filings.toolsItem 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
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Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
RISKS
We are exposed to economic risk from foreign exchange rates, interest rates, credit risk, and equity prices. We use derivatives instruments to manage these risks, however, they may still impact our consolidated financial statements.
Foreign Currencies
Certain forecasted transactions, assets, and liabilities are exposed to foreign currency risk. We monitor our foreign currency exposures daily to maximize the economic effectiveness of our foreign currency positions, including hedges. Principal currency exposures include the Euro, Japanese yen, British pound, Canadian dollar, and Australian dollar.
Interest Rate
Securities held in our fixed-income portfolio are subject to different interest rate risks based on their maturities. We manage the average maturity of the fixed-income portfolio to achieve economic returns that correlate to certain global fixed-income indices.
Credit
Our fixed-income portfolio is diversified and consists primarily of investment-grade securities. We manage credit exposures relative to broad-based indices to facilitate portfolio diversification.
Equity
Securities held in our equity investments portfolio are subject to price risk.
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
The following table sets forth the potential loss in future earnings or fair values, including associated derivatives, resulting from hypothetical changes in relevant market rates or prices:
| (In millions) | ||||||||||
| Risk Categories | Hypothetical Change | June 30, 2025 | Impact | |||||||
| Foreign currency – Revenue | 10% decrease in foreign exchange rates | $ | (11,596 | ) | Earnings | |||||
| Foreign currency – Investments | 10% decrease in foreign exchange rates | (17 | ) | Fair Value | ||||||
| Interest rate | 100 basis point increase in U.S. treasury interest rates | (1,415 | ) | Fair Value | ||||||
| Credit | 100 basis point increase in credit spreads | (436 | ) | Fair Value | ||||||
| Equity | 10% decrease in equity market prices | (1,213 | ) | Earnings | ||||||
PART II
Item 8
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATE****MENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
INC****OME STATEMENTS
| (In millions, except per share amounts) | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Revenue: | ||||||||||||
| Product | $ | 63,946 | $ | 64,773 | $ | 64,699 | ||||||
| Service and other | 217,778 | 180,349 | 147,216 | |||||||||
| Total revenue | 281,724 | 245,122 | 211,915 | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue: | ||||||||||||
| Product | 13,501 | 15,272 | 17,804 | |||||||||
| Service and other | 74,330 | 58,842 | 48,059 | |||||||||
| Total cost of revenue | 87,831 | 74,114 | 65,863 | |||||||||
| Gross margin | 193,893 | 171,008 | 146,052 | |||||||||
| Research and development | 32,488 | 29,510 | 27,195 | |||||||||
| Sales and marketing | 25,654 | 24,456 | 22,759 | |||||||||
| General and administrative | 7,223 | 7,609 | 7,575 | |||||||||
| Operating income | 128,528 | 109,433 | 88,523 | |||||||||
| Other income (expense), net | **(**4,901 | ) | (1,646 | ) | 788 | |||||||
| Income before income taxes | 123,627 | 107,787 | 89,311 | |||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | 21,795 | 19,651 | 16,950 | |||||||||
| Net income | $ | 101,832 | $ | 88,136 | $ | 72,361 | ||||||
| Earnings per share: | ||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | 13.70 | $ | 11.86 | $ | 9.72 | ||||||
| Diluted | $ | 13.64 | $ | 11.80 | $ | 9.68 | ||||||
| Weighted average shares outstanding: | ||||||||||||
| Basic | 7,433 | 7,431 | 7,446 | |||||||||
| Diluted | 7,465 | 7,469 | 7,472 | |||||||||
Refer to accompanying notes.
PART II
Item 8
COMPREHENSIVE IN****COME STATEMENTS
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Net income | $ | 101,832 | $ | 88,136 | $ | 72,361 | ||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | ||||||||||||
| Net change related to derivatives | **(**5 | ) | 24 | (14 | ) | |||||||
| Net change related to investments | 1,574 | 957 | (1,444 | ) | ||||||||
| Translation adjustments and other | 674 | (228 | ) | (207 | ) | |||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | 2,243 | 753 | (1,665 | ) | ||||||||
| Comprehensive income | $ | 104,075 | $ | 88,889 | $ | 70,696 | ||||||
Refer to accompanying notes.
PART II
Item 8
BALANCE SHEETS
| (In millions) | ||||||||
| June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||
| Assets | ||||||||
| Current assets: | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 30,242 | $ | 18,315 | ||||
| Short-term investments | 64,323 | 57,228 | ||||||
| Total cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments | 94,565 | 75,543 | ||||||
| Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of **$**944 and $830 | 69,905 | 56,924 | ||||||
| Inventories | 938 | 1,246 | ||||||
| Other current assets | 25,723 | 26,021 | ||||||
| Total current assets | 191,131 | 159,734 | ||||||
| Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of **$**93,653 and $76,421 | 204,966 | 135,591 | ||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | 24,823 | 18,961 | ||||||
| Equity and other investments | 15,405 | 14,600 | ||||||
| Goodwill | 119,509 | 119,220 | ||||||
| Intangible assets, net | 22,604 | 27,597 | ||||||
| Other long-term assets | 40,565 | 36,460 | ||||||
| Total assets | $ | 619,003 | $ | 512,163 | ||||
| Liabilities and stockholders’ equity | ||||||||
| Current liabilities: | ||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 27,724 | $ | 21,996 | ||||
| Short-term debt | 0 | 6,693 | ||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt | 2,999 | 2,249 | ||||||
| Accrued compensation | 13,709 | 12,564 | ||||||
| Short-term income taxes | 7,211 | 5,017 | ||||||
| Short-term unearned revenue | 64,555 | 57,582 | ||||||
| Other current liabilities | 25,020 | 19,185 | ||||||
| Total current liabilities | 141,218 | 125,286 | ||||||
| Long-term debt | 40,152 | 42,688 | ||||||
| Long-term income taxes | 25,986 | 27,931 | ||||||
| Long-term unearned revenue | 2,710 | 2,602 | ||||||
| Deferred income taxes | 2,835 | 2,618 | ||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | 17,437 | 15,497 | ||||||
| Other long-term liabilities | 45,186 | 27,064 | ||||||
| Total liabilities | 275,524 | 243,686 | ||||||
| Commitments and contingencies | ||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity: | ||||||||
| Common stock and paid-in capital – shares authorized 24,000; outstanding 7,434 and 7,434 | 109,095 | 100,923 | ||||||
| Retained earnings | 237,731 | 173,144 | ||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | **(**3,347 | ) | (5,590 | ) | ||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 343,479 | 268,477 | ||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 619,003 | $ | 512,163 | ||||
Refer to accompanying notes.
PART II
Item 8
CASH FLOWS S****TATEMENTS
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Operations | ||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 101,832 | $ | 88,136 | $ | 72,361 | ||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operations: | ||||||||||||
| Depreciation, amortization, and other | 34,153 | 22,287 | 13,861 | |||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | 11,974 | 10,734 | 9,611 | |||||||||
| Net recognized losses on investments and derivatives | 609 | 305 | 196 | |||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | **(**7,056 | ) | (4,738 | ) | (6,059 | ) | ||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | **(**10,581 | ) | (7,191 | ) | (4,087 | ) | ||||||
| Inventories | 309 | 1,284 | 1,242 | |||||||||
| Other current assets | **(**3,044 | ) | (1,648 | ) | (1,991 | ) | ||||||
| Other long-term assets | **(**2,950 | ) | (6,817 | ) | (2,833 | ) | ||||||
| Accounts payable | 569 | 3,545 | (2,721 | ) | ||||||||
| Unearned revenue | 5,438 | 5,348 | 5,535 | |||||||||
| Income taxes | **(**38 | ) | 1,687 | (358 | ) | |||||||
| Other current liabilities | 5,922 | 4,867 | 2,272 | |||||||||
| Other long-term liabilities | **(**975 | ) | 749 | 553 | ||||||||
| Net cash from operations | 136,162 | 118,548 | 87,582 | |||||||||
| Financing | ||||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance (repayments) of debt, maturities of 90 days or less, net | **(**5,746 | ) | 5,250 | 0 | ||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of debt | 0 | 24,395 | 0 | |||||||||
| Repayments of debt | **(**3,216 | ) | (29,070 | ) | (2,750 | ) | ||||||
| Common stock issued | 2,056 | 2,002 | 1,866 | |||||||||
| Common stock repurchased | **(**18,420 | ) | (17,254 | ) | (22,245 | ) | ||||||
| Common stock cash dividends paid | **(**24,082 | ) | (21,771 | ) | (19,800 | ) | ||||||
| Other, net | **(**2,291 | ) | (1,309 | ) | (1,006 | ) | ||||||
| Net cash used in financing | **(**51,699 | ) | (37,757 | ) | (43,935 | ) | ||||||
| Investing | ||||||||||||
| Additions to property and equipment | **(**64,551 | ) | (44,477 | ) | (28,107 | ) | ||||||
| Acquisition of companies, net of cash acquired and divestitures, and purchases of intangible and other assets | **(**5,978 | ) | (69,132 | ) | (1,670 | ) | ||||||
| Purchases of investments | **(**29,775 | ) | (17,732 | ) | (37,651 | ) | ||||||
| Maturities of investments | 16,079 | 24,775 | 33,510 | |||||||||
| Sales of investments | 9,309 | 10,894 | 14,354 | |||||||||
| Other, net | 2,317 | (1,298 | ) | (3,116 | ) | |||||||
| Net cash used in investing | **(**72,599 | ) | (96,970 | ) | (22,680 | ) | ||||||
| Effect of foreign exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents | 63 | (210 | ) | (194 | ) | |||||||
| Net change in cash and cash equivalents | 11,927 | (16,389 | ) | 20,773 | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 18,315 | 34,704 | 13,931 | |||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 30,242 | $ | 18,315 | $ | 34,704 | ||||||
Refer to accompanying notes.
