the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments, discounted using a defined treasury rate plus a spread, or a price based on the market price of its notes. Loss on debt redemption was $2 in the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2022 compared with $23 in the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease of $21 for both periods was primarily due to the debt premiums paid in the second quarter of 2021 on the 5.870% Notes due 2022, partially offset by the debt premiums paid on the 5.125% Notes due 2024 in the second quarter of 2022.

Other (income) expense, net. Other income, net was $1 in the second quarter of 2022 compared to Other expense, net of $8 in the second quarter of 2021 and Other expense, net was zero in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to Other expense, net of $12 in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease of $9, or 113%, in the second quarter of 2022 was primarily due to the impacts of deferred compensation arrangements of $10, partially offset by an increase from net realized and unrealized losses of $3, primarily due to unrealized losses on investments. The decrease of $12, or 100%, in the six months ended June 30, 2022 was primarily due to the impacts of deferred compensation arrangements of $15 and an increase in foreign currency gains of $7, partially offset by mark-to-market adjustments of $6 in 2021 that did not occur in 2022 and an increase from net realized and unrealized losses of $3, primarily due to unrealized losses on investments.

Provision for income taxes. The estimated annual effective tax rate, before discrete items, applied to ordinary income was 23.9% in both the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to 29.1% in both the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2021. The tax rate including discrete items was 19.7% in the second quarter of 2022 compared to 32.7% in the second quarter of 2021. A discrete tax benefit of $7 was recorded in the second quarter of 2022 compared to a discrete tax charge of $4 in the second quarter of 2021. The tax rate including discrete items was 21.5% in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to 30.9% in the six months ended June 30, 2021. A discrete tax benefit of $9 was recorded in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to a discrete tax charge of $3 in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The estimated annual effective tax rate is a reflection of global income across numerous jurisdictions. As a result of the recovery in domestic profitability, the annual effective tax rate has decreased.

See Note G to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item I of this Form 10-Q for additional detail.

Net income. Net income was $147, or $0.35 per diluted share, in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $74, or $0.17 per diluted share, in the second quarter of 2021 and $278, or $0.66 per diluted share, in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $154, or $0.35 per diluted share, in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase of $73 in the second quarter of 2022 was primarily due to higher sales in the commercial aerospace market, price increases, a decrease in the Loss on debt redemption, and a decrease in Interest expense, net, due to lower long-term debt levels, partially offset by lower sales in the defense aerospace market, an increase in material costs and other inflationary costs, and an increase in Research and development expenses. The increase of $124 in the six months ended June 30, 2022 was primarily due to higher sales in the commercial aerospace market, price increases, a decrease in Interest expense, net, due to lower long-term debt levels, a decrease in the Loss on debt redemption, and a decrease in Restructuring and other charges, partially offset by lower sales in the defense aerospace market, an increase in material costs and other inflationary costs, an increase in the provision for income taxes primarily driven by an increase in income before income taxes, and an increase in Research and development expenses.

Segment Information

The Company’s operations consist of four worldwide reportable segments: Engine Products, Fastening Systems, Engineered Structures, and Forged Wheels. Segment performance under Howmet’s management reporting system is evaluated based on a number of factors; however, the primary measure of performance is Segment Adjusted EBITDA. Prior to the first quarter of 2022, the Company used Segment operating profit as its primary measure of performance. However, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) believes that Segment adjusted EBITDA is now a better representation of its business because it provides additional information with respect to the Company’s operating performance and the Company’s ability to meet its financial obligations. Howmet’s definition of Segment Adjusted EBITDA (Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) is net margin plus an add-back for depreciation and amortization. Net margin is equivalent to Sales minus the following items: Cost of goods sold; Selling, general administrative, and other expenses; Research and development expenses; and Provision for depreciation and amortization. Special items, including Restructuring and other charges, are also excluded from Net margin and Segment Adjusted EBITDA. Segment Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. Differences between the total segment and consolidated totals are in Corporate (See Note C to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for a description of each segment).

The Company has aligned its operations consistent with how the CEO assesses operating performance and allocates capital.

The Company produces aerospace engine parts and components and aerospace fastening systems for Boeing 737 MAX (“737 MAX”) airplanes. In late December 2019, Boeing announced a temporary suspension of the production of 737 MAX airplanes. This decline in production had a negative impact on sales and Segment Adjusted EBITDA in the Engine Products, Fastening Systems, and Engineered Structures segments in 2020 and the first half of 2021. While regulatory authorities in the United States and certain other jurisdictions lifted grounding orders beginning in late 2020, our sales remained at lower levels through the first half of 2021 due to the residual impacts of the 737 MAX grounding.

The Company also produces aerospace engine parts and components and aerospace fastening systems for Boeing 787 airplanes. In 2020 and 2021, Boeing reduced production rates of the 787 airplanes. Boeing paused deliveries of its 787 aircraft in May 2021. The significant decline in Boeing 787 production rates had a negative impact on sales and Segment Adjusted EBITDA in the Engine Products, Fastening Systems, and Engineered Structures segments in 2021 and the first half of 2022. We expect reduced production rates to continue to have a negative impact on our sales and Segment Adjusted EBITDA in the second half of 2022.

Engine Products

			Second quarter ended												Six months ended
			June 30,												June 30,
			2022						2021						2022						2021
Third-party sales			$	652					$	544					$	1,283					$	1,078
Segment Adjusted EBITDA			179						130						352						262

Third-party sales for the Engine Products segment increased $108, or 20%, in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021, primarily due to higher sales volumes in the commercial aerospace and oil and gas markets and an increase in material cost pass through.

Third-party sales for the Engine Products segment increased $205, or 19%, in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to higher sales volumes in the commercial aerospace market and an increase in material cost pass through.

Segment Adjusted EBITDA for the Engine Products segment increased $49, or 38%, in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021, primarily due to higher sales volumes in the commercial aerospace and oil and gas markets as well as strong productivity gains. The segment added approximately 455 net headcount in the second quarter of 2022 in anticipation of future revenue increases in 2022.

Segment Adjusted EBITDA for the Engine Products segment increased $90, or 34%, in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to higher sales volumes in the commercial aerospace market as well as strong productivity gains. The segment added approximately 780 net headcount in the six months ended June 30, 2022 in anticipation of future revenue increases in 2022.

For the full year 2022 compared to 2021, demand in the commercial aerospace, industrial gas turbine, and oil and gas markets is expected to increase. An increase in material costs is expected to contribute to an increase in sales as the Company generally passes through these costs.

Fastening Systems

			Second quarter ended												Six months ended
			June 30,												June 30,
			2022						2021						2022						2021
Third-party sales			$	277					$	262					$	541					$	534
Segment Adjusted EBITDA			56						63						112						120

Third-party sales for the Fastening Systems segment increased $15, or 6%, in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021, primarily due to higher sales volumes in the commercial aerospace market, with narrow body recovery more than offsetting Boeing 787 production declines, and an increase in material cost pass through, partially offset by lower sales volumes in the industrial market.

Third-party sales for the Fastening Systems segment increased $7, or 1%, in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to higher sales volumes in the commercial aerospace market, with narrow body recovery more than offsetting Boeing 787 production declines, higher sales volumes in the commercial transportation market, and an increase in material cost pass through, partially offset by lower sales volumes in the defense aerospace and industrial markets.

Segment Adjusted EBITDA for the Fastening Systems segment decreased $7, or 11%, in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021, primarily due to Boeing 787 production declines, lower sales volumes in the industrial market, and inflationary costs, partially offset by favorable sales volumes in the narrow body commercial aerospace market. The segment added approximately 245 net headcount in the second quarter of 2022 in anticipation of future revenue increases in 2022.

Segment Adjusted EBITDA for the Fastening Systems segment decreased $8, or 7%, in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to Boeing 787 production declines, lower sales volumes in the defense aerospace and industrial markets, and inflationary costs, partially offset by favorable sales volumes in the narrow body commercial aerospace and commercial transportation markets. The segment added approximately 380 net headcount in the six months ended June 30, 2022 in anticipation of future revenue increases in 2022.

For the full year 2022 compared to 2021, demand in the commercial aerospace and commercial transportation markets is expected to increase. An increase in material costs is expected to contribute to an increase in sales as the Company generally passes through these costs.

Engineered Structures

			Second quarter ended												Six months ended
			June 30,												June 30,
			2022						2021						2022						2021
Third-party sales			$	185					$	160					$	367					$	336
Segment Adjusted EBITDA			26						24						49						46

Third-party sales for the Engineered Structures segment increased $25, or 16%, in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021, primarily due to higher sales volumes in the commercial aerospace market, with narrow body recovery more than offsetting Boeing 787 production declines, and an increase in material cost pass through.

Third-party sales for the Engineered Structures segment increased $31, or 9%, in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to higher sales volumes in the commercial aerospace market, with narrow body recovery more than offsetting Boeing 787 production declines, and an increase in material cost pass through, partially offset by lower sales volumes in the defense aerospace market, including lower F-35 program volumes.

Segment Adjusted EBITDA for the Engineered Structures segment increased $2, or 8%, in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021, primarily due to higher sales volumes in the commercial aerospace market, with narrow body recovery more than offsetting Boeing 787 production declines, partially offset by inflationary costs.

Segment Adjusted EBITDA for the Engineered Structures segment increased $3, or 7%, in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to higher sales volumes in the commercial aerospace market, with narrow body recovery more than offsetting Boeing 787 production declines, partially offset by lower sales volumes in the defense aerospace market, including lower F-35 program volumes, as well as inflationary costs.

For the full year 2022 compared to 2021, demand in the commercial aerospace market is expected to increase. However, demand in the defense aerospace market is expected to be down. An increase in material costs is expected to contribute to an increase in sales as the Company generally passes through these costs.

Forged Wheels

			Second quarter ended												Six months ended
			June 30,												June 30,
			2022						2021						2022						2021
Third-party sales			$	279					$	229					$	526					$	456
Segment Adjusted EBITDA			75						70						142						150

Third-party sales for the Forged Wheels segment increased $50, or 22%, in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021, primarily due to an increase in material and inflationary cost pass through and a 7% increase in volumes, partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency movements.

Third-party sales for the Forged Wheels segment increased $70, or 15%, in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to an increase in material and inflationary cost pass through, partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency movements.

Segment Adjusted EBITDA for the Forged Wheels segment increased $5, or 7%, in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021, primarily due to higher sales volumes, partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency movements.

Segment Adjusted EBITDA for the Forged Wheels segment decreased $8, or 5%, in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to unfavorable foreign currency movements.

For the full year 2022 compared to 2021, demand in the commercial transportation markets served by Forged Wheels is expected to increase in most regions. An increase in material and inflationary costs is expected to contribute to an increase in sales as the Company generally passes through these costs. However, sales in the Forged Wheels segment could be negatively impacted by customer supply chain constraints.

Reconciliation of Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA to Income before income taxes

			Second quarter ended												Six months ended
			June 30,												June 30,
			2022						2021						2022						2021
Income before income taxes			$	183					$	110					$	354					$	223
Loss on debt redemption			2						23						2						23
Interest expense, net			57						66						115						138
Other (income) expense, net			(1)						8						—						12
Operating income			$	241					$	207					$	471					$	396
Segment provision for depreciation and amortization			64						65						129						130
Unallocated amounts:
Restructuring and other charges			6						5						8						14
Corporate expense			25						10						47						38
Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA			$	336					$	287					$	655					$	578

Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. Management believes that this measure is meaningful to investors because it provides additional information with respect to the Company’s operating performance and the Company’s ability to meet its financial obligations. Differences between the total segment and consolidated totals are in Corporate.

See Restructuring and other charges, Interest expense, net, Loss on debt redemption, and Other (income) expense, net discussions above, under Results of Operations for reference.

Corporate expense increased $15, or 150%, in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021, primarily due to higher costs related to the France Plant Fire and the Barberton Plant Fire of $5, legal and other advisory reimbursements received in the second quarter of 2021 that did not occur in the second quarter of 2022 of $4, costs associated with closures, shutdowns, and other items of $1, and higher employment and legacy costs.

Corporate expense increased $9, or 24%, in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to higher legal and other advisory reimbursements received in the six months ended June 30, 2021 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2022 of $1, costs associated with closures, shutdowns, and other items of $1, and higher employment and legacy costs.

Environmental Matters

See the Environmental Matters section of Note Q to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.

Subsequent Events

See Note R to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for subsequent events.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Operating Activities

Cash provided from operations was $213 in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $79 in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase of $134, or 170%, was primarily due to higher operating results of $156 and lower pension contributions of $41, partially offset by an increase in working capital of $57. The components of the change in working capital primarily included inventories of $210, taxes, including income taxes, of $23, and prepaid expenses and other current assets of $9, partially offset by a change in accounts payable of $70, favorable changes in receivables of $62, including employee retention credit receivables, and accrued expenses of $53.

Management expects Howmet’s estimated pension contributions and other postretirement benefit payments in 2022 to be approximately $60.

Financing Activities

Cash used for financing activities was $331 in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $1,068 in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease of $737, or 69%, was primarily due to less payments made in connection with the redemption of long-term debt of $778 (See Note N to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for reference) and a reduction in the premiums paid on the early redemption of debt of $20, partially offset by incremental common stock repurchases of $35 and dividends paid to common stock shareholders of $17. On an annual basis, the debt repurchases in 2022 will decrease Interest expense, net by approximately $3.

The Company maintains a credit facility pursuant to its Five-Year Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of lenders and issuers named therein (See Note N to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for reference).

The Company has an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, filed with the SEC, which allows for offerings of debt securities from time to time. The Company may opportunistically issue new debt securities under such registration statement or otherwise in accordance with securities laws, including but not limited to in order to refinance existing indebtedness.

The Company may in the future repurchase additional portions of its debt or equity securities from time to time, in either the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC and other legal requirements. The timing, prices, and sizes of purchases depend upon prevailing trading prices, general economic and market conditions, and other factors, including applicable securities laws. Such purchases may be completed by means of trading plans established from time to time in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, block trades, private transactions, open market repurchases, tender offers, and/or accelerated share repurchase agreements or other derivative transactions.

The Company’s costs of borrowing and ability to access the capital markets are affected not only by market conditions but also by the short and long-term debt ratings assigned to the Company by the major credit rating agencies.

The Company’s credit ratings from the three major credit rating agencies are as follows:

			Issuer Rating									Outlook						Date of Last Update
Standard and Poor’s Ratings Service (“S&P”)			BB+									Stable						December 3, 2021
Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”)			Ba1									Stable						April 27, 2022
Fitch Investors Service (“Fitch”)			BBB-									Stable						March 22, 2022

On April 27, 2022, Moody’s upgraded Howmet’s long-term debt rating from Ba2 to Ba1 citing the Company’s ability to improve its financial leverage, strong cash generation, and well-balanced financial policies and affirmed the current outlook as stable.

On March 22, 2022, Fitch affirmed the following ratings for Howmet: long-term debt at BBB- and the current outlook as stable.

Investing Activities

Cash used for investing activities was $65 in the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to cash provided from investing activities of $94 in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The change of $159, or 169%, was primarily due to cash receipts from sold receivables of $172 in 2021, which did not have activity in the current year as a result of the termination of an accounts receivables securitization program in August 2021, and an increase in capital expenditures of $15. The net cash funding from the sale of accounts receivable was neither a use of cash nor a source of cash during 2022 and 2021. These changes were partially offset by incremental proceeds from the sale of assets of $34, which was primarily due to the sale of the corporate center. In the second quarter of 2022, the Company sold the corporate headquarters in Pittsburgh, PA. The proceeds from the sale of the corporate headquarters were $44, excluding $3 of transaction costs, and a carrying value of $41. The Company

entered into a 12-year lease with the purchaser for a portion of the property.

Recently Adopted and Recently Issued Accounting Guidance

See Note B to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.

Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains (and oral communications made by Howmet Aerospace may contain) statements that relate to future events and expectations and as such constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include those containing such words as “anticipates,” “believes,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “forecasts,” “goal,” “guidance,” “intends,” “may,” “outlook,” “plans,” “projects,” “seeks,” “sees,” “should,” “targets,” “will,” “would,” or other words of similar meaning. All statements that reflect Howmet Aerospace’s expectations, assumptions or projections about the future, other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements, forecasts and outlook relating to the condition of end markets; future financial results or operating performance; future strategic actions; Howmet Aerospace’s strategies, outlook, and business and financial prospects; and any future repurchases of its debt or equity securities. These statements reflect beliefs and assumptions that are based on Howmet Aerospace’s perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments, as well as other factors Howmet Aerospace believes are appropriate in the circumstances. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict, which could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by these statements. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to: (a) uncertainty of the duration, extent and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Howmet Aerospace’s business, results of operations, and financial condition; (b) deterioration in global economic and financial market conditions generally (including as a result of COVID-19 and its effects, among other things, on global supply, demand, and distribution disruptions); (c) unfavorable changes in the markets served by Howmet Aerospace; (d) the impact of potential cyber attacks and information technology or data security breaches; (e) the loss of significant customers or adverse changes in customers’ business or financial conditions; (f) manufacturing difficulties or other issues that impact product performance, quality or safety; (g) inability of suppliers to meet obligations due to supply chain disruptions or otherwise; (h) the inability to achieve revenue growth, cash generation, cost savings, restructuring plans, cost reductions, improvement in profitability, or strengthening of competitiveness and operations anticipated or targeted; (i) inability to meet increased demand, production targets or commitments; (j) competition from new product offerings, disruptive technologies or other developments; (k) geopolitical, economic, and regulatory risks relating to Howmet Aerospace’s global operations, including geopolitical and diplomatic tensions, instabilities and conflicts, as well as compliance with U.S. and foreign trade and tax laws, sanctions, embargoes and other regulations; (l) the outcome of contingencies, including legal proceedings, government or regulatory investigations, and environmental remediation, which can expose Howmet Aerospace to substantial costs and liabilities; (m) failure to comply with government contracting regulations; (n) adverse changes in discount rates or investment returns on pension assets; and (o) the other risk factors summarized in Howmet Aerospace’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 and other reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Market projections are subject to the risks discussed above and other risks in the market. The statements in a presentation or document are made as of the date of such presentation or document. Howmet Aerospace disclaims any intention or obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements, whether in response to new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.