filings.toolsItem 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
OVERVIEW.
Our revenues and net income are derived primarily from investment advisory services provided to individual and institutional investors in U.S. mutual funds, subadvised funds, separately managed accounts, collective investment trusts, and other affiliated products. The other affiliated products include: open-ended investment products offered to investors outside the U.S., products offered through variable annuity life insurance plans in the U.S., affiliated private investment funds or private accounts, and collateralized loan obligations. We also provide certain investment advisory clients with related administrative services, including distribution, mutual fund transfer agent, accounting, and shareholder services; participant recordkeeping and transfer agent services for defined contribution retirement plans; brokerage; trust services; and non-discretionary advisory services through model delivery. Additionally, we also derive revenue from our interests in general partners of certain affiliated private investment funds that are entitled to a disproportionate allocation of income through capital allocation-based arrangements.
We manage a broad range of U.S., international and global stock, bond, and money market mutual funds and collective investment trusts and other investment products, which meet the varied needs and objectives of individual and institutional investors. Investment advisory revenues depend largely on the total value and composition of assets under our management. Accordingly, fluctuations in financial markets and in the composition of assets under management affect our revenues and results of operations.
We incur significant expenditures to develop new products and services and improve and expand our capabilities and distribution channels in order to attract new investment advisory clients and additional investments from our existing clients. These efforts often involve costs that precede any future revenues that we may recognize from an increase to our assets under management.
The general trend to passive investing has been persistent and accelerated in recent years, which has negatively impacted our new client inflows. However, over the long term we expect well-executed active management to play an important role for investors. In this regard, we have ample liquidity and resources that allow us to take advantage of attractive growth opportunities. We are investing in key capabilities, including investment professionals, distribution professionals, technologies, and new product offerings in order to provide our clients with strong investment management expertise and service.
On December 29, 2021, we completed our acquisition of Oak Hill Advisors, L.P., a leading alternative credit manager, and other entities that had common ownership (collectively, OHA). We acquired 100% of the equity interests of Oak Hill Advisors, L.P., 100% of the equity interests in entities that make co-investments in certain affiliated private investment funds (the "co-investment entities") and a majority of the equity interests in entities that have interests in general partners of affiliated private investment funds and are entitled to a disproportionate allocation of income (the "carried interest entities"). As of March 31, 2022, OHA had $57 billion of capital under management (which includes net assets value, portfolio value and/or unfunded capital).
MARKET TRENDS.
Many global equity markets declined in the first quarter of 2022. In fact, the U.S. stock market experienced its worst quarter since the pandemic began about two years ago. Stocks fell as Russia invaded Ukraine in late February, prompting the U.S. and many other nations, especially in Europe, to respond with broad and damaging economic sanctions targeting a number of key Russian individuals and institutions. Equities were also hurt by elevated inflation—exacerbated by a sharp increase in commodity prices—as well as the onset of Federal Reserve interest rate increases and expectations for the Federal Reserve to pursue an aggressive pace of monetary tightening.
Developed Asian and Far East markets were mostly lower in U.S. dollar terms, but Australian stocks bucked the negative trend with a 7% gain, helped by local currency strength versus the U.S. dollar. In Europe, most markets declined in dollar terms, as local losses were exacerbated by a weak euro and British pound. Equities in energy producer Norway, however, rose more than 10%. Stocks in Portugal and the UK rose about 2%.
In emerging Asia, markets were mixed in U.S. dollar terms, but Chinese shares skidded 14%. Emerging European markets were widely mixed, but Latin American markets produced excellent returns in dollar terms, as the resource-rich region benefited from higher commodity prices. Gulf Cooperation Council markets in the Middle East were buoyed by higher global oil prices.
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Returns of several major equity market indexes were as follows:
| Three months ended | ||||||||||||||
| Index | 3/31/2022 | |||||||||||||
| S&P 500 Index | (4.6)% | |||||||||||||
| NASDAQ Composite Index(1) | (9.1)% | |||||||||||||
| Russell 2000 Index | (7.5)% | |||||||||||||
| MSCI EAFE (Europe, Australasia, and Far East) Index | (5.8)% | |||||||||||||
| MSCI Emerging Markets Index | (6.9)% |
(1) Returns exclude dividends
Global bonds produced mostly negative returns in U.S. dollar terms, as the U.S. Federal Reserve began to raise short-term interest rates and Treasury yields—especially short- and intermediate-term yields—rose in anticipation of tighter monetary policy in response to elevated inflation. The 10-year U.S. Treasury note yield rose from 1.52% to 2.32%.
In the taxable investment-grade universe, long-term Treasury and corporate bonds fared worst. Mortgage-backed and commercial mortgage-backed securities also declined materially. Asset-backed securities held up best. Tax-free municipal bonds fared slightly worse than the taxable bond market. High yield corporate bonds declined due to risk aversion.
Bonds in developed non-U.S. markets produced negative returns in U.S. dollar terms, as government bond yields in various markets rose amid concerns about inflation and the potential for tighter central bank monetary policies this year. A stronger U.S. dollar reduced overseas bond returns in dollar terms.
Emerging markets bonds slumped as investors shunned riskier investments, but local currency issues held up better than dollar-denominated emerging markets debt. Currencies in several Latin American countries appreciated strongly versus the U.S. dollar, but many other currencies depreciated.
Returns for several major bond market indexes were as follows:
| Three months ended | ||||||||||||||
| Index | 3/31/2022 | |||||||||||||
| Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index | (5.9)% | |||||||||||||
| JPMorgan Global High Yield Index | (4.5)% | |||||||||||||
| Bloomberg Municipal Bond Index | (6.2)% | |||||||||||||
| Bloomberg Global Aggregate Ex-U.S. Dollar Bond Index | (6.2)% | |||||||||||||
| JPMorgan Emerging Markets Bond Index Plus | (16.2)% |
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ASSETS UNDER MANAGEMENT**(1)****.**
Assets under management ended the first quarter of 2022 at $1,551.8 billion, a decrease of $136.0 billion from December 31, 2021. The decrease in assets under management was driven by net cash outflows of $5.3 billion and market depreciation, including distributions not reinvested, of $130.7 billion. Clients transferred $4.1 billion in net assets from the U.S. mutual funds primarily to collective investment trusts and other investment products, of which $3.3 billion transferred into the retirement date trusts.
