Item 1. Business

Overview

We are a leading provider of critical decision support tools and solutions for the global investment community. Our mission-critical offerings help investors navigate the complexities of a dynamic and evolving investment landscape. Leveraging our deep knowledge of the global investment process and our expertise in research, data and technology, we enable our clients to understand and analyze key drivers of risk and return and build portfolios more effectively.

Investors all over the world use our research-driven and technology-enabled tools and solutions to gain insights and improve transparency throughout their investment processes. Our tools and solutions help investors define their investment universe; inform and analyze their asset allocation and portfolio construction decisions; measure and manage portfolio performance and risk; implement sustainability and climate-focused investment strategies; conduct performance attribution; construct and manage exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) and other indexed financial products; and facilitate reporting to stakeholders.

Our products and services include indexes; portfolio construction and risk management tools; sustainability and climate solutions; and private asset data and analytics. We are focused on leveraging advanced technologies, including using artificial intelligence (“AI”) to enhance our products and services.

Our client-centric focus and deep understanding of client needs, challenges and goals help us anticipate and respond to industry trends. In order to most effectively serve our clients, we are committed to advancing an integrated approach to our offerings, delivering service excellence, providing innovative research and content, and making our solutions available through flexible, cutting-edge technology.

Clients

Our clients comprise a wide spectrum of the global investment industry and include the following key client types:

• Asset owners, including pension funds, endowments, foundations, central banks, sovereign wealth funds, family offices and insurance companies

• Asset managers, including managers of institutional funds and accounts, mutual funds, hedge funds, ETFs, insurance products, private banking products and real estate investment trusts

• Financial intermediaries, including banks, broker-dealers, exchanges, custodians, trust companies, fund administrators and investment consultants

• Wealth managers, including large wealth management organizations, robo-advisors and self-directed brokerages

• Real Estate Professionals, including brokers, agents, developers, lenders and appraisers

• Corporates, including public and private companies and their advisors

As of December 31, 2024, we served approximately 7,100 clients1 in more than 100 countries. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our largest client organization by revenue, BlackRock, accounted for 10.2% of our consolidated operating revenues, with 96.1% of the operating revenues from BlackRock coming from fees based on the assets in BlackRock’s ETFs and non-ETF products that are based on our indexes.

Industry Trends and Competitive Advantages

We believe we are strongly positioned to benefit from emerging trends and to help our clients adapt to a rapidly evolving investment industry. Investing has grown in complexity, with more choices across asset classes, security types and geographies, and a wider array of risks and opportunities. In addition, the construction and management of investment portfolios are becoming increasingly outcome-oriented, rules-based and technology-driven. As a result, the investment process is transforming, which is reflected in several key trends:

• Changing client strategies and operating models, influenced by fee compression, changing demographics, the regulatory environment and shifting economic outlooks;

1 Reflects the aggregation of all related client entities under their respective parent client entity. At acquisition, we align an acquired company’s client count to our methodology.

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• Use of global, multi-asset-class and other complex strategies, including incorporating private asset and factor exposure objectives, as investors seek specific and unique outcomes;

• The need for high-quality data, insightful models and timely research, particularly during times of volatility and uncertainty;

• Integration of sustainability and climate considerations into investment processes, reporting and products;

• Growth of indexed investing through products such as ETFs, mutual funds, annuities and Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities (“UCITS funds”), as well as indexed derivatives such as futures, options, structured products and over-the-counter swaps;

• Allocation of capital to private assets and desire for greater transparency into the drivers of private asset performance;

• Growing disclosure requirements that necessitate high-quality data and streamlined reporting solutions;

• Demand for data and tools that support customized portfolio construction and specialized preferences and objectives; and

• Use of advanced technologies, including AI, to enhance products, improve analytics, collect and evaluate data, improve client experiences, streamline operations and gain competitive advantages.

We believe the following competitive advantages position us well to meet client demands in light of these trends:

• Differentiated research-enhanced content provides our clients with insights to better navigate a complex, fast-changing investment landscape. We are continually developing a wide range of differentiated content and have amassed an extensive database of global market data; proprietary index data; sustainability and climate data and metrics; factor models; private asset performance, transaction and benchmark data, including fund-and asset-level data; and risk algorithms, all of which can be critical to our clients’ investment processes.

• Client-centricity allows us to build strong client relationships globally and better understand and service our clients’ needs. Our client coverage team develops and maintains strong and trusted relationships with senior executives and investment professionals. We regularly consult with clients and other market participants to discuss their needs, investment trends and implications for our research, product development and client servicing goals.

• Strong product innovation, supported by flexible and scalable technology developed by our global team of sophisticated technology and data professionals, enables clients to use MSCI, third-party and their own content efficiently and cost-effectively. Our commitment to open and flexible technology allows us to process data more efficiently and deliver advanced platform flexibility, integrating easily into our clients’ workflows. We also partner with global technology companies to accelerate the development of generative AI solutions to help our clients build better portfolios with data-driven insights.