PART II
Item 8
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQ****UITY STATEMENTS
| (In millions, except per share amounts) | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Common stock and paid-in capital | ||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | 100,923 | $ | 93,718 | $ | 86,939 | ||||||
| Common stock issued | 2,056 | 2,002 | 1,866 | |||||||||
| Common stock repurchased | **(**5,856 | ) | (5,712 | ) | (4,696 | ) | ||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | 11,974 | 10,734 | 9,611 | |||||||||
| Other, net | **(**2 | ) | 181 | (2 | ) | |||||||
| Balance, end of period | 109,095 | 100,923 | 93,718 | |||||||||
| Retained earnings | ||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | 173,144 | 118,848 | 84,281 | |||||||||
| Net income | 101,832 | 88,136 | 72,361 | |||||||||
| Common stock cash dividends | **(**24,677 | ) | (22,293 | ) | (20,226 | ) | ||||||
| Common stock repurchased | **(**12,568 | ) | (11,547 | ) | (17,568 | ) | ||||||
| Balance, end of period | 237,731 | 173,144 | 118,848 | |||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | ||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | **(**5,590 | ) | (6,343 | ) | (4,678 | ) | ||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | 2,243 | 753 | (1,665 | ) | ||||||||
| Balance, end of period | **(**3,347 | ) | (5,590 | ) | (6,343 | ) | ||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | $ | 343,479 | $ | 268,477 | $ | 206,223 | ||||||
| Cash dividends declared per common share | $ | 3.32 | $ | 3.00 | $ | 2.72 | ||||||
Refer to accompanying notes.
PART II
Item 8
NOTES TO FINANCI****AL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 — ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Accounting Principles
Our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Microsoft Corporation and its subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.
Recast of Certain Prior Period Information
In August 2024, we announced changes to the composition of our segments. These changes align our segments with how we currently manage our business, most notably bringing the commercial components of Microsoft 365 together in the Productivity and Business Processes segment. Beginning in fiscal year 2025, the information that our chief operating decision maker is regularly provided and reviews for purposes of allocating resources and assessing performance reflects these segment changes. Prior period segment information has been recast to conform to the way we internally manage and monitor our business during fiscal year 2025. These changes primarily impacted Note 8 – Goodwill, Note 12 – Unearned Revenue, and Note 18 – Segment Information and Geographic Data.
The recast of prior period information had no impact on our consolidated balance sheets, consolidated income statements, or consolidated cash flows statements.
Estimates and Assumptions
Preparing financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. Examples of estimates and assumptions include: for revenue recognition, determining the nature and timing of satisfaction of performance obligations, and determining the standalone selling price ("SSP") of performance obligations, variable consideration, and other obligations such as product returns and refunds; loss contingencies; the fair value of and/or potential impairment of goodwill and intangible assets for our reporting units; product life cycles; useful lives of our tangible and intangible assets; allowances for doubtful accounts; stock-based compensation forfeiture rates; when technological feasibility is achieved for our products; the potential outcome of uncertain tax positions that have been recognized in our consolidated financial statements or tax returns; and determining the timing and amount of impairments for investments. Actual results and outcomes may differ from management’s estimates and assumptions due to risks and uncertainties.
Foreign Currencies
Assets and liabilities recorded in foreign currencies are translated at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated at average rates of exchange prevailing during the year. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are recorded to other comprehensive income.
Revenue
Product Revenue and Service and Other Revenue
Product revenue includes sales from operating systems, cross-device productivity and collaboration applications, server applications, business solution applications, desktop and server management tools, software development tools, video games, and hardware such as PCs, tablets, gaming and entertainment consoles, other intelligent devices, and related accessories.
Service and other revenue includes sales from cloud-based solutions that provide customers with software, services, platforms, and content such as Office 365, Azure, Dynamics 365, and gaming; solution support; and consulting services. Service and other revenue also includes sales from online advertising and LinkedIn.
PART II
Item 8
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.
Nature of Products and Services
Licenses for on-premises software provide the customer with a right to use the software as it exists when made available to the customer. Customers may purchase perpetual licenses or subscribe to licenses, which provide customers with the same functionality and differ mainly in the duration over which the customer benefits from the software. Revenue from distinct on-premises licenses is recognized upfront at the point in time when the software is made available to the customer. In cases where we allocate revenue to software updates, primarily because the updates are provided at no additional charge, revenue is recognized as the updates are provided, which is generally ratably over the estimated life of the related device or license.
Cloud services, which allow customers to use hosted software over the contract period without taking possession of the software, are provided on either a subscription or consumption basis. Revenue related to cloud services provided on a subscription basis is recognized ratably over the contract period. Revenue related to cloud services provided on a consumption basis, such as the amount of storage used in a period, is recognized based on the customer utilization of such resources. When cloud services require a significant level of integration and interdependency with software and the individual components are not considered distinct, all revenue is recognized over the period in which the cloud services are provided.
Certain volume licensing programs, including Enterprise Agreements, include on-premises licenses combined with Software Assurance (“SA”). SA conveys rights to new software and upgrades released over the contract period and provides support, tools, and training to help customers deploy and use products more efficiently. On-premises licenses are considered distinct performance obligations when sold with SA. Revenue allocated to SA is generally recognized ratably over the contract period as customers simultaneously consume and receive benefits, given that SA comprises distinct performance obligations that are satisfied over time.
Revenue from search advertising is recognized when the advertisement appears in the search results or when the action necessary to earn the revenue has been completed. Revenue from consulting services is recognized as services are provided.
Our hardware is generally highly dependent on, and interrelated with, the underlying operating system and cannot function without the operating system. In these cases, the hardware and software license are accounted for as a single performance obligation and revenue is recognized at the point in time when ownership is transferred to resellers or directly to end customers through retail stores and online marketplaces.
Refer to Note 18 – Segment Information and Geographic Data for further information, including revenue by significant product and service offering.
Significant Judgments
Our contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. When a cloud-based service includes both on-premises software licenses and cloud services, judgment is required to determine whether the software license is considered distinct and accounted for separately, or not distinct and accounted for together with the cloud service and recognized over time. Certain cloud services, primarily Office 365, depend on a significant level of integration, interdependency, and interrelation between the desktop applications and cloud services, and are accounted for together as one performance obligation. Revenue from Office 365 is recognized ratably over the period in which the cloud services are provided.
PART II
Item 8
Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation. We use a single amount to estimate SSP for items that are not sold separately, including on-premises licenses sold with SA or software updates provided at no additional charge. We use a range of amounts to estimate SSP when we sell each of the products and services separately and need to determine whether there is a discount to be allocated based on the relative SSP of the various products and services.
In instances where SSP is not directly observable, such as when we do not sell the product or service separately, we determine the SSP using information that may include market conditions and other observable inputs. We typically have more than one SSP for individual products and services due to the stratification of those products and services by customers and circumstances. In these instances, we may use information such as the size of the customer and geographic region in determining the SSP.
Due to the various benefits from and the nature of our SA program, judgment is required to assess the pattern of delivery, including the exercise pattern of certain benefits across our portfolio of customers.
Our products are generally sold with a right of return, we may provide other credits or incentives, and in certain instances we estimate customer usage of our products and services, which are accounted for as variable consideration when determining the amount of revenue to recognize. Returns and credits are estimated at contract inception and updated at the end of each reporting period if additional information becomes available. Changes to our estimated variable consideration were not material for the periods presented.
Contract Balances and Other Receivables
Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. We record a receivable when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing, or unearned revenue when revenue is recognized subsequent to invoicing. For multi-year agreements, we generally invoice customers annually at the beginning of each annual coverage period. We record a receivable related to revenue recognized for multi-year on-premises licenses as we have an unconditional right to invoice and receive payment in the future related to those licenses.
Unearned revenue comprises mainly unearned revenue related to volume licensing programs, which may include cloud services and SA. Unearned revenue is generally invoiced annually at the beginning of each contract period for multi-year agreements and recognized ratably over the coverage period. Unearned revenue also includes payments for consulting services to be performed in the future, LinkedIn subscriptions, Office 365 subscriptions, Xbox subscriptions, Windows post-delivery support, Dynamics business solutions, and other offerings for which we have been paid in advance and earn the revenue when we transfer control of the product or service.
Refer to Note 12 – Unearned Revenue for further information, including unearned revenue by segment and changes in unearned revenue during the period.
Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although terms generally include a requirement of payment within 30 to 60 days. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, we have determined our contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The primary purpose of our invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing our products and services, not to receive financing from our customers or to provide customers with financing. Examples include invoicing at the beginning of a subscription term with revenue recognized ratably over the contract period, and multi-year on-premises licenses that are invoiced annually with revenue recognized upfront.