The following tables detail changes in our assets under management, by vehicle and asset class, during the first quarter of 2022:
| Three months ended 3/31/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in billions) | U.S. mutual funds | Subadvised funds and separate accounts | Collective investment trusts and other investment products | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets under management at beginning of period | $ | 871.4 | $ | 437.1 | $ | 379.3 | $ | 1,687.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash flows before client transfers | (5.7) | (4.5) | 4.9 | (5.3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Client transfers | (4.1) | — | 4.1 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash flows after client transfers | (9.8) | (4.5) | 9.0 | (5.3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net market depreciation and losses | (71.8) | (34.6) | (23.9) | (130.3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net distributions not reinvested | (.4) | — | — | (.4) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change during the period | (82.0) | (39.1) | (14.9) | (136.0) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets under management at March 31, 2022 | $ | 789.4 | $ | 398.0 | $ | 364.4 | $ | 1,551.8 |
| Three months ended 3/31/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in billions) | Equity | Fixed income, including money market | Multi-asset**(2)** | Alternatives**(3)** | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets under management at beginning of period | $ | 992.7 | $ | 175.7 | $ | 477.7 | $ | 41.7 | $ | 1,687.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash flows | (18.1) | 5.3 | 6.7 | .8 | (5.3) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net market depreciation and losses(4) | (96.6) | (5.8) | (28.0) | (.3) | (130.7) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change during the period | (114.7) | (.5) | (21.3) | .5 | (136.0) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets under management at March 31, 2022 | $ | 878.0 | $ | 175.2 | $ | 456.4 | $ | 42.2 | $ | 1,551.8 |
(1) Includes fee basis assets under management.
(2) The underlying assets under management of the multi-asset portfolios have been aggregated and presented in this category and not reported in the equity and fixed income columns.
(3) The alternatives asset class includes strategies authorized to invest more than 50% of its holdings in private credit, leveraged loans, mezzanine, real assets/CRE, structured products, stressed / distressed, non-investment grade CLOs, special situations, or have absolute return as its investment objective. Generally, only those strategies with longer than daily liquidity are included.
(4) Includes distributions reinvested and not reinvested.
Investment advisory clients outside the United States account for 9.7% of our assets under management at March 31, 2022 and 9.9% at December 31, 2021.
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Our target date retirement products, which are included in the multi-asset totals shown above, continue to be a significant part of our assets under management. Assets under management in these portfolios, as well as net cash inflows (outflows), by vehicle, were as follows:
| Net cash inflows (outflows) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets under management | Three months ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in billions) | 3/31/2022 | 12/31/2021 | 3/31/2022 | 3/31/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. mutual funds | $ | 174.4 | $ | 187.1 | $ | (1.6) | $ | (3.8) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Collective investment trusts | 188.6 | 191.1 | 8.8 | 8.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subadvised and separately managed accounts | 12.2 | 12.9 | .1 | .2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 375.2 | $ | 391.1 | $ | 7.3 | $ | 4.5 |
We also provide strategic investment advice solutions for certain portfolios. These advice solutions, which the vast majority is overseen by our multi-asset division, may include strategic asset allocation, and in certain portfolios, asset selection and/or tactical asset allocation overlays. We also offer advice solutions through retail separately managed accounts and separately managed accounts model delivery. As of March 31, 2022, total assets in these solutions were $466 billion, of which $459 billion are included in our reported assets under management in the tables above.
We provide participant accounting and plan administration for defined contribution retirement plans that invest in the firm's U.S. mutual funds, collective investment trusts and funds outside of the firm's complex. As of March 31, 2022, our assets under administration were $256 billion, of which nearly $153 billion are assets we manage.
INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE**(1)****.**
Strong investment performance and brand awareness is a key driver to attracting and retaining assets—and to our long-term success. Our performance disclosures include specific asset classes, assets under management weighted performance, mutual fund performance against passive peers and composite performance against benchmarks. The following tables present investment performance for the one-, three-, five-, and 10-years ended March 31, 2022. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
| % of U.S. mutual funds that outperformed Morningstar median**(2),(3)** | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 year | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity | 41% | 60% | 64% | 85% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed Income | 63% | 71% | 62% | 63% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Multi-Asset | 37% | 81% | 79% | 90% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| All Funds | 47% | 69% | 68% | 79% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| % of U.S. mutual funds that outperformed passive peer median**(2),(4)** | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 year | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity | 38% | 52% | 55% | 67% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed Income | 53% | 69% | 55% | 50% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Multi-Asset | 31% | 76% | 68% | 69% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| All Funds | 40% | 64% | 59% | 63% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| % of composites that outperformed benchmarks**(5)** | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 year | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity | 34% | 49% | 59% | 72% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed Income | 58% | 73% | 77% | 79% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| All Composites | 44% | 59% | 66% | 74% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| AUM Weighted Performance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| % of U.S. mutual funds AUM that outperformed Morningstar median**(2),(3)** | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 year | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity | 46% | 47% | 76% | 92% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed Income | 75% | 81% | 68% | 80% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Multi-Asset | 37% | 95% | 96% | 97% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| All Funds | 46% | 63% | 81% | 92% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| % of U.S. mutual funds AUM that outperformed passive peer median**(2),(4)** | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 year | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity | 43% | 46% | 57% | 59% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed Income | 69% | 71% | 63% | 48% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Multi-Asset | 27% | 96% | 95% | 92% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| All Funds | 40% | 61% | 67% | 67% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| % of composites AUM that outperformed benchmarks**(5)** | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 year | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity | 38% | 38% | 61% | 76% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed Income | 63% | 80% | 75% | 74% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| All Composites | 42% | 45% | 63% | 76% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
As of March 31, 2022, 69 of 124 (55.6%) of the firm's rated U.S. mutual funds (across primary share classes) received an overall rating of 4 or 5 stars. By comparison, 32.5% of Morningstar's fund population is given a rating of 4 or 5 stars(5). In addition, 67%(5) of AUM in the firm's rated U.S. mutual funds (across primary share classes) ended March 31, 2022 with an overall rating of 4 or 5 stars.
(1) The investment performance reflects that of T. Rowe Price sponsored mutual funds and composites AUM and not of OHA’s products.
(2) Source: © 2022 Morningstar, Inc. All rights reserved. The information contained herein: 1) is proprietary to Morningstar and/or its content providers; 2) may not be copied or distributed; and 3) is not warranted to be accurate, complete, or timely. Neither Morningstar nor its content providers are responsible for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information.
(3) Source: Morningstar. Primary share class only. Excludes money market mutual funds, funds with an operating history of less than one year, T. Rowe Price passive funds, and T. Rowe Price funds that are clones of other funds. The top chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price funds with 1 year, 3 year, 5 year, and 10 year track record that are outperforming the Morningstar category median. The bottom chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price funds AUM that has outperformed for the time periods indicated. Total AUM included for this analysis includes $394B for 1 year, $393B for 3 years, $393B for 5 years, and $386B for 10 years.