Strategy

We provide critical tools and solutions that enable investors to navigate the complexities of the investment industry, better understand drivers of performance and risk, and build portfolios more effectively and efficiently to achieve their investment objectives. We are focused on the following key initiatives to deliver actionable and integrated client solutions:

*•*Extend leadership in research-enhanced content across asset classes. We aim to develop innovative solutions that incorporate proprietary and differentiated content. In addition to enhancing our position as a leading provider of tools and solutions for equity investors globally, we also prioritize enhancing our content for other asset classes and strategies, including private assets, sustainability and climate, thematics, factors, fixed income and liquidity, all of which we believe represent significant growth opportunities.

• Lead the enablement of sustainability and climate investment integration by delivering data, insights and applications that help clients identify, assess and manage financially material sustainability risks and opportunities. MSCI’s research, tools and solutions aim to provide the transparency our clients need to integrate sustainability and climate risks and opportunities into their investment processes. We also utilize our sustainability and climate data and research in our index, analytics and private asset offerings.

• Enhance distribution and content-enabling technology. We are developing advanced technology to drive efficiency, accelerate innovation and enhance client experiences. We increasingly utilize proprietary and third-party technologies, including AI, to enhance our ability to gather and analyze data, create content and automate and enhance the efficiency of many of our processes. Our open-architecture Investment Solutions as a Service (“ISaaS”) offerings include MSCI ONE, an integrated platform that provides access to investment content across a number of

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our products and solutions. These types of offerings help us deliver MSCI content and solutions to our clients at scale.

• Expand solutions that empower client customization. We aim to further enhance how we support our clients’ investment objectives by offering solutions that allow clients to reflect their customized preferences. We are expanding solutions that enable clients to tailor their unique risk and return preferences, sustainability goals and investment strategies across asset classes, geographies and themes, to meet their diverse and evolving needs.

• Strengthen client relationships and expand our presence in key geographic areas. We aim to be a strategic partner to members of the investment community by anticipating their needs, promoting the full breadth of our tools, data and solutions, and building a seamless experience across our offerings. Our client coverage team, including dedicated account managers, ensures that we are engaging with our clients in a holistic and integrated manner. We are expanding into new geographies, tailoring products to meet local market needs and unlocking opportunities with both emerging and established client segments.

• Execute strategic partnerships and acquisitions with complementary data, content and technology companies. We regularly evaluate and selectively pursue strategic partnerships with, and acquisitions of, providers of unique and differentiated data, content, products and technologies that we believe can enhance or expand our offerings and client base. We target acquisitions and strategic relationships that can be efficiently integrated. Recent acquisitions include Fabric, a wealth technology platform for portfolio design and analytics, and Foxberry, a provider of index technology, which strengthen our wealth management and index customization capabilities, respectively. In 2024, we also entered into a strategic partnership with Moody’s Corporation to leverage our sustainability data and gain access to Moody’s private company database to extend our private company sustainability coverage.

Financial Model

We have an attractive financial model due to our recurring revenue and strong cash generation. Clients purchase our products and services primarily through recurring fixed and variable fee arrangements, which historically have delivered stable revenue and predictable cash flows. Our disciplined capital-allocation policy provides us with flexibility to balance internal resources and investment needs, acquisitions and shareholder returns through dividends and opportunistic share repurchases.

See Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Overview” and Note 1, “Introduction and Basis of Presentation—Significant Accounting Policies—Revenue Recognition,” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for information on how we generate revenue and our revenue recognition policy.

Segments

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we had the following five operating segments: Index, Analytics, ESG and Climate, Real Assets and Private Capital Solutions, which are presented as the following three reportable segments: Index, Analytics, and ESG and Climate. For reporting purposes, the Real Assets and Private Capital Solutions operating segments are combined and presented as All Other – Private Assets, as they did not meet the required thresholds for separate reportable segment disclosure.

Index

Clients use our indexes in many areas of the investment process, including for developing indexed financial products (e.g., ETFs, mutual funds, annuities, futures, options, structured products, over-the-counter derivatives), performance benchmarking, portfolio construction and rebalancing, and asset allocation. They can access our index data directly from MSCI or through third-party vendors worldwide.

Our index product offerings include:

• MSCI Global Equity Indexes. MSCI Global Equity Indexes are designed to measure returns across a wide variety of equity markets, size segments, sectors and industries. As of December 31, 2024, we calculated indexes that covered more than 80 developed, emerging, frontier and standalone equity markets, as well as various regional indexes built from the component indexes.

• ESG and Climate Indexes. ESG and Climate Indexes are constructed from underlying MSCI indexes by applying additional data from our ESG and Climate segment to the eligibility, weighting or other index construction criteria.

• Factor Indexes. Factor Indexes seek to reflect the performance characteristics of a range of investment styles and strategies, such as momentum or value. These indexes include stocks that demonstrate high exposure to the target factor. In addition to single factor indexes, we offer multiple-factor indexes for investors with diversified multi-factor strategies.

