Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Our sales contracts are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars. A portion of our operating expenditures are denominated in foreign currencies, making them subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Additionally, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may cause us to recognize transaction gains and losses in our statement of operations. Foreign currency remeasurement gains and losses and foreign currency transaction gains and losses have not had a significant impact to our consolidated financial statements.

We enter into foreign currency derivative contracts with maturities of 24 months or less, which we designate as cash flow hedges, to manage the foreign currency exchange risk associated with our revenue and operating expenditures. We also enter into foreign currency derivative contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments to hedge a portion of our outstanding monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. These foreign currency derivative contracts reduce but do not entirely eliminate the effect of foreign exchange rate fluctuations.

A hypothetical 10% change in foreign exchange rates on monetary assets and liabilities would not be material to our financial condition or results of operations after taking into consideration the effect of foreign currency forward contracts in place as of July 31, 2025. The effectiveness of our existing hedging transactions and the availability and effectiveness of any hedging transactions we may decide to enter into in the future may be limited, and we may not be able to successfully hedge our exposure, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Refer to Note 6. Derivative Instruments in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information.

As our international operations grow, our risks associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates will become greater, and we will continue to reassess our approach to managing this risk. In addition, a weakening U.S. dollar can increase the costs of our international expansion and a strengthening U.S. dollar can increase the real cost of our products and services to our end-customers outside of the United States, leading to delays in the purchase of our products and services. For additional information, see the risk factor entitled “We are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, which could negatively affect our financial condition and operating results.” in Part 1, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Interest Rate Risk

The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve principal, provide liquidity, and maximize income without significantly increasing risk. Most of the securities we invest in are subject to interest rate risk. To minimize this risk, we maintain a diversified portfolio of cash, cash equivalents, and investments, consisting only of investment-grade securities. To assess the interest rate risk, we performed a sensitivity analysis to determine the impact a change in interest rates would have on the value of the investment portfolio. Based on investment positions as of July 31, 2025, a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates across all maturities would result in a $132.3 million decline in the fair market value of the portfolio. Such losses would only be realized if we sold the investments prior to maturity. Conversely, a hypothetical 100 basis point decrease in interest rates would lead to a $134.7 million increase in the fair market value of the portfolio.

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