(4) Passive Peer Median was created by T. Rowe Price using data from Morningstar. Primary share class only. Excludes money market mutual funds, funds with an operating history of less than one year, funds with fewer than three peers, T. Rowe Price passive funds, and T. Rowe Price funds that are clones of other funds. This analysis compares T. Rowe Price active funds to the applicable universe of passive/index open-end funds and ETFs of peer firms. The top chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price funds with 1 year, 3 year, 5 year, and 10 year track record that are outperforming the passive peer universe. The bottom chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price funds AUM that has outperformed for the time periods indicated. Total AUM included for this analysis includes $372B for 1 year, $370B for 3 years, $368B for 5 years, and $353B for 10 years.
*(5)*Composite net returns are calculated using the highest applicable separate account fee schedule. Excludes money market composites. All composites compared to official GIPS composite primary benchmark. The top chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price composites with 1 year, 3 year, 5 year, and 10 year track record that are outperforming their benchmarks. The bottom chart reflects the percentage of T. Rowe Price composite AUM that has outperformed for the time periods indicated. Total AUM included for this analysis includes $1,392B for 1 year, $1,390B for 3 years, $1,376B for 5 years, and $1,337B for 10 years.
(6) The Morningstar Rating™ for funds is calculated for funds with at least a three-year history. Exchange-traded funds and open-ended mutual funds are considered a single population for comparative purposes. It is calculated based on a Morningstar Risk-Adjusted Return measure that accounts for variation in a managed product's monthly excess performance, placing more emphasis on downward variations and rewarding consistent performance. Morningstar gives its best ratings of 5 or 4 stars to the top 32.5% of all funds (of the 32.5%,10% get 5 stars and 22.5% get 4 stars). The Overall Morningstar Rating™ is derived from a weighted average of the performance figures associated with a fund’s 3, 5, and 10 year (if applicable) Morningstar Rating™ metrics.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The following table and discussion sets forth information regarding our consolidated financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 on a U.S. GAAP basis as well as a non-GAAP basis. The first quarter of 2022 reflects the operating results of OHA which was acquired at the end of 2021. The non-GAAP basis adjusts for the impact of our consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products, the impact of market movements on the supplemental savings plan liability and related economic hedges, investment income related to certain other investments, and certain nonrecurring charges and gains, including acquisition-related amortization and costs.
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| Three months ended | Q1 2022 vs. Q1 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions, except per-share data) | 3/31/2022 | 3/31/2021 | $ change | % change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. GAAP basis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment advisory fees | $ | 1,662.1 | $ | 1,687.8 | $ | (25.7) | (1.5) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net revenues | $ | 1,863.0 | $ | 1,826.8 | $ | 36.2 | 2.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses | $ | 985.6 | $ | 933.6 | $ | 52.0 | 5.6 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net operating income | $ | 877.4 | $ | 893.2 | $ | (15.8) | (1.8) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-operating income (loss)(1) | $ | (198.5) | $ | 102.1 | $ | (300.6) | n/m | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price | $ | 567.9 | $ | 749.4 | $ | (181.5) | (24.2) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 2.41 | $ | 3.17 | $ | (.76) | (24.0) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average common shares outstanding assuming dilution | 229.8 | 230.0 | $ | (.2) | (.1) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted non-GAAP basis**(2)** | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses | $ | 1,039.1 | $ | 909.2 | $ | 129.9 | 14.3 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net operating income | $ | 838.0 | $ | 918.9 | $ | (80.9) | (8.8) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-operating income (loss)(1) | $ | (23.8) | $ | 13.7 | $ | (37.5) | n/m | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price | $ | 616.9 | $ | 712.0 | $ | (95.1) | (13.4) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 2.62 | $ | 3.01 | $ | (.39) | (13.0) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets under management (in billions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average assets under management | $ | 1,559.9 | $ | 1,508.8 | $ | 51.1 | 3.4 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ending assets under management | $ | 1,551.8 | $ | 1,518.0 | $ | 33.8 | 2.2 | % |
(1) The percentage change in non-operating income (loss) is not meaningful (n/m).
(2) See the reconciliation to the comparable U.S. GAAP measures at the end of the Results of Operations section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis.
Results Overview - Quarter ended March 31, 2022
Net revenues. Total net revenues consist of investment advisory revenues; administrative, distribution, and servicing fees, and capital allocation-based income. Total net revenues were $1,863.0 million in the first quarter of 2022 compared with $1,826.8 million in the first quarter of 2021. Approximately 90% of our total net revenues are earned from investment advisory revenues.
Investment advisory fees are generally earned based on the value and composition of our assets under management, which change based on fluctuations in financial markets and net cash flows. As our average assets under management increase or decrease in a given period, the level of our investment advisory fee revenue for that same period generally fluctuates in a similar manner. Our annualized effective fee rates can be impacted by market or cash flow related shifts among asset and share classes, price changes in existing products, and asset level changes in products with tiered-fee structures.
Operating expenses. Operating expenses on a GAAP basis were $985.6 million in the first quarter of 2022 compared with $933.6 million in the first quarter of 2021. On a non-GAAP basis, operating expenses were $1,039.1 million, a 14.3% increase over the comparable 2021 period.
About half of the increase in our non-GAAP operating expenses from the first quarter of 2021 is due to the inclusion of OHA’s operating expenses in the first quarter of 2022 following the acquisition at the end of 2021. OHA's operating expenses primarily impact compensation expense; technology, occupancy, and facility costs; and general, administrative and other costs. The remaining increase is primarily attributable to higher costs for technology development and core operations provided by FIS since August 2021 for the firm's full-service recordkeeping offering and higher costs related to the ongoing investment in the firm's technology capabilities. The costs incurred from the FIS arrangement were partially offset by a reduction in compensation expenses as a result of the approximately 800 associates who transitioned to FIS in August 2021.
Our non-GAAP operating expenses exclude the impact of the supplemental savings plan, consolidated sponsored products, the remeasurement of the contingent consideration liability, amortization of certain acquisition-related assets, and other acquisition-related costs. See our non-GAAP reconciliations later in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis section.
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We updated our forecasted 2022 non-GAAP operating expenses, including a full-year of OHA’s operating expenses, from a range of 12% to 16% to a range of 10% to 14% to reflect lower market-related expenses and a slower pace of net hiring experienced in the quarter. We could elect to further adjust our expense growth should unforeseen circumstances arise, including significant market movements.
Operating margin. Our operating margin in the first quarter of 2022 was 47.1%, compared to 48.9% earned in the 2021 quarter. The decrease in our operating margin for the first quarter of 2022 compared to the 2021 period was primarily driven by expense growth outpacing the increase in net revenues in the first quarter of 2022.
Diluted earnings per share. Our 2022 diluted earnings per share reflects the net income of OHA that was acquired at the end of 2021.
Diluted earnings per share was $2.41 for the first quarter of 2022 as compared to $3.17 for the first quarter of 2021. The 24.0% decrease was primarily driven by lower operating income and net investment losses recognized in the first quarter of 2022 as compared to net investment gains in the first quarter of 2021, as the strong market returns in 2021 outpaced the market performance in the first quarter of 2022.