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• Thematic Indexes. Thematic Indexes are designed to measure the performance of companies associated with shifts in macroeconomic, geopolitical and technological trends. These indexes can target areas of interest under megatrend categories such as the environment, healthcare and lifestyle. Examples of our Thematic Indexes include digital economy, efficient energy, genomic innovation and smart cities.

• Client-Designed Indexes. Client-Designed Indexes are calculated by applying additional criteria supplied by a client – such as stock exclusion lists, currency hedging rules, tax rates or special weighting – to an MSCI index. Investors with unique index requirements can design an index to meet their specific needs and update the index design over time to support their evolving investment strategies.

• Fixed Income Indexes. Fixed Income Indexes include both investment grade and high-yield securities across a number of currencies that reflect the performance of credit markets generally, or specific investment strategies, including climate-focused or factor strategies.

• Real Assets Indexes. Real Assets Indexes provide transparency and insight into real asset strategies, including performance of portfolios across private real estate investments, REITs and others. Our Real Assets Index products are reported under All Other – Private Assets.

• Private Capital Indexes. Private Capital Indexes encompass the full spectrum of private asset classes, including private equity, private credit, private real estate, private infrastructure and private natural resources and aim to meet investor needs in private markets, with high quality data and consistent performance measurement of private capital funds. Our Private Capital Index products are reported under All Other – Private Assets.

Our Index segment also includes revenues from licenses of GICS Direct, the global industry classification standard jointly developed and maintained by MSCI and S&P Dow Jones Indices, a division of S&P Global Inc. GICS is widely accepted as an industry analysis framework for investment research, portfolio management and asset allocation. GICS Direct is a dataset comprised of companies and securities classified by sector, industry group, industry and sub-industry in accordance with the proprietary GICS methodology. The MSCI Sector Indexes are comprised of GICS sector, industry group, and industry indexes across countries and regions in Developed, Emerging and select Frontier markets.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, 55.9% of our revenues were attributable to our Index segment. A majority of those revenues were attributable to annual, recurring subscriptions. A portion of our revenues comes from clients who use our indexes as the basis for indexed investment products. Such fees are primarily based on a client’s assets under management (“AUM”) or trading volumes and are referred to herein as asset-based fees. Since market movement and investment trends impact our asset-based fees, our revenues from asset-based fees are subject to volatility. For the year ended December 31, 2024, asset-based fees accounted for 41.2% of the total revenues for our Index segment.

Analytics

Our Analytics segment offers risk management, performance attribution and portfolio management content, applications and services that provide clients with an integrated view of risk and return and tools for analyzing market, credit, liquidity, counterparty and climate risk across all major asset classes, spanning short-, medium- and long-term time horizons. Our offerings also support clients’ various regulatory reporting needs.

Our Analytics tools and capabilities include the following: models to support factor-based analytics (e.g., Barra equity models and fixed income and multi-asset class (“MAC”) models), pricing models and single security analytics, time series-based analytics, stress testing, performance attribution, portfolio optimization and liquidity risk analytics, as well as underlying inputs such as interest rate and credit curves. We continue to develop new and improved tools and capabilities in response to the evolving needs of our clients. In addition, our analytics capabilities are helping fuel growth in key areas across our business, such as our factor indexes and climate risk reporting solutions.

Our clients can access our Analytics tools and content through our proprietary applications and APIs, third-party applications or directly through their own platforms. Our Analytics solutions provide clients with tools to construct and manage portfolios, including integrated market data from multiple third parties as well as content from MSCI’s other segments, which significantly reduces the operational burden on clients to independently source this information and populate it in our Analytics products. Our key Analytics products include:

• RiskMetrics RiskManager. RiskMetrics RiskManager provides risk analytics across a broad range of publicly traded instruments and private assets. Clients use RiskManager for daily analysis, including: Value-at-Risk (“VaR”) simulation; measuring and monitoring market and liquidity risk at position, fund and firm levels; sensitivity analysis and stress testing; interactive what-if analysis; counterparty credit exposure; and regulatory risk reporting.

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• BarraOne. Powered by our MAC Barra factor model, BarraOne provides clients with MAC risk and performance analytics. BarraOne allows clients to build equity, fixed income, and MAC portfolios with specific risk, ESG and climate exposures.

• Barra Portfolio Manager. Barra Portfolio Manager is an integrated risk, performance and portfolio-construction interactive platform with a flexible user interface that enables our clients to design investment strategies and build portfolios, and to share analytics and reports across their organizations. It is used by equity fund managers and their teams to gain additional portfolio insight and manage their investment processes more systematically.

• RiskMetrics WealthBench and RiskMetrics CreditManager. RiskMetrics WealthBench is a web-based platform used by private banks, financial advisers, brokerages and trust companies to help wealth managers assess portfolio risk, construct asset allocation policies and create comprehensive client proposals. RiskMetrics CreditManager is a portfolio credit risk management system used primarily by banks to quantify portfolio credit risk by capturing market exposure, rating changes and default risk.

