Southern Company 10-Q 2025-09-30

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

(A Delaware Corporation)

30 Ivan Allen Jr. Boulevard, N.W.

Atlanta, Georgia 30308

(404) 506-5000

(An Alabama Corporation)

600 North 18th Street

Birmingham, Alabama 35203

(205) 257-1000

(A Georgia Corporation)

241 Ralph McGill Boulevard, N.E.

Atlanta, Georgia 30308

(404) 506-6526

(A Mississippi Corporation)

2992 West Beach Boulevard

Gulfport, Mississippi 39501

(228) 864-1211

(A Delaware Corporation)

30 Ivan Allen Jr. Boulevard, N.W.

Atlanta, Georgia 30308

(404) 506-5000

(A Georgia Corporation)

Ten Peachtree Place, N.E.

Atlanta, Georgia 30309

(404) 584-4000

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrants (1) have filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrants were required to file such reports), and (2) have been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrants have submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrants were required to submit such files). Yes þ No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No þ (Response applicable to all registrants.)

This combined Form 10-Q is separately filed by The Southern Company, Alabama Power Company, Georgia Power Company, Mississippi Power Company, Southern Power Company, and Southern Company Gas. Information contained herein relating to any individual registrant is filed by such registrant on its own behalf. Each registrant makes no representation as to information relating to the other registrants.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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DEFINITIONS

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DEFINITIONS

(continued)

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DEFINITIONS

(continued)

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements concerning regulated rates, the strategic goals for the business, customer and sales growth, economic conditions, including inflation, cost recovery and other rate actions, current and proposed environmental regulations and related compliance plans and estimated expenditures, pending or potential litigation matters, access to sources of capital, financing activities, completion dates and costs of construction projects, matters related to the abandonment of the Kemper IGCC, completion of announced acquisitions, filings with state and federal regulatory authorities, and estimated construction plans and expenditures. In some cases, forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as "may," "will," "could," "would," "should," "expects," "plans," "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "projects," "predicts," "potential," or "continue" or the negative of these terms or other similar terminology. There are various factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements; accordingly, there can be no assurance that such indicated results will be realized. These factors include:

• the impact of recent and future federal and state regulatory changes, including tax, environmental, and other laws and regulations to which Southern Company and its subsidiaries are subject, as well as changes in application of existing laws, regulations, and guidance;

• the extent and timing of costs and legal requirements related to CCR;

• current and future litigation or regulatory investigations, proceedings, or inquiries, including litigation related to the Kemper County energy facility;

• the effects, extent, and timing of the entry of additional competition in the markets in which Southern Company's subsidiaries operate, including from the development and deployment of alternative energy sources;

• variations in demand for electricity and natural gas;

• available sources and costs of natural gas and other fuels and commodities;

• the ability to complete necessary or desirable pipeline expansion or infrastructure projects, limits on pipeline capacity, public and policymaker support for such projects, and operational interruptions to natural gas distribution and transmission activities;

• transmission constraints;

• the ability to control costs and avoid cost and schedule overruns during the development, construction, and operation of facilities or other projects due to challenges which include, but are not limited to, changes in labor costs, availability, and productivity; challenges with the management of contractors or vendors; subcontractor performance; adverse weather conditions; shortages, delays, increased costs, or inconsistent quality of equipment, materials, and labor; contractor or supplier delay; the impacts of inflation and tariffs; delays due to judicial or regulatory action; nonperformance under construction, operating, or other agreements; operational readiness, including specialized operator training and required site safety programs; engineering or design problems or any remediation related thereto; design and other licensing-based compliance matters; challenges with start-up activities, including major equipment failure, or system integration; and/or operational performance; challenges related to future pandemic health events; continued public and policymaker support for projects; environmental and geological conditions; delays or increased costs to interconnect facilities to transmission grids; and increased financing costs as a result of changes in interest rates or as a result of project delays;

• legal proceedings and regulatory approvals and actions related to past, ongoing, and proposed construction projects, including state PSC or other applicable state regulatory agency approvals and FERC and NRC actions;

• the ability to construct facilities in accordance with the requirements of permits and licenses, to satisfy any environmental performance standards and the requirements of tax credits and other incentives, and to integrate facilities into the Southern Company system upon completion of construction;

• investment performance of the employee and retiree benefit plans and nuclear decommissioning trust funds;

• advances in technology, including the pace and extent of development of low- to no-carbon energy and battery energy storage technologies and negative carbon concepts;

• performance of counterparties under ongoing renewable energy partnerships and development agreements;

• state and federal rate regulations and the impact of pending and future rate cases and negotiations, including rate actions relating to ROE, equity ratios, additional generating capacity and transmission facilities, extension of retirement dates for fossil fuel plants, and fuel and other cost recovery mechanisms;

• the ability to successfully operate the traditional electric operating companies', SEGCO's, and Southern Power's generation, transmission, distribution, and battery energy storage facilities, as applicable, and Southern Company Gas' natural gas distribution and storage facilities and the successful performance of necessary corporate functions;