On a non-GAAP basis, diluted earnings per share was $2.62 for the first quarter of 2022 as compared to $3.01 for the first quarter of 2021. Similar to our GAAP diluted earnings, the decrease is largely attributable to lower operating income compared to 2021 period and net investment losses on our seed and discretionary portfolio recognized in the first quarter of 2022 as compared to net investment gains in the first quarter of 2021.
Net revenues
| Three months ended | Q1 2022 vs. Q1 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions) | 3/31/2022 | 3/31/2021 | $ change | % change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment advisory fees | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. mutual funds | $ | 976.5 | $ | 1,050.2 | $ | (73.7) | (7.0) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subadvised funds, separate accounts, collective investment trusts, and other investment products | 685.6 | 637.6 | 48.0 | 7.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1,662.1 | 1,687.8 | (25.7) | (1.5) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Administrative, distribution, and servicing fees | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Administrative fees | 130.2 | 109.9 | 20.3 | 18.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Distribution and servicing fees | 26.3 | 29.1 | (2.8) | (9.6) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 156.5 | 139.0 | 17.5 | 12.6 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital allocation-based income**(1)** | 44.4 | — | 44.4 | n/m | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net revenues | $ | 1,863.0 | $ | 1,826.8 | $ | 36.2 | 2.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) The percentage change for capital allocation-based income is not meaningful (n/m)**.
Investment advisory fees.
Investment advisory revenues earned in the first quarter of 2022 decreased over the comparable 2021 quarter despite an increase in average assets under our management of $51.1 billion, or 3.4%, to $1,559.9 billion. In the first quarter of 2022, we voluntarily waived $9.2 million, or less than 1%, of our investment advisory fees in order to continue to maintain a positive yield for investors. At March 31, 2022, combined net assets of the investment portfolios in which we waived fees in the first quarter of 2022 were $22.8 billion. We anticipate that the waivers will decline in the second quarter of 2022 and are expected to cease by the end of the second quarter of 2022.
The total average annualized effective fee rate earned during the first quarter of 2022 was 43.2 basis points, compared with 45.4 basis points earned during the first quarter of 2021 and 43.4 basis points earned during the fourth quarter of 2021. In comparison to the first quarter of 2021, our annualized effective fee rate declined primarily due to the July 2021 fee reductions in our target-date products and an asset mix shift to lower fee vehicles and asset classes within the complex over the last twelve months. These fee pressures were partially offset by the higher than average fee rate earned on our alternative asset class.
U.S. mutual funds
Investment advisory revenues earned in the first quarter of 2022 from our U.S. mutual funds were $976.5 million, a decrease of 7.0% from the comparable 2021 quarter. Average assets under management in these funds for the first
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quarter of 2022 decreased 2.0% from the 2021 quarter to $798.0 billion. The annualized effective fee rate of 49.6 basis points for the first quarter of 2022 decreased from 52.3 basis points in the first quarter of 2021 primarily due to the July 2021 fee reductions in our target-date products and an asset mix shift to lower fee vehicles and asset classes within the complex over the last twelve months.
Subadvised funds, separate accounts, collective investment trusts and other investment products (other portfolios)
Investment advisory revenues earned in the first quarter of 2022 from these other portfolios were $685.6 million, an increase of 7.5% from the comparable 2021 quarter. Average assets under management for these products increased 9.7% from the 2021 quarter to $761.9 billion. A portion of the increase in these advisory revenues and related average assets under management is due to the acquisition of OHA at the end of 2021. The annualized effective fee rate of 36.5 basis points for the first quarter of 2022 decreased from 37.2 basis points in the first quarter of 2021. The decrease is primarily due to the July 2021 fee reductions in our target-date products and an asset mix shift to lower fee vehicles and asset classes within the complex over the last twelve months. These fee pressures were partially offset by the higher than average fee rate earned on our alternative asset class.
Administrative, distribution, and servicing fees. Administrative, distribution, and servicing fees in the first quarter of 2022 were $156.5 million, an increase of $17.5 million, or 12.6%, from the comparable 2021 quarter. The increase was primarily due to higher transfer agent servicing activities provided to the T. Rowe Price mutual funds, higher model delivery revenue, and higher trustee services revenue. These increases were partially offset by lower 12b-1 revenue earned on the Advisor and R share classes of the U.S. mutual funds as a result of lower assets under management in these share classes. The decrease in 12b-1 revenue is offset entirely by a decrease in the costs paid to third-party intermediaries that source these assets and are reported in distribution and servicing expense.
Capital allocation-based income. Capital allocation-based income in the first quarter of 2022 was $44.4 million. This represents $57.6 million of the carried interest we earn from investments in affiliated private investment funds, partially offset by $13.2 million in non-cash amortization associated with the difference in the closing date fair value and carrying value of investments acquired as part of the OHA acquisition.
Our net revenues reflect the elimination of advisory and administrative fee revenue earned from our consolidated
T. Rowe Price investment products. The corresponding expenses recognized by these products, and consolidated in our financial statements, were also eliminated from operating expenses. For the first quarter, we eliminated net revenue of $.9 million in 2022 and $1.3 million in 2021.
Operating expenses
| Three months ended | Q1 2022 vs. Q1 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions) | 3/31/2022 | 3/31/2021 | $ change | % change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Compensation and related costs, excluding supplemental savings plan | $ | 632.6 | $ | 561.3 | $ | 71.3 | 12.7 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Supplemental savings plan(1) | (51.0) | 22.2 | (73.2) | n/m | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total compensation and related costs | 581.6 | 583.5 | (1.9) | (.3) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Distribution and servicing | 85.9 | 85.6 | .3 | .4 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Advertising and promotion | 23.4 | 18.9 | 4.5 | 23.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Product and recordkeeping related costs | 80.4 | 41.0 | 39.4 | 96.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Technology, occupancy, and facility costs | 133.9 | 117.3 | 16.6 | 14.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General, administrative, and other | 80.4 | 87.3 | (6.9) | (7.9) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | $ | 985.6 | $ | 933.6 | $ | 52.0 | 5.6 | % |
(1) The impact of the market on the supplemental savings plan liability drives the expense recognized each period.
Compensation and related costs, excluding supplemental savings plan. Compensation and related costs, excluding supplemental savings plan, were $632.6 million in the first quarter of 2022, an increase of $71.3 million, or 12.7%, compared to the 2021 quarter. The first quarter of 2022 includes OHA’s compensation and related costs, carried interest-related compensation, and $13.7 million in non-cash amortization of certain acquisition-related retention arrangements. The firm employed 7,573 associates at March 31, 2022, an increase of .6% from the end of 2021.