• AI Portfolio Insights. Our AI Portfolio Insights offering calculates, stores, and delivers a broad range of risk, performance, climate, and sustainability measures to help investors identify trends and respond to market changes. The tool features a generative AI-powered chatbot to deliver risk and performance insights and is designed to enhance speed, efficiency and collaboration.

• MSCI Wealth Manager. MSCI Wealth Manager, formerly known as Fabric, offers a technology platform for wealth managers for portfolio design, customization and analytics, integrated with MSCI’s indexes, sustainability data and private asset insights.

Our Analytics segment also provides various managed services to help clients operate more efficiently, including consolidation of client portfolio data from various sources, review and reconciliation of input data and results, and customized reporting, including ESG and climate reporting. In addition, our RiskMetrics HedgePlatform service allows clients such as funds of funds, pension funds and endowments who invest in hedge funds to measure, evaluate and monitor the risk of their hedge fund investments across multiple hedge fund strategies.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, 23.6% of our revenues were attributable to our Analytics segment.

ESG and Climate

The ESG and Climate segment2 offers products and services that help institutional investors understand how sustainability considerations can impact the long-term risk and return of their portfolio and individual security-level investments. We provide data, ratings, research and tools to help investors navigate increasing regulation, meet new client demands and better integrate sustainability and climate considerations into their investment processes. Investors commonly use our ESG and Climate solutions, including MSCI ESG Ratings, to help assess sustainability-related financial risks in their investment processes and to help inform their investment decisions.

Our ESG and Climate research team analyzes over 10,0003 entities worldwide, and we will continue to expand and deepen our coverage to help investors and others in their asset allocation, portfolio construction and risk management processes. Clients include global asset managers, leading asset owners, wealth managers, banks, insurers, consultants, advisers, regulators, central banks and corporates.

Our ESG and Climate offerings include:

• MSCI ESG Ratings. Our ESG ratings aim to measure a company’s resilience to long-term ESG risks. Companies are scored on an industry-relative scale across the most relevant key ESG issues based on a company’s business model. MSCI ESG Ratings include ratings of equity issuers and fixed income securities. In assigning an MSCI ESG Rating, we collect the most relevant, publicly available data and assess the most significant ESG risks a company faces. Investors use MSCI ESG Ratings for a variety of purposes, including to assist with fundamental or quantitative analysis, portfolio construction and risk management, engagement and thought leadership, benchmarking and custom index design.

• MSCI ESG Business Involvement Screening Research. MSCI ESG Business Involvement Screening Research is a screening service that enables institutional investors to manage ESG standards and restrictions reliably and

2 Products and services in our ESG and Climate segment are provided by MSCI ESG Research LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of MSCI Inc. that is registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as an Investment Adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. MSCI ESG Ratings are used as an input in the construction and calculation of MSCI ESG indexes, which are not subject to our SEC registration. MSCI indexes are products of MSCI Inc., and MSCI Limited and MSCI Deutschland GmbH are the benchmark administrators.

3 Does not include subsidiary-level companies.

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efficiently. Asset managers, investment advisers and asset owners can access screening research through the online MSCI ESG Manager platform or a data feed to support alignment with their investment guidelines, implement client mandates or manage potential ESG portfolio risks.

• MSCI Climate Solutions. With MSCI Climate Solutions, investors and issuers utilize our climate data and tools to support their investment decision making. These activities can include measuring and reporting on climate risk exposure, implementing low-carbon or fossil-fuel-free strategies, factoring climate change research into risk management processes and engaging companies and external stakeholders.

• MSCI Sustainability and Climate Regulatory Solutions. MSCI Sustainability and Climate Regulatory Solutions help investors and other capital-markets participants stay informed of sustainability and climate regulatory requirements and simplify reporting, with tools to support mandatory and voluntary disclosures.

MSCI ESG ratings and certain other ESG and climate data provided to our clients are also made available to, and used in, our other operating segments, such as in the construction of our MSCI ESG and Climate equity and fixed income indexes. These Index products are designed to help institutional investors more effectively benchmark ESG investment performance, issue indexed investment products, as well as manage, measure and report on ESG mandates.

For a description of regulation applicable to MSCI ESG Research LLC, see “—Regulation” below.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, 11.4% of our revenues were attributable to our ESG and Climate segment.

All Other – Private Assets

Our private assets offerings include extensive data and analytics for private assets, enabling investors to evaluate fundamental information, measure and compare performance, understand exposures, manage risk and conduct robust analysis. Our private assets offerings also enable investors to compare performance and risk across both private and public asset classes, and enhance our multi-asset class and total portfolio capabilities.

We also integrate our private assets data and analytics in other MSCI products offered by our other operating segments, including indexes, climate risk models, MAC models and other MSCI solutions.

Our Real Assets offerings include:

• Real Capital Analytics. RCA aggregates timely transaction data and provides valuable information on market pricing, capital flows and investment trends in more than 170 countries. Our clients use this unique data to formulate strategies, source new opportunities and execute deals.

• Portfolio Performance Insights. Our Portfolio Performance Insights application offers an interactive, integrated solution to analyze the drivers of performance across investments, as well as review exposures and concentrations across markets, asset types and portfolios.