As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, long-term accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, was $5.2 billion and $4.9 billion, respectively, and is included in other long-term assets in our consolidated balance sheets.
As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, other receivables related to activities to facilitate the purchase of server components were $8.2 billion and $10.5 billion, respectively, and are included in other current assets in our consolidated balance sheets.
We record financing receivables when we offer certain customers the option to acquire our software products and services offerings through a financing program in a limited number of countries. As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, our financing receivables, net were $4.3 billion and $4.5 billion, respectively, for short-term and long-term financing receivables, which are included in other current assets and other long-term assets in our consolidated balance sheets.
PART II
Item 8
We record an allowance for doubtful accounts which reflects our best estimate of credit losses inherent in the accounts receivable and financing receivable balances. We determine the allowance based on known troubled accounts, historical experience, and other currently available evidence.
Assets Recognized from Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer
We recognize an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if we expect the benefit of those costs to be longer than one year. We have determined that certain sales incentive programs meet the requirements to be capitalized. Total capitalized costs to obtain a contract were immaterial during the periods presented and are included in other current and long-term assets in our consolidated balance sheets.
We apply a practical expedient to expense costs as incurred for costs to obtain a contract with a customer when the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs include our internal sales organization compensation program and certain partner sales incentive programs as we have determined annual compensation is commensurate with annual sales activities.
Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue includes: costs incurred to support and maintain cloud-based and other online products and services, including datacenter costs and royalties; manufacturing and distribution costs for products sold and programs licensed; operating costs related to product support service centers and product distribution centers; traffic acquisition costs to drive traffic to our websites and to acquire online advertising space; and costs associated with the delivery of consulting services.
Research and Development
Research and development expenses include payroll, employee benefits, stock-based compensation expense, and other headcount-related expenses associated with product development. Research and development expenses also include third-party development and programming costs and the depreciation and amortization of assets used to conduct research and development. Such costs related to software development are included in research and development expense until the point that technological feasibility is reached, which for our software products is generally shortly before the products are released to production. Once technological feasibility is reached, such costs are capitalized and amortized to cost of revenue over the estimated lives of the products.
Sales and Marketing
Sales and marketing expenses include payroll, employee benefits, stock-based compensation expense, and other headcount-related expenses associated with sales and marketing personnel, and the costs of advertising, promotions, trade shows, seminars, and other programs. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense was $2.1 billion, $1.7 billion, and $904 million in fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
Stock-Based Compensation
Compensation cost for stock awards, which include restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance stock units (“PSUs”), is measured at the fair value on the grant date and recognized as expense, net of estimated forfeitures, over the related service or performance period. The fair value of stock awards is based on the quoted price of our common stock on the grant date less the present value of expected dividends not received during the vesting period. We measure the fair value of PSUs using a Monte Carlo valuation model. Compensation cost for RSUs is recognized using the straight-line method and for PSUs is recognized using the accelerated method.
Compensation expense for the employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) is measured as the discount the employee is entitled to upon purchase and is recognized in the period of purchase.
PART II
Item 8
Income Taxes
Income tax expense includes U.S. and international income taxes, and interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions. Certain income and expenses are not reported in tax returns and financial statements in the same year. The tax effect of such temporary differences is reported as deferred income taxes. Deferred tax assets are reported net of a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. All deferred income taxes are classified as long-term in our consolidated balance sheets.
Financial Instruments
Investments
We consider all highly liquid interest-earning investments with a maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The fair values of these investments approximate their carrying values. In general, investments with original maturities of greater than three months and remaining maturities of less than one year are classified as short-term investments. Investments with maturities beyond one year may be classified as short-term based on their highly liquid nature and because such marketable securities represent the investment of cash that is available for current operations.
Debt investments are classified as available-for-sale and realized gains and losses are recorded using the specific identification method. Changes in fair value, excluding credit losses and impairments, are recorded in other comprehensive income. Fair value is calculated based on publicly available market information or other estimates determined by management. If the cost of an investment exceeds its fair value, we evaluate, among other factors, general market conditions, credit quality of debt instrument issuers, and the extent to which the fair value is less than cost. To determine credit losses, we employ a systematic methodology that considers available quantitative and qualitative evidence. In addition, we consider specific adverse conditions related to the financial health of, and business outlook for, the investee. If we have plans to sell the security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery, then a decline in fair value below cost is recorded as an impairment charge in other income (expense), net and a new cost basis in the investment is established. If market, industry, and/or investee conditions deteriorate, we may incur future impairments.
Equity investments with readily determinable fair values are measured at fair value. Equity investments without readily determinable fair values are measured using the equity method or measured at cost with adjustments for observable changes in price or impairments (referred to as the measurement alternative). We perform a qualitative assessment on a periodic basis and recognize an impairment if there are sufficient indicators that the fair value of the investment is less than carrying value. Changes in value are recorded in other income (expense), net.
Investments that are considered variable interest entities (“VIEs”) are evaluated to determine whether we are the primary beneficiary of the VIE, in which case we would be required to consolidate the entity. We evaluate whether we have (1) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (2) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. We have determined we are not the primary beneficiary of any of our VIE investments. Therefore, our VIE investments are not consolidated and the majority are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. We have an investment in OpenAI Global, LLC (“OpenAI”) and have made total funding commitments of $13 billion. The investment is accounted for under the equity method of accounting.
Derivatives
Derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities and measured at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative depends on the intended use of the derivative and the resulting designation.
For derivative instruments designated as fair value hedges, gains and losses are recognized in other income (expense), net with offsetting gains and losses on the hedged items. Gains and losses representing hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in other income (expense), net.
For derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges, gains and losses are initially reported as a component of other comprehensive income and subsequently recognized in other income (expense), net with the corresponding hedged item. Gains and losses representing hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in other income (expense), net.
PART II
Item 8
For derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges, gains and losses from changes in fair values are primarily recognized in other income (expense), net.
Fair Value Measurements
We account for certain assets and liabilities at fair value. The hierarchy below lists three levels of fair value based on the extent to which inputs used in measuring fair value are observable in the market. We categorize each of our fair value measurements in one of these three levels based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. These levels are:
Level 1 – inputs are based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. Our Level 1 investments include U.S. government securities, common and preferred stock, and mutual funds. Our Level 1 derivative assets and liabilities include those actively traded on exchanges.
Level 2 – inputs are based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques (e.g. the Black-Scholes model) for which all significant inputs are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Where applicable, these models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs including interest rate curves, credit spreads, foreign exchange rates, and forward and spot prices for currencies. Our Level 2 investments include commercial paper, certificates of deposit, U.S. agency securities, foreign government bonds, mortgage- and asset-backed securities, corporate notes and bonds, and municipal securities. Our Level 2 derivative assets and liabilities include certain cleared swap contracts and over-the-counter forward, option, and swap contracts.
Level 3 – inputs are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The fair values are therefore determined using model-based techniques, including option pricing models and discounted cash flow models. Our Level 3 assets and liabilities include investments in corporate notes and bonds, municipal securities, and goodwill and intangible assets, when they are recorded at fair value due to an impairment charge. Unobservable inputs used in the models are significant to the fair values of the assets and liabilities.
We measure equity investments without readily determinable fair values on a nonrecurring basis. The fair values of these investments are determined based on valuation techniques using the best information available, and may include quoted market prices, market comparables, and discounted cash flow projections.
Our other current financial assets and current financial liabilities have fair values that approximate their carrying values.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and depreciated using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset or the lease term. The estimated useful lives of our property and equipment are generally as follows: software developed or acquired for internal use, three years; computer equipment, two to six years; buildings and improvements, five to 15 years; leasehold improvements, three to 15 years; and furniture and equipment, one to 10 years. Land is not depreciated.
Leases
We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, other current liabilities, and operating lease liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property and equipment, other current liabilities, and other long-term liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.
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ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we generally use our incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowing over a similar term of the lease payments at commencement date. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. For certain equipment leases, such as vehicles, we account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. Additionally, for certain equipment leases, we apply a portfolio approach to effectively account for the operating lease ROU assets and liabilities.
Goodwill
Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level (operating segment or one level below an operating segment) on an annual basis (May 1) and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value.
Intangible Assets
Our intangible assets are subject to amortization and are amortized over the estimated useful life in proportion to the economic benefits received. We evaluate the recoverability of intangible assets periodically by taking into account events or circumstances that may warrant revised estimates of useful lives or that indicate the asset may be impaired.
Related Party Transactions
In March 2024, we entered into an agreement with Inflection AI, Inc. (“Inflection”), pursuant to which we obtained a non-exclusive license to Inflection’s intellectual property. Reid Hoffman, a member of our Board of Directors, is a co-founder of and serves on the board of directors of Inflection. As of the date of the agreement with Inflection, Reprogrammed Interchange LLC (“Reprogrammed”) and entities affiliated with Greylock Ventures (“Greylock”) each held less than a 10% equity interest in Inflection. Mr. Hoffman may be deemed to beneficially own the shares held by Reprogrammed and Greylock by virtue of his relationship with such entities. Mr. Hoffman did not participate in any portions of the meetings of our Board of Directors or any committee thereof to review and approve the transaction with Inflection.
