Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

INDEX TO

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

​Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm​62
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018​67
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017​68
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017​68
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017​69
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017​70
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements​71

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

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To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Waste Management, Inc.

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Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Waste Management, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Waste Management, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on the COSO criteria.

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We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the 2019 consolidated financial statements of the Company, and our report dated February 13, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

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Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

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We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

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Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

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Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

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5
​/s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP
Houston, Texas February 13, 2020​

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

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To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Waste Management, Inc.

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Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Waste Management, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows, and changes in equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

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We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 13, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

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Adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 (Topic 842)

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for leases in the 2019 financial statements to reflect the accounting method change due to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), and the related amendments.

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Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

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We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

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Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

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​Landfill Amortization ​
Description of the MatterAt December 31, 2019, the Company’s landfill assets totaled $6.6 billion and the associated amortization expense for 2019 was $575 million. As discussed in Note 3 of the financial statements, the Company updates the estimates used to calculate individual landfill amortization rates at least annually, or more often if significant facts change. Landfill amortization rates are used in the computation of landfill amortization expense. ​ Auditing landfill amortization rates and related amortization expense is complex due to the highly judgmental nature of assumptions used in estimating the rates. Significant assumptions used in the calculation of the rates include: estimated future development costs associated with the construction and retirement of the landfill, estimated remaining permitted airspace and unpermitted expansion airspace, airspace utilization factors, projected annual tonnage intakes, and projected timing of retirement activities. ​
How We Addressed the Matter in Our AuditWe obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls over determining landfill amortization rates and calculating amortization expense. Our audit procedures included, among others, testing controls over: the Company’s process for evaluating and updating the significant assumptions used in the development of the landfill amortization rates, management’s review of those significant assumptions, and the mathematical accuracy of the calculation and recording of amortization expense. ​ To test the landfill asset amortization rates, our audit procedures included, among others, assessing methodologies used by the Company and testing the significant assumptions discussed above, inclusive of the underlying data used by the Company in its development of these assumptions. We compared the significant assumptions used by management to historical trends and, when available, to comparable size landfills accepting a similar type of waste. Regarding unpermitted expansion airspace, we evaluated the Company’s criteria for inclusion in remaining airspace. In addition, we considered the professional qualifications and objectivity of management’s internal engineers responsible for developing the assumptions. We involved EY’s engineering specialists to assist with the application of these procedures. We also tested the completeness and accuracy of the historical data utilized in the development of the landfill amortization rates.
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​Landfill – Final Capping, Closure and Post-Closure Costs
Description of the MatterAt December 31, 2019, the carrying value of the Company’s landfill asset retirement obligations related to final capping, closure and post-closure costs totaled $1.9 billion. As discussed in Note 3 of the financial statements, the Company updates the estimates used to measure the asset retirement obligations annually, or more often if significant facts change. ​ Auditing the landfill asset retirement obligation is complex due to the highly judgmental nature of the assumptions used in the measurement process. These assumptions include: estimated future costs associated with the capping, closure and post closure activities at each specific landfill; airspace consumed to date in relation to total estimated permitted airspace; the projected annual tonnage intake; and the projected timing of retirement activities. ​
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How We Addressed the Matter in Our AuditWe obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls over the calculation of asset retirement obligations. Our audit procedures included, among others, testing the Company’s controls over the landfill asset retirement obligation estimation process and management’s review of the significant
assumptions used in the estimation of the liability, including the amount and timing of retirement costs. ​ To test the landfill asset retirement obligation valuation, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, assessing methodologies used by the Company, testing the completeness of activities included in the estimate (e.g., gas monitoring and extraction), and testing the significant assumptions discussed above, inclusive of the underlying data used by the Company in its development of these assumptions. We compared the significant assumptions used by management to historical trends and, when available, to comparable size landfills accepting the same type of waste. In addition, we considered the professional qualifications and objectivity of management’s internal engineers responsible for developing the assumptions. We involved EY and external engineering specialists to assist us with these procedures. Specifically, we utilized the EY engineering specialists to evaluate the reasons for significant changes in assumptions from the historical trend, and to determine whether the change from the historical trend was appropriate and identified timely. We utilized the external engineers to evaluate the estimates of remaining landfill airspace. We also tested the completeness and accuracy of the historical data utilized in preparing the estimate. ​
​Environmental Remediation Liabilities
Description of the MatterAt December 31, 2019, environmental remediation liabilities totaled $240 million. As discussed in Note 3 of the financial statements, the Company performs a review of sites that require remediation and prepares cost estimates for the anticipated remedy using internal resources and, as needed, external resources (e.g., environmental engineers). The Company estimates the costs required to remediate sites based on: site-specific facts and circumstances; input from third party engineers or management’s judgment and experience in remediating their own and unrelated parties’ sites; and information available from regulatory agencies as to costs of remediation. The liability recorded by the Company represents its estimated share of the total obligation to remediate the site. The number of other potentially responsible parties (PRP’s) who may be liable for remediation of a specific site, their financial resources, and their relative degree of responsibility are used to determine the Company’s estimated share of the total obligation. Where the amount of an environmental remediation liability and the timing of the payments are fixed or reliably determinable, the forecasted cost is inflated until the expected time of payment and then discounted back to the present value. ​ Auditing environmental remediation liabilities is complex due to the highly judgmental nature of the assumptions used in the estimate. Significant judgment can be involved in determining whether the environmental liability is reasonably estimable. If the liability is determined to be reasonably estimable, significant assumptions used in the accounting for environmental remediation liabilities include: estimating the internal and external costs directly associated with site investigation and clean up, potential settlements with regulatory bodies or other affected parties, and legal and consultant fees; as well as determining the degree to which the remediation obligation is shared with other parties. ​

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How We Addressed the Matter in Our AuditWe obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls over the calculation of environmental remediation liabilities. Our audit procedures included, among others, testing controls over management’s review of: the estimated costs to perform the remedial obligation, as provided by a regulatory agency or determined by a PRP group or internal engineers; the identification of PRPs and the Company’s assumptions regarding the degree of responsibility for the action; and management’s controls over the completeness and accuracy of the calculated remediation liability. ​ To test the environmental liabilities, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, assessing methodologies used by the Company and testing the significant assumptions discussed above, as well as the underlying costs and other estimates used by the Company in its development of these assumptions. We compared the significant assumptions used by management to historical data and trends, or to notifications or decisions from regulatory agencies or the PRP group specifying remedial plans of action required, as available. When appropriate to discount the liability, we evaluate the appropriateness of the discount rate and inflation rate utilized and the accuracy of the computation. We also involve EY engineering specialists to assist us with evaluating the completeness of the Company’s environmental liabilities.

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​/s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP
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We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.​
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Houston, Texas February 13, 2020​

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WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In Millions, Except Share and Par Value Amounts)

​​​​​​​
​​December 31,
​20192018
ASSETS​​​​​​
Current assets:​​​​
Cash and cash equivalents​$3,561​$61
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $28 and $29, respectively​1,949​1,931
Other receivables​370​344
Parts and supplies​106​102
Other assets​223​207
Total current assets​6,209​2,645
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $18,657 and $18,264, respectively​12,893​11,942
Goodwill​6,532​6,430
Other intangible assets, net​521​572
Restricted trust and escrow accounts​313​296
Investments in unconsolidated entities​483​406
Other assets​792​359
Total assets​$27,743​$22,650
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY​​​​​​
Current liabilities:​​
Accounts payable​$1,065​$1,037
Accrued liabilities​1,327​1,117
Deferred revenues​534​522
Current portion of long-term debt​218​432
Total current liabilities​3,144​3,108
Long-term debt, less current portion​13,280​9,594
Deferred income taxes​1,407​1,291
Landfill and environmental remediation liabilities​1,930​1,828
Other liabilities​912​553
Total liabilities​20,673​16,374
Commitments and contingencies​​
Equity:​​
Waste Management, Inc. stockholders’ equity:​​
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 1,500,000,000 shares authorized; 630,282,461 shares issued​6​6
Additional paid-in capital​5,049​4,993
Retained earnings​10,592​9,797
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)​(8)​(87)
Treasury stock at cost, 205,956,366 and 206,299,352 shares, respectively​(8,571)​(8,434)
Total Waste Management, Inc. stockholders’ equity​7,068​6,275
Noncontrolling interests​2​1
Total equity​7,070​6,276
Total liabilities and equity​$27,743​$22,650

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See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In Millions, Except per Share Amounts)

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​​Years Ended December 31,
​201920182017
Operating revenues​$15,455​$14,914​$14,485
Costs and expenses:​​​​
Operating​9,496​9,249​9,021
Selling, general and administrative​1,631​1,453​1,468
Depreciation and amortization​1,574​1,477​1,376
Restructuring​6​4​—
(Gain) loss from divestitures, asset impairments and unusual items, net​42​(58)​(16)
​​12,749​12,125​11,849
Income from operations​2,706​2,789​2,636
Other income (expense):​​​​
Interest expense, net​(411)​(374)​(363)
Loss on early extinguishment of debt​​(85)​​—​​(6)
Equity in net losses of unconsolidated entities​(55)​(41)​(68)
Other, net​(50)​2​(8)
​​(601)​(413)​(445)
Income before income taxes​2,105​2,376​2,191
Income tax expense​434​453​242
Consolidated net income​1,671​1,923​1,949
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests​1​(2)​—
Net income attributable to Waste Management, Inc.​$1,670​$1,925​$1,949
Basic earnings per common share​$3.93​$4.49​$4.44
Diluted earnings per common share​$3.91​$4.45​$4.41

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(In Millions)

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​​Years Ended December 31,
​201920182017
Consolidated net income​$1,671​$1,923​$1,949
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:​​​
Derivative instruments, net​8​8​7
Available-for-sale securities, net​15​5​2
Foreign currency translation adjustments​55​(105)​76
Post-retirement benefit obligation, net​1​2​3
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax​79​(90)​88
Comprehensive income​1,750​1,833​2,037
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests​1​(2)​—
Comprehensive income attributable to Waste Management, Inc.​$1,749​$1,835​$2,037

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See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In Millions)

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​​Years Ended December 31,
​201920182017
Cash flows from operating activities:​​​​​​
Consolidated net income​$1,671​$1,923​$1,949
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net income to net cash provided by operating activities:​​​
Depreciation and amortization​1,574​1,477​1,376
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)​100​25​(251)
Interest accretion on landfill liabilities​98​95​92
Provision for bad debts​39​54​43
Equity-based compensation expense​86​89​101
Net gain on disposal of assets​(27)​(47)​(20)
(Gain) loss from divestitures, asset impairments and other, net​113​(58)​43
Equity in net losses of unconsolidated entities, net of dividends​55​41​39
Loss on early extinguishment of debt​​85​​—​​6
Change in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions and divestitures:​​​​
Receivables​(53)​(16)​(271)
Other current assets​(23)​(16)​50
Other assets​10​(14)​(66)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities​243​203​126
Deferred revenues and other liabilities​(97)​(186)​(37)
Net cash provided by operating activities​3,874​3,570​3,180
Cash flows from investing activities:​​​
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired​(521)​(460)​(198)
Capital expenditures​(1,818)​(1,694)​(1,509)
Proceeds from divestitures of businesses and other assets (net of cash divested)​49​208​99
Other, net​(86)​(223)​(12)
Net cash used in investing activities​(2,376)​(2,169)​(1,620)
Cash flows from financing activities:​​​
New borrowings​4,683​359​1,479
Debt repayments​(533)​(499)​(1,907)
Premiums paid on early extinguishment of debt​​(84)​​—​​(8)
Net commercial paper borrowings​(1,001)​453​513
Common stock repurchase program​(248)​(1,004)​(750)
Cash dividends​(876)​(802)​(750)
Exercise of common stock options​67​52​95
Tax payments associated with equity-based compensation transactions​(33)​(29)​(47)
Other, net​(11)​(38)​14
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities​1,964​(1,508)​(1,361)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents​2​(3)​—
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents​3,464​(110)​199
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period​183​293​94
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period​$3,647​$183​$293
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Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period:​​​​​​​​​
Cash and cash equivalents​$3,561​$61​$22
Restricted cash and cash equivalents included in other current assets​​15​​49​​70
Restricted cash and cash equivalents included in restricted trust and escrow accounts​​71​​73​​201
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period​$3,647​$183​$293

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See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(In Millions, Except Shares in Thousands)