• Portfolio Climate Insights. Our Portfolio Climate Insights solution provides forward-looking and return-based valuation assessments to measure climate-related risks for real estate assets in an investment portfolio.

• Portfolio Income Insights. Our Portfolio Income Insights solution enables investors to proactively measure and manage income risk. This offering uses intuitive dashboards, bond-equivalent rating scores and a proprietary global tenant grading system to enable investors to better understand the likelihood of current and future tenant risk across assets and portfolios.

• Index Intel. Our Index Intel offering is an extensive private real estate database that is used by institutional investors, asset managers, banks, custodians and investment consultants to drive allocation decisions, research and strategy developments, and portfolio and risk management.

• Property Intel. Our Property Intel offering provides web-based services for the analysis of commercial real estate in the Nordics and offers extensive information on rental levels, property holdings, transactions, ownership, occupiers, footfall, lease data and the ability to simulate market values.

Our Private Capital Solutions offerings include:

• Private i Platform. The Private i Platform merges analytical tools and powerful reporting to help investment, risk and operations teams consistently and accurately monitor, measure and report on their private asset portfolios and associated investment activity.

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• Total Plan Platform. The Total Plan Platform is an industry-leading, multi-asset class investment analytics platform. It provides a comprehensive view of the drivers of performance and risk in both public and private investments in total portfolios.

• Carbon Footprinting of Private Equity and Debt Funds. Carbon Footprinting of Private Equity and Debt Funds offers extensive data and analytics for estimating and monitoring greenhouse gas emissions within private equity and debt portfolios.

• Transparency Data. Our Private Capital Transparency Data offering provides investment teams with information on the holdings of private capital funds that is gathered from original source documents provided by managers and augmented with extensive research.

• Universe Analytics. The Universe Analytics offering provides private capital performance data that is used by asset allocators as a source of official institutional benchmarks and as a basis for asset allocation, research, due diligence and compensation decisions.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, 9.0% of our revenues were attributable to our private assets offerings.

Research and Development

We apply an integrated team approach to developing content across our operating segments. Our research and development, product management, data operations and technology, and application development teams are at the center of this process. Our content is developed by a research and development team comprised of mathematicians, economists, statisticians, financial engineers, investment professionals and industry experts. Content created in one segment can often be used for the creation of products in another segment. For example, the MAC models created in our Analytics segment offer a view of risk across market and asset classes, including private assets, by incorporating content generated in our private assets offerings. In addition, our MSCI ESG and Climate indexes and our climate reporting analytics product are constructed using data from our ESG and Climate operating segment.

Through our relationships with the world’s largest investment institutions, we monitor investment trends and their drivers globally and support instrument valuation, risk modeling, portfolio construction, portfolio attribution, asset allocation and value-at-risk simulation. An important way we monitor global investment trends and their implications for our business is through direct public consultations and client advisory panels and through the forum provided by our Advisory Council, which discusses current and emerging investment industry trends and is comprised of senior investment professionals from around the world and senior members of our research and development team.

Technology

Technology plays a pivotal role in our operations and our ability to innovate and launch products and services. Current areas of focus include:

• Improving the client experience by enhancing the way clients access, interact with and use our data, applications and other tools. We continue to develop and launch open-architecture offerings and improve integration with clients’ ecosystems via APIs.

• Advancing data processing through data science, machine learning and AI. These technologies enable more efficient data collection, enhance content and support quality-control processes, allowing us to scale operations and enhance our products. AI is also central to developing new solutions like AI Portfolio Insights and GeoSpatial Asset Intelligence, which provide innovative ways for clients to analyze portfolios and assess risks.

• Enhancing information security by further strengthening our technology infrastructure and software security processes. We implement upgrades and maintain processes designed to reduce cyber risk and improve employee awareness of cyber and information security issues through training.

• Modernizing our workplace to better support a remote and hybrid workforce that can collaborate and productively work from anywhere.

• Migrating products, data and services onto cloud platforms to reduce data center risks and accelerate the delivery of new capabilities that help clients more efficiently manage data and understand drivers of risk and performance.

Competition

Index. Many industry participants compete with us by offering one or more indexes in similar categories. Such indexes vary widely in scope, including by geographic region, business sector and weighting methodology, and may be used by clients in a variety of ways in many different markets around the world. Among our Index competitors are S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC (a joint venture

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of S&P Global Inc. and CME Group Inc.); FTSE Russell, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group plc; Nasdaq Inc; Bloomberg Finance L.P. (“Bloomberg”); and Solactive AG.

Competition also exists from industry participants, including asset managers and investment banks, that create their own indexes, often in cooperation with index providers who provide some form of calculation agent service. Some asset managers also manage funds, including ETFs, based on their proprietary indexes, and some investment banks launch structured products or create over-the-counter derivatives based on their proprietary indexes. This is often referred to as self-indexing.