Recent Accounting Guidance
Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance
Segment Reporting – Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued a new standard to improve reportable segment disclosures. The guidance expands the disclosures required for reportable segments in our annual and interim consolidated financial statements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. We adopted the standard beginning with our annual reporting for fiscal year 2025. The adoption resulted in incremental segment reporting disclosures, most notably disclosure of cost of revenue and operating expenses for each reportable segment. Refer to Note 18 – Segment Information and Geographic Data.
Recent Accounting Guidance Not Yet Adopted
Income Taxes – Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures
In December 2023, the FASB issued a new standard to improve income tax disclosures. The guidance requires disclosure of disaggregated income taxes paid, prescribes standardized categories for the components of the effective tax rate reconciliation, and modifies other income tax-related disclosures. The standard will be effective for us beginning with our annual reporting for fiscal year 2026, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this standard on our income tax disclosures.
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Income Statement – Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses
In November 2024, the FASB issued a new standard to expand disclosures about income statement expenses. The guidance requires disaggregation of certain costs and expenses included in each relevant expense caption on our consolidated income statements in a separate note to the financial statements at each interim and annual reporting period, including amounts of purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization. The standard will be effective for us beginning with our annual reporting for fiscal year 2028 and interim periods thereafter, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this standard on our disclosures.
NOTE 2 — EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. Dilutive potential common shares include outstanding stock options and stock awards.
The components of basic and diluted EPS were as follows:
| (In millions, except per share amounts) | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Net income available for common shareholders (A) | $ | 101,832 | $ | 88,136 | $ | 72,361 | ||||||
| Weighted average outstanding shares of common stock (B) | 7,433 | 7,431 | 7,446 | |||||||||
| Dilutive effect of stock-based awards | 32 | 38 | 26 | |||||||||
| Common stock and common stock equivalents (C) | 7,465 | 7,469 | 7,472 | |||||||||
| Earnings Per Share | ||||||||||||
| Basic (A/B) | $ | 13.70 | $ | 11.86 | $ | 9.72 | ||||||
| Diluted (A/C) | $ | 13.64 | $ | 11.80 | $ | 9.68 | ||||||
Anti-dilutive stock-based awards excluded from the calculations of diluted EPS were immaterial during the periods presented.
NOTE 3 — OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE), NET
The components of other income (expense), net were as follows:
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Interest and dividends income | $ | 2,647 | $ | 3,157 | $ | 2,994 | ||||||
| Interest expense | **(**2,385 | ) | (2,935 | ) | (1,968 | ) | ||||||
| Net recognized gains (losses) on investments | **(**349 | ) | (118 | ) | 260 | |||||||
| Net losses on derivatives | **(**260 | ) | (187 | ) | (456 | ) | ||||||
| Net gains (losses) on foreign currency remeasurements | 171 | (244 | ) | 181 | ||||||||
| Other, net | **(**4,725 | ) | (1,319 | ) | (223 | ) | ||||||
| Total | $ | **(**4,901 | ) | $ | (1,646 | ) | $ | 788 | ||||
Other, net primarily reflects net recognized losses on equity method investments, including OpenAI.
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Net Recognized Gains (Losses) on Investments
Net recognized gains (losses) on debt investments were as follows:
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Realized gains from sales of available-for-sale securities | $ | 40 | $ | 22 | $ | 36 | ||||||
| Realized losses from sales of available-for-sale securities | **(**65 | ) | (98 | ) | (124 | ) | ||||||
| Impairments and allowance for credit losses | 8 | 23 | (10 | ) | ||||||||
| Total | $ | **(**17 | ) | $ | (53 | ) | $ | (98 | ) | |||
Net recognized gains (losses) on equity investments were as follows:
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Net realized gains on investments sold | $ | 83 | $ | 18 | $ | 75 | ||||||
| Net unrealized gains on investments still held | 536 | 146 | 303 | |||||||||
| Impairments of investments | **(**951 | ) | (229 | ) | (20 | ) | ||||||
| Total | $ | **(**332 | ) | $ | (65 | ) | $ | 358 | ||||
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NOTE 4 — INVESTMENTS
Investment Components
The components of investments were as follows:
| (In millions) | Fair Value Level | Adjusted Cost Basis | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses | Recorded Basis | Cash and Cash Equivalents | Short-term Investments | Equity and Other Investments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| June 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Changes in Fair Value Recorded in Other Comprehensive Income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial paper | Level 2 | $ | 10,880 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 10,880 | $ | 9,939 | $ | 941 | $ | 0 | |||||||||||||||||
| Certificates of deposit | Level 2 | 2,653 | 0 | 0 | 2,653 | 2,309 | 344 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government securities | Level 1 | 52,878 | 71 | **(**1,462 | ) | 51,487 | 4,742 | 46,745 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. agency securities | Level 2 | 2,686 | 0 | 0 | 2,686 | 496 | 2,190 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign government bonds | Level 2 | 349 | 24 | **(**9 | ) | 364 | 0 | 364 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | Level 2 | 2,558 | 10 | **(**27 | ) | 2,541 | 0 | 2,541 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate notes and bonds | Level 2 | 10,763 | 124 | **(**101 | ) | 10,786 | 0 | 10,786 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate notes and bonds | Level 3 | 2,511 | 65 | **(**5 | ) | 2,571 | 0 | 111 | 2,460 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | Level 2 | 207 | 1 | **(**7 | ) | 201 | 0 | 201 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | Level 3 | 104 | 0 | **(**14 | ) | 90 | 0 | 90 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total debt investments | $ | 85,589 | $ | 295 | $ | **(**1,625 | ) | $ | 84,259 | $ | 17,486 | $ | 64,313 | $ | 2,460 | |||||||||||||||||
| Changes in Fair Value Recorded in Net Income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity investments | Level 1 | $ | 4,577 | $ | 1,045 | $ | 0 | $ | 3,532 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity investments | Other | 9,141 | 0 | 0 | 9,141 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total equity investments | $ | 13,718 | $ | 1,045 | $ | 0 | $ | 12,673 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash | $ | 11,711 | $ | 11,711 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives, net (a) | 282 | 0 | 10 | 272 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 109,970 | $ | 30,242 | $ | 64,323 | $ | 15,405 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| (In millions) | Fair Value Level | Adjusted Cost Basis | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses | Recorded Basis | Cash and Cash Equivalents | Short-term Investments | Equity and Other Investments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| June 30, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Changes in Fair Value Recorded in Other Comprehensive Income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial paper | Level 2 | $ | 4,666 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 4,666 | $ | 4,666 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | |||||||||||||||||
| Certificates of deposit | Level 2 | 1,547 | 0 | 0 | 1,547 | 1,503 | 44 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government securities | Level 1 | 49,603 | 4 | (2,948 | ) | 46,659 | 14 | 46,645 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. agency securities | Level 2 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 17 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign government bonds | Level 2 | 319 | 3 | (16 | ) | 306 | 0 | 306 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | Level 2 | 944 | 3 | (35 | ) | 912 | 0 | 912 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate notes and bonds | Level 2 | 9,106 | 28 | (318 | ) | 8,816 | 0 | 8,816 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate notes and bonds | Level 3 | 1,641 | 0 | (1 | ) | 1,640 | 0 | 140 | 1,500 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | Level 2 | 262 | 0 | (13 | ) | 249 | 0 | 249 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | Level 3 | 104 | 0 | (17 | ) | 87 | 0 | 87 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total debt investments | $ | 68,209 | $ | 38 | $ | (3,348 | ) | $ | 64,899 | $ | 6,183 | $ | 57,216 | $ | 1,500 | |||||||||||||||||
| Changes in Fair Value Recorded in Net Income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity investments | Level 1 | $ | 3,547 | $ | 561 | $ | 0 | $ | 2,986 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity investments | Other | 10,114 | 0 | 0 | 10,114 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total equity investments | $ | 13,661 | $ | 561 | $ | 0 | $ | 13,100 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash | $ | 11,571 | $ | 11,571 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives, net (a) | 12 | 0 | 12 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 90,143 | $ | 18,315 | $ | 57,228 | $ | 14,600 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)
Refer to Note 5 – Derivatives for further information on the fair value of our derivative instruments.
Equity investments presented as “Other” in the tables above include investments without readily determinable fair values measured at cost with adjustments for observable changes in price or impairments, measured using the equity method, or measured at fair value using net asset value as a practical expedient which are not categorized in the fair value hierarchy. As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, equity investments without readily determinable fair values measured at cost with adjustments for observable changes in price or impairments were $2.9 billion and $3.9 billion, respectively. Equity investments measured using the equity method were $6.0 billion as of both June 30, 2025 and 2024.