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​​​​​Waste Management, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity​​​
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​Accumulated​​​​​​​​
​​​​​​​​​​Additional​​​​Other​​​​​​​​
​​​​​Common Stock​Paid-In​Retained​Comprehensive​Treasury Stock​Noncontrolling
​TotalSharesAmountsCapitalEarningsIncome (Loss)SharesAmountsInterests
Balance, December 31, 2016​$5,320​630,282​$6​$4,850​$7,388​$(80)(190,967)​$(6,867)​$23
Consolidated net income​1,949​—​—​—​1,949​——​—​—
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax​88​—​—​—​—​88—​—​—
Cash dividends declared of $1.70 per common share​(750)​—​—​—​(750)​——​—​—
Equity-based compensation transactions, net of tax​185​—​—​38​1​—4,064​146​—
Common stock repurchase program​(750)​—​—​45​—​—(10,058)​(795)​—
Other, net​—​—​—​—​—​—(3)​—​—
Balance, December 31, 2017​$6,042​630,282​$6​$4,933​$8,588​$8(196,964)​$(7,516)​$23
Adoption of new accounting standards​80​—​—​—​85​(5)—​—​—
Consolidated net income​1,923​—​—​—​1,925​——​—​(2)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax​(90)​—​—​—​—​(90)—​—​—
Cash dividends declared of $1.86 per common share​(802)​—​—​—​(802)​——​—​—
Equity-based compensation transactions, net​151​—​—​60​1​—2,345​90​—
Common stock repurchase program​(1,008)​—​—​—​—​—(11,673)​(1,008)​—
Divestiture of noncontrolling interest​(19)​—​—​—​—​——​—​(19)
Other, net​(1)​—​—​—​—​—(7)​—​(1)
Balance, December 31, 2018​$6,276​630,282​$6​$4,993​$9,797​$(87)(206,299)​$(8,434)​$1
Consolidated net income​1,671​—​—​—​1,670​——​—​1
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax​79​—​—​—​—​79—​—​—
Cash dividends declared of $2.05 per common share​(876)​—​—​—​(876)​——​—​—
Equity-based compensation transactions, net​164​—​—​56​1​—2,585​107​—
Common stock repurchase program​(244)​—​—​—​—​—(2,247)​(244)​—
Other, net​—​—​—​—​—​—5​—​—
Balance, December 31, 2019​$7,070​630,282​$6​$5,049​$10,592​$(8)(205,956)​$(8,571)​$2

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See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017

  1. Business

The financial statements presented in this report represent the consolidation of Waste Management, Inc., a Delaware corporation; its wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries; and certain variable interest entities for which Waste Management, Inc. or its subsidiaries are the primary beneficiaries as described in Note 19. Waste Management, Inc. is a holding company and all operations are conducted by its subsidiaries. When the terms “the Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” are used in this document, those terms refer to Waste Management, Inc., its consolidated subsidiaries and consolidated variable interest entities. When we use the term “WM,” we are referring only to Waste Management, Inc., the parent holding company.

We are North America’s leading provider of comprehensive waste management environmental services. We partner with our residential, commercial, industrial and municipal customers and the communities we serve to manage and reduce waste at each stage from collection to disposal, while recovering valuable resources and creating clean, renewable energy. Our “Solid Waste” business is operated and managed locally by our subsidiaries that focus on distinct geographic areas and provide collection, transfer, disposal, and recycling and resource recovery services. Through our subsidiaries, we are also a leading developer, operator and owner of landfill gas-to-energy facilities in the United States (“U.S.”).

We evaluate, oversee and manage the financial performance of our Solid Waste business subsidiaries through our 17 Areas. We also provide additional services that are not managed through our Solid Waste business, which are presented in this report as “Other.” Additional information related to our segments is included in Note 20.

  1. New Accounting Standards and Reclassifications

Adoption of New Accounting Standard

Leases — In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02 associated with lease accounting. There were further amendments, including practical expedients, with the issuance of ASU 2018-01 in January 2018, ASU 2018-11 in July 2018 and ASU 2018-20 in December 2018. On January 1, 2019, we adopted these ASUs using the optional transition method which allows entities to continue to apply historical accounting guidance in the comparative periods presented in the year of adoption. Accordingly, our financial statements for the reported periods after January 1, 2019 are presented under this amended guidance, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with historical accounting guidance.

We elected to apply the following package of practical expedients on a consistent basis permitting entities not to reassess: (i) whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain a lease; (ii) lease classification for any expired or existing leases and (iii) whether initial direct costs for any expired or existing leases qualify for capitalization under the amended guidance. In addition, we applied (i) the practical expedient for land easements, which allows the Company to not apply the lease standard to certain existing land easements at transition and (ii) the practical expedient to include both the lease and non-lease components as a single component and account for it as a lease.

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The impact of adopting the amended guidance primarily relates to the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases previously classified as operating leases. We recognized $385 million of right-of-use assets and $385 million of related lease liabilities as of January 1, 2019 for our contracts that are classified as operating leases. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less have not been recorded on the balance sheet. Our accounting for financing leases, which were formerly referred to as capital leases, remained substantially unchanged. There were no other material impacts on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 8 for additional information and disclosures related to our adoption of this amended guidance.

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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New Accounting Standards Pending Adoption

Financial Instrument Credit Losses — In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 associated with the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. The amended guidance replaces the current incurred loss impairment methodology of recognizing credit losses when a loss is probable, with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to assess credit loss estimates. This expected loss model will generally result in the earlier recognition of an allowance for losses.

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For trade receivables, the Company will rely on, among other factors, historical loss trends and existing economic conditions. For other receivables as well as loans and other instruments, the Company will rely primarily on credit ratings. All receivables as well as other instruments may be adjusted for our expectation of future conditions and trends.

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The amended guidance is effective for the Company on January 1, 2020 and will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements as current processes primarily align with the expected loss model. The cumulative effect will be recognized as an adjustment to retained earnings upon adoption. We are in the process of updating our business processes and related policies, systems and controls to support recognition and disclosure under the new standard.

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Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement — In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15 associated with customer’s accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. The amendments align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. Costs for implementation activities in the application development stage are capitalized depending on the nature of the costs, while costs incurred during the preliminary project and post implementation stages are expensed as the activities are performed. The amended guidance is effective for the Company on January 1, 2020 and will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Reclassifications

When necessary, reclassifications have been made to our prior period financial information to conform to the current year presentation and are not material to our consolidated financial statements.

  1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of WM, its wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries and certain variable interest entities for which we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Investments in unconsolidated entities are accounted for under the appropriate method of accounting.

Estimates and Assumptions

In preparing our financial statements, we make numerous estimates and assumptions that affect the accounting for and recognition and disclosure of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues and expenses. We must make these estimates and assumptions because certain information that we use is dependent on future events, cannot be calculated with precision from available data or simply cannot be calculated. In some cases, these estimates are difficult to determine, and we must exercise significant judgment. In preparing our financial statements, the most difficult, subjective and complex estimates and the assumptions that present the greatest amount of uncertainty relate to our accounting for landfills, environmental remediation liabilities, long-lived asset impairments and reserves associated with our insured and self-insured claims. Each

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of these items is discussed in additional detail below. Actual results could differ materially from the estimates and assumptions that we use in the preparation of our financial statements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash in excess of current operating requirements is invested in short-term interest-bearing instruments with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase and is stated at cost, which approximates market value.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, investments held within our restricted trust and escrow accounts, and accounts receivable. We make efforts to control our exposure to credit risk associated with these instruments by (i) placing our assets and other financial interests with a diverse group of credit-worthy financial institutions; (ii) holding high-quality financial instruments while limiting investments in any one instrument and (iii) maintaining strict policies over credit extension that include credit evaluations, credit limits and monitoring procedures, although generally we do not have collateral requirements for credit extensions. We also control our exposure associated with trade receivables by discontinuing service, to the extent allowable, to non-paying customers. However, our overall credit risk associated with trade receivables is limited due to the large number and diversity of customers we serve. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, no single customer represented greater than 5% of total accounts receivable.

Accounts and Other Receivables

Our receivables, which are recorded when billed, when services are performed or when cash is advanced, are claims against third parties that will generally be settled in cash. The carrying value of our receivables, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts, represents the estimated net realizable value. We estimate our allowance for doubtful accounts based on historical collection trends; type of customer, such as municipal or commercial; the age of outstanding receivables and existing economic conditions. If events or changes in circumstances indicate that specific receivable balances may be impaired, further consideration is given to the collectability of those balances and the allowance is adjusted accordingly. The activity within our allowance for doubtful accounts was not material for the reported periods. Past-due receivable balances are written off when our internal collection efforts have been unsuccessful. Also, we recognize interest income on long-term interest-bearing notes receivable as the interest accrues under the terms of the notes. We no longer accrue interest once the notes are deemed uncollectible.

Other receivables, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, include receivables related to income tax payments in excess of our current income tax obligations of $231 million and $284 million, respectively. Other receivables as of December 31, 2019 also includes a receivable of $70 million related to federal natural gas fuel credits.

Parts and Supplies

Parts and supplies consist primarily of spare parts, fuel, tires, lubricants and processed recycling materials. Our parts and supplies are stated at the lower of cost, using the average cost method, or market.

Landfill Accounting

Cost Basis of Landfill Assets — We capitalize various costs that we incur to make a landfill ready to accept waste. These costs generally include expenditures for land (including the landfill footprint and required landfill buffer property); permitting; excavation; liner material and installation; landfill leachate collection systems; landfill gas collection systems; environmental monitoring equipment for groundwater and landfill gas; and directly related engineering, capitalized

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interest, on-site road construction and other capital infrastructure costs. The cost basis of our landfill assets also includes asset retirement costs, which represent estimates of future costs associated with landfill final capping, closure and post-closure activities. These costs are discussed below.

Final Capping, Closure and Post-Closure Costs — Following is a description of our asset retirement activities and our related accounting:

●Final Capping — Involves the installation of flexible membrane liners and geosynthetic clay liners, drainage and compacted soil layers and topsoil over areas of a landfill where total airspace has been consumed. Final capping asset retirement obligations are recorded on a units-of-consumption basis as airspace is consumed related to the specific final capping event with a corresponding increase in the landfill asset. Each final capping event is accounted for as a discrete obligation and recorded as an asset and a liability based on estimates of the discounted cash flows and airspace associated with each final capping event.
●Closure — Includes the construction of the final portion of methane gas collection systems (when required), demobilization and routine maintenance costs. These are costs incurred after the site ceases to accept waste, but before the landfill is certified as closed by the applicable state regulatory agency. These costs are recorded as an asset retirement obligation as airspace is consumed over the life of the landfill with a corresponding increase in the landfill asset. Closure obligations are recorded over the life of the landfill based on estimates of the discounted cash flows associated with performing closure activities.
●Post-Closure — Involves the maintenance and monitoring of a landfill site that has been certified closed by the applicable regulatory agency. Generally, we are required to maintain and monitor landfill sites for a 30-year period. These maintenance and monitoring costs are recorded as an asset retirement obligation as airspace is consumed over the life of the landfill with a corresponding increase in the landfill asset. Post-closure obligations are recorded over the life of the landfill based on estimates of the discounted cash flows associated with performing post-closure activities.

We develop our estimates of these obligations using input from our operations personnel, engineers and accountants. Our estimates are based on our interpretation of current requirements and proposed regulatory changes and are intended to approximate fair value. Absent quoted market prices, the estimate of fair value is based on the best available information, including the results of present value techniques. In many cases, we contract with third parties to fulfill our obligations for final capping, closure and post-closure. We use historical experience, professional engineering judgment and quoted or actual prices paid for similar work to determine the fair value of these obligations. We are required to recognize these obligations at market prices whether we plan to contract with third parties or perform the work ourselves. In those instances where we perform the work with internal resources, the incremental profit margin realized is recognized as a component of operating income when the work is completed.

Once we have determined final capping, closure and post-closure costs, we inflate those costs to the expected time of payment and discount those expected future costs back to present value. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we inflated these costs in current dollars to the expected time of payment using an inflation rate of 2.5%. We discounted these costs to present value using the credit-adjusted, risk-free rate effective at the time an obligation is incurred, consistent with the expected cash flow approach. Any changes in expectations that result in an upward revision to the estimated cash flows are treated as a new liability and discounted at the current rate while downward revisions are discounted at the historical weighted average rate of the recorded obligation. As a result, the credit-adjusted, risk-free discount rate used to calculate the present value of an obligation is specific to each individual asset retirement obligation. The weighted average rate applicable to our long-term asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2019 was approximately 5.25%.