Analytics. Our Analytics offerings compete with those from a range of competitors, including Axioma (part of SimCorp), BlackRock Solutions, Bloomberg, and FactSet Research Systems Inc. Additionally, some of the larger broker-dealers have developed proprietary analytics tools for their clients. Similarly, some of the large global investment organizations, such as custodians, have developed internal risk management and performance analytics tools that they offer to their clients.

ESG and Climate. Our ESG and Climate offerings compete with a growing number of companies that issue ESG and climate data, ratings or research. For example, our ESG and Climate offerings compete with those from a range of competitors, including Sustainalytics Holding B.V. (a part of Morningstar, Inc.), Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. (majority owned by Deutsche Börse AG), S&P Global Inc., Refinitiv (a London Stock Exchange Group business) and Bloomberg.

All Other – Private Assets. We have a variety of competitors for our offerings that provide data, market intelligence, indexes, and performance and risk attribution services relating to private assets. Our private assets data and analytics products also compete with a variety of products and tools that provide transaction-, fund- and asset-level data for private assets and across asset classes.

Intellectual Property, Other Proprietary Rights and Sources of Data

We consider many aspects of our offerings, processes and services to be proprietary. We have registered “MSCI” and other marks as trademarks or service marks in the United States and in certain other countries. We will continue to evaluate the registration of additional trademarks and service marks as appropriate. We have also at times filed patent applications to seek to protect our proprietary rights. Additionally, many of our offerings, processes and services require the use of intellectual property that we license for use from third parties. It may be necessary in the future to seek or renew licenses relating to various aspects of our offerings and services. Our ownership and protection of intellectual property and other proprietary rights and our ability to obtain the rights to use third-party intellectual property are important to our business and contribute in part to our overall success.

In addition to our intellectual property, we rely on third-party data to create and deliver our products and services. For example, we require certain stock exchange data to construct equity indexes. Termination of or disputes regarding our rights to receive or use such data could limit the information available for us to use or distribute in connection with our products and services.

Corporate Responsibility

As a leader in providing sustainability and climate solutions to investors, we aim to demonstrate leading corporate responsibility practices that benefit our business and align with practices meaningful to our stakeholders, including our clients, employees and shareholders. The Governance and Corporate Responsibility Committee of our Board of Directors (“Board”) oversees our corporate responsibility strategy and activities and receives regular updates from MSCI management.

We are committed to reporting on our corporate responsibility efforts. We have published reports aligned with a number of international frameworks, including the “Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP),” the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) and the Sustainability Accounting Standard Board (SASB).

Additional information on our corporate responsibility efforts can be found on our website at https://www.msci.com/who-we-are/corporate-responsibility. Information contained on our website is not deemed part of or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report filed with the SEC.

Human Capital Management

MSCI is committed to creating a performance culture and meritocracy with a high degree of employee engagement. Our talent and leadership development programs are designed to ensure we have the best people with the necessary skills to deliver on MSCI’s strategy, facilitated by a culture of inclusion where all employees are able to perform their best.

The Compensation, Talent and Culture Committee of our Board has oversight over talent management matters, including efforts relating to succession/progression planning, career progression and retention strategies, and learning and leadership development. In addition, this Committee oversees efforts relating to our corporate culture, such as our employee engagement and

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inclusion strategies. Our management reports to our Board regularly on our work towards enhancing corporate culture and our talent management strategies. We also regularly engage with our shareholders on these aspects of our human capital management strategies.

The Board regularly reviews our executive talent, including our current leadership bench and succession/progression planning efforts relating to our entire executive team. Our Chief Executive Officer and our President and Chief Operating Officer also meet regularly with the heads of our functions to review talent plans and identify top talent with the most immediate or near-term potential to progress to the senior-most roles at MSCI.

MSCI is a global company with an extensive footprint around the world. As of December 31, 2024, we employed 6,132 people, of which 50.0% of MSCI employees were located in the Asia Pacific region, 24.9% in Europe, Middle East and Africa, 17.0% in the U.S. and Canada, and 8.1% in Mexico and Brazil. For the one-year period ended December 31, 2024, voluntary turnover was 7.5% and involuntary turnover was 3.6%.

Inclusion and Belonging

Fostering inclusivity is a core value of MSCI. We strive to empower our people to maximize their potential in an inclusive environment. Our performance culture and meritocracy are supported by the belief that all of our people will perform their best when they feel included and valued.

As of December 31, 2024, individuals who self-identify as female represented 37.2% of our global employees and 27.0% of our global employees in management roles4, and individuals who self-identify as male represented 59.6% of our global employees. As of December 31, 2024, individuals who self-identify as people of color (defined as those who self-identify as Asian, Black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander or two or more races) represented 34.9% of our U.S. employees and 34.0% of our U.S. employees in management roles. Approximately 27.8% of our U.S. employees and 20.9% of our U.S. employees in management roles did not self-report or self-identify race and ethnicity status. The U.S. represents 16.2% of our global workforce.

Our most recent EEO-1 consolidated reports and additional information can be found on our website at https://www.msci.com/who-we-are/corporate-responsibility/sustainability-reports-policies. Information contained on our website is not deemed part of or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report filed with the SEC.