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Unrealized Losses on Debt Investments
Debt investments with continuous unrealized losses for less than 12 months and 12 months or greater and their related fair values were as follows:
| Less than 12 Months | 12 Months or Greater | Total Unrealized Losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Total Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||
| June 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government and agency securities | $ | 2,569 | $ | **(**51 | ) | $ | 34,608 | $ | **(**1,411 | ) | $ | 37,177 | $ | **(**1,462 | ) | |||||||||
| Foreign government bonds | 43 | **(**2 | ) | 106 | **(**7 | ) | 149 | **(**9 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | 841 | **(**4 | ) | 189 | **(**23 | ) | 1,030 | **(**27 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Corporate notes and bonds | 1,107 | **(**8 | ) | 3,105 | **(**98 | ) | 4,212 | **(**106 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | 0 | 0 | 168 | **(**21 | ) | 168 | **(**21 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 4,560 | $ | **(**65 | ) | $ | 38,176 | $ | **(**1,560 | ) | $ | 42,736 | $ | **(**1,625 | ) | |||||||||
| Less than 12 Months | 12 Months or Greater | Total Unrealized Losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Total Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||
| June 30, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government and agency securities | $ | 529 | $ | (12 | ) | $ | 45,821 | $ | (2,936 | ) | $ | 46,350 | $ | (2,948 | ) | |||||||||
| Foreign government bonds | 79 | (2 | ) | 180 | (14 | ) | 259 | (16 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | 201 | (1 | ) | 409 | (34 | ) | 610 | (35 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Corporate notes and bonds | 1,310 | (9 | ) | 5,779 | (310 | ) | 7,089 | (319 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Municipal securities | 38 | (1 | ) | 243 | (29 | ) | 281 | (30 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 2,157 | $ | (25 | ) | $ | 52,432 | $ | (3,323 | ) | $ | 54,589 | $ | (3,348 | ) | |||||||||
Unrealized losses from fixed-income securities are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates. Management does not believe any remaining unrealized losses represent impairments based on our evaluation of available evidence.
Debt Investment Maturities
The following table outlines maturities of our debt investments as of June 30, 2025:
| (In millions) | Adjusted Cost Basis | Estimated Fair Value | ||||||
| June 30, 2025 | ||||||||
| Due in one year or less | $ | 35,108 | $ | 34,952 | ||||
| Due after one year through five years | 42,460 | 41,481 | ||||||
| Due after five years through 10 years | 6,530 | 6,424 | ||||||
| Due after 10 years | 1,491 | 1,402 | ||||||
| Total | $ | 85,589 | $ | 84,259 | ||||
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NOTE 5 — DERIVATIVES
We use derivative instruments to manage risks related to foreign currencies, interest rates, equity prices, and credit; to enhance investment returns; and to facilitate portfolio diversification. Our objectives for holding derivatives include reducing, eliminating, and efficiently managing the economic impact of these exposures as effectively as possible. Our derivative programs include strategies that both qualify and do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.
Foreign Currencies
Certain forecasted transactions, assets, and liabilities are exposed to foreign currency risk. We monitor our foreign currency exposures daily to maximize the economic effectiveness of our foreign currency hedge positions.
Foreign currency risks related to certain Euro-denominated debt are hedged using foreign exchange forward contracts that are designated as cash flow hedging instruments.
Certain options and forwards not designated as hedging instruments are also used to manage the variability in foreign exchange rates on certain balance sheet amounts and to manage other foreign currency exposures.
Interest Rate
Interest rate risks related to certain fixed-rate debt are hedged using interest rate swaps that are designated as fair value hedging instruments to effectively convert the fixed interest rates to floating interest rates.
Securities held in our fixed-income portfolio are subject to different interest rate risks based on their maturities. We manage the average maturity of our fixed-income portfolio to achieve economic returns that correlate to certain broad-based fixed-income indices using option, futures, and swap contracts. These contracts are not designated as hedging instruments and are included in “Other contracts” in the tables below.
Equity
Securities held in our equity investments portfolio are subject to market price risk. At times, we may hold options, futures, and swap contracts. These contracts are not designated as hedging instruments.
Credit
Our fixed-income portfolio is diversified and consists primarily of investment-grade securities. We use credit default swap contracts to manage credit exposures relative to broad-based indices and to facilitate portfolio diversification. These contracts are not designated as hedging instruments and are included in “Other contracts” in the tables below.
Credit-Risk-Related Contingent Features
Certain counterparty agreements for derivative instruments contain provisions that require our issued and outstanding long-term unsecured debt to maintain an investment grade credit rating and require us to maintain minimum liquidity of $1.0 billion. To the extent we fail to meet these requirements, we will be required to post collateral, similar to the standard convention related to over-the-counter derivatives. As of June 30, 2025, our long-term unsecured debt rating was AAA, and cash investments were in excess of $1.0 billion. As a result, no collateral was required to be posted.
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The following table presents the notional amounts of our outstanding derivative instruments measured in U.S. dollar equivalents:
| (In millions) | June 30, 2025 | June 30, 2024 | ||||||
| Designated as Hedging Instruments | ||||||||
| Foreign exchange contracts purchased | $ | 1,492 | $ | 1,492 | ||||
| Interest rate contracts purchased | 1,150 | 1,100 | ||||||
| Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | ||||||||
| Foreign exchange contracts purchased | 15,214 | 7,167 | ||||||
| Foreign exchange contracts sold | 43,307 | 31,793 | ||||||
| Equity contracts purchased | 5,434 | 4,016 | ||||||
| Equity contracts sold | 2,189 | 2,165 | ||||||
| Other contracts purchased | 2,769 | 2,113 | ||||||
| Other contracts sold | 1,242 | 811 | ||||||
Fair Values of Derivative Instruments
The following table presents our derivative instruments:
| Derivative | Derivative | Derivative | Derivative | |||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Assets | Liabilities | Assets | Liabilities | ||||||||||||
| June 30, 2025 | June 30, 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Designated as Hedging Instruments | ||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange contracts | $ | 89 | $ | **(**44 | ) | $ | 24 | $ | (76 | ) | ||||||
| Interest rate contracts | 15 | 0 | 19 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | ||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange contracts | 248 | **(**809 | ) | 213 | (230 | ) | ||||||||||
| Equity contracts | 385 | **(**983 | ) | 63 | (491 | ) | ||||||||||
| Other contracts | 21 | **(**1 | ) | 12 | (3 | ) | ||||||||||
| Gross amounts of derivatives | 758 | **(**1,837 | ) | 331 | (800 | ) | ||||||||||
| Gross amounts of derivatives offset in the balance sheets | **(**258 | ) | 260 | (151 | ) | 152 | ||||||||||
| Cash collateral received | 0 | **(**99 | ) | 0 | (104 | ) | ||||||||||
| Net amounts of derivatives | $ | 500 | $ | **(**1,676 | ) | $ | 180 | $ | (752 | ) | ||||||
| Reported as | ||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments | $ | 10 | $ | 0 | $ | 12 | $ | 0 | ||||||||
| Other current assets | 201 | 0 | 149 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| Equity and other investments | 272 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| Other long-term assets | 17 | 0 | 19 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| Other current liabilities | 0 | **(**1,639 | ) | 0 | (401 | ) | ||||||||||
| Other long-term liabilities | 0 | **(**37 | ) | 0 | (351 | ) | ||||||||||
| Total | $ | 500 | $ | **(**1,676 | ) | $ | 180 | $ | (752 | ) | ||||||
Gross derivative assets and liabilities subject to legally enforceable master netting agreements for which we have elected to offset were $452 million and $1.8 billion, respectively, as of June 30, 2025, and $304 million and $800 million, respectively, as of June 30, 2024.
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The following table presents the fair value of our derivatives instruments on a gross basis:
| (In millions) | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||
| June 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
| Derivative assets | $ | 1 | $ | 474 | $ | 283 | $ | 758 | ||||||||
| Derivative liabilities | 0 | **(**1,832 | ) | **(**5 | ) | **(**1,837 | ) | |||||||||
| June 30, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||
| Derivative assets | 0 | 327 | 4 | 331 | ||||||||||||
| Derivative liabilities | (1 | ) | (799 | ) | 0 | (800 | ) | |||||||||
Gains (losses) on derivative instruments recognized in other income (expense), net were as follows:
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Designated as Fair Value Hedging Instruments | ||||||||||||
| Interest rate contracts | ||||||||||||
| Derivatives | $ | 5 | $ | (23 | ) | $ | (65 | ) | ||||
| Hedged items | **(**45 | ) | (25 | ) | 38 | |||||||
| Designated as Cash Flow Hedging Instruments | ||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange contracts | ||||||||||||
| Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | 103 | (48 | ) | 61 | ||||||||
| Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | ||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange contracts | **(**938 | ) | 367 | (73 | ) | |||||||
| Equity contracts | **(**266 | ) | (177 | ) | (420 | ) | ||||||
| Other contracts | 21 | (15 | ) | (41 | ) | |||||||
Gains (losses), net of tax, on derivative instruments recognized in our consolidated comprehensive income statements were as follows:
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Designated as Cash Flow Hedging Instruments | ||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange contracts | ||||||||||||
| Included in effectiveness assessment | $ | 77 | $ | (14 | ) | $ | 34 | |||||
NOTE 6 — PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
The components of property and equipment were as follows:
| (In millions) | ||||||||
| June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||
| Land | $ | 9,338 | $ | 8,163 | ||||
| Buildings and improvements | 137,921 | 93,943 | ||||||
| Leasehold improvements | 12,117 | 9,594 | ||||||
| Computer equipment and software | 132,836 | 93,780 | ||||||
| Furniture and equipment | 6,407 | 6,532 | ||||||
| Total, at cost | 298,619 | 212,012 | ||||||
| Accumulated depreciation | **(**93,653 | ) | (76,421 | ) | ||||
| Total, net | $ | 204,966 | $ | 135,591 | ||||
During fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, depreciation expense was $22.0 billion, $15.2 billion, and $11.0 billion, respectively.