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We record the estimated fair value of final capping, closure and post-closure liabilities for our landfills based on the airspace consumed through the current period. The fair value of final capping obligations is developed based on our estimates of the airspace consumed to date for each final capping event and the expected timing of each final capping event. The fair value of closure and post-closure obligations is developed based on our estimates of the airspace consumed to date for the entire landfill and the expected timing of each closure and post-closure activity. Because these obligations are measured at estimated fair value using present value techniques, changes in the estimated cost or timing of future final capping, closure and post-closure activities could result in a material change in these liabilities, related assets and results of operations. We assess the appropriateness of the estimates used to develop our recorded balances annually, or more often if significant facts change.

Changes in inflation rates or the estimated costs, timing or extent of future final capping, closure and post-closure activities typically result in both (i) a current adjustment to the recorded liability and landfill asset and (ii) a change in liability and asset amounts to be recorded prospectively over either the remaining permitted and expansion airspace (as defined below) of the related discrete final capping event or the remaining permitted and expansion airspace of the landfill, as appropriate. Any changes related to the capitalized and future cost of the landfill assets are then recognized in accordance with our amortization policy, which would generally result in amortization expense being recognized prospectively over the remaining permitted and expansion airspace of the final capping event or the remaining permitted and expansion airspace of the landfill, as appropriate. Changes in such estimates associated with airspace that has been fully utilized result in an adjustment to the recorded liability and landfill assets with an immediate corresponding adjustment to landfill airspace amortization expense.

Interest accretion on final capping, closure and post-closure liabilities is recorded using the effective interest method and is recorded as final capping, closure and post-closure expense, which is included in operating expenses within our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Amortization of Landfill Assets — The amortizable basis of a landfill includes (i) amounts previously expended and capitalized; (ii) capitalized landfill final capping, closure and post-closure costs; (iii) projections of future purchase and development costs required to develop the landfill site to its remaining permitted and expansion airspace and (iv) projected asset retirement costs related to landfill final capping, closure and post-closure activities.

Amortization is recorded on a units-of-consumption basis, applying expense as a rate per ton. The rate per ton is calculated by dividing each component of the amortizable basis of a landfill by the number of tons needed to fill the corresponding asset’s airspace. For landfills that we do not own, but operate through lease or other contractual agreements, the rate per ton is calculated based on expected airspace to be utilized over the lesser of the contractual term of the underlying agreement or the life of the landfill.

We apply the following guidelines in determining a landfill’s remaining permitted and expansion airspace:

●Remaining Permitted Airspace — Our engineers, in consultation with third-party engineering consultants and surveyors, are responsible for determining remaining permitted airspace at our landfills. The remaining permitted airspace is determined by an annual survey, which is used to compare the existing landfill topography to the expected final landfill topography.
●Expansion Airspace — We also include currently unpermitted expansion airspace in our estimate of remaining permitted and expansion airspace in certain circumstances. First, to include airspace associated with an expansion effort, we must generally expect the initial expansion permit application to be submitted within one year and the final expansion permit to be received within five years. Second, we must believe that obtaining the expansion permit is likely, considering the following criteria:
●Personnel are actively working on the expansion of an existing landfill, including efforts to obtain land use and local, state or provincial approvals;

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●We have a legal right to use or obtain land to be included in the expansion plan;
●There are no significant known technical, legal, community, business, or political restrictions or similar issues that could negatively affect the success of such expansion; and
●Financial analysis has been completed based on conceptual design, and the results demonstrate that the expansion meets Company criteria for investment.

For unpermitted airspace to be initially included in our estimate of remaining permitted and expansion airspace, the expansion effort must meet all the criteria listed above. These criteria are evaluated by our field-based engineers, accountants, managers and others to identify potential obstacles to obtaining the permits. Once the unpermitted airspace is included, our policy provides that airspace may continue to be included in remaining permitted and expansion airspace even if certain of these criteria are no longer met as long as we continue to believe we will ultimately obtain the permit, based on the facts and circumstances of a specific landfill. In these circumstances, continued inclusion must be approved through a landfill-specific review process that includes approval by our Chief Financial Officer on a quarterly basis. Of the 15 landfill sites with expansions included as of December 31, 2019, one landfill required the Chief Financial Officer to approve the inclusion of the unpermitted airspace because the permit application process did not meet the one- or five-year requirements.

When we include the expansion airspace in our calculations of remaining permitted and expansion airspace, we also include the projected costs for development, as well as the projected asset retirement costs related to final capping, closure and post-closure of the expansion in the amortization basis of the landfill.

Once the remaining permitted and expansion airspace is determined in cubic yards, an airspace utilization factor (“AUF”) is established to calculate the remaining permitted and expansion capacity in tons. The AUF is established using the measured density obtained from previous annual surveys and is then adjusted to account for future settlement. The amount of settlement that is forecasted will take into account several site-specific factors including current and projected mix of waste type, initial and projected waste density, estimated number of years of life remaining, depth of underlying waste, anticipated access to moisture through precipitation or recirculation of landfill leachate and operating practices. In addition, the initial selection of the AUF is subject to a subsequent multi-level review by our engineering group and the AUF used is reviewed on a periodic basis and revised as necessary. Our historical experience generally indicates that the impact of settlement at a landfill is greater later in the life of the landfill when the waste placed at the landfill approaches its highest point under the permit requirements.

After determining the costs and remaining permitted and expansion capacity at each of our landfills, we determine the per ton rates that will be expensed as waste is received and deposited at the landfill by dividing the costs by the corresponding number of tons. We calculate per ton amortization rates for each landfill for assets associated with each final capping event, for assets related to closure and post-closure activities and for all other costs capitalized or to be capitalized in the future. These rates per ton are updated annually, or more often, as significant facts change.

It is possible that actual results, including the amount of costs incurred, the timing of final capping, closure and post-closure activities, our airspace utilization or the success of our expansion efforts could ultimately turn out to be significantly different from our estimates and assumptions. To the extent that such estimates, or related assumptions, prove to be significantly different than actual results, lower profitability may be experienced due to higher amortization rates or higher expenses; or higher profitability may result if the opposite occurs. Most significantly, if it is determined that expansion capacity should no longer be considered in calculating the recoverability of a landfill asset, we may be required to recognize an asset impairment or incur significantly higher amortization expense. If at any time management makes the decision to abandon the expansion effort, the capitalized costs related to the expansion effort are expensed immediately.

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Environmental Remediation Liabilities

A significant portion of our operating costs and capital expenditures could be characterized as costs of environmental protection. The nature of our operations, particularly with respect to the construction, operation and maintenance of our landfills, subjects us to an array of laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment. Under current laws and regulations, we may have liabilities for environmental damage caused by our operations, or for damage caused by conditions that existed before we acquired a site. In addition to remediation activity required by state or local authorities, such liabilities include potentially responsible party (“PRP”) investigations. The costs associated with these liabilities can include settlements, certain legal and consultant fees, as well as incremental internal and external costs directly associated with site investigation and clean up.

Where it is probable that a liability has been incurred, we estimate costs required to remediate sites based on site-specific facts and circumstances. We routinely review and evaluate sites that require remediation, considering whether we were an owner, operator, transporter, or generator at the site, the amount and type of waste hauled to the site and the number of years we were associated with the site. Next, we review the same type of information with respect to other named and unnamed PRPs. Estimates of the costs for the likely remedy are then either developed using our internal resources or by third-party environmental engineers or other service providers. Internally developed estimates are based on:

●Management’s judgment and experience in remediating our own and unrelated parties’ sites;
●Information available from regulatory agencies as to costs of remediation;
●The number, financial resources and relative degree of responsibility of other PRPs who may be liable for remediation of a specific site; and
●The typical allocation of costs among PRPs, unless the actual allocation has been determined.

Estimating our degree of responsibility for remediation is inherently difficult. We recognize and accrue for an estimated remediation liability when we determine that such liability is both probable and reasonably estimable. Determining the method and ultimate cost of remediation requires that a number of assumptions be made. There can sometimes be a range of reasonable estimates of the costs associated with the likely site remediation alternatives identified in the environmental impact investigation. In these cases, we use the amount within the range that is our best estimate. If no amount within a range appears to be a better estimate than any other, we use the amount that is the low end of such range. If we used the high ends of such ranges, our aggregate potential liability would be approximately $140 million higher than the $240 million recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2019. Our ultimate responsibility may differ materially from current estimates. It is possible that technological, regulatory or enforcement developments, the results of environmental studies, the inability to identify other PRPs, the inability of other PRPs to contribute to the settlements of such liabilities, or other factors could require us to record additional liabilities. Our ongoing review of our remediation liabilities, in light of relevant internal and external facts and circumstances, could result in revisions to our accruals that could cause upward or downward adjustments to our balance sheet and income from operations. These adjustments could be material in any given period.

Where we believe that both the amount of a particular environmental remediation liability and the timing of the payments are fixed or reliably determinable, we inflate the cost in current dollars (by 2.5%as of December 31, 2019 and 2018) until the expected time of payment and discount the cost to present value using a risk-free discount rate, which is based on the rate for U.S. Treasury bonds with a term approximating the weighted average period until settlement of the underlying obligation. We determine the risk-free discount rate and the inflation rate on an annual basis unless interim changes would materially impact our results of operations. For remedial liabilities that have been discounted, we include interest accretion, based on the effective interest method, in operating expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. The following table summarizes the impacts of revisions in the risk-free discount rate applied to our

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environmental remediation liabilities and recovery assets for the years ended December 31 (in millions) and the risk-free discount rate applied as of December 31:

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​​​​​​​​​​​
​201920182017​
Increase (decrease) in operating expenses​$9​$(2)​$—​
Risk-free discount rate applied to environmental remediation liabilities and recovery assets​1.75%2.75%2.5%

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The portion of our recorded environmental remediation liabilities that were not subject to inflation or discounting, as the amounts and timing of payments are not fixed or reliably determinable, was $36 million and $35 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Had we not inflated and discounted any portion of our environmental remediation liability, the amount recorded would have decreased by $8 million and increased by $3 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Property and Equipment (exclusive of landfills, discussed above)

We record property and equipment at cost. Expenditures for major additions and improvements are capitalized and maintenance activities are expensed as incurred. We depreciate property and equipment over the estimated useful life of the asset using the straight-line method. We assume no salvage value for our depreciable property and equipment. When property and equipment are retired, sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from our accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in results of operations as an offset or increase to operating expense for the period.

The estimated useful lives for significant property and equipment categories are as follows (in years):

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​Useful Lives
Vehicles — excluding rail haul cars3 to 10
Vehicles — rail haul cars10 to 30
Machinery and equipment — including containers3 to 30
Buildings and improvements5 to 40
Furniture, fixtures and office equipment3 to 10

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We include capitalized costs associated with developing or obtaining internal-use software within furniture, fixtures and office equipment. These costs include direct external costs of materials and services used in developing or obtaining the software and internal costs for employees directly associated with the software development project.

Leases

We lease property and equipment in the ordinary course of our business. Our operating lease activities primarily consist of leases for real estate, landfills and operating equipment. Our financing lease activities primarily consist of leases for operating equipment, railcars and landfill assets. Our leases have varying terms. Some may include renewal or purchase options, escalation clauses, restrictions, penalties or other obligations that we consider in determining minimum lease payments. The leases are classified as either operating leases or financing leases, as appropriate. See Note 8 for additional information.

Operating Leases (excluding landfill leases discussed below) — The majority of our leases are operating leases. This classification generally can be attributed to either (i) relatively low fixed minimum lease payments as a result of real property lease obligations that vary based on the volume of waste we receive or process or (ii) minimum lease terms that are much shorter than the assets’ economic useful lives. Management expects that in the normal course of business our

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operating leases will be renewed, replaced by other leases, or replaced with fixed asset expenditures. Our rent expense during each of the last three years and our future minimum operating lease payments for each of the next five years for which we are contractually obligated as of December 31, 2019 are disclosed in Note 8.

Financing Leases (excluding landfill leases discussed below) — Assets under financing leases are capitalized using interest rates determined at the commencement of each lease and are amortized over either the useful life of the asset or the lease term, as appropriate, on a straight-line basis. The present value of the related lease payments is recorded as a debt obligation. Our future minimum annual financing lease payments are disclosed in Note 8.

Landfill Leases — From an operating perspective, landfills that we lease are similar to landfills we own because generally we will operate the landfill for the life of the operating permit. The most significant portion of our rental obligations for landfill leases is contingent upon operating factors such as disposal volume and often there are no contractual minimum rental obligations. Contingent rental obligations are expensed as incurred. For landfill financing leases that provide for minimum contractual rental obligations, we record the present value of the minimum obligation as part of the landfill asset, which is amortized on a units-of-consumption basis over the shorter of the lease term or the life of the landfill. Our future minimum annual lease payments for our landfill leases are disclosed in Note 8.

Acquisitions

We generally recognize assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, including contingent assets and liabilities, based on fair value estimates as of the date of acquisition.