Compensation, Benefits and Hybrid Work

We offer a broad range of highly competitive compensation and benefits programs to our employees and their families, including same-sex domestic partners. These programs include health and welfare benefits; caregiver leave policies; contributions to defined contribution and defined benefit pensions plans globally and health savings accounts in the U.S.; life insurance; a global wellness initiative; presentations on well-being topics; ergonomic equipment and desk assessments; and wellness rooms in all MSCI office locations.

Our goal is to provide competitive compensation in the markets where we compete for talent. We believe in linking all employee compensation to Company, Product/Function and individual performance by making 100% of our employees eligible for annual cash bonuses. We differentiate cash bonus payouts based on actual results against goals and for managers, how effectively they demonstrate behaviors consistent with our values and culture.

Senior employees and select other employees are eligible to participate in the MSCI Long-Term Incentive Program (“LTIP”) with awards of MSCI common stock that vest over a multi-year period. The LTIP is designed to align the interests of eligible employees with those of shareholders, enhance an “owner-operator” philosophy and retain key talent.

Since January 2022, we have been operating according to a hybrid-work initiative called the Future of Work at MSCI. For most of our employees, the Future of Work allows employees to work at times at the office and other times remotely, depending on the requirements of a specific role and the needs of our clients. Our Future of Work model has helped to attract and retain talent and has contributed to employee engagement and satisfaction.

Cultivating Talent and Employee Engagement

MSCI is committed to investing in employee learning and development. We offer tools and workshops to help employees grow their skills, receive feedback and coaching, deliver on their goals, and plan their careers. Our learning tools cover a wide range of topics, with options for self-paced and longer-term career development opportunities.

4 For this purpose, “management roles” refers to employees in Managing Director, Executive Director or Vice President roles.

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MSCI conducts an employee engagement survey at least annually that measures whether our approaches to performance, growth and career development are driving employee engagement. Managers receive anonymous feedback and are accountable for improving the work environment. In our December 2024 employee engagement survey, we achieved a 85% response rate, and the percentage of respondents characterized as fully engaged was 76%, among the highest since we implemented the engagement survey.

Additional information on our training programs and engagement metrics can be found on our website at https://www.msci.com/who-we-are/corporate-responsibility/social-practices. Information contained on our website is not deemed part of or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report filed with the SEC.

Health and Safety

We are committed to providing a safe workplace, and the well-being of our employees is one of our highest priorities. We strive to meet or exceed all applicable laws, regulations and accepted practices relating to workplace safety. We have extensive safety policies, standards and procedures that all employees are required to follow.

We have taken numerous steps to support our employees, including supporting a hybrid work environment for most employees, enhancing our sick leave policies, engaging with external health and ergonomics consultants and increasing the use of technology to allow our employees to remain fully engaged, productive and well.

Regulation

We are subject to existing and evolving laws and regulations in the jurisdictions where we operate, which may increase costs or legal risks, or affect our operations, products and services.

The Company is subject to reporting, disclosure and recordkeeping obligations pursuant to SEC requirements applicable to U.S. public companies.

The United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“UK FCA”) authorized MSCI Limited (a subsidiary of MSCI Inc.) to be the benchmark administrator for applicable MSCI indexes. In addition, MSCI Deutschland GmbH (a subsidiary of MSCI Inc.) is authorized by Germany’s Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) as an EU benchmark administrator for applicable MSCI indexes. Information about index regulation is periodically updated on our website at https://www.msci.com/index-regulation. Information contained on our website is not deemed part of or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report filed with the SEC.

MSCI ESG Research LLC is a registered investment adviser and must comply with the requirements of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the “Advisers Act”) and related SEC regulations. Such requirements relate to, among other things, disclosure obligations, recordkeeping and reporting requirements, marketing restrictions and general anti-fraud prohibitions. It is possible that in addition to MSCI ESG Research LLC, other entities in our corporate family could become required to register as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act or comply with similar laws or requirements in states or foreign jurisdictions.

MSCI ESG Ratings and Research Pvt. Ltd (a subsidiary of MSCI Inc.) is registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) as an ESG Ratings Provider.

A subsidiary of the Company is registered with the State Council Information Office of the Ministry of Commerce and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce in China as a foreign institution supplying financial information services in China. This license is currently administered by the Cyberspace Administration of China.

Information About Our Executive Officers

Name						Age						Position
Henry A. Fernandez						66						Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
C.D. Baer Pettit						60						Director, President and Chief Operating Officer
Andrew C. Wiechmann						45						Chief Financial Officer
Robert J. Gutowski						57						General Counsel and Head of Corporate Affairs
Scott A. Crum						68						Chief Human Resources Officer

There are no family relationships between any of our executive officers and any director or other executive officer of the Company.