As of June 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023, purchases of property and equipment remaining in accounts payable were $6.9 billion, $4.3 billion, and $3.8 billion, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, we have committed $32.1 billion for the construction of new buildings, building improvements, and leasehold improvements, primarily related to datacenters.
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NOTE 7 — BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
Activision Blizzard, Inc.
On October 13, 2023, we completed our acquisition of Activision Blizzard, Inc. (“Activision Blizzard”) for a total purchase price of $75.4 billion, consisting primarily of cash. Activision Blizzard is a leader in game development and an interactive entertainment content publisher. The acquisition will accelerate the growth in our gaming business across mobile, PC, console, and cloud gaming. The financial results of Activision Blizzard have been included in our consolidated financial statements since the date of the acquisition. Activision Blizzard is reported as part of our More Personal Computing segment.
The allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed was completed as of September 30, 2024. The major classes of assets and liabilities to which we have allocated the purchase price were as follows:
| (In millions) | ||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 12,976 | ||
| Goodwill | 51,001 | |||
| Intangible assets | 21,969 | |||
| Other assets | 2,503 | |||
| Long-term debt | (2,799 | ) | ||
| Long-term income taxes | (1,946 | ) | ||
| Deferred income taxes | (4,676 | ) | ||
| Other liabilities | (3,620 | ) | ||
| Total purchase price | $ | 75,408 | ||
Goodwill was assigned to our More Personal Computing segment. The goodwill was primarily attributed to increased synergies that are expected to be achieved from the integration of Activision Blizzard. Substantially all of the goodwill is expected to be non-deductible for income tax purposes.
Following are the details of the purchase price allocated to the intangible assets acquired:
| (In millions, except average life) | Amount | Weighted Average Life | ||||||
| Marketing-related | $ | 11,619 | 24 years | |||||
| Technology-based | 9,689 | 4 years | ||||||
| Customer-related | 661 | 4 years | ||||||
| Fair value of intangible assets acquired | $ | 21,969 | 15 years | |||||
Following are the supplemental consolidated financial results of Microsoft Corporation on an unaudited pro forma basis, as if the acquisition had been consummated on July 1, 2022:
| (In millions, except per share amounts) | ||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2024 | 2023 | ||||||
| Revenue | $ | 247,442 | $ | 219,790 | ||||
| Net income | 88,308 | 71,383 | ||||||
| Diluted earnings per share | 11.82 | 9.55 | ||||||
These pro forma results were based on estimates and assumptions, which we believe are reasonable. They are not the results that would have been realized had we been a combined company during the periods presented and are not necessarily indicative of our consolidated results of operations in future periods. The pro forma results include adjustments related to purchase accounting, primarily amortization of intangible assets. Acquisition costs and other nonrecurring charges were immaterial and are included in the earliest period presented.
PART II
Item 8
NOTE 8 — GOODWILL
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill were as follows:
| (In millions) | June 30, 2023 | Acquisitions | Other | June 30, 2024 | Acquisitions | Other | June 30, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Productivity and Business Processes | $ | 31,359 | $ | 0 | $ | 2 | $ | 31,361 | $ | 0 | $ | 96 | $ | 31,457 | ||||||||||||||
| Intelligent Cloud | 25,676 | 0 | (28 | ) | 25,648 | 0 | 41 | 25,689 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| More Personal Computing | 10,851 | 51,235 | 125 | 62,211 | 0 | 152 | 62,363 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 67,886 | $ | 51,235 | $ | 99 | $ | 119,220 | $ | 0 | $ | 289 | $ | 119,509 | ||||||||||||||
We have recast certain prior period amounts to conform to the way we internally manage and monitor our business. Refer to Note 1 – Accounting Policies for further information.
The measurement periods for the valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed end as soon as information on the facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition dates becomes available, but do not exceed 12 months. Adjustments in purchase price allocations may require a change in the amounts allocated to goodwill during the periods in which the adjustments are determined.
Any change in the goodwill amounts resulting from foreign currency translations and purchase accounting adjustments are presented as “Other” in the table above. Also included in “Other” are business dispositions and transfers between segments due to reorganizations, as applicable.
As discussed in Note 1 – Accounting Policies, during the first quarter of fiscal year 2025 we made changes to our segments. These segment changes also resulted in changes to our reporting units. We reallocated goodwill across impacted reporting units using a relative fair value approach. In addition, we completed an assessment of any potential goodwill impairment for all reporting units immediately prior to the reallocation and determined that no impairment existed.
Goodwill Impairment
We test goodwill for impairment annually on May 1 at the reporting unit level, primarily using a discounted cash flow methodology with a peer-based, risk-adjusted weighted average cost of capital. We believe use of a discounted cash flow approach is the most reliable indicator of the fair values of the businesses.
No instances of impairment were identified in our May 1, 2025, May 1, 2024, or May 1, 2023 tests. As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, accumulated goodwill impairment was $11.3 billion.
NOTE 9 — INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The components of intangible assets, all of which are finite-lived, were as follows:
| (In millions) | Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount | Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount | ||||||||||||||||||
| June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Marketing-related | $ | 16,502 | $ | **(**3,901 | ) | $ | 12,601 | $ | 16,500 | $ | (3,101 | ) | $ | 13,399 | ||||||||||
| Technology-based | 22,560 | **(**14,959 | ) | 7,601 | 21,913 | (10,741 | ) | 11,172 | ||||||||||||||||
| Customer-related | 4,278 | **(**2,050 | ) | 2,228 | 6,038 | (3,051 | ) | 2,987 | ||||||||||||||||
| Contract-based | 217 | **(**43 | ) | 174 | 58 | (19 | ) | 39 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 43,557 | $ | **(**20,953 | ) | $ | 22,604 | $ | 44,509 | $ | (16,912 | ) | $ | 27,597 | ||||||||||
No material impairments of intangible assets were identified during fiscal years 2025, 2024, or 2023. We estimate that we have no significant residual value related to our intangible assets.
PART II
Item 8
The components of intangible assets acquired during the periods presented were as follows:
| (In millions) | Amount | Weighted Average Life | Amount | Weighted Average Life | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||||||
| Marketing-related | $ | 13 | 10 years | $ | 11,619 | 24 years | ||||||||||
| Technology-based | 912 | 9 years | 10,947 | 4 years | ||||||||||||
| Customer-related | 0 | 0 years | 660 | 4 years | ||||||||||||
| Contract-based | 171 | 5 years | 38 | 4 years | ||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,096 | 9 years | $ | 23,264 | 14 years | ||||||||||
Intangible assets amortization expense was $6.0 billion, $4.8 billion, and $2.5 billion for fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
The following table outlines the estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets held as of June 30, 2025:
| (In millions) | ||||
| Year Ending June 30, | ||||
| 2026 | $ | 4,594 | ||
| 2027 | 2,901 | |||
| 2028 | 2,034 | |||
| 2029 | 1,851 | |||
| 2030 | 1,382 | |||
| Thereafter | 9,842 | |||
| Total | $ | 22,604 | ||
PART II
Item 8
NOTE 10 — DEBT
Short-term Debt
As of June 30, 2025, we had no commercial paper issued or outstanding. As of June 30, 2024, we had $6.7 billion of commercial paper issued and outstanding, with a weighted average interest rate of 5.4% and maturities ranging from 28 days to 152 days. The estimated fair value of this commercial paper approximates its carrying value.
Long-term Debt
The components of long-term debt were as follows:
| (In millions, issuance by calendar year) | Maturities (calendar year) | Stated Interest Rate | Effective Interest Rate | June 30, 2025 | June 30, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2009 issuance of $3.8 billion | 2039 | 5.20**%** | 5.24**%** | $ | 520 | $ | 520 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2010 issuance of $4.8 billion | 2040 | 4.50**%** | 4.57**%** | 486 | 486 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2011 issuance of $2.3 billion | 2041 | 5.30**%** | 5.36**%** | 718 | 718 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2012 issuance of $2.3 billion | 2042 | 3.50**%** | 3.57**%** | 454 | 454 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2013 issuance of $5.2 billion | 2043 | 3.75**%** | – | 4.88**%** | 3.83**%** | – | 4.92**%** | 314 | 314 | |||||||||||||||
| 2013 issuance of €4.1 billion | 2028 | – | 2033 | 2.63**%** | – | 3.13**%** | 2.69**%** | – | 3.22**%** | 2,700 | 2,465 | |||||||||||||
| 2015 issuance of $23.8 billion | 2025 | – | 2055 | 3.13**%** | – | 4.75**%** | 3.18**%** | – | 4.78**%** | 7,555 | 9,805 | |||||||||||||
| 2016 issuance of $19.8 billion | 2026 | – | 2056 | 2.40**%** | – | 3.95**%** | 2.46**%** | – | 4.03**%** | 7,930 | 7,930 | |||||||||||||
| 2017 issuance of $17.1 billion | 2026 | – | 2057 | 3.30**%** | – | 4.50**%** | 3.38**%** | – | 5.49**%** | 6,833 | 6,833 | |||||||||||||
| 2020 issuance of $10.1 billion | 2030 | – | 2060 | 1.35**%** | – | 2.68**%** | 2.53**%** | – | 5.43**%** | 10,111 | 10,111 | |||||||||||||
| 2021 issuance of $8.2 billion | 2052 | – | 2062 | 2.92**%** | – | 3.04**%** | 2.92**%** | – | 3.04**%** | 8,185 | 8,185 | |||||||||||||
| 2023 issuance of $0.1 billion | 2026 | – | 2050 | 1.35**%** | – | 4.50**%** | 5.16**%** | – | 5.49**%** | 56 | 56 | |||||||||||||
| 2024 issuance of $3.3 billion | 2026 | – | 2050 | 1.35**%** | – | 4.50**%** | 5.16**%** | – | 5.49**%** | 3,344 | 3,344 | |||||||||||||
| Total face value | 49,206 | 51,221 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unamortized discount and issuance costs | **(**1,155 | ) | (1,227 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Hedge fair value adjustments (a) | **(**36 | ) | (81 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Premium on debt exchange | **(**4,864 | ) | (4,976 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total debt | 43,151 | 44,937 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt | **(**2,999 | ) | (2,249 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt | $ | 40,152 | $ | 42,688 | ||||||||||||||||||||
(a)
Refer to Note 5 – Derivatives for further information on the interest rate swaps related to fixed-rate debt.