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

(continued)

• the inherent risks involved in operating nuclear generating facilities;

• the inherent risks involved in generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity and transportation and storage of natural gas, including accidents, explosions, fires, mechanical problems, discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances or gases, and other environmental risks;

• the performance of projects undertaken by the non-utility businesses and the success of efforts to invest in and develop new opportunities;

• internal restructuring or other restructuring options that may be pursued;

• potential business strategies, including acquisitions or dispositions of assets or businesses, or interests therein, which cannot be assured to be completed or beneficial to Southern Company or its subsidiaries;

• the ability of counterparties of Southern Company and its subsidiaries to make payments as and when due and to perform as required;

• the ability to obtain new short- and long-term contracts with wholesale customers;

• the direct or indirect effect on the Southern Company system's business resulting from cyber intrusion or physical attack and the threat of cyber and physical attacks;

• global and U.S. economic conditions, including impacts from geopolitical conflicts, recession, inflation, changes in trade policies (including tariffs and other trade measures) of the United States and other countries, interest rate fluctuations, and financial market conditions, and the results of financing efforts;

• access to capital markets and other financing sources;

• changes in Southern Company's and any of its subsidiaries' credit ratings;

• the ability of the traditional electric operating companies to obtain additional generating capacity (or sell excess generating capacity) at competitive prices;

• catastrophic events such as fires, earthquakes, explosions, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes and other storms, droughts, pandemic health events, political unrest, wars, or other similar occurrences;

• the direct or indirect effects on the Southern Company system's business resulting from incidents affecting the U.S. electric grid, natural gas pipeline infrastructure, or operation of generating or storage resources;

• impairments of goodwill or long-lived assets;

• the effect of accounting pronouncements issued periodically by standard-setting bodies; and

• other factors discussed elsewhere herein and in other reports (including the Form 10-K) filed by the Registrants from time to time with the SEC.

The Registrants expressly disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements.

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PART I

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THE SOUTHERN COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)

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The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is a combined presentation; however, information contained herein relating to any individual Registrant is filed by such Registrant on its own behalf and each Registrant makes no representation as to information related to the other Registrants.

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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

OVERVIEW

Southern Company is a holding company that owns all of the common stock of three traditional electric operating companies (Alabama Power, Georgia Power, and Mississippi Power), Southern Power, and Southern Company Gas and owns other direct and indirect subsidiaries. The primary businesses of the Southern Company system are electricity sales by the traditional electric operating companies and Southern Power and the distribution of natural gas by Southern Company Gas. Southern Company's reportable segments are the sale of electricity by the traditional electric operating companies, the sale of electricity in the competitive wholesale market by Southern Power, and the sale of natural gas and other complementary products and services by Southern Company Gas. Alabama Power, Georgia Power, and Mississippi Power each operate with one reportable business segment, since substantially all of their business is providing electric service to customers. Southern Power also operates its business with one reportable business segment, the sale of electricity in the competitive wholesale market. Southern Company Gas' reportable segments are gas distribution operations, gas pipeline investments, and gas marketing services. See Note (L) to the Condensed Financial Statements herein for additional information on segment reporting. For additional information on the Registrants' primary business activities, see BUSINESS – "The Southern Company System" in Item 1 of the Form 10-K.

The Registrants continue to focus on several key performance indicators. For the traditional electric operating companies and Southern Company Gas, these indicators include, but are not limited to, customer satisfaction, plant availability, electric and natural gas system reliability, and execution of major construction projects. Southern Company Gas also continues to focus on several operating metrics, including Heating Degree Days, customer count, and volumes of natural gas sold. For Southern Power, key performance indicators include, but are not limited to, the equivalent forced outage rate and contract availability to evaluate operating results and help ensure its ability to meet its contractual commitments to customers. In addition, Southern Company and the Subsidiary Registrants focus on earnings per share and net income, respectively, as a key performance indicator.

Recent Developments

Alabama Power

On June 5, 2025, the Alabama PSC approved an order authorizing Alabama Power to implement changes related to the Jurisdictional Separation Study (JSS) under Rate RSE, which allocates costs between retail and other electric services. For 2026, a revised JSS allocation factor will account for system capacity previously allocated to wholesale electric services that will be used for retail electric service starting January 1, 2026. In addition, Alabama Power is authorized to establish a regulatory asset to defer certain costs associated with this capacity for 2026, and those costs are estimated to be approximately $100 million. Beginning in 2027, Alabama Power will amortize the regulatory asset on a levelized basis over a period not exceeding 10 years.

On August 13, 2025, the Alabama PSC approved Alabama Power's petition for a certificate of convenience and necessity authorizing Alabama Power to complete the acquisition of Tenaska Alabama Partners, L.P., which had been approved by the FERC on June 6, 2025. The transaction closed on September 30, 2025. See Notes (B) and (K) to the Condensed Financial Statements under "Alabama Power – Petition for Certificate of Convenience and Necessity" and "Alabama Power," respectively, herein for additional information.