Contingent Consideration — In certain acquisitions, we agree to pay additional amounts to sellers contingent upon achievement by the acquired businesses of certain negotiated goals, such as targeted revenue levels, targeted disposal volumes or the issuance of permits for expanded landfill airspace. We have recognized liabilities for these contingent obligations based on their estimated fair value as of the date of acquisition with any differences between the acquisition-date fair value and the ultimate settlement of the obligations being recognized as an adjustment to income from operations.

Acquired Assets and Assumed Liabilities — Assets and liabilities arising from contingencies such as pre-acquisition environmental matters and litigation are recognized at their acquisition-date fair value when their respective fair values can be determined. If the fair values of such contingencies cannot be determined, they are recognized as of the acquisition date if the contingencies are probable and an amount can be reasonably estimated.

Acquisition-date fair value estimates are revised as necessary if, and when, additional information regarding these contingencies becomes available to further define and quantify assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Subsequent to finalization of purchase accounting, these revisions are accounted for as adjustments to income from operations. All acquisition-related transaction costs are expensed as incurred.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill is the excess of our purchase cost over the fair value of the net assets of acquired businesses. We do not amortize goodwill, but as discussed in the Long-Lived Asset Impairments section below, we assess our goodwill for impairment at least annually.

Other intangible assets consist primarily of customer and supplier relationships, covenants not-to-compete, licenses, permits (other than landfill permits, as all landfill-related intangible assets are combined with landfill tangible assets and amortized using our landfill amortization policy), and other contracts. Other intangible assets are recorded at fair value on the acquisition date and are generally amortized using either a 150% declining balance approach or a straight-line basis as we determine appropriate. Customer and supplier relationships are typically amortized over a term of 10 years. Covenants

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not-to-compete are amortized over the term of the non-compete covenant, which is generally five years. Licenses, permits and other contracts are amortized over the definitive terms of the related agreements. If the underlying agreement does not contain definitive terms and the useful life is determined to be indefinite, the asset is not amortized.

Long-Lived Asset Impairments

We assess our long-lived assets for impairment as required under the applicable accounting standards. If necessary, impairments are recorded in (gain) loss from divestitures, asset impairments and unusual items, net in our Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Property and Equipment, Including Landfills and Definite-Lived Intangible Assets — We monitor the carrying value of our long-lived assets for potential impairment on an ongoing basis and test the recoverability of such assets generally using significant unobservable (“Level 3”) inputs whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. These events or changes in circumstances, including management decisions pertaining to such assets, are referred to as impairment indicators. If an impairment indicator occurs, we perform a test of recoverability by comparing the carrying value of the asset or asset group to its undiscounted expected future cash flows. If cash flows cannot be separately and independently identified for a single asset, we will determine whether an impairment has occurred for the group of assets for which we can identify the projected cash flows. If the carrying values are in excess of undiscounted expected future cash flows, we measure any impairment by comparing the fair value of the asset or asset group to its carrying value and the difference is recorded in the period that the impairment indicator occurs. Fair value is generally determined by considering (i) internally developed discounted projected cash flow analysis of the asset or asset group; (ii) actual third-party valuations and/or (iii) information available regarding the current market for similar assets. Estimating future cash flows requires significant judgment and projections may vary from the cash flows eventually realized, which could impact our ability to accurately assess whether an asset has been impaired.

The assessment of impairment indicators and the recoverability of our capitalized costs associated with landfills and related expansion projects require significant judgment due to the unique nature of the waste industry, the highly regulated permitting process and the sensitive estimates involved. During the review of a landfill expansion application, a regulator may initially deny the expansion application although the expansion permit is ultimately granted. In addition, management may periodically divert waste from one landfill to another to conserve remaining permitted landfill airspace, or a landfill may be required to cease accepting waste, prior to receipt of the expansion permit. However, such events occur in the ordinary course of business in the waste industry and do not necessarily result in impairment of our landfill assets because, after consideration of all facts, such events may not affect our belief that we will ultimately obtain the expansion permit. As a result, our tests of recoverability, which generally make use of a probability-weighted cash flow estimation approach, may indicate that no impairment loss should be recorded.

Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets, Including Goodwill — At least annually using a measurement date of October 1, and more frequently if warranted, we assess the indefinite-lived intangible assets including the goodwill of our reporting units for impairment.

We first performed a qualitative assessment to determine if it was more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit was less than its carrying value. If the assessment indicated a possible impairment, we completed a quantitative review, comparing the estimated fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. An impairment charge was recognized if the asset’s estimated fair value was less than its carrying amount. Fair value is typically estimated using an income approach using Level 3 inputs. However, when appropriate, we may also use a market approach. The income approach is based on the long-term projected future cash flows of the reporting units. We discount the estimated cash flows to present value using a weighted average cost of capital that considers factors such as market assumptions, the timing of the cash flows and the risks inherent in those cash flows. We believe that this approach is appropriate because it provides a fair value estimate based upon the reporting units’ expected long-term performance considering the economic and market

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conditions that generally affect our business. The market approach estimates fair value by measuring the aggregate market value of publicly-traded companies with similar characteristics to our business as a multiple of their reported earnings. We then apply that multiple to the reporting units’ earnings to estimate their fair values. We believe that this approach may also be appropriate in certain circumstances because it provides a fair value estimate using valuation inputs from entities with operations and economic characteristics comparable to our reporting units.

Fair value is computed using several factors, including projected future operating results, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows, comparable marketplace data and the cost of capital. There are inherent uncertainties related to these factors and to our judgment in applying them in our analysis. However, we believe our methodology for estimating the fair value of our reporting units is reasonable.

Refer to Notes 6 and 12 for information related to impairments recognized during the reported periods.

Insured and Self-Insured Claims

We have retained a significant portion of the risks related to our health and welfare, general liability, automobile liability and workers’ compensation claims programs. The exposure for unpaid claims and associated expenses, including incurred but not reported losses, generally is estimated with the assistance of external actuaries and by factoring in pending claims and historical trends and data. The gross estimated liability associated with settling unpaid claims is included in accrued liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets if expected to be settled within one year; otherwise, it is included in other long-term liabilities. Estimated insurance recoveries related to recorded liabilities are reflected as other current receivables or other long-term assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets when we believe that the receipt of such amounts is probable.

We use a wholly-owned insurance captive to insure the deductibles for our general liability, automobile liability and workers’ compensation claims programs. We continue to maintain conventional insurance policies with third-party insurers. In addition to certain business and operating benefits of having a wholly-owned insurance captive, we expect to receive certain cash flow benefits related to the timing of tax deductions related to these claims. WM will pay an annual premium to the insurance captive, typically in the first quarter of the year, for the estimated losses based on the external actuarial analysis. These premiums are held in a restricted escrow account to be used solely for paying insurance claims, resulting in a transfer of risk from WM to the insurance captive and are allocated between current and long-term assets depending on timing on the use of funds.

Restricted Trust and Escrow Accounts

Our restricted trust and escrow accounts consist principally of funds deposited for purposes of funding insurance claims and settling landfill final capping, closure, post-closure and environmental remediation obligations. These funds are allocated between cash, money market funds and available-for-sale securities depending on the estimated timing and purpose of the use of funds. We use a wholly-owned insurance captive to insure the deductibles for certain claims programs, as discussed above in Insured and Self-Insured Claims, and the premiums paid were directly deposited into a restricted escrow account to be used solely for paying insurance claims. At several of our landfills, we provide financial assurance by depositing cash into restricted trust or escrow accounts for purposes of settling final capping, closure, post-closure and environmental remediation obligations. Balances maintained in these restricted trust and escrow accounts will fluctuate based on (i) changes in statutory requirements; (ii) future deposits made to comply with contractual arrangements; (iii) the ongoing use of funds; (iv) acquisitions or divestitures and (v) changes in the fair value of the financial instruments held in the restricted trust or escrow accounts. The current portion of restricted trust and escrow accounts as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 of $70 million is included in other current assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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See Note 19 for additional discussion related to restricted trust and escrow accounts for final capping, closure, post-closure or environmental remediation obligations.

Investments in Unconsolidated Entities

Investments in unconsolidated entities over which the Company has significant influence are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Equity investments in which the Company does not have the ability to exert significant influence over the investees’ operating and financing activities are measured using a quantitative approach as these investments do not have readily determinable fair values. The quantitative approach, or measurement alternative, is equal to its cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The fair value of our redeemable preferred stock has been measured based on third-party investors’ recent or pending transactions in these securities, which are considered the best evidence of fair value. The following table summarizes our investments in unconsolidated entities as of December 31 (in millions):

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​​​​​​​
​20192018
Equity method investments​$377​$257
Investments without readily determinable fair values​57​​83
Redeemable preferred stock​49​​66
Investments in unconsolidated entities​$483​$406

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We monitor and assess the carrying value of our investments throughout the year for potential impairment and write them down to their fair value when other-than-temporary declines exist. Fair value is generally based on (i) other third-party investors’ recent transactions in the securities; (ii) other information available regarding the current market for similar assets; (iii) a market or income approach, as deemed appropriate and/or (iv) a quantitative approach, or measurement alternative, as noted above. Impairments of our investments are recorded in equity in net losses of unconsolidated entities or other, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in accordance with appropriate accounting guidance.

Refer to Notes 12 and 17 for information related to impairments and other adjustments recognized during the reported periods.

Foreign Currency

We have operations in Canada, as well as certain support functions in India. Local currencies generally are considered the functional currencies of our operations and investments outside the U.S. The assets and liabilities of our foreign operations are translated to U.S. dollars using the exchange rate as of the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated to U.S. dollars using the average exchange rate during the period. The resulting translation difference is reflected as a component of other comprehensive income (loss).

Revenue Recognition

Our Solid Waste operating revenues are primarily generated from fees charged for our collection, transfer, disposal, and recycling and resource recovery services, and from sales of commodities by our recycling and landfill gas-to-energy operations. Revenues from our collection operations are influenced by factors such as collection frequency, type of collection equipment furnished, type and volume or weight of the waste collected, distance to the disposal facility or material recovery facility and our disposal costs. Revenues from our landfill operations consist of tipping fees, which are generally based on the type and weight or volume of waste being disposed of at our disposal facilities. Fees charged at transfer stations are generally based on the weight or volume of waste deposited, taking into account our cost of loading,

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

transporting and disposing of the solid waste at a disposal site. Recycling revenues generally consist of tipping fees and the sale of recycling commodities to third parties. The fees we charge for our services generally include our environmental, fuel surcharge and regulatory recovery fees, which are intended to pass through to customers direct and indirect costs incurred. We also provide additional services that are not managed through our Solid Waste business, including operations managed by both our Strategic Business Solutions (“WMSBS”) and Energy and Environmental Services (“EES”) organizations, recycling brokerage services, landfill gas-to-energy services and certain other expanded service offerings and solutions.

Our revenue from sources other than customer contracts primarily relates to lease revenue associated with compactors and balers. Revenue from our leasing arrangements was not material and represented approximately 1%of total revenue for each of the reported periods.

We generally recognize revenue as services are performed or products are delivered. For example, revenue typically is recognized as waste is collected, tons are received at our landfills or transfer stations, or recycling commodities are collected or delivered as product. We bill for certain services prior to performance. Such services include, among others, certain commercial and residential contracts and equipment rentals. These advance billings are included in deferred revenues and recognized as revenue in the period service is provided.

See Note 20 for additional information related to revenue by reportable segment and major lines of business.

Deferred Revenues

We record deferred revenues when cash payments are received or due in advance of our performance and classify them as current since they are earned within a year and there are no significant financing components. Substantially all our deferred revenues during the reported periods are realized as revenues within one to three months, when the related services are performed.

Contract Acquisition Costs

Our incremental direct costs of obtaining a contract, which consist primarily of sales incentives, are generally deferred and amortized to selling, general and administrative expense over the estimated life of the relevant customer relationship, ranging from 5 to 13 years. Contract acquisition costs that are paid to the customer are deferred and amortized as a reduction in revenue over the contract life. Our contract acquisition costs are classified as current or noncurrent based on the timing of when we expect to recognize amortization and are included in other assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had $153 million and $145 million of deferred contract costs, respectively, of which $117 million and $109 million was related to deferred sales incentives, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, we amortized $23 million and $22 million of sales incentives to selling, general and administrative expense, respectively, and $17 million and $35 million of other contract acquisition costs as a reduction in revenue, respectively.