Distribution and servicing. Distribution and servicing costs were $85.9 million for the first quarter of 2022, an increase of .4% from the $85.6 million recognized in the 2021 quarter. The slight increase was primarily driven by
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higher costs incurred to distribute certain products through U.S. financial intermediaries, as assets under management in these products have increased from prior year, and by higher AUM-based distribution costs in our international products, including our Japanese Investment Trusts (ITMs), and certain SICAV share classes. These increases were partially offset by lower 12b-1 fees due to lower average assets under management in the U.S. mutual funds.
The amounts paid to third-party intermediaries that source the assets of the Advisor and R share classes of our U.S. mutual funds and our international products, such as our Japanese ITMs and SICAVs, are recognized in the distribution and servicing expense category. Both of these costs are offset entirely by the revenue we earn and report in net revenues: 12b-1 revenue recognized in administrative, distribution, and servicing fees for the U.S. mutual funds and investment advisory fee revenue for our international products.
Advertising and promotion. Advertising and promotion costs were $23.4 million in the first quarter of 2022, an increase of $4.5 million, or 23.8%, compared to the $18.9 million recognized in the 2021 quarter. The increase was driven primarily by increased media spend as well as advertising development costs during the quarter, along with lower spending in 2021 due to the impact of the coronavirus pandemic.
Product and recordkeeping related costs. Product and recordkeeping costs were $80.4 million in the first quarter of 2022, an increase of $39.4 million, or 96%, compared to the $41.0 million in the 2021 quarter. Approximately 80% of the increase in the first quarter of 2022 was driven by the recordkeeping costs incurred as part of our expanded FIS relationship that began in August 2021.
Technology, occupancy, and facility costs. Technology, occupancy, and facility costs were $133.9 million in the first quarter of 2022, an increase of $16.6 million, or 14.2%, compared to the $117.3 million recognized in the 2021 quarter. The increase is due primarily to the ongoing investment in our technology capabilities, including hosted solution licenses, depreciation and office facility costs.
General, administrative, and other. General, administrative, and other expenses were $80.4 million in the first quarter of 2022, a decrease of $6.9 million, or 7.9%, compared to the $87.3 million recognized in the 2021 quarter. The decrease was primarily related to the favorable impact of the change in fair value of the contingent consideration liability of $45.5 million, partially offset by $27.1 million in acquisition-related amortization and other acquisition-related costs. Higher information services, external research, travel and other nonrecurring administrative costs further offset the decrease in general, administrative and other expenses in the first quarter of 2022 compared to 2021.
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Non-operating income (loss)
Non-operating loss for the first quarter of 2022 was $198.5 million as compared to non-operating income of $102.1 million in the 2021 quarter. The following table details the components of non-operating income (loss) for both the first quarter ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
| Three months ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions) | 3/31/2022 | 3/31/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net gains (losses) from non-consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and discretionary investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividend income | $ | .8 | $ | 5.1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Market related gains (losses) and equity in earnings (losses) | (24.6) | 8.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total cash and discretionary investments | (23.8) | 13.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Seed capital investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividend income | .2 | .1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Market related gains (losses) and equity in earnings (losses) | (22.8) | 11.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net gains recognized upon deconsolidation | 1.6 | 2.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments used to hedge the supplemental savings plan liability | (55.3) | 22.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total net gains (losses) from non-consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | (100.1) | 50.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Other investment income | 10.2 | 18.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net gains (losses) on investments | (89.9) | 68.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net gains (losses) on consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | (101.4) | 37.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income (loss), including foreign currency gains and losses | (7.2) | (3.7) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-operating income (loss) | $ | (198.5) | $ | 102.1 |
The significant investment portfolio gains in the first quarter of 2021 outperformed the investment portfolio losses in the first quarter of 2022 as the Russian invasion of Ukraine, inflation fears and the Federal Reserve interest rate increases weighed on the global economy and markets resulting in lower valuations at the end of the first quarter 2022. The cash and discretionary investment portfolio also experienced net investment losses of $23.8 million during the first quarter of 2022.
The table above includes the net investment income of the underlying portfolios included in the consolidated
T. Rowe Price investment products and not just the net investment income related to our interest. The table below shows the impact that the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products had on the individual lines of our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and the portion attributable to our interest:
| Three months ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions) | 3/31/2022 | 3/31/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses reflected in net operating income | $ | (2.5) | $ | (3.5) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net investment income (loss) reflected in non-operating income | (101.4) | 37.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Impact on income before taxes | $ | (103.9) | $ | 33.7 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to our interest in the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | $ | (50.4) | $ | 18.3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests (unrelated third-party investors) | (53.5) | 15.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | (103.9) | $ | 33.7 |
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Provision for income taxes
The following table reconciles the statutory federal income tax rate to our effective tax rate on a GAAP basis for both the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
| Three months ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3/31/2022 | 3/31/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate | 21.0 | % | 21.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| State income taxes for current year, net of federal income tax benefits(1) | 3.3 | 3.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net (income) losses attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | .3 | (.6) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation plans activity | (.6) | (1.2) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Other items | .2 | .2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Effective income tax rate | 24.2 | % | 23.2 | % |
(1) State income tax benefits are reflected in the total benefits for net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests and stock-based compensation plans activity.
Our GAAP effective tax rate for the first quarter of 2022 was 24.2%, compared with 23.2% in the 2021 quarter. The increase in the GAAP effective tax rate in 2022 from 2021 was primarily due to net losses attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests held in our consolidated investment products and lower discrete tax benefits associated with the settlement of stock-based awards. These increases were partially offset by the favorable impacts of the reduction in the effective state tax rate due to the full phase-in of the 2018 Maryland state tax legislation and the remeasurement of the contingent consideration liability with respect to the earnout arrangement with OHA.
The non-GAAP tax rate primarily adjusts for the impact of the consolidated investment products, including the net income attributable to the redeemable non-controlling interests. Our non-GAAP effective tax rate was 24.2% in the first quarter of 2022 compared with 23.7% in first quarter of 2021. The increase in the non-GAAP effective tax rate was primarily attributable to lower discrete tax benefits associated with the settlement of stock-based awards compared to the first quarter of 2021. The non-GAAP effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2022 continues to be favorably impacted by the complete phase-in benefit of the 2018 Maryland state tax legislation.
Our effective tax rate will continue to experience volatility in future periods as the tax benefits recognized from stock-based compensation are impacted by market fluctuations in our stock price and timing of option exercises as well as the remeasurement of the contingent consideration liability. Our GAAP rate will also be impacted by changes in the proportion of net income that is attributable to our redeemable non-controlling interests and non-controlling interests reflected in permanent equity.
We currently estimate that our effective tax rate for the full year 2022, on a GAAP basis, will be in the range of 22.0% to 25.0%. On a non-GAAP basis, the range is 23.0% to 25.0%.
