Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

General

We are exposed to market risk attributable to changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and fuel prices. We attempt to minimize these risks through a combination of our normal operating and financing activities and through the use of derivatives. The financial impacts of these derivative instruments are primarily offset by corresponding changes in the underlying exposures being hedged. We achieve this by closely matching the notional, term and conditions of the derivatives with the underlying risk being hedged. We do not hold or issue derivatives for trading or other speculative purposes. Derivative positions are monitored using techniques including market valuations and sensitivity analyses.

Interest Rate Risk

As of June 30, 2022, 73% of our debt was fixed and 27% was variable. As of December 31, 2021, 72% of our debt was fixed and 28% was variable, which includes the effects of an interest rate swap that matured during the six months ended June 30, 2022. The notional amount of our outstanding debt associated with the interest rate swap was $0.2 billion as of December 31, 2021. The change in our fixed rate percentage from December 31, 2021 to June 30, 2022 was primarily due to principal amortization payments on variable rate debt. Based on our June 30, 2022 outstanding variable rate debt balance, a one percentage point increase in annual LIBOR interest rates would increase our annual interest expense by approximately $36.5 million excluding the effects of capitalization of interest.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

As of June 30, 2022, we had foreign currency derivatives to hedge the exposure to volatility in foreign currency exchange rates related to our ship construction contracts denominated in euros. These derivatives hedge the foreign currency exchange rate risk on a portion of the payments on our ship construction contracts. The payments not hedged aggregate €4.5 billion, or $4.7 billion based on the euro/U.S. dollar exchange rate as of June 30, 2022. As of December 31, 2021, the payments not hedged aggregated €5.0 billion, or $5.7 billion, based on the euro/U.S. dollar exchange rate as of December 31, 2021. The change from December 31, 2021 to June 30, 2022 was due to the addition of foreign currency forwards. We estimate that a 10% change in the euro as of June 30, 2022 would result in a $0.5 billion change in the U.S. dollar value of the foreign currency denominated remaining payments.

Fuel Price Risk

Our exposure to market risk for changes in fuel prices relates to the forecasted purchases of fuel on our ships. Fuel expense, as a percentage of our total cruise operating expense, was 16.9% and 21.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and was 17.5% and 21.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We use fuel derivative agreements to mitigate the financial impact of fluctuations in fuel prices and as of June 30, 2022, excluding fuel swaps for transactions that are no longer probable of occurrence, we had hedged approximately 41% and 31% of our remaining 2022 and 2023 projected metric tons of fuel purchases, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, we had hedged approximately 42% and 24% of our 2022 and 2023 projected metric tons of fuel purchases, respectively. The percentage of fuel purchases hedged changed between December 31, 2021 and June 30, 2022 primarily due to changes in forecasted purchases and the addition of fuel swaps.

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We estimate that a 10% increase in our weighted-average fuel price would increase our anticipated 2022 fuel expense by $48.2 million. This increase would be offset by an increase in the fair value of all our fuel swap agreements of $32.7 million. Fair value of our derivative contracts is derived using valuation models that utilize the income valuation approach. These valuation models take into account the contract terms such as maturity, as well as other inputs such as fuel types, fuel curves, creditworthiness of the counterparty and the Company, as well as other data points.

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