Long-Term Contracts

Approximately 25% of our total revenue is derived from contracts with a remaining term greater than one year. The consideration for these contracts is primarily variable in nature. The variable elements of these contracts primarily include the number of homes and businesses served and annual rate changes based on consumer price index, fuel prices or other operating costs. Such contracts are generally within our collection, recycling and other lines of business and have a weighted average remaining contract life of approximately five years. We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for these contracts as our right to consideration corresponds directly to the value provided to the

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

customer for services completed to date and all future variable consideration is allocated to wholly unsatisfied performance obligations.

Capitalized Interest

We capitalize interest on certain projects under development, including landfill expansion projects, certain assets under construction, including operating landfills and landfill gas-to-energy projects and internal-use software. During 2019, 2018 and 2017, total interest costs were $485 million, $400 million and $383 million, respectively, of which $21 million, $16 million and $15 million was capitalized in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Income Taxes

The Company is subject to income tax in the U.S. and Canada. Current tax obligations associated with our income tax expense are reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of accrued liabilities and our deferred tax obligations are reflected in deferred income taxes.

Deferred income taxes are based on the difference between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities. Deferred income tax expense represents the change during the reporting period in the deferred tax assets and liabilities, net of the effect of acquisitions and dispositions. Deferred tax assets include tax loss and credit carry-forwards and are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We establish reserves for uncertain tax positions when, despite our belief that our tax return positions are supportable, we believe that certain positions may be challenged and potentially disallowed. When facts and circumstances change, we adjust these reserves through our income tax expense.

Should interest and penalties be assessed by taxing authorities on any underpayment of income tax, such amounts would be accrued and classified as a component of our income tax expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

See Note 9 for discussion of our income taxes.

Contingent Liabilities

We estimate the amount of potential exposure we may have with respect to claims, assessments and litigation in accordance with authoritative guidance on accounting for contingencies. We are party to pending or threatened legal proceedings covering a wide range of matters in various jurisdictions. It is difficult to predict the outcome of litigation, as it is subject to many uncertainties. Additionally, it is not always possible for management to make a meaningful estimate of the potential loss or range of loss associated with such contingencies. See Note 11 for discussion of our commitments and contingencies.

Supplemental Cash Flow Information

The following table shows supplemental cash flow information for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

​​​​​​​​​​
​201920182017
Interest, net of capitalized interest​$397​$339​$380
Income taxes​292​349​562

​

During 2019, we had $299 million of non-cash financing activities from our recent federal low-income housing investment discussed in Note 9 and new financing leases. During 2018, we had $250 million of non-cash financing activities from a federal low-income housing investment and new financing leases. During 2017, we did not have any

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

significant non-cash investing and financing activities. Non-cash investing and financing activities are generally excluded from the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

​

  1. Landfill and Environmental Remediation Liabilities

Liabilities for landfill and environmental remediation costs as of December 31 are presented in the table below (in millions):

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
​​2019​2018
​​​​​Environmental​​​​​​​Environmental​​​
​LandfillRemediationTotalLandfillRemediationTotal
Current (in accrued liabilities)$138​$27​$165​$143​$26​$169
Long-term​1,717​213​1,9301,617​211​1,828
​$1,855​$240​$2,095​$1,760​$237​$1,997

​

The changes to landfill and environmental remediation liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2019 are reflected in the table below (in millions):

​​​​​​​
​​​​​Environmental
​LandfillRemediation
December 31, 2018​$1,760​$237
Obligations incurred and capitalized​72—
Obligations settled​(113)(22)
Interest accretion​984
Revisions in estimates and interest rate assumptions (a) (b)​3321
Acquisitions, divestitures and other adjustments​5—
December 31, 2019​$1,855​$240
(a)The amount reported for our landfill liabilities includes revisions in estimates resulting primarily from changes in the timing and amount of costs as well as changes in estimates of remaining airspace.
(b)The amount reported for our environmental remediation liabilities includes an increase of $11 million due to a decrease in the risk-free discount rate used to measure our liabilities from 2.75% at December 31, 2018 to 1.75% at December 31, 2019.

Our recorded liabilities as of December 31, 2019 include the impacts of inflating certain of these costs based on our expectations of the timing of cash settlement and of discounting certain of these costs to present value. Anticipated payments of currently identified environmental remediation liabilities, as measured in current dollars, are $27 million in 2020, $33 million in 2021, $44 million in 2022, $34 million in 2023, $22 million in 2024 and $72 million thereafter.

At several of our landfills, we provide financial assurance by depositing cash into restricted trust funds or escrow accounts for purposes of settling final capping, closure, post-closure and environmental remediation obligations. Generally, these trust funds are established to comply with statutory requirements and operating agreements. See Notes 17 and 19 for additional information related to these trusts.

​

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

  1. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment as of December 31 consisted of the following (in millions):

​​​​​​​
​20192018
Land​$656​$656
Landfills​15,910​15,240
Vehicles​5,344​5,059
Machinery and equipment​3,140​2,988
Containers​2,616​2,588
Buildings and improvements​3,174​2,998
Furniture, fixtures and office equipment​710​​677
​​31,550​30,206
Less: Accumulated depreciation of tangible property and equipment​(9,331)​(9,107)
Less: Accumulated amortization of landfill airspace​(9,326)​​(9,157)
Property and equipment, net​$12,893​$11,942

​

Depreciation and amortization expense, including amortization expense for assets recorded as financing leases, consisted of the following for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

​​​​​​​​​​
​201920182017
Depreciation of tangible property and equipment​$893​$838​$783
Amortization of landfill airspace​575​​538​​497
Depreciation and amortization expense​$1,468​$1,376​$1,280

​

​

  1. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill was $6,532 million and $6,430 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The $102 million increase in goodwill during 2019 is primarily related to acquisitions partially offset by impairment charges, which are discussed below, and translation adjustments related to our Canadian operations.

As discussed in Note 3, we perform our annual impairment test of goodwill balances for our reporting units using a measurement date of October 1. We will also perform interim tests if an impairment indicator exists. As a result of our annual impairment test performed in the fourth quarter of 2019, we recorded goodwill impairment charges of $27 million, of which $17 million related to our EES organization and $10 million related to our LampTracker® reporting unit, because the carrying value including goodwill exceeded the estimated fair value. Fair value was estimated using an income approach based on long-term projected discounted future cash flows of the reporting unit (Level 3).

See Notes 12, 18 and 20 for additional information related to goodwill.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

Our other intangible assets consisted of the following as of December 31 (in millions):

​​​​​​​​​​​​​
​CustomerCovenantsLicenses,​​
​​and Supplier​Not-to-​Permits​​​
​RelationshipsCompeteand OtherTotal
2019​​​​
Intangible assets​$906​$72​$110​$1,088
Less: Accumulated amortization​(469)​(36)​(62)​(567)
​​$437​$36​$48​$521
2018​​​​
Intangible assets​$949​$60​$109​$1,118
Less: Accumulated amortization​​(461)​​(24)​​(61)​​(546)
​​$488​$36​$48​$572

​

Amortization expense for other intangible assets was $106 million, $101 million and $96 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, we had $19 million of licenses, permits and other intangible assets that are not subject to amortization because they do not have stated expirations or have routine, administrative renewal processes. Additional information related to other intangible assets acquired through business combinations is included in Note 18. As of December 31, 2019, we expect annual amortization expense related to other intangible assets to be $99 million in 2020, $85 million in 2021, $70 million in 2022, $61 million in 2023 and $56 million in 2024.

​

  1. Debt

The following table summarizes the major components of debt as of each balance sheet date (in millions) and provides the maturities and interest rate ranges of each major category as of December 31:

​​​​​​​
​20192018
Revolving credit facility (weighted average interest rate of 3.1% as of December 31, 2018)​$—​$11
Commercial paper program (weighted average interest rate of 2.9% as of December 31, 2018)​​—​​990
Senior notes, maturing through 2049, interest rates ranging from 2.4% to 7.75% (weighted average interest rate of 3.9% as of December 31, 2019 and 4.3% as of December 31, 2018)​9,965​6,222
Canadian senior notes, maturing September 2026, interest rate of 2.6%​​385​​—
Tax-exempt bonds, maturing through 2048, fixed and variable interest rates ranging from 1.35% to 4.3% (weighted average interest rate of 2.3% as of December 31, 2019 and 2.35% as of December 31, 2018)​2,523​2,388
Financing leases and other, maturing through 2071, weighted average interest rate of 4.7%​710​467
Debt issuance costs, discounts and other​(85)​(52)
​​13,498​10,026
Current portion of long-term debt​218​432
​​$13,280​$9,594

​

Debt Classification

As of December 31, 2019, we had $1.5 billion of debt maturing within the next 12 months, including (i) $600 million of 4.75% senior notes that mature in June 2020; (ii) $669 million of tax-exempt bonds with term interest rate periods that expire within the next 12 months, which is prior to their scheduled maturities, and (iii) $218 million of other debt with scheduled maturities within the next 12 months, including $112 million of tax-exempt bonds. As of December 31, 2019,

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

we have classified $1.3 billion of debt maturing in the next 12 months as long-term because we have the intent and ability to refinance these borrowings on a long-term basis as supported by the forecasted available capacity under our $3.5 billion long-term U.S. and Canadian revolving credit facility (“$3.5 billion revolving credit facility”), as discussed below. The remaining $218 million of debt maturing in the next 12 months is classified as current obligations.

As of December 31, 2019, we also have $169 million of variable-rate tax-exempt bonds that are supported by letters of credit under our $3.5 billion revolving credit facility, of which $15 million mature within the next 12 months. The interest rates on our variable-rate tax-exempt bonds are generally reset on either a daily or weekly basis through a remarketing process. All recent tax-exempt bond remarketings have successfully placed Company bonds with investors at market-driven rates and we currently expect future remarketings to be successful. However, if the remarketing agent is unable to remarket our bonds, the remarketing agent can put the bonds to us. In the event of a failed remarketing, we have the availability under our $3.5 billion revolving credit facility to fund these bonds until they are remarketed successfully. Accordingly, we have classified $154 million of these borrowings as long-term in our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2019.

Access to and Utilization of Credit Facilities and Commercial Paper Program

$3.5 Billion Revolving Credit Facility — In November 2019, we entered into the $3.5 billion revolving credit facility, which amended and restated our prior long-term U.S. and Canadian revolving credit facility. Amendments to the credit agreement included (i) increasing total capacity under the facility from $2.75 billion to $3.5 billion; (ii) increasing the accordion feature that may be used to increase total capacity in future periods from $750 million to $1.0 billion and (iii) extending the term through November 2024. The agreement provides the Company with two one-year extension options. Waste Management of Canada Corporation and WM Quebec Inc., each an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of WM, are borrowers under the $3.5 billion revolving credit facility, and the agreement permits borrowing in Canadian dollars up to the U.S. dollar equivalent of $375 million, with such borrowings to be repaid in Canadian dollars. WM Holdings, a wholly-owned subsidiary of WM, guarantees all the obligations under the $3.5 billion revolving credit facility.

The $3.5 billion revolving credit facility provides us with credit capacity to be used for cash borrowings, to support letters of credit or to support our commercial paper program. The rates we pay for outstanding U.S. or Canadian loans are generally based on LIBOR or CDOR, respectively, plus a spread depending on the Company’s debt rating assigned by Moody’s Investors Service and Standard and Poor’s. The spread above LIBOR or CDOR ranges from 0.575% to 1.015%. Our $3.5 billion revolving credit facility was drafted in anticipation of the phaseout of LIBOR and contains provisions to replace LIBOR with an appropriate alternate benchmark rate as needed. As of December 31, 2019, we had no outstanding borrowings and $412 million of letters of credit issued and supported by the facility, leaving unused and available credit capacity of $3.1 billion.

Commercial Paper Program — We have a commercial paper program that enables us to borrow funds for up to 397 days at competitive interest rates. The rates we pay for outstanding borrowings are based on the term of the notes. The commercial paper program is fully supported by our $3.5 billion revolving credit facility. In November 2019, we amended our commercial paper program, increasing our ability to borrow funds from $2.75 billion to $3.5 billion, provided that the aggregate outstanding amount of commercial paper borrowings, together with borrowings and issued letters of credit under the $3.5 billion revolving credit facility, shall not at any time exceed the aggregate authorized borrowing capacity of such facility. As of December 31, 2019, we had no outstanding borrowings under our commercial paper program.

Other Letter of Credit Facilities — As of December 31, 2019, we had utilized $532 million of other letter of credit facilities, which are both committed and uncommitted, with terms maturing through April 2021.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

Debt Borrowings and Repayments

Revolving Credit Facility — In 2019, we repaid C$15 million, or $11 million, of Canadian borrowings under our revolving credit facility with available cash.