NON-GAAP INFORMATION AND RECONCILIATION.
We believe the non-GAAP financial measures below provide relevant and meaningful information to investors about our core operating results. These measures have been established in order to increase transparency for the purpose of evaluating our core business, for comparing current results with prior period results, and to enable more appropriate comparison with industry peers. However, non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered a substitute for financial measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP and may be calculated differently by other companies.
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The following schedules reconcile certain U.S. GAAP financial measures for the three months ended
March 31, 2022 and 2021.
| Three months ended 3/31/2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses | Net operating income | Non-operating income (loss) | Provision (benefit) for income taxes**(6)** | Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price | Diluted earnings per share**(7)** | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. GAAP Basis | $ | 985.6 | $ | 877.4 | $ | (198.5) | $ | 164.5 | $ | 567.9 | $ | 2.41 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products(1) | (1.6) | 2.5 | 101.4 | 20.3 | 30.0 | .13 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Supplemental savings plan liability(2) | 51.0 | (51.0) | 55.3 | 1.7 | 2.7 | .01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition-related transaction costs(3) | (.7) | .7 | — | .3 | .4 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition-related contingent consideration(4) | 45.5 | (45.5) | — | (18.2) | (27.3) | (.12) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition-related compensation arrangements(4) | (13.6) | 13.6 | — | 5.4 | 8.2 | .04 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition-related amortization - investments and intangible assets(4) | (27.1) | 40.3 | — | 16.1 | 24.2 | .10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other non-operating income(5) | — | — | 18.0 | 7.2 | 10.8 | .05 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Non-GAAP Basis | $ | 1,039.1 | $ | 838.0 | $ | (23.8) | $ | 197.3 | $ | 616.9 | $ | 2.62 |
| Three months ended 3/31/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses | Net operating income | Non-operating income (loss) | Provision (benefit) for income taxes**(6)** | Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price | Diluted earnings per share**(7)** | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. GAAP Basis | $ | 933.6 | $ | 893.2 | $ | 102.1 | $ | 230.5 | $ | 749.4 | $ | 3.17 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products(1) | (2.2) | 3.5 | (37.2) | (3.8) | (14.5) | (.06) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Supplemental savings plan liability(2) | (22.2) | 22.2 | (22.1) | — | .1 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other non-operating income(5) | — | — | (29.1) | (6.1) | (23.0) | (.10) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Non-GAAP Basis | $ | 909.2 | $ | 918.9 | $ | 13.7 | $ | 220.6 | $ | 712.0 | $ | 3.01 |
(1) These non-GAAP adjustments remove the impact that the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products have on our U.S. GAAP consolidated statements of income. Specifically, we add back the operating expenses and subtract the investment income of the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products. The adjustment to our operating expenses represents the operating expenses of the consolidated products, net of the elimination of related management and administrative fees. The adjustment to net income attributable to T. Rowe Price represents the net income of the consolidated products, net of redeemable non-controlling interests. We remove the impact of the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products as we believe they impact the reader’s ability to understand our core operating results.
(2) These non-GAAP adjustments remove the compensation expense impact from market valuation changes in the supplemental savings plan liability and the related net gains (losses) on investments designated as an economic hedge against the related liability. Amounts deferred under the supplemental savings plan are adjusted for appreciation (depreciation) of hypothetical investments chosen by participants. We use T. Rowe Price investment products to economically hedge the exposure to these market movements. We believe it is useful to offset the non-operating investment income (loss) realized on the economic hedges against the related compensation expense and remove the net impact to help the reader's ability to understand our core operating results and to increase comparability period to period.
(3) This non-GAAP adjustment removes the transactions costs incurred related to the acquisition of OHA. Management believes adjusting for these charges help the reader's ability to understand the firm's core operating results and to increase comparability period to period.
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(4) These non-GAAP adjustments remove the impact of acquisition-related amortization and costs including amortization of intangible assets, the recurring fair value remeasurements of the contingent consideration liability, amortization of acquired investment and non-controlling interest basis differences and amortization of compensation-related arrangements. Management believes adjusting for these charges helps the reader's ability to understand the firm's core operating results and to increase comparability period to period.
(5) This non-GAAP adjustment represents the other non-operating income (loss) and the net gains (losses) earned on our non-consolidated investment portfolio that are not designated as economic hedges of the supplemental savings plan liability, and non-consolidated seed investments and other investments that are not part of the cash and discretionary investment portfolio. We retain the investment gains recognized on our non-consolidated cash and discretionary investments as these assets and related income (loss) are considered part of our core operations. We believe adjusting for these non-operating income (loss) items helps the reader’s ability to understand our core operating results and increases comparability to prior years. Additionally, we do not emphasize the impact of the portion of non-operating income (loss) removed when managing and evaluating our core performance.
(6) The income tax impacts were calculated in order to achieve an overall non-GAAP effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 of 24.2% and 23.7%, respectively. The firm estimates that its effective tax rate for the full-year 2022 on a non-GAAP basis will be in the range of 23.0% to 25.0%.
(7) This non-GAAP measure was calculated by applying the two-class method to adjusted net income attributable to T. Rowe Price divided by the weighted-average common shares outstanding assuming dilution. The calculation of adjusted net income allocated to common stockholders is as follows:
| Three months ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 3/31/2022 | 3/31/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted net income attributable to T. Rowe Price | $ | 616.9 | $ | 712.0 | ||||||||||||||||
| Less: adjusted net income allocated to outstanding restricted stock and stock unit holders | 14.1 | 18.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted net income allocated to common stockholders | $ | 602.8 | $ | 693.1 |
CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY.
Sources of Liquidity
We have ample liquidity, including cash and investments in T. Rowe Price products, as follows:
| (in millions) | 3/31/2022 | 12/31/2021 | ||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,997.5 | $ | 1,523.1 | ||||||||||
| Discretionary investments | 576.1 | 554.1 | ||||||||||||
| Total cash and discretionary investments | 2,573.6 | 2,077.2 | ||||||||||||
| Redeemable seed capital investments | 1,096.6 | 1,300.1 | ||||||||||||
| Investments used to hedge the supplemental savings plan liability | 820.0 | 881.5 | ||||||||||||
| Total cash and investments in T. Rowe Price products | $ | 4,490.2 | $ | 4,258.8 |
Our discretionary investment portfolio is comprised of short duration bond funds, which typically yield higher than money market rates, and asset allocation products. Cash and discretionary investments experienced market losses of $23.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to investment gains of $13.7 million in the 2021 quarter. Our subsidiaries outside the United States hold cash and discretionary investments of $869.1 million at March 31, 2022 and $764.2 million at December 31, 2021. Given the availability of our financial resources and cash expected to be generated through future operations, we do not maintain an available external source of additional liquidity.