As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, the estimated fair value of long-term debt, including the current portion, was $40.4 billion and $42.3 billion, respectively. The estimated fair values are based on Level 2 inputs.
Debt in the table above is comprised of senior unsecured obligations and ranks equally with our other outstanding obligations. Interest is paid semi-annually, except for the Euro-denominated debt, which is paid annually. Cash paid for interest on our debt for fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023 was $1.6 billion, $1.7 billion, and $1.7 billion, respectively.
The following table outlines maturities of our long-term debt, including the current portion, as of June 30, 2025:
| (In millions) | ||||
| Year Ending June 30, | ||||
| 2026 | $ | 3,000 | ||
| 2027 | 9,250 | |||
| 2028 | 0 | |||
| 2029 | 2,054 | |||
| 2030 | 0 | |||
| Thereafter | 34,902 | |||
| Total | $ | 49,206 | ||
PART II
Item 8
NOTE 11 — INCOME TAXES
Provision for Income Taxes
The components of the provision for income taxes were as follows:
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Current Taxes | ||||||||||||
| U.S. federal | $ | 14,086 | $ | 12,165 | $ | 14,009 | ||||||
| U.S. state and local | 3,342 | 2,366 | 2,322 | |||||||||
| Foreign | 11,423 | 9,858 | 6,678 | |||||||||
| Current taxes | $ | 28,851 | $ | 24,389 | $ | 23,009 | ||||||
| Deferred Taxes | ||||||||||||
| U.S. federal | $ | **(**6,250 | ) | $ | (4,791 | ) | $ | (6,146 | ) | |||
| U.S. state and local | **(**1,087 | ) | (379 | ) | (477 | ) | ||||||
| Foreign | 281 | 432 | 564 | |||||||||
| Deferred taxes | $ | **(**7,056 | ) | $ | (4,738 | ) | $ | (6,059 | ) | |||
| Provision for income taxes | $ | 21,795 | $ | 19,651 | $ | 16,950 | ||||||
U.S. and foreign components of income before income taxes were as follows:
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| U.S. | $ | 69,212 | $ | 62,886 | $ | 52,917 | ||||||
| Foreign | 54,415 | 44,901 | 36,394 | |||||||||
| Income before income taxes | $ | 123,627 | $ | 107,787 | $ | 89,311 | ||||||
Effective Tax Rate
The items accounting for the difference between income taxes computed at the U.S. federal statutory rate and our effective rate were as follows:
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Federal statutory rate | 21.0**%** | 21.0% | 21.0% | |||||||||
| Effect of: | ||||||||||||
| Foreign earnings taxed at lower rates | (1.5)% | (1.4)% | (1.8)% | |||||||||
| Foreign-derived intangible income deduction | (1.0)% | (1.1)% | (1.3)% | |||||||||
| State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 1.5**%** | 1.5% | 1.6% | |||||||||
| Research and development credit | (1.1)% | (1.1)% | (1.1)% | |||||||||
| Excess tax benefits relating to stock-based compensation | (0.9)% | (1.1)% | (0.7)% | |||||||||
| Interest, net | 1.0**%** | 1.1% | 0.8% | |||||||||
| Other reconciling items, net | (1.4)% | (0.7)% | 0.5% | |||||||||
| Effective rate | 17.6**%** | 18.2% | 19.0% | |||||||||
The decrease from the federal statutory rate in fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023 is primarily due to earnings taxed at lower rates in foreign jurisdictions resulting from producing and distributing our products and services through our foreign regional operations center in Ireland. In fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, our foreign regional operating center in Ireland, which is taxed at a rate lower than the U.S. rate, generated 81%, 83%, and 81% of our foreign income before tax. Other reconciling items, net consists primarily of tax credits and the U.S. global intangible low-taxed income tax, and in fiscal year 2024, includes tax benefits from tax law changes. In fiscal year 2024, tax benefits from tax law changes primarily relate to the delay of the effective date of final foreign tax credit regulations. In fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, there were no individually significant other reconciling items.
PART II
Item 8
The decrease in our effective tax rate for fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024 was due to changes in the mix of our earnings and tax expenses between the U.S. and foreign countries. The decrease in our effective tax rate for fiscal year 2024 compared to fiscal year 2023 was primarily due to tax benefits from tax law changes, including the delay of the effective date of final foreign tax credit regulations.
The components of the deferred income tax assets and liabilities were as follows:
| (In millions) | ||||||||
| June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||
| Deferred Income Tax Assets | ||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | $ | 909 | $ | 765 | ||||
| Accruals, reserves, and other expenses | 5,050 | 4,381 | ||||||
| Loss and credit carryforwards | 2,114 | 1,741 | ||||||
| Amortization | 4,118 | 4,159 | ||||||
| Leasing liabilities | 12,874 | 6,504 | ||||||
| Unearned revenue | 4,324 | 3,717 | ||||||
| Book/tax basis differences in investments and debt | 303 | 9 | ||||||
| Capitalized research and development | 16,891 | 11,442 | ||||||
| Other | 529 | 426 | ||||||
| Deferred income tax assets | 47,112 | 33,144 | ||||||
| Less valuation allowance | **(**1,169 | ) | (1,045 | ) | ||||
| Deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowance | $ | 45,943 | $ | 32,099 | ||||
| Deferred Income Tax Liabilities | ||||||||
| Leasing assets | $ | **(**12,696 | ) | $ | (6,503 | ) | ||
| Depreciation | **(**5,699 | ) | (3,940 | ) | ||||
| Deferred tax on foreign earnings | **(**1,148 | ) | (1,837 | ) | ||||
| Other | **(**127 | ) | (167 | ) | ||||
| Deferred income tax liabilities | $ | **(**19,670 | ) | $ | (12,447 | ) | ||
| Net deferred income tax assets | $ | 26,273 | $ | 19,652 | ||||
| Reported As | ||||||||
| Other long-term assets | $ | 29,108 | $ | 22,270 | ||||
| Long-term deferred income tax liabilities | **(**2,835 | ) | (2,618 | ) | ||||
| Net deferred income tax assets | $ | 26,273 | $ | 19,652 | ||||
Deferred income tax balances reflect the effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases and are stated at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when the taxes are paid or recovered.
As of June 30, 2025, we had federal, state, and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $390 million, $836 million, and $2.6 billion, respectively. The federal and state net operating loss carryforwards have varying expiration dates ranging from fiscal year 2026 to 2045 or indefinite carryforward periods, if not utilized. The majority of our foreign net operating loss carryforwards do not expire. Certain acquired net operating loss carryforwards are subject to an annual limitation but are expected to be realized with the exception of those which have a valuation allowance. As of June 30, 2025, we had $816 million federal capital loss carryforwards for U.S. tax purposes. The federal capital loss carryforwards will expire in fiscal year 2030 if not utilized.
The valuation allowance disclosed in the table above relates to the foreign net operating loss carryforwards, federal capital loss carryforwards, and other net deferred tax assets that may not be realized.
Income taxes paid, net of refunds, were $28.7 billion, $23.4 billion, and $23.1 billion in fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
PART II
Item 8
Uncertain Tax Positions
Gross unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions as of June 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023, were $24.7 billion, $22.8 billion, and $17.1 billion, respectively, which were primarily included in long-term income taxes in our consolidated balance sheets. If recognized, the resulting tax benefit would affect our effective tax rates for fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023 by $21.2 billion, $19.6 billion, and $14.4 billion, respectively.
As of June 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023, we had accrued interest expense related to uncertain tax positions of $8.2 billion, $6.8 billion, and $5.2 billion, respectively, net of income tax benefits. The provision for income taxes for fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023 included interest expense related to uncertain tax positions of $1.3 billion, $1.5 billion, and $918 million, respectively, net of income tax benefits.