Senior Notes — In May 2019, WM issued $4.0 billion of senior notes consisting of:

​

●$750 million of 2.95% senior notes due June 15, 2024;
●$750 million of 3.20% senior notes due June 15, 2026;
●$1.0 billion of 3.45% senior notes due June 15, 2029;
●$500 million of 4.00% senior notes due July 15, 2039; and
●$1.0 billion of 4.15% senior notes due July 15, 2049.

​

The net proceeds from these debt issuances were $3.97 billion. Concurrently, we used $344 million of the net proceeds from the newly issued senior notes to retire $257 million of certain high-coupon senior notes. The cash paid includes the principal amount of the debt retired, $84 million of related premiums, which are classified as loss on early extinguishment of debt in our Consolidated Statement of Operations, and $3 million of accrued interest. The principal amount of senior notes redeemed within each series was as follows:

​

●$304 million of WM Holdings 7.10% senior notes due 2026, of which $56 million were tendered;
●$395 million of WM 7.00% senior notes due 2028, of which $64 million were tendered;
●$139 million of WM 7.375% senior notes due 2029, of which $58 million were tendered;
●$210 million of WM 7.75% senior notes due 2032, of which $57 million were tendered; and
●$274 million of WM 6.125% senior notes due 2039, of which $22 million were tendered.

​

We used a portion of the proceeds to repay our commercial paper borrowings as discussed further below. We intend to use the remaining net proceeds to pay a portion of the consideration related to our pending acquisition of Advanced Disposal Services, Inc. (“Advanced Disposal”), pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) which is discussed further in Note 18, and for general corporate purposes. The newly-issued senior notes due 2024, 2026, 2029 and 2039 include a special mandatory redemption feature, which provides that if the acquisition of Advanced Disposal is not completed on or prior to July 14, 2020, or if, prior to such date, the Merger Agreement is terminated for any reason, we will be required to redeem all of such outstanding notes equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amounts of such notes, plus accrued but unpaid interest.

​

Canadian Senior Notes — In September 2019, Waste Management of Canada Corporation, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of WM, issued C$500 million, or $377 million, of 2.6% senior notes due September 23, 2026, all of which are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by WM and WM Holdings. The net proceeds from the debt issuance were C$496 million, or $373 million, which we intend to use for general corporate purposes.

Commercial Paper Program — During the year ended December 31, 2019, we made net cash repayments of $1.0 billion (net of the related discount on issuance).

​

Tax-Exempt Bonds — We issued $240 million of new tax-exempt bonds in 2019. The proceeds from the issuance of these bonds were deposited directly into a restricted trust fund and may only be used for the specific purpose for which the money was raised, which is generally to finance expenditures for landfill and solid waste disposal facility construction and development. In the third quarter of 2019, we elected to refund and reissue $99 million of tax-exempt bonds which resulted in the recognition of a $1 million loss on early extinguishment of debt in our Consolidated Statement of Operations. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2019, we repaid $105 million of our tax-exempt bonds with available cash.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

Financing Leases and Other — The increase in our financing leases and other debt obligations during 2019 is primarily related to (i) our new federal low-income housing investment discussed in Note 9, which increased our debt obligations by $140 million, and (ii) an increase of $159 million attributable to non-cash financing arrangements. These increases were offset by a net decrease of $56 million, primarily due net cash repayments of debt at maturity.

Scheduled Debt Payments

Principal payments of our debt for the next five years and thereafter, based on scheduled maturities are as follows: $823 million in 2020, $629 million in 2021, $660 million in 2022, $646 million in 2023, $1,220 million in 2024 and $9,701 million thereafter. Our recorded debt and financing lease obligations include non-cash adjustments associated with debt issuance costs, discounts, premiums and fair value adjustments attributable to terminated interest rate derivatives, which have been excluded from these amounts because they will not result in cash payments. See Note 8 below for further discussion of our financing lease arrangements.

Secured Debt

Our debt balances are generally unsecured, except for financing leases and the notes payable associated with our investments in low-income housing properties.

Debt Covenants

The terms of certain of our financing arrangements require that we comply with financial and other covenants. Our most restrictive financial covenant is the one contained in our $3.5 billion revolving credit facility, which sets forth a maximum total debt to consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ratio (the “Leverage Ratio”). This covenant requires that the Leverage Ratio for the preceding four fiscal quarters will not be more than 3.75 to 1, provided that if an acquisition permitted under the $3.5 billion revolving credit facility involving aggregate consideration in excess of $200 million occurs during the fiscal quarter, the Company shall have the right to increase the Leverage Ratio to 4.25 to 1 during such fiscal quarter and for the following three fiscal quarters (the “Elevated Leverage Ratio Period”). There shall be no more than two Elevated Leverage Ratio Periods during the term of the $3.5 billion revolving credit facility, and the Leverage Ratio must return to 3.75 to 1 for at least one fiscal quarter between Elevated Leverage Ratio Periods. The calculation of all components used in the Leverage Ratio covenant are as defined in the $3.5 billion revolving credit facility.

Our $3.5 billion revolving credit facility, senior notes and other financing arrangements also contain certain restrictions on the ability of the Company’s subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness as well as restrictions on the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to, among other things, incur liens; engage in sale-leaseback transactions and engage in mergers and consolidations. We monitor our compliance with these restrictions, but do not believe that they significantly impact our ability to enter into investing or financing arrangements typical for our business. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we were in compliance with all covenants and restrictions under our financing arrangements that may have a material effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

​

8. Leases

Our operating lease activities primarily consist of leases for real estate, landfills and operating equipment. Our financing lease activities primarily consist of leases for operating equipment, railcars and landfill assets. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, which are not expected to be renewed beyond one year, are not recorded on the balance sheet and are recognized as lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Most leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms generally ranging from one to 10 years. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion. We include the renewal term in the calculation of the right-of-use asset and related lease liability when

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

such renewals are reasonably certain of being exercised. Certain leases also include options to purchase the leased property. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements is limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. Certain of our lease agreements include rental payments based on usage and other lease agreements include rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation; these payments are treated as variable lease payments. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

When the implicit interest rate is not readily available for our leases, we discount future cash flows of the remaining lease payments using the current interest rate that would be paid to borrow on collateralized debt over a similar term, or incremental borrowing rate, at the commencement date.

Supplemental balance sheet information for our leases is as follows (in millions):

​​​​​​
LeasesClassificationDecember 31, 2019
Assets​​​​
Long-term:​​​​
Operating​Other assets​$424
Financing​Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization​​374
Total lease assets​​​$798
​​​​​​
Liabilities​​​​​
Current:​​​​​
Operating​Accrued liabilities​$79
Financing​Current portion of long-term debt​​36
Long-term:​​​​​
Operating​Other liabilities​​366
Financing​Long-term debt, less current portion​​323
Total lease liabilities​​​$804

​

Operating lease expense was $132 million, $129 million and $134 million during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and is included in operating and selling, general and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statement of Operations. Financing lease expense for 2019 was $48 million and is included in depreciation and amortization expense and interest expense, net in our Consolidated Statement of Operations.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

Minimum contractual obligations for our leases (undiscounted) as of December 31, 2019 are as follows (in millions):

​

​​​​​​​
​​Operating​Financing
2020$63​$47
2021​58​​45
2022​57​​45
2023​51​​44
2024​​40​​41
Thereafter​​359​​256
Total lease payments​$628​$478
Less: interest​​(183)​​(119)
Discounted lease liabilities​$445​$359

​

As of December 31, 2019, we entered into leases, primarily for real estate, that have not yet commenced with future lease payments of $26 million that are not reflected in the table above. These leases will commence through 2020 with non-cancelable lease terms up to 15 years.

Cash paid during 2019 for our operating and financing leases was $87 million and $40 million, respectively. During 2019, right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations for our operating and financing leases were $149 million and $134 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2019, the weighted average remaining lease terms of our operating and financing leases were approximately 16 years and 14 years, respectively. The weighted average discount rates used to determine the lease liabilities as of December 31, 2019 for our operating and financing leases were approximately 3.50% and 4.10%, respectively.

​

  1. Income Taxes

Income Tax Expense

Our income tax expense consisted of the following for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

​​​​​​​​​​
​201920182017
Current:​​​
Federal​$204​$256​$400
State​94​132​56
Foreign​36​​40​​37
​​334​​428​​493
Deferred:​​​​​
Federal​94​​59​​(316)
State​8​​(32)​​62
Foreign​(2)​​(2)​​3
​​100​​25​​(251)
Income tax expense​$434​$453​$242

​

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

The U.S. federal statutory income tax rate is reconciled to the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31 as follows:

​​​​​​​​​​
​20192018​2017
Income tax expense at U.S. federal statutory rate21.00%21.00%​35.00%
State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit4.394.41​3.25​
Impacts of enactment of tax reform—(0.51)​(24.14)​
Federal tax credits(4.38)(2.44)​(2.31)​
Taxing authority audit settlements and other tax adjustments(0.74)(3.85)​0.03​
Tax impact of equity-based compensation transactions(0.91)(0.54)​(1.45)​
Tax impact of impairments0.720.03​0.66​
Tax rate differential on foreign income0.400.43​(0.55)​
Other0.130.51​0.55​
Effective income tax rate20.61%19.04%​11.04%

​

The comparability of our income tax expense for the reported periods has been primarily affected by (i) variations in our income before income taxes; (ii) federal tax credits; (iii) excess tax benefits associated with equity-based compensation transactions (iv) adjustments to our accruals and deferred taxes; (v) the tax implications of impairments; (vi) the realization of state net operating losses and credits; (vii) tax audit settlements and (viii) the impacts of enactment of tax reform.

For financial reporting purposes, income before income taxes by source for the years ended December 31 was as follows (in millions):

​​​​​​​​​​
​201920182017
Domestic​$2,025​$2,235​$2,040
Foreign (a)​80​​141​​151
Income before income taxes​$2,105​$2,376​$2,191
(a)Foreign income before income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2019 includes a $52 million impairment charge related to our minority-owned investment in a waste conversion technology business. See Note 12 for further discussion.

Investments Qualifying for Federal Tax Credits — We have significant financial interests in entities established to invest in and manage low-income housing properties and a refined coal facility. On August 28, 2019 we acquired an additional noncontrolling interest in a limited liability company established to invest in and manage low-income housing properties. Our consideration for this investment totaled $160 million, which was comprised of a $140 million note payable and an initial cash payment of $20 million. We support the operations of these entities in exchange for a pro-rata share of the tax credits they generate. The low-income housing investments and the coal facility’s refinement processes qualify for federal tax credits that we expect to realize through 2030 under Section 42, through 2024 under Section 45D, and through 2019 under Section 45 of the Internal Revenue Code.

We account for our investments in these entities using the equity method of accounting, recognizing our share of each entity’s pre-tax results of operations and other reductions in the value of our investments in equity in net losses of unconsolidated entities, within our Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recognized $46 million, $30 million and $30 million of net losses and a reduction in our income tax expense of $96 million, $57 million and $51 million, respectively, primarily due to tax credits realized from these investments. In addition, during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recognized interest expense of $9 million, $3 million and $2 million, respectively, associated with our investments in low-income housing properties. See Note 19 for additional information related to these unconsolidated variable interest entities.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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Other Federal Tax Credits — During 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recognized federal tax credits in addition to the tax credits realized from our investments in low-income housing properties and the refined coal facility, resulting in a reduction in our income tax expense of $11 million, $10 million and $13 million, respectively.

Equity-Based Compensation — During 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recognized excess tax benefits related to the vesting or exercise of equity-based compensation awards resulting in a reduction in our income tax expense of $25 million, $17 million and $37 million, respectively.

Adjustments to Accruals and Deferred Taxes — Adjustments to our accruals and deferred taxes due to the filing of our income tax returns, analysis of our deferred tax balances and changes in state and foreign laws resulted in a reduction in our income tax expense of $22 million, $52 million and $5 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Tax Implications of Impairments — Portions of the impairment charges recognized during the reported periods are not deductible for tax purposes resulting in an increase in income tax expense of $15 million, $1 million and $15 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. See Note 12 for more information related to our impairment charges.

State Net Operating Losses and Credits — During 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recognized state net operating losses and credits resulting in a reduction in our income tax expense of $14 million, $22 million and $12 million, respectively.

Tax Audit Settlements — We file income tax returns in the U.S. and Canada, as well as other state and local jurisdictions. We are currently under audit by various taxing authorities, as discussed below, and our audits are in various stages of completion. During the reported periods, we settled various tax audits which resulted in a reduction in our income tax expense of $2 million, $40 million and $2 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

We participate in the IRS’s Compliance Assurance Process, which means we work with the IRS throughout the year towards resolving any material issues prior to the filing of our annual tax return. Any unresolved issues as of the tax return filing date are subject to routine examination procedures. We are currently in the examination phase of IRS audits for the 2017 through 2019 tax years and expect these audits to be completed within the next 15 months. We are also currently undergoing audits by various state and local jurisdictions for tax years that date back to 2013.