Our seed capital investments are redeemable, although we generally expect to be invested for several years for the products to build an investment performance history and until unrelated third-party investors substantially reduce our relative ownership percentage.
The cash and investment presentation on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet is based on the accounting treatment for the cash equivalent or investment item. The following table details how T. Rowe Price’s
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interests in cash and investments relate to where they are presented on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2022.
| (in millions) | Cash and cash equivalents | Investments | Net assets of consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products**(1)** | 3/31/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and discretionary investments | $ | 1,997.5 | $ | 502.2 | $ | 73.9 | $ | 2,573.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Seed capital investments | — | 358.6 | 738.0 | 1,096.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments used to hedge the supplemental savings plan liability | — | 820.0 | — | 820.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total cash and investments in T. Rowe Price products attributable to T. Rowe Price | 1,997.5 | 1,680.8 | 811.9 | 4,490.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments in affiliated private investment funds(2) | — | 795.2 | — | 795.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments in CLOs | — | 124.5 | — | 124.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment in UTI and other investments | — | 278.8 | — | 278.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total cash and investments attributable to T. Rowe Price | 1,997.5 | 2,879.3 | 811.9 | 5,688.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Redeemable non-controlling interests | — | — | 790.4 | 790.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| As reported on unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2022 | $ | 1,997.5 | $ | 2,879.3 | $ | 1,602.3 | $ | 6,479.1 |
(1) The consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products are generally those products we provided seed capital at the time of their formation and we have a controlling interest. These products generally represent U.S. mutual funds as well as those funds regulated outside the U.S. The $73.9 million and the $738.0 million represent the total value at March 31, 2022 of our interest in the consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products. The total net assets of the T. Rowe Price investment products at March 31, 2022 of $1,602.3 million includes assets of $1,658.2 million, less liabilities of $55.9 million as reflected in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2) Includes $272.2 million of non-controlling interests in consolidated entities and represents the portion of these investments, held by third parties, that we cannot sell in order to obtain cash for general operations.
Our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet reflects the cash and cash equivalents, investments, other assets and liabilities of those T. Rowe Price investment products we consolidate, as well as redeemable non-controlling interests for the portion of these T. Rowe Price investment products that are held by unrelated third-party investors. Although we can redeem our net interest in these T. Rowe Price investment products at any time, we cannot directly access or sell the assets held by the products to obtain cash for general operations. Additionally, the assets of these T. Rowe Price investment products are not available to our general creditors. Our interest in these
T. Rowe Price investment products was used as initial seed capital and is recategorized as discretionary when it is determined by management that the seed capital is no longer needed. We assess the discretionary investment products and, when we decide to liquidate our interest, we seek to do so in a way as to not impact the product and, ultimately, the unrelated third-party investors.
Uses of Liquidity
We increased our quarterly recurring dividend per common share in February 2022 by 11.1% to $1.20 per common share from $1.08 per common share. Further, we expended $320.1 million in the first quarter of 2022 to repurchase 2.1 million shares, or .9% of our outstanding common stock, at an average price of $151.97 per share. These dividends and repurchases were expended using existing cash balances and cash generated from operations. While opportunistic in our approach to stock buybacks, we will generally repurchase our common stock over time to offset the dilution created by our equity-based compensation plans.
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Since the end of 2019, we have returned $5.5 billion to stockholders through stock repurchases, regular quarterly dividends, and a special dividend, as follows:
| (in millions) | Recurring dividend | Special dividend | Stock repurchases | Total cash returned to stockholders | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | $ | 846.0 | $ | — | $ | 1,192.2 | $ | 2,038.2 | |||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 1,003.7 | 699.8 | 1,136.0 | 2,839.5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Three months ended 3/31/2022 | 279.2 | — | 320.1 | 599.3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 2,128.9 | $ | 699.8 | $ | 2,648.3 | $ | 5,477.0 |
We anticipate property, equipment, software and other capital expenditures, including internal labor capitalization, for the full-year 2022 to be about $290 million, of which more than three-quarters is planned for technology initiatives. We expect to fund our anticipated capital expenditures with operating cash flows and other available resources.
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Cash Flows
The following table summarizes the cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, that are attributable to T. Rowe Price, our consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products, and the related eliminations required in preparing the statement.
| Three months ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3/31/2022 | 3/31/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions) | Cash flow attributable to T. Rowe Price | Cash flow attributable to consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | Elims | As reported | Cash flow attributable to T. Rowe Price | Cash flow attributable to consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | Elims | As reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 567.9 | $ | (103.9) | $ | 50.4 | $ | 514.4 | $ | 749.4 | $ | 33.7 | $ | (18.3) | $ | 764.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and software | 54.5 | — | — | 54.5 | 49.0 | — | 49.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of acquired assets and liabilities | 53.9 | — | — | 53.9 | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value remeasurement of contingent liability | (45.5) | — | — | (45.5) | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | 63.6 | — | — | 63.6 | 57.5 | — | 57.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net (gains) losses recognized on investments | 88.7 | — | (50.4) | 38.3 | (77.8) | — | 18.3 | (59.5) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net redemptions in T. Rowe Price investment products used to economically hedge supplemental savings plan liability | 6.1 | — | — | 6.1 | 22.0 | — | 22.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net change in trading securities held by consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | — | 180.1 | — | 180.1 | — | (120.9) | (120.9) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other changes | 229.0 | 9.4 | (.4) | 238.0 | 338.5 | (56.5) | (.2) | 281.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 1,018.2 | 85.6 | (.4) | 1,103.4 | 1,138.6 | (143.7) | (.2) | 994.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 44.4 | (5.9) | (34.7) | 3.8 | 30.4 | (27.3) | (33.9) | (30.8) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (588.2) | (91.0) | 35.1 | (644.1) | (490.6) | 149.0 | 34.1 | (307.5) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents of consolidated T. Rowe Price investment products | — | (2.7) | — | (2.7) | — | .9 | — | .9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net change in cash and cash equivalents during period | 474.4 | (14.0) | — | 460.4 | 678.4 | (21.1) | — | 657.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 1,523.1 | 101.1 | — | 1,624.2 | 2,151.7 | 104.8 | — | 2,256.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 1,997.5 | $ | 87.1 | $ | — | $ | 2,084.6 | $ | 2,830.1 | $ | 83.7 | $ | — | $ | 2,913.8 |
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Operating Activities
Operating activities attributable to T. Rowe Price during the first quarter of 2022 provided cash flows of $1,018.2 million as compared to $1,138.6 million during the first quarter of 2021. Operating cash flows attributable to T. Rowe Price decreased $120.4 million, including a $181.5 million decrease in net income from the first quarter of 2021 and timing differences primarily on the cash settlement of our assets and liabilities of $109.5 million. These decreases were partially offset by $186.5 million in lower non-cash adjustments, including unrealized investment gains/losses, depreciation, amortization of acquisition-related assets and retention arrangements, the fair value remeasurement of the contingent consideration liability, stock-based compensation expense, and other noncash items. The non-cash adjustments were primarily driven by $88.7 million in net investment losses in the first quarter of 2022 compared with $77.8 million in net investment gains in the first quarter of 2021. Additionally, in 2022, we had net proceeds of $6.1 million from certain investment products that economically hedge our supplemental savings plan liability compared to net proceeds of $22.0 million in the same period of 2021. Our interim operating cash flows do not include the cash impact of variable compensation that is accrued throughout the year before being substantially paid out in December. The remaining change in reported cash flows from operating activities was attributable to the net change in trading securities held in our consolidated investment products’ underlying portfolios.
Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities that are attributable to T. Rowe Price totaled $44.4 million in the first quarter of 2022 compared with $30.4 million of cash provided by investing activities in the 2021 period. During 2022,
we increased the cash provided by investing activities with higher net proceeds from the sale of certain of our discretionary investments of $58.9 million compared to net proceeds of $47.8 million during 2021. Partially offsetting these increases were decreased property, equipment and software expenditures of $3.9 million. We also decreased the level of seed capital provided by $.8 million. We eliminate our seed capital in those T. Rowe Price investment products we consolidate in preparing our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows. The remaining $21.4 million change in reported cash flows from investing activities is related to the net cash removed from our balance sheet from consolidating and deconsolidating investment products.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities attributable to T. Rowe Price were $588.2 million in the first quarter of 2022 compared with $490.6 million in the 2021 period. During the first quarter of 2022, we used $320.1 million to repurchase 2.1 million shares compared to $259.2 million to repurchase 1.6 million shares in the first quarter of 2021. During the first quarter of 2022, there was a $26.9 million increase in dividends paid in 2022 as a result of the 11.1% increase in our quarterly dividend per share. Partially offsetting these increases in net cash used in financing activities were $6.0 million in net contributions from non-controlling interests in consolidated entities. The remaining change in reported cash flows from financing activities is primarily attributable to $55.9 million in net redemptions from redeemable non-controlling interest holders of our consolidated investment products during the first quarter of 2022 as compared to $183.1 million in net subscriptions received from redeemable non-controlling interest holders of our consolidated investment products during the first quarter of 2021.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES.
The preparation of financial statements often requires the selection of specific accounting methods and policies from among several acceptable alternatives. Further, significant estimates and judgments may be required in selecting and applying those methods and policies in the recognition of the assets and liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, the revenues and expenses in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income, and the information that is contained in our significant accounting policies and notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Making these estimates and judgments requires the analysis of information concerning events that may not yet be complete and of facts and circumstances that may change over time. Accordingly, actual amounts or future results can differ materially from those estimates that we include currently in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, significant accounting policies, and notes.
There have been no material changes in the critical accounting policies previously identified in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
NEWLY-ISSUED BUT NOT YET ADOPTED ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE.
See Note 1 - The Company and Basis of Preparation note within Item 1. Financial Statements for a discussion of newly issued but not yet adopted accounting guidance.
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FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION.
From time to time, information or statements provided by or on behalf of T. Rowe Price, including those within this report, may contain certain forward-looking information, including information or anticipated information relating to: our revenues, net income, and earnings per share of common stock; changes in the amount and composition of our assets under management; our expense levels; our tax rate; the timing and expense related to the integration of OHA with and into our business; and our expectations regarding financial markets, future transactions, dividends, stock repurchases, investments, new products and services, capital expenditures, changes in our effective fee rate, the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, and other market conditions. Readers are cautioned that any forward-looking information provided by or on behalf of T. Rowe Price is not a guarantee of future performance. Actual results may differ materially from those in forward-looking information because of various factors including, but not limited to, those discussed below and in Item 1A, Risk Factors, included in our Form 10-K Annual Report for 2021. Further, forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which it is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
Our future revenues and results of operations will fluctuate primarily due to changes in the total value and composition of assets under our management. Such changes result from many factors, including, among other things: cash inflows and outflows in the U.S. mutual funds, subadvised funds, separately managed accounts, collective investment trusts, and other investment products, performance fees, capital allocation-based income, fluctuations in global financial markets that result in appreciation or depreciation of the assets under our management, our introduction of new mutual funds and investment products, changes in retirement savings trends relative to participant-directed investments and defined contribution plans, and the impact of the coronavirus outbreak. The ability to attract and retain investors’ assets under our management is dependent on investor sentiment and confidence; the relative investment performance of the T. Rowe Price mutual funds and other managed investment products as compared with competing offerings and market indexes; the ability to maintain our investment management and administrative fees at appropriate levels; competitive conditions in the mutual fund, asset management, and broader financial services sectors; our level of success in implementing our strategy to expand our business, including our establishment of T. Rowe Price Investment Management as a separate registered investment adviser; and our ability to attract and retain key personnel. Our revenues are substantially dependent on fees earned under contracts with the T. Rowe Price funds and could be adversely affected if the independent directors of one or more of the T. Rowe Price funds terminated or significantly altered the terms of the investment management or related administrative services agreements. Non-operating investment income will also fluctuate primarily due to the size of our investments, changes in their market valuations, and any other-than-temporary impairments that may arise or, in the case of our equity method investments, our proportionate share of the investees' net income.
Our future results are also dependent upon the level of our expenses, which are subject to fluctuation for the following or other reasons: changes in the level of our advertising and promotion expenses in response to market conditions, including our efforts to expand our investment advisory business to investors outside the U.S. and to further penetrate our distribution channels within the U.S.; the pace and level of spending to support key strategic priorities, including the integration of OHA with and into our business; variations in the level of total compensation expense due to, among other things, bonuses, restricted stock units and other equity grants, other incentive awards, our supplemental savings plan, changes in our employee count and mix, and competitive factors; any goodwill or other asset impairment that may arise; fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates applicable to the costs of our international operations; expenses and capital costs, such as technology assets, depreciation, amortization, and research and development, incurred to maintain and enhance our administrative and operating services infrastructure; the timing of the assumption of all third party research payments, unanticipated costs that may be incurred to protect investor accounts and the goodwill of our clients; and disruptions of services, including those provided by third parties, such as fund and product recordkeeping, facilities, communications, power, and the mutual fund transfer agent and accounting systems.
Our business is also subject to substantial governmental regulation, and changes in legal, regulatory, accounting, tax, and compliance requirements may have a substantial effect on our operations and results, including, but not limited to, effects on costs that we incur and effects on investor interest in T. Rowe Price investment products and investing in general or in particular classes of mutual funds or other investments.
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