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Henry A. Fernandez

Mr. Fernandez has served as Chairman of the Company’s Board since October 2007 and as Chief Executive Officer and a director since 1998. He served as head of the MSCI business from 1996 to 1998 and as President from 1998 to October 2017. MSCI was previously a business unit within Morgan Stanley prior to its IPO in 2007. Before leading MSCI, he was a Managing Director at Morgan Stanley, where he worked from 1983 to 1991 and from 1994 to 2007, in emerging markets business strategy, equity derivatives sales and trading, mergers and acquisitions, and corporate and mortgage finance. Mr. Fernandez also serves on boards of directors/trustees at Royalty Pharma plc, Stanford University, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology and its affiliate, KIMC, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and the Foreign Policy Association. Mr. Fernandez previously served on the boards of trustees at Georgetown University, the Trinity School, The Browning School and MexDer (Mexican Derivatives Exchange) and was the Chair of the Advisory Council at the Stanford University Graduate School of Business. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in economics from Georgetown University, an M.B.A. from the Stanford University Graduate School of Business and pursued doctoral studies in economics at Princeton University.

C.D. Baer Pettit

Mr. Pettit has served as the Company’s President since October 2017, the Company’s Chief Operating Officer since January 2020 and a Director on the Company’s Board since January 2023. As President and Chief Operating Officer, Mr. Pettit oversees the Company's business functions, including client coverage, marketing, product management, research and development, technology and operations. He previously served as Chief Operating Officer from 2015 to 2017, Head of the Product Group from February 2015 to September 2015, Head of Index Products from 2011 to 2015, Head of Marketing from 2005 to 2012 and Head of Client Coverage from 2001 to 2012. Prior to joining MSCI, Mr. Pettit worked for Bloomberg L.P. from 1992 to 1999. Mr. Pettit holds a Master of Arts degree in history from Cambridge University and a Master of Science degree from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.

Andrew C. Wiechmann

Mr. Wiechmann has served as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer since September 2020. Mr. Wiechmann previously served as Treasurer from November 2021 to June 2022, Chief Strategy Officer from May 2019 to September 2020, Interim Chief Financial Officer from March 2019 to May 2019, Head of Strategy and Corporate Development from July 2012 to March 2019, Head of Investor Relations from December 2017 to March 2019 and Head of Financial Planning & Analysis from July 2015 to December 2017. Prior to joining MSCI in 2012, Mr. Wiechmann was an investment banker at Morgan Stanley where he executed M&A and capital markets transactions for financial technology and specialty finance companies, including advising MSCI on its IPO and various acquisitions. Mr. Wiechmann holds Bachelor of Arts degrees in Physics and Economics from Hamilton College.

Robert J. Gutowski

Mr. Gutowski has served as the Company’s General Counsel since January 2020 and the Company’s Head of Corporate Affairs since July 2024. In this capacity he oversees the firm’s legal; compliance; corporate affairs; government and regulatory affairs; corporate responsibility; and internal audit functions. Mr. Gutowski previously served as the Company’s Deputy General Counsel and the Head of Compliance from 2010 to 2019 and the Head of Internal Audit from 2012 to 2019. He joined MSCI in 2002. Prior to joining MSCI, he was an attorney in private practice at Rogers & Wells LLP and Clifford Chance LLP, focused on financial services, corporate and intellectual property matters. He received his B.A. from Georgetown University and his J.D. from the State University of New York at Buffalo Law School.

Scott A. Crum

Mr. Crum has served as the Company’s Chief Human Resources Officer since April 2014. Prior to joining MSCI, Mr. Crum served as global head of human resources for four publicly traded companies. Mr. Crum worked for Avon Products, Inc. as Senior Vice President of Human Resources and Chief People Officer from 2012 to 2013. From 2010 to 2012, Mr. Crum served as Senior Vice President and Chief People Officer of Motorola Mobility Holdings, Inc., one of two publicly traded companies formally created when Motorola Inc. split in January 2011 until it was acquired by Google. Prior to that, he served as the Senior Vice President and Director of Human Resources of ITT Corporation from 2002 to 2010 and Senior Vice President of Administration and Employee Resources at General Instrument Corp. from 1997 to 2000. Mr. Crum holds a Bachelor of Business Administration with a concentration in industrial relations from Southern Methodist University.

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Available Information

Our corporate headquarters is located at 7 World Trade Center, 250 Greenwich Street, 49th Floor, New York, New York, 10007, and our telephone number is (212) 804-3900. We maintain a website on the internet at www.msci.com. The contents of our website are not a part of or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information that we file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. We also make available free of charge, on or through our website, these reports, proxy statements and other information as soon as reasonably practicable following the time they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. To access these, click on the “SEC Filings” link under the “Financial Information” tab found on our investor relations homepage (http://ir.msci.com).

We also use our investor relations website ir.msci.com and our social media outlets, such as LinkedIn or X (@MSCI_Inc), as channels of distribution of Company information. The information we post through these channels may be deemed material.

Accordingly, investors should monitor these channels, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts. In addition, you may automatically receive email alerts and other information about us when you enroll your email address by visiting the “Email Alerts” on our investor relations homepage at https://ir.msci.com/email-alerts. The contents of our website, including our investor relations website, and our social media channels are not, however, a part of or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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