Enactment of Tax Reform – In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, the Company recognized the provisional tax impacts and subsequent measurement period adjustments related to the remeasurement of our deferred income tax assets and liabilities and the one-time, mandatory transition tax on deemed repatriation of previously tax-deferred and unremitted foreign earnings, resulting in a reduction in our income tax expense of $12 million and $529 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Unremitted Earnings in Foreign Subsidiaries — No additional income taxes have been provided for any remaining undistributed foreign earnings not subject to the one-time, mandatory transition tax, or any additional outside basis difference, as these amounts continue to be indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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Deferred Tax Assets (Liabilities)

The components of net deferred tax liabilities as of December 31 are as follows (in millions):

​​​​​​​
​20192018
Deferred tax assets:​​
Net operating loss, capital loss and tax credit carry-forwards​$150​$258
Landfill and environmental remediation liabilities​156​143
Operating lease liabilities​114​—
Miscellaneous and other reserves, net​150​175
Subtotal​570​576
Valuation allowance​(162)​(261)
Deferred tax liabilities:​​
Property and equipment​(842)​(752)
Goodwill and other intangibles​(865)​(854)
Operating lease right-of-use assets​(108)​—
Net deferred tax liabilities​$(1,407)​$(1,291)

​

The valuation allowance decreased by $99 million in 2019 primarily due to the utilization and expiration of federal capital loss carry-forwards.

As of December 31, 2019, we had $1.8 billion of state net operating loss carry-forwards with expiration dates through 2039. We also had $27 million of federal capital loss carry-forwards with expiration dates through 2024, $32 million of foreign tax credit carry-forwards with expiration dates through 2029 and $17 million of state tax credit carry-forwards with expiration dates through 2035.

We have established valuation allowances for uncertainties in realizing the benefit of certain tax loss and credit carry-forwards and other deferred tax assets. While we expect to realize the deferred tax assets, net of the valuation allowances, changes in estimates of future taxable income or in tax laws may alter this expectation.

Liabilities for Uncertain Tax Positions

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits, including accrued interest, is as follows (in millions):

​​​​​​​​​​
​201920182017
Balance as of January 1​$36​$109​$82
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year​5​6​19
Additions based on tax positions of prior years​—​12​11
Accrued interest​2​2​4
Settlements​—​(88)​(1)
Lapse of statute of limitations​(3)​(5)​(6)
Balance as of December 31​$40​$36​$109

​

These liabilities are included as a component of other long-term liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets because the Company does not anticipate that settlement of the liabilities will require payment of cash within the next 12 months. As of December 31, 2019, we have $33 million of net unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized in future periods, would impact our effective income tax rate.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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We recognize interest expense related to unrecognized tax benefits in our income tax expense, which was not material for the reported periods. We did not have any accrued liabilities or expense for penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits for the reported periods.

​

  1. Employee Benefit Plans

Defined Contribution Plans — Waste Management sponsors a 401(k) retirement savings plan that covers employees, except those working subject to collective bargaining agreements that do not provide for coverage under the plan. U.S. employees who are not subject to such collective bargaining agreements are generally eligible to participate in the plan following a 90-day waiting period after hire and may contribute as much as 50% of their eligible annual compensation and 80% of their annual incentive plan bonus, subject to annual contribution limitations established by the IRS. Under the retirement savings plan, for non-union employees, we match 100% of employee contributions on the first 3% of their eligible annual compensation and 50% of employee contributions on the next 3% of their eligible annual compensation, resulting in a maximum match of 4.5% of eligible annual compensation. Non-union employees hired on or after January 1, 2018 are automatically enrolled in the plan at a 3% contribution rate upon eligibility. Both employee and Company contributions are in cash and vest immediately. Certain U.S. employees who are subject to collective bargaining agreements may participate in the 401(k) retirement savings plan under terms specified in their collective bargaining agreement. Certain employees outside the U.S., including those in Canada, participate in defined contribution plans maintained by the Company in compliance with laws of the appropriate jurisdiction. Charges to operating and selling, general and administrative expenses for our defined contribution plans totaled $88 million, $80 million and $70 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Defined Benefit Plans (other than multiemployer defined benefit pension plans discussed below) — WM Holdings sponsors a defined benefit plan for certain employees who are subject to collective bargaining agreements that provide for participation in this plan. Further, certain of our Canadian subsidiaries sponsor defined benefit plans that are frozen to new participants. As of December 31, 2019, the combined benefit obligation of these pension plans was $141 million supported by $136 million of combined plan assets, resulting in an aggregate unfunded benefit obligation for these plans of $5 million. As of December 31, 2018, the combined benefit obligation of these pension plans was $120 million supported by $117 million of combined plan assets, resulting in an aggregate unfunded benefit obligation for these plans of $3 million.

In addition, WM Holdings and certain of its subsidiaries provided post-retirement health care and other benefits to eligible retirees. In conjunction with our acquisition of WM Holdings in July 1998, we limited participation in these plans to participating retirees as of December 31, 1998. The unfunded benefit obligation for these plans was $14 million and $18 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Our accrued benefit liabilities for our defined benefit pension and other post-retirement plans were $19 million and $21 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and are included as components of accrued liabilities and long-term other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Multiemployer Defined Benefit Pension Plans — We are a participating employer in a number of trustee-managed multiemployer defined benefit pension plans (“Multiemployer Pension Plans”) for employees who are covered by collective bargaining agreements. The risks of participating in these Multiemployer Pension Plans are different from single-employer plans in that (i) assets contributed to the Multiemployer Pension Plan by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees or former employees of other participating employers; (ii) if a participating employer stops contributing to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may be required to be assumed by the remaining participating employers and (iii) if we choose to stop participating in any of our Multiemployer Pension Plans, we may be required to

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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pay those plans a withdrawal amount based on the underfunded status of the plan. The following table outlines our participation in Multiemployer Pension Plans considered to be individually significant (dollars in millions):

​

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​Expiration Date
​​​​Pension Protection Act​​​Company​of Collective
​​EIN/Pension Plan​Reported Status(a)​FIP/RP​Contributions(d)​Bargaining
Pension FundNumber20192018Status(b)(c)201920182017Agreement(s)
Automotive Industries Pension PlanEIN: 94-1133245; Plan Number: 001Critical and DecliningCritical and DecliningImplemented​$1​$1​$19/30/2021
Suburban Teamsters of Northern Illinois Pension PlanEIN: 36-6155778; Plan Number: 001EndangeredEndangeredImplemented​3​3​3Various dates through 3/31/2023
Western Conference of Teamsters Pension PlanEIN: 91-6145047; Plan Number: 001Not Endangered or CriticalNot Endangered or CriticalNot Applicable​32​29​27Various dates through 12/31/2024
​​​​​​​​​​$36​$33​$31​​
Contributions to other Multiemployer Pension Plans​​​​​​​​​​16​​14​​16​​
Total contributions to Multiemployer Pension Plans (e)​​​​​​​​​$52​$47​$47​​
(a)The most recent Pension Protection Act zone status available in 2019 and 2018 is for the plan’s year-end as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The zone status is based on information that we received from the plan and is certified by the plan’s actuary. As defined in the Pension Protection Act of 2006, among other factors, plans reported as critical are generally less than 65% funded and plans reported as endangered are generally less than 80% funded. Under the Multiemployer Pension Reform Act of 2014, a plan is generally in critical and declining status if it (i) is certified to be in critical status pursuant to the Pension Protection Act of 2006 and (ii) is projected to be insolvent within the next 15 years or, in certain circumstances, 20 years.

As of the date the financial statements were issued, Forms 5500 were not available for the plan years ended in 2019.

(b)The “FIP/RP Status” column indicates plans for which a Funding Improvement Plan (“FIP”) or a Rehabilitation Plan (“RP”) has been implemented.
(c)A Multiemployer Pension Plan that has been certified as endangered, seriously endangered or critical may begin to levy a statutory surcharge on contribution rates. Once authorized, the surcharge is at the rate of 5% for the first 12 months and 10% for any periods thereafter. Contributing employers, however, may eliminate the surcharge by entering into a collective bargaining agreement that meets the requirements of the applicable FIP or RP.
(d)Of the Multiemployer Pension Plans considered to be individually significant, the Company was listed in the Form 5500 of the Suburban Teamsters of Northern Illinois Pension Plan as providing more than 5% of the total contributions for plan years ending December 31, 2018 and 2017.
(e)Total contributions to Multiemployer Pension Plans excludes contributions related to withdrawal liabilities discussed below.

Our portion of the projected benefit obligation, plan assets and unfunded liability for the Multiemployer Pension Plans is not material to our financial position. However, the failure of participating employers to remain solvent could affect our portion of the plans’ unfunded liability. Specific benefit levels provided by union pension plans are not negotiated with or known by the employer contributors.

In connection with our ongoing renegotiations of various collective bargaining agreements, we may discuss and negotiate for the complete or partial withdrawal from one or more of these pension plans. Further, business events, such as the discontinuation or nonrenewal of a customer contract, the decertification of a union, or relocation, reduction or discontinuance of certain operations, which result in the decline of Company contributions to a Multiemployer Pension Plan could trigger a partial or complete withdrawal. In the event of a withdrawal, we may incur expenses associated with our obligations for unfunded vested benefits at the time of the withdrawal. In 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recognized charges

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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of less than $1 million, $3 million and $12 million, respectively, to operating expenses for the withdrawal from certain underfunded Multiemployer Pension Plans. Refer to Note 11 for additional information related to our obligations to Multiemployer Pension Plans for which we have withdrawn or partially withdrawn.

Multiemployer Plan Benefits Other Than Pensions — During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company made contributions of $45 million, $43 million and $42 million, respectively, to multiemployer health and welfare plans that also provide other post-retirement employee benefits. Funding of benefit payments for plan participants are made at negotiated rates in the respective collective bargaining agreements as costs are incurred.

​

  1. Commitments and Contingencies

Financial Instruments — We have obtained letters of credit, surety bonds and insurance policies and have established trust funds and issued financial guarantees to support tax-exempt bonds, contracts, performance of landfill final capping, closure and post-closure requirements, environmental remediation and other obligations. Letters of credit generally are supported by our $3.5 billion revolving credit facility and other credit facilities established for that purpose. These facilities are discussed further in Note 7. Surety bonds and insurance policies are supported by (i) a diverse group of third-party surety and insurance companies; (ii) an entity in which we have a noncontrolling financial interest or (iii) a wholly-owned insurance captive, the sole business of which is to issue surety bonds and/or insurance policies on our behalf.

Management does not expect that any claims against or draws on these instruments would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. We have not experienced any unmanageable difficulty in obtaining the required financial assurance instruments for our current operations. In an ongoing effort to mitigate risks of future cost increases and reductions in available capacity, we continue to evaluate various options to access cost-effective sources of financial assurance.

Insurance — We carry insurance coverage for protection of our assets and operations from certain risks including general liability, automobile liability, workers’ compensation, real and personal property, directors’ and officers’ liability, pollution legal liability and other coverages we believe are customary to the industry. Our exposure to loss for insurance claims is generally limited to the per-incident deductible under the related insurance policy. Our exposure could increase if our insurers are unable to meet their commitments on a timely basis.

We have retained a significant portion of the risks related to our health and welfare, general liability, automobile liability and workers’ compensation claims programs. “General liability” refers to the self-insured portion of specific third-party claims made against us that may be covered under our commercial General Liability Insurance Policy. For our self-insured portions, the exposure for unpaid claims and associated expenses, including incurred but not reported losses, is based on an actuarial valuation or internal estimates. The accruals for these liabilities could be revised if future occurrences or loss development significantly differ from such valuations and estimates. We use a wholly-owned insurance captive to insure the deductibles for our general liability, automobile liability and workers’ compensation claims programs. As of December 31, 2019, both our commercial General Liability Insurance Policy and our workers’ compensation insurance program carried self-insurance exposures of up to $5 million per incident. As of December 31, 2019, our automobile liability insurance program included a per-incident deductible of up to $10 million. Our receivable balance associated with

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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insurance claims was $126 million and $130 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The changes to our insurance reserves for the years ended December 31 are summarized below (in millions):

​

​​​​​​​
​2019(a)2018
Balance as of January 1​$567​$582
Self-insurance expense​171​142
Cash paid and other​​(163)​​(157)
Balance as of December 31​$575​$567
Current portion as of December 31​$145​$137
Long-term portion as of December 31​$430​$430
(a)Based on current estimates, we anticipate that most of our insurance reserves will be settled in cash over the next six years.

We do not expect the impact of any known casualty, property, environmental or other contingency to have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Operating and Financing Leases — Our operating and financing leases are discussed in Note 8.

Other Commitments

●Disposal — We have several agreements expiring at various dates through 2052 that require us to dispose of a minimum number of tons at third-party disposal facilities. Under these put-or-pay agreements, we are required to pay for the agreed upon minimum volumes regardless of the actual number of tons placed at the facilities. Following the 2014 divestiture of our Wheelabrator business, which provides waste-to-energy services and manages waste-to-energy facilities and independent power production plants, we entered into several agreements to dispose of a minimum number of tons of waste at certain Wheelabrator facilities. These agreements generally provide for fixed volume commitments with certain market price resets through 2021. We generally fulfill our minimum contractual obligations by disposing of volumes collected in the ordinary course of business at these disposal facilities.
●Waste Paper — We are party to waste paper purchase agreements expiring at various dates through 2023 that require us to purchase a minimum number of tons of waste paper. The cost per ton we pay is based on market prices.
●Royalties — We have various arrangements that require us to make royalty payments to third parties including prior land owners, lessors or host communities where our operations are located. Our obligations generally are based on per ton rates for waste actually received at our transfer stations or landfills. Royalty agreements that are non-cancelable and require fixed or minimum payments are included in our financing leases and other debt obligations in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as disclosed in Note 7.

Our unconditional purchase obligations are generally established in the ordinary course of our business and are structured in a manner that provides us with access to important resources at competitive, market-driven rates. As of December 31, 2019, our estimated minimum obligations associated with unconditional purchase obligations, which are not recognized in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, were $156 million in 2020, $143 million in 2021, $65 million in 2022, $57 million in 2023, $47 million in 2024 and $379 million thereafter. We may also establish unconditional purchase obligations in conjunction with acquisitions or divestitures. Our actual future minimum obligations under these outstanding purchase agreements are generally quantity driven and, as a result, our associated financial obligations are not fixed as of December 31, 2019. For contracts that require us to purchase minimum quantities of goods or services, we have estimated our future minimum obligations based on the current market values of the underlying products or services or contractually stated amounts. We currently expect the products and services provided by these agreements to continue to meet the needs

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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of our ongoing operations. Therefore, we do not expect these established arrangements to materially impact our future financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Guarantees — We have entered into the following guarantee agreements associated with our operations:

●As of December 31, 2019, WM Holdings has fully and unconditionally guaranteed all of WM’s senior indebtedness, including its senior notes, $3.5 billion revolving credit facility and certain letter of credit facilities, which mature through 2049. WM has fully and unconditionally guaranteed the senior indebtedness of WM Holdings, which matures in 2026. Performance under these guarantee agreements would be required if either party defaulted on their respective obligations. No additional liabilities have been recorded for these intercompany guarantees because all of the underlying obligations are reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 22 for further discussion.
●WM and WM Holdings have guaranteed subsidiary debt obligations, including tax-exempt bonds, financing leases and other indebtedness. If a subsidiary fails to meet its obligations associated with its debt agreements as they come due, WM or WM Holdings will be required to perform under the related guarantee agreement. No additional liabilities have been recorded for these intercompany guarantees because all of the underlying obligations are reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 7 for information related to the balances and maturities of these debt obligations.
●Before the divestiture of our Wheelabrator business in 2014, WM had guaranteed certain operational and financial performance obligations of Wheelabrator and its subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business. In conjunction with the divestiture, certain WM guarantees of Wheelabrator obligations were terminated, but others continued and are now guarantees of third-party obligations. When possible, Wheelabrator seeks to have the applicable third-party beneficiaries release WM from these guarantees, but until such efforts are successful, or the underlying financial commitments are restructured, WM has agreed to retain the guarantees and, in exchange, receive a credit support fee or other financial assurances guaranteed by a third-party financial institution to protect WM in the event of non-compliance by Wheelabrator. The most significant of these guarantees specifically define WM’s maximum financial obligation over the course of the relevant agreements. In February 2019, Wheelabrator was acquired by a third party, at which time we agreed to retain certain remaining guarantees. As of December 31, 2019, WM’s maximum future payments under these guarantees were $45 million. WM’s exposure under certain of the performance guarantees is variable and a maximum exposure is not defined. We have recorded the fair value of the operational and financial performance guarantees, some of which could extend through 2038 if not terminated, in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We currently do not expect the financial impact of such operational and financial performance guarantees to materially exceed the recorded fair value.
●Certain of our subsidiaries have guaranteed the market or contractually-determined value of certain homeowners’ properties that are adjacent to or near certain of our landfills. These guarantee agreements extend over the life of the respective landfill. Under these agreements, we would be responsible for the difference, if any, between the sale value and the guaranteed market or contractually-determined value of the homeowners’ properties. As of December 31, 2019, we have agreements guaranteeing certain market value losses for certain properties adjacent to or near 18 of our landfills. We do not believe that these contingent obligations will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
●We have indemnified the purchasers of businesses or divested assets for the occurrence of specified events under certain of our divestiture agreements. Other than certain identified items that are currently recorded as obligations, we do not believe that it is possible to determine the contingent obligations associated with these indemnities. Additionally, under certain of our acquisition agreements, we have provided for additional consideration to be paid to the sellers if established financial targets or other market conditions are achieved post-closing and we have recognized liabilities for these contingent obligations based on an estimate of the fair value of these contingencies at the time of acquisition. We do not currently believe that contingent obligations to provide indemnification or pay additional post-closing consideration in connection with our divestitures or acquisitions

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
●WM and WM Holdings guarantee the service, lease, financial and general operating obligations of certain of their subsidiaries. If such a subsidiary fails to meet its contractual obligations as they come due, the guarantor has an unconditional obligation to perform on its behalf. No additional liability has been recorded for service, financial or general operating guarantees because the subsidiaries’ obligations are properly accounted for as costs of operations as services are provided or general operating obligations as incurred. No additional liability has been recorded for the lease guarantees because the subsidiaries’ obligations are properly accounted for as operating or financing leases, as appropriate.

Environmental Matters — A significant portion of our operating costs and capital expenditures could be characterized as costs of environmental protection. The nature of our operations, particularly with respect to the construction, operation and maintenance of our landfills, subjects us to an array of laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment. Under current laws and regulations, we may have liabilities for environmental damage caused by our operations, or for damage caused by conditions that existed before we acquired a site. In addition to remediation activity required by state or local authorities, such liabilities include PRP investigations. The costs associated with these liabilities can include settlements, certain legal and consultant fees, as well as incremental internal and external costs directly associated with site investigation and clean-up.

As of December 31, 2019, we have been notified by the government that we are a PRP in connection with 75 locations listed on the Environmental Protection Agency’s (“EPA’s”) Superfund National Priorities List (“NPL”). Of the 75 sites at which claims have been made against us, 15 are sites we own. Each of the NPL sites we own was initially developed by others as a landfill disposal facility. At each of these facilities, we are working in conjunction with the government to evaluate or remediate identified site problems, and we have either agreed with other legally liable parties on an arrangement for sharing the costs of remediation or are working toward a cost-sharing agreement. We generally expect to receive any amounts due from other participating parties at or near the time that we make the remedial expenditures. The other 60 NPL sites, which we do not own, are at various procedural stages under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended, known as CERCLA or Superfund.

The majority of proceedings involving NPL sites that we do not own are based on allegations that certain of our subsidiaries (or their predecessors) transported hazardous substances to the sites, often prior to our acquisition of these subsidiaries. CERCLA generally provides for liability for those parties owning, operating, transporting to or disposing at the sites. Proceedings arising under Superfund typically involve numerous waste generators and other waste transportation and disposal companies and seek to allocate or recover costs associated with site investigation and remediation, which costs could be substantial and could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements. At some of the sites at which we have been identified as a PRP, our liability is well defined as a consequence of a governmental decision and an agreement among liable parties as to the share each will pay for implementing that remedy. At other sites, where no remedy has been selected or the liable parties have been unable to agree on an appropriate allocation, our future costs are uncertain.

On October 11, 2017, the EPA issued its Record of Decision (“ROD”) with respect to the previously proposed remediation plan for the San Jacinto waste pits in Harris County, Texas. McGinnes Industrial Maintenance Corporation (“MIMC”), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of WM, operated some of the waste pits from 1965 to 1966 and has been named as a site PRP. In 1998, WM acquired the stock of the parent entity of MIMC. MIMC has been working with the EPA and other named PRPs as the process of addressing the site proceeds. On April 9, 2018, MIMC and International Paper Company entered into an Administrative Order on Consent agreement with the EPA to develop a remedial design for the EPA’s proposed remedy for the site. Allocation of responsibility among the PRPs for the proposed remedy has not been established. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the recorded liability for MIMC’s estimated potential share of the

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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EPA’s proposed remedy and related costs was $56 million and $55 million, respectively. MIMC’s ultimate liability could be materially different from current estimates.

Item 103 of the SEC’s Regulation S-K requires disclosure of certain environmental matters when a governmental authority is a party to the proceedings, or such proceedings are known to be contemplated, unless we reasonably believe that the matter will result in no monetary sanctions, or in monetary sanctions, exclusive of interest and costs, of less than $100,000. The following matter is disclosed in accordance with that requirement. We do not currently believe that the eventual outcome of such matter could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

On July 10, 2013, the EPA issued a Notice of Violation ("NOV") to Waste Management of Wisconsin, Inc., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of WM, alleging violations of the Resource Conservation Recovery Act concerning acceptance of certain waste that was not permitted to be disposed of at the Metro Recycling & Disposal Facility in Franklin, Wisconsin. The parties are exchanging information and working to resolve the NOV.

From time to time, we are also named as defendants in personal injury and property damage lawsuits, including purported class actions, on the basis of having owned, operated or transported waste to a disposal facility that is alleged to have contaminated the environment or, in certain cases, on the basis of having conducted environmental remediation activities at sites. Some of the lawsuits may seek to have us pay the costs of monitoring of allegedly affected sites and health care examinations of allegedly affected persons for a substantial period of time even where no actual damage is proven. While we believe we have meritorious defenses to these lawsuits, the ultimate resolution is often substantially uncertain due to the difficulty of determining the cause, extent and impact of alleged contamination (which may have occurred over a long period of time), the potential for successive groups of complainants to emerge, the diversity of the individual plaintiffs’ circumstances, and the potential contribution or indemnification obligations of co-defendants or other third parties, among other factors. Additionally, we often enter into agreements with landowners imposing obligations on us to meet certain regulatory or contractual conditions upon site closure or upon termination of the agreements. Compliance with these agreements inherently involves subjective determinations and may result in disputes, including litigation.

Litigation — As a large company with operations across the U.S. and Canada, we are subject to various proceedings, lawsuits, disputes and claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. Many of these actions raise complex factual and legal issues and are subject to uncertainties. Actions that have been filed against us, and that may be filed against us in the future, include personal injury, property damage, commercial, customer, and employment-related claims, including purported state and national class action lawsuits related to: alleged environmental contamination, including releases of hazardous material and odors; sales and marketing practices, customer service agreements and prices and fees; and federal and state wage and hour and other laws. The plaintiffs in some actions seek unspecified damages or injunctive relief, or both. These actions are in various procedural stages, and some are covered in part by insurance. We currently do not believe that the eventual outcome of any such actions will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

WM’s charter and bylaws provide that WM shall indemnify against all liabilities and expenses, and upon request shall advance expenses to any person, who is subject to a pending or threatened proceeding because such person is or was a director or officer of the Company. Such indemnification is required to the maximum extent permitted under Delaware law. Accordingly, the director or officer must execute an undertaking to reimburse the Company for any fees advanced if it is later determined that the director or officer was not permitted to have such fees advanced under Delaware law. Additionally, the Company has direct contractual obligations to provide indemnification to each of the members of WM’s Board of Directors and each of WM’s executive officers. The Company may incur substantial expenses in connection with the fulfillment of its advancement of costs and indemnification obligations in connection with actions or proceedings that may be brought against its former or current officers, directors and employees.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

Multiemployer Defined Benefit Pension Plans — About 20% of our workforce is covered by collective bargaining agreements with various local unions across the U.S. and Canada. As a result of some of these agreements, certain of our subsidiaries are participating employers in a number of Multiemployer Pension Plans for the covered employees. Refer to Note 10 for additional information about our participation in Multiemployer Pension Plans considered individually significant. In connection with our ongoing renegotiation of various collective bargaining agreements, we may discuss and negotiate for the complete or partial withdrawal from one or more of these Multiemployer Pension Plans. A complete or partial withdrawal from a