The aggregate changes in the gross unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions were as follows:
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Beginning unrecognized tax benefits | $ | 22,760 | $ | 17,120 | $ | 15,593 | ||||||
| Decreases related to settlements | **(**240 | ) | (76 | ) | (329 | ) | ||||||
| Increases for tax positions related to the current year | 2,066 | 1,903 | 1,051 | |||||||||
| Increases for tax positions related to prior years | 468 | 4,289 | 870 | |||||||||
| Decreases for tax positions related to prior years | **(**300 | ) | (464 | ) | (60 | ) | ||||||
| Decreases due to lapsed statutes of limitations | **(**25 | ) | (12 | ) | (5 | ) | ||||||
| Ending unrecognized tax benefits | $ | 24,729 | $ | 22,760 | $ | 17,120 | ||||||
We remain under audit by the IRS for tax years 2014 to 2017. With respect to the audit for tax years 2004 to 2013, on September 26, 2023, we received Notices of Proposed Adjustment (“NOPAs”) from the IRS. The primary issues in the NOPAs relate to intercompany transfer pricing. In the NOPAs, the IRS is seeking an additional tax payment of $28.9 billion plus penalties and interest. As of June 30, 2025, we believe our allowances for income tax contingencies are adequate. We disagree with the proposed adjustments and will vigorously contest the NOPAs through the IRS’s administrative appeals office and, if necessary, judicial proceedings. We do not expect a final resolution of these issues in the next 12 months. Based on the information currently available, we do not anticipate a significant increase or decrease to our income tax contingencies for these issues within the next 12 months.
We are subject to income tax in many jurisdictions outside the U.S., some of which are currently under audit by local tax authorities. The resolution of these audits is not expected to be material to our consolidated financial statements. Our operations in Ireland remain subject to examination for tax years 2020 and thereafter.
NOTE 12 — UNEARNED REVENUE
Unearned revenue by segment was as follows:
| (In millions) | ||||||||
| June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||
| Productivity and Business Processes | $ | 50,567 | $ | 43,599 | ||||
| Intelligent Cloud | 14,022 | 13,683 | ||||||
| More Personal Computing | 2,676 | 2,902 | ||||||
| Total | $ | 67,265 | $ | 60,184 | ||||
We have recast certain prior period amounts to conform to the way we internally manage and monitor our business. Refer to Note 1 – Accounting Policies for further information.
PART II
Item 8
Changes in unearned revenue were as follows:
| (In millions) | ||||
| Year Ended June 30, 2025 | ||||
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | 60,184 | ||
| Deferral of revenue | 186,957 | |||
| Recognition of unearned revenue | **(**179,876 | ) | ||
| Balance, end of period | $ | 67,265 | ||
Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations, which includes unearned revenue and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods, was $375 billion as of June 30, 2025, of which $368 billion is related to the commercial portion of revenue. We expect to recognize approximately 40% of our total company remaining performance obligation revenue over the next 12 months and the remainder thereafter.
NOTE 13 — LEASES
We have operating and finance leases for datacenters, corporate offices, research and development facilities, Microsoft Experience Centers, and certain equipment. Our leases have remaining lease terms of less than 1 year to 20 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 5 years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases within 1 year.
The components of lease expense were as follows:
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Operating lease cost | $ | 5,524 | $ | 3,555 | $ | 2,875 | ||||||
| Finance lease cost: | ||||||||||||
| Amortization of right-of-use assets | $ | 3,408 | $ | 1,800 | $ | 1,352 | ||||||
| Interest on lease liabilities | 1,417 | 734 | 501 | |||||||||
| Total finance lease cost | $ | 4,825 | $ | 2,534 | $ | 1,853 | ||||||
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 4,931 | $ | 3,550 | $ | 2,706 | ||||||
| Operating cash flows from finance leases | 1,372 | 734 | 501 | |||||||||
| Financing cash flows from finance leases | 2,283 | 1,286 | 1,056 | |||||||||
| Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: | ||||||||||||
| Operating leases | 7,826 | 6,703 | 3,514 | |||||||||
| Finance leases | 20,511 | 11,633 | 3,128 | |||||||||
PART II
Item 8
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:
| (In millions, except lease term and discount rate) | ||||||||
| June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||
| Operating Leases | ||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 24,823 | $ | 18,961 | ||||
| Other current liabilities | $ | 5,424 | $ | 3,580 | ||||
| Operating lease liabilities | 17,437 | 15,497 | ||||||
| Total operating lease liabilities | $ | 22,861 | $ | 19,077 | ||||
| Finance Leases | ||||||||
| Property and equipment, at cost | $ | 53,876 | $ | 32,248 | ||||
| Accumulated depreciation | **(**9,861 | ) | (6,386 | ) | ||||
| Property and equipment, net | $ | 44,015 | $ | 25,862 | ||||
| Other current liabilities | $ | 3,172 | $ | 2,349 | ||||
| Other long-term liabilities | 43,000 | 24,796 | ||||||
| Total finance lease liabilities | $ | 46,172 | $ | 27,145 | ||||
| Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term | ||||||||
| Operating leases | 6 years | 7 years | ||||||
| Finance leases | 13 years | 12 years | ||||||
| Weighted Average Discount Rate | ||||||||
| Operating leases | 3.5**%** | 3.3% | ||||||
| Finance leases | 4.2**%** | 3.9% | ||||||
The following table outlines maturities of our lease liabilities as of June 30, 2025:
| (In millions) | ||||||||
| Year Ending June 30, | Operating Leases | Finance Leases | ||||||
| 2026 | $ | 6,111 | $ | 5,008 | ||||
| 2027 | 5,237 | 5,157 | ||||||
| 2028 | 3,495 | 5,187 | ||||||
| 2029 | 2,419 | 4,521 | ||||||
| 2030 | 2,017 | 4,382 | ||||||
| Thereafter | 6,202 | 36,251 | ||||||
| Total lease payments | 25,481 | 60,506 | ||||||
| Less imputed interest | **(**2,620 | ) | **(**14,334 | ) | ||||
| Total | $ | 22,861 | $ | 46,172 | ||||
As of June 30, 2025, we had additional leases, primarily for datacenters, that had not yet commenced of $92.7 billion. These leases will commence between fiscal year 2026 and fiscal year 2031 with lease terms of 1 year to 20 years.
NOTE 14 — CONTINGENCIES
Irish Data Protection Commission Matter
In 2018, the Irish Data Protection Commission (“IDPC”) began investigating a complaint against LinkedIn as to whether LinkedIn’s targeted advertising practices violated the recently implemented European Union General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”). Microsoft cooperated throughout the period of inquiry. In October 2024, the IDPC provided LinkedIn with a final decision alleging GDPR violations and assessing a fine. In November 2024, LinkedIn appealed the final decision to the Irish courts, and the next hearing is scheduled for December 2025.
PART II
Item 8
Other Contingencies
We also are subject to a variety of other claims and suits that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of our business. Although management currently believes that resolving claims against us, individually or in aggregate, will not have a material adverse impact in our consolidated financial statements, these matters are subject to inherent uncertainties and management’s view of these matters may change in the future.
As of June 30, 2025, we accrued aggregate legal liabilities of $541 million. While we intend to defend these matters vigorously, adverse outcomes that we estimate could reach approximately $600 million in aggregate beyond recorded amounts are reasonably possible. Were unfavorable final outcomes to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact in our consolidated financial statements for the period in which the effects become reasonably estimable.
NOTE 15 — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Shares Outstanding
Shares of common stock outstanding were as follows:
| (In millions) | ||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| Balance, beginning of year | 7,434 | 7,432 | 7,464 | |||||||||
| Issued | 31 | 34 | 37 | |||||||||
| Repurchased | **(**31 | ) | (32 | ) | (69 | ) | ||||||
| Balance, end of year | 7,434 | 7,434 | 7,432 | |||||||||
Share Repurchases
On September 14, 2021, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing up to $60.0 billion in share repurchases. This share repurchase program commenced in November 2021 and was completed in April 2025.
On September 16, 2024, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing up to $60.0 billion in share repurchases. This share repurchase program commenced in April 2025, following completion of the program approved on September 14, 2021, has no expiration date, and may be terminated at any time. As of June 30, 2025, $57.3 billion remained of this $60.0 billion share repurchase program.
We repurchased the following shares of common stock under the share repurchase programs:
| (In millions) | Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended June 30, | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| First Quarter | 7 | $ | 2,800 | 11 | $ | 3,560 | 17 | $ | 4,600 | |||||||||||||||
| Second Quarter | 8 | 3,500 | 7 | 2,800 | 20 | 4,600 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Third Quarter | 8 | 3,500 | 7 | 2,800 | 18 | 4,600 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Fourth Quarter | 8 | 3,200 | 7 | 2,800 | 14 | 4,600 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 31 | $ | 13,000 | 32 | $ | 11,960 | 69 | $ | 18,400 | |||||||||||||||
All repurchases were made using cash resources. Shares repurchased during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2025 were under the share repurchase programs approved on September 14, 2021 and September 16, 2024. All other shares repurchased were under the share repurchase program approved on September 14, 2021. The above table excludes shares repurchased to settle employee tax withholding related to the vesting of stock awards of $5.4 billion, $5.3 billion, and $3.8 billion for fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
PART II
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