On October 7, 2025, the Alabama PSC issued an order authorizing Alabama Power to establish a regulatory liability for nuclear PTCs received through its nuclear generating facilities pursuant to Internal Revenue Code §45U for tax years 2024 through 2032. For the 2024 tax year, Alabama Power claimed §45U PTCs on Southern Company's consolidated tax return. The base credit amount of $36 million is included in a regulatory liability. Additionally, Alabama Power claimed the prevailing wage multiplier on its 2024 federal income tax return for a total credit claimed of $180 million. The §45U PTCs will be deferred as a regulatory liability until the Alabama PSC provides direction on how to apply them for the benefit of customers. The ultimate outcome of this matter cannot be determined at this time. See Note (B) to the Condensed Financial Statements under "Alabama Power – Nuclear Production Tax Credits Order" herein for additional information.

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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (Continued)

Georgia Power

2022 ARP

On July 1, 2025, the Georgia PSC approved a settlement agreement among Georgia Power, the staff of the Georgia PSC, and certain intervenors to extend the 2022 ARP for an additional three-year term through December 31, 2028 (ARP Extension). Under the ARP Extension, base rates will not be adjusted in 2026, 2027, or 2028 except for reasonable and prudent storm damage costs incurred through December 31, 2025, which will be determined in a separate regulatory proceeding.

Under the ARP Extension, Georgia Power's retail ROE set point will continue at 10.50% and its equity ratio will continue at 56%. Additionally, the retail ROE range approved by the Georgia PSC in the 2022 ARP, of 9.50% to 11.90%, will continue.

See Note (B) to the Condensed Financial Statements under "Georgia Power – 2022 ARP" herein for additional information.

Integrated Resource Plans

On September 4, 2025, the Georgia PSC approved Georgia Power's J

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During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, there were no material changes to Southern Company's, Alabama Power's, Georgia Power's, Mississippi Power's, Southern Power's, or Southern Company Gas' disclosures about market risk. For an in-depth discussion of each Registrant's market risks, see MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS – FINANCIAL CONDITION AND LIQUIDITY – "Market Price Risk" in Item 7 of the Form 10-K and Note 1 to the financial statements under "Financial Instruments" and Notes 13 and 14 to the financial statements in Item 8 of the Form 10-K, as well as Notes (I) and (J) to the Condensed Financial Statements herein.

(a)Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures.

As of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Southern Company, Alabama Power, Georgia Power, Mississippi Power, Southern Power, and Southern Company Gas conducted separate evaluations under the supervision and with the participation of each company's management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Based upon these evaluations, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, in each case, concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

(b) Changes in internal control over financial reporting.

There have been no changes in Southern Company's, Alabama Power's, Georgia Power's, Mississippi Power's, Southern Power's, or Southern Company Gas' internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) during the third quarter 2025 that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect Southern Company's, Alabama Power's, Georgia Power's, Mississippi Power's, Southern Power's, or Southern Company Gas' internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

See the Notes to the Condensed Financial Statements herein for information regarding certain legal and administrative proceedings in which the Registrants are involved. The Registrants' threshold for disclosing material environmental legal proceedings involving a governmental authority where potential monetary sanctions are involved is $1 million.

See RISK FACTORS in Item 1A of the Form 10-K for a discussion of the risk factors of the Registrants. There have been no material changes to these risk factors from those previously disclosed in the Form 10-K.

There were no adoptions, modifications, or terminations of "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements," as defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 by the Registrants' directors and "officers," as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

The exhibits below with an asterisk (*) preceding the exhibit number are filed herewith. The remaining exhibits have previously been filed with the SEC and are incorporated herein by reference. The exhibits marked with a pound sign (#) are management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements.

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THE SOUTHERN COMPANY

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. The signature of the undersigned company shall be deemed to relate only to matters having reference to such company and any subsidiaries thereof included in such company's report.

Date: October 29, 2025

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ALABAMA POWER COMPANY

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. The signature of the undersigned company shall be deemed to relate only to matters having reference to such company and any subsidiaries thereof included in such company's report.

Date: October 29, 2025

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GEORGIA POWER COMPANY

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. The signature of the undersigned company shall be deemed to relate only to matters having reference to such company and any subsidiaries thereof included in such company's report.

Date: October 29, 2025

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MISSISSIPPI POWER COMPANY

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. The signature of the undersigned company shall be deemed to relate only to matters having reference to such company and any subsidiaries thereof included in such company's report.

Date: October 29, 2025

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SOUTHERN POWER COMPANY

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. The signature of the undersigned company shall be deemed to relate only to matters having reference to such company and any subsidiaries thereof included in such company's report.

Date: October 29, 2025

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SOUTHERN COMPANY GAS

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. The signature of the undersigned company shall be deemed to relate only to matters having reference to such company and any subsidiaries thereof included in such company's report.

Date: October 29, 2025