Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q which are not historical facts, so called “forward-looking statements,” are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Investors are cautioned that all forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, including those detailed in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. See also Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements which reflect management’s analysis only as of the date hereof. We assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect actual results or changes in factors or assumptions affecting forward-looking statements, except as may be required by law.

Overview

We are a leading global supplier of automated test equipment and robotics products. We design, develop, manufacture and sell automatic test systems and robotics products. Our automatic test systems are used to test semiconductors, wireless products, data storage and complex electronics systems in many industries including the consumer electronics, wireless, automotive, industrial, computing, communications, and aerospace and defense industries. Our robotics products include collaborative robotic arms and autonomous mobile robots (“AMRs”) used by global manufacturing, logistics and industrial customers to improve quality, increase manufacturing and material handling efficiency and decrease manufacturing and logistics costs. Our automatic test equipment and robotics products and services include:

semiconductor test (“Semiconductor Test”) systems;

storage and system level test (“Storage Test”) systems, defense/aerospace (“Defense/Aerospace”) test instrumentation and systems, and circuit-board test and inspection (“Production Board Test”) systems (collectively these products represent “System Test”);

wireless test (“Wireless Test”) systems; and

robotics (“Robotics”) products.

The market for our test products is concentrated with a limited number of significant customers accounting for a substantial portion of the purchases of test equipment. A few customers drive significant demand for our test products both through direct sales and sales to the customers’ supply partners. We expect that sales of our test products will continue to be concentrated with a limited number of significant customers for the foreseeable future.

In the first quarter of 2024, artificial intelligence applications (“AI”) drove Semiconductor Test performance above our plan, particularly in Memory. We expect AI to continue to drive meaningful demand into the second quarter of 2024, helping to offset weak demand in the smartphone mobility test market. We anticipate an upturn in mobility, which may not materialize until 2025.

Our Robotics segment consists of Universal Robots A/S (“UR”), a leading supplier of collaborative robotic arms, and Mobile Industrial Robots A/S (“MiR”), a leading maker of AMRs for industrial automation. The market for our Robotics segment products is dependent on the adoption of new automation technologies by large manufacturers as well as small and medium enterprises (“SMEs”) throughout the world. Robotics results in the first quarter of 2024 were in line with our forecast, putting us in position for full year growth due to new product offerings, expansion of our Original Equipment Manufacturer (“OEM”) and large account channels, along with increasing recurring revenue via service and software offerings.

On November 7, 2023, Teradyne and Technoprobe S.p.A, (“Technoprobe”), a leader in the design and production of probe cards, announced the establishment of a strategic partnership that will seek to accelerate growth for both companies and enable higher performance semiconductor test interfaces for customers worldwide. As part of the partnership, Teradyne agreed to make an investment of 481.0 million Euros in exchange for a 10% equity investment in Technoprobe, and Technoprobe agreed to acquire 100% of Teradyne’s Device Interface Solutions ("DIS") business in exchange for $85.0 million. The transaction is expected to close during the second quarter of 2024, subject to regulatory approval.

Our financial statements are denominated in U.S. dollars. While the majority of our revenues are in U.S. dollars, historically approximately 70 percent of our Robotics revenue is denominated in foreign currencies. Strengthening of the U.S. dollar would negatively affect Robotics revenue growth in 2024.

Our corporate strategy continues to focus on profitably gaining market share in our test businesses through the introduction of differentiated products that target expanding segments and accelerating growth through continued investment in our Robotics businesses. We plan to execute on our strategy while balancing capital allocations between returning capital to our shareholders through stock repurchases and dividends and using capital for opportunistic accretive acquisitions.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We have identified the policies which are critical to understanding our business and our results of operations. There have been no significant changes during the three months ended March 31, 2024, to the items disclosed as our critical accounting policies and estimates in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, except as noted below.

Critical accounting estimates are complex and may require significant judgment by management. Changes to the underlying assumptions may have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations. These estimates may change, as new events occur and additional information is obtained. Actual results could differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Preparation of Financial Statements and Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

SELECTED RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED

STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

		For the Three Months Ended
		March 31, 2024				April 2, 2023
Percentage of revenues:
Revenues:
Products			76	%			77	%
Services			24				23
Total revenues			100				100
Cost of revenues:
Cost of products			33				32
Cost of services			10				10
Total cost of revenues (exclusive of acquired intangible assets amortization shown separately below)			43				42
Gross profit			57				58
Operating expenses:
Selling and administrative			25				24
Engineering and development			17				17
Acquired intangible assets amortization			1				1
Restructuring and other			1				—
Total operating expenses			44				43
Income from operations			13				15
Non-operating (income) expense:
Interest income			(1	)			(1	)
Interest expense			—				—
Other (income) expense, net			2				—
Income before income taxes			12				16
Income tax provision			1				2
Net income			11	%			14	%

Results of Operations

First Quarter 2024 Compared to First Quarter 2023

Revenues

Revenues by our reportable segments were as follows:

		For the Three Months Ended
		March 31, 2024				April 2, 2023				Dollar Change
		(in millions)
Semiconductor Test		$	412.3			$	415.0			$	(2.7	)
System Test			75.3				74.6				0.7
Robotics			87.7				89.2				(1.5	)
Wireless Test			24.6				38.7				(14.1	)
		$	599.8			$	617.5			$	(17.7	)

The decrease in Semiconductor Test revenues of $2.7 million, or 0.7%, was driven primarily by lower tester sales for automotive applications, offset by Memory Test sales in DRAM wafer sort. The increase in System Test revenues of $0.7 million, or 0.9%, was primarily due to higher sales in Defense/Aerospace, partially offset by lower sales in Storage Test of system level testers. The decrease in Wireless Test revenues of $14.1 million, or 36.4% was primarily due to a decrease in connectivity and ultra wide band test products.

Revenues by country as a percentage of total revenues were as follows (1):

		For the Three Months Ended
		March 31, 2024				April 2, 2023
Korea			28	%			12	%
United States			17				18
Taiwan			12				18
Japan			11				9
Europe			11				12
China			7				10
Singapore			3				8
Malaysia			3				3
Philippines			2				5
Thailand			2				3
Rest of World			4				2
			100	%			100	%

(1)

Revenues attributable to a country are based on location of customer site.

Gross Profit

Our gross profit was as follows:

		For the Three Months Ended
		March 31, 2024				April 2, 2023				Dollar/Point Change
		(in millions)
Gross profit		$	339.3			$	356.4			$	(17.1	)
Percent of total revenues			56.6	%			57.7	%			(1.2	)

Gross profit as a percent of revenue decreased by 1.2 points, primarily due to product mix and lower volume.

Selling and Administrative

Selling and administrative expenses were as follows:

		For the Three Months Ended
		March 31, 2024				April 2, 2023				Dollar Change
		(in millions)
Selling and administrative		$	149.2			$	151.0			$	(1.8	)
Percent of total revenues			24.9	%			24.4	%

The decrease of $1.8 million in selling and administrative expenses was primarily due to lower spending in Robotics, partially offset by higher spending in Semiconductor Test.

Engineering and Development

Engineering and development expenses were as follows:

		For the Three Months Ended
		March 31, 2024				April 2, 2023				Dollar Change
		(in millions)
Engineering and development		$	103.2			$	105.8			$	(2.6	)
Percent of total revenues			17.2	%			17.1	%

The decrease of $2.6 million in engineering and development expenses was primarily due to lower spending in Robotics.

Restructuring and Other

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recorded $2.2 million of acquisition and divestiture related costs and $2.0 million of severance charges related to headcount reductions primarily in Semiconductor Test and Robotics.

During the three months ended April 2, 2023, we recorded $2.0 million of severance charges related to headcount reduction primarily in Semiconductor Test, Robotics and Corporate.

Interest and Other

		For the Three Months Ended
		March 31, 2024				April 2, 2023				Dollar Change
		(in millions)
Interest income		$	(7.9	)		$	(5.3	)		$	(2.6	)
Interest expense			0.7				1.0			$	(0.3	)
Other (income) expense, net			12.1				0.1			$	12.0

Other (income) expense, net increased $12.0 million primarily due to the change in value of our call option purchased in connection with the anticipated acquisition of Technoprobe.

Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes

		For the Three Months Ended
		March 31, 2024				April 2, 2023				Dollar Change
		(in millions)
Semiconductor Test		$	79.4			$	96.2			$	(16.8	)
System Test			18.4				15.3				3.1
Wireless Test			(0.9	)			9.4				(10.3	)
Robotics			(14.0	)			(18.5	)			4.5
Corporate and Eliminations (1)			(10.0	)			(5.2	)			(4.8	)
		$	72.9			$	97.1			$	(24.2	)

(1)

Included in Corporate and Eliminations are: interest income, interest expense, net foreign exchange gains (losses), intercompany eliminations, severance charges, pension, acquisition and divestiture related fees, and an expense for the modification of outstanding equity awards

The decrease in income before income taxes in Semiconductor Test was driven primarily by lower margins due to product mix as well as higher operating expenses on similar sales levels. The decrease in income before income taxes in Wireless Test was primarily due to a decrease in sales of connectivity and ultra wide band test products. The increase in income before income taxes in Robotics was driven primarily by lower operating expenses on similar sales. The loss before income taxes in Corporate and Eliminations was primarily due to changes in unrealized gains/losses on equity securities and the call option related to our anticipated investment in Technoprobe.

Income Taxes

The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and April 2, 2023, was 11.9% and 14.0%, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate from the three months ended April 2, 2023, to three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily resulted from the benefit of a reduction in uncertain tax positions and the benefit of a projected shift in the geographic distribution of income. These benefits were partially offset by a decrease in benefit related to equity compensation.

Contractual Obligations

There have been no changes outside of the ordinary course of business to our contractual obligations as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities balances decreased by $66.6 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024, to $870.6 million.

Operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2024, provided cash of $7.3 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities used cash of $108.6 million due to a $3.9 million increase in operating assets and a $104.7 million decrease in operating liabilities.

The increase in operating assets was primarily due to an $8.1 million and $6.9 million increase in accounts receivable and inventories, respectively, partially offset by a $11.1 million decrease in other assets.

The decrease in operating liabilities was due to a $70.2 million decrease in accrued employee compensation $28.4 million decrease in accounts payable, $7.0 million decrease in accrued other, $1.4 million decrease in deferred revenue and customer advance payments, and $1.4 million of retirement plan contributions, partially offset by a $3.8 million increase in income taxes.

Investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2024, used cash of $24.0 million due to $44.0 million used for the purchases of property, plant and equipment, $16.0 million used for the purchase of marketable securities, partially offset by $20.7 million and $14.4 million in proceeds from the sale of maturities and marketable securities, respectively, and $0.9 million in proceeds from life insurance.

Financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2024, used cash of $36.7 million due to $22.1 million used for the repurchase of 0.2 million shares of common stock at an average price of $100.31 per share, $18.4 million used for dividend payments and $13.1 million used for payment related to net settlements of employee stock compensation awards, partially offset by $16.9 million from the issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase and stock option plans.

Operating activities during the three months ended April 2, 2023, provided cash of $19.3 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities used cash of $106.5 million due to a $1.9 million increase in operating assets and $104.7 million decrease in operating liabilities.

The increase in operating assets was due to a $23.7 million increase in inventories, a $15.4 million increase in prepayments and other assets due to prepayments to our contract manufactures, partially offset by a $37.2 million decrease in accounts receivable.

The decrease in operating liabilities was due to a $93.1 million decrease in accrued employee compensation, a $32.7 million decrease in deferred revenue and customer advance payments, and $1.2 million of retirement plan contributions, partially offset by a $12.5 million increase in income taxes, a $9.6 million increase in accrued other liabilities, and a $0.3 million increase in accounts payable.

In January 2024 and January 2023, Teradyne’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.12 per share and $0.11 per share, respectively. Dividend payments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and April 2, 2023, were $18.4 million and $17.2 million, respectively.

In January 2023, our Board of Directors cancelled the 2021 repurchase program and approved a new repurchase program for up to $2.0 billion of common stock.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we repurchased 0.2 million shares of common stock for $22.1 million, which excludes related excise tax, at an average price of $100.31 per share. We intend to repurchase up to $90.0 million of common stock in 2024 subject to market conditions. The cumulative repurchases under the 2023 repurchase program as of March 31, 2024 were 4.1 million shares of common stock for $419.4 million, which excludes related excise tax, at an average price per share of $102.35. During the three months ended April 2, 2023 , we repurchased 0.9 million shares of common stock for $93.3 million, which excludes related excise tax, at an average price of $104.88 per share.

While we have previously declared a quarterly cash dividend and authorized a share repurchase program, we may reduce or eliminate the cash dividend or share repurchase program in the future. Cash dividends and stock repurchases are subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors, which will consider, among other things, our earnings, capital requirements and financial condition.

On May 1, 2020, we entered into a credit agreement providing a three-year, senior secured revolving credit facility of $400 million. On December 10, 2021, the credit agreement was amended to extend the senior secured revolving credit facility to December 10, 2026. On October 5, 2022, the credit agreement was amended to increase the amount of the credit facility to $750.0 million from $400.0 million. As of May 3, 2024, we have not borrowed any funds under the credit facility.

We believe our cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and senior secured revolving credit facility will be sufficient to pay our quarterly dividend and meet our working capital and expenditure needs for at least the next twelve months. Inflation has not had a significant long-term impact on earnings.

Equity Compensation Plans

In addition to our 1996 Employee Stock Purchase Program as discussed in Note Q: “Stock-Based Compensation” in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, we have a 2006 Equity and Cash Compensation Incentive Plan (the “2006 Equity Plan”).

The purpose of the 1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plan is to encourage stock ownership by all eligible employees of Teradyne. The purpose of the 2006 Equity Plan is to provide equity ownership and compensation opportunities in Teradyne to our employees, officers and directors. Both plans were approved by our shareholders.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") No. 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures", which will require us to disclose

significant segment expenses and other segment items used by the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") on an annual and interim basis as well as provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually. Additionally, we will be required to disclose the title and position of the CODM. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. This ASU will have no impact on our results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. Upon adoption, we will apply the amendments in this ASU retrospectively to all prior period disclosures presented in the financial statements.

In December 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-09 –“Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”, which requires expanded disclosures relating to the tax rate reconciliation, income taxes paid, income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) and income tax expense (benefit), requiring a greater disaggregation of information for each. The provisions of ASU 2023-09 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The amendments in this update should be applied on a prospective basis, but retrospective application is permitted. This ASU will have no impact on results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.