Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Our future income, cash flows, and fair values relevant to financial instruments are dependent upon prevalent market interest rates. Market risk refers to the risk of loss from adverse changes in interest rates, seasonality, market prices, commodity prices, and inflation. The primary market risks to which we are exposed are interest rate risk and seasonality. We may in the future use derivative financial instruments to manage, or hedge, interest rate risks related to any borrowings we may have. We may enter into such contracts only with major financial institutions based on their credit ratings and other factors.

Interest Rate Risk

A primary market risk to which we believe we are exposed is interest rate risk, which may result from many factors, including government monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations, and other factors that are beyond our control. We may incur additional variable rate debt in the future, including additional amounts that we may borrow under the Credit Facility. In addition, decreases in interest rates may lead to additional competition for the acquisition of single-family homes, which may lead to future acquisitions being more costly and resulting in lower yields on single-family homes targeted for acquisition. Significant increases in interest rates may also have an adverse impact on our earnings if we are unable to increase rents on expired leases or acquire single-family homes with rental rates high enough to offset the increase in interest rates on our borrowings.

As of March 31, 2022, our outstanding variable-rate debt was comprised of borrowings on our mortgage loans of $2,067.6 million and Term Loan Facility of $2,500.0 million for a combined total of $4,567.6 million. As of March 31, 2022, we had effectively converted 83.6% of these borrowings to a fixed rate through interest rate swap agreements. On March 25, 2022, we priced a public offering of $600.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.150% Senior Notes which mature in April 2032; and on April 5, 2022, we closed the offering and issued the related notes. On April 8, 2022, we used the net proceeds from these unsecured notes to make a voluntary prepayment of the then-outstanding balance of IH 2018-3 and a $395.5 million voluntary prepayment on IH 2018-2. These events had the effect of reducing variable-rate debt to approximately $3,970.0 million, with approximately 96.0% of those borrowings converted to a fixed rate through interest rate swap agreements.

All variable-rate borrowings bear interest at one month LIBOR plus the applicable spread. Assuming no change in the outstanding balance of our existing debt, the projected effect of a 100 bps increase or decrease in LIBOR on our annual interest expense would be an estimated increase of $7.5 million or $6.2 million, respectively. This estimate considers the impact of our interest rate swap agreements, interest rate cap agreements, and any LIBOR floors or minimum interest rates stated in the agreements of the respective borrowings. A 100 bps decrease in LIBOR results in a negative LIBOR rate and additional interest expense for us. Our Credit Facility agreement contains a LIBOR floor, and there is no reciprocal feature in our interest rate swap agreements.

This analysis does not consider the effects of the reduced level of overall economic activity that could exist in such an environment. Further, in the event of a change of such magnitude, we may consider taking actions to further mitigate our exposure to the change. However, because of the uncertainty of the specific actions that would be taken and their possible effects, the sensitivity analysis assumes no changes in our capital structure.

Seasonality

Our business and related operating results have been, and we believe will continue to be, impacted by seasonal factors throughout the year. In particular, we have experienced higher levels of resident move-outs during the summer months, which impacts both our rental revenues and related turnover costs. Further, our property operating costs are seasonally impacted in certain markets by increases in expenses such as HVAC repairs and costs to re-resident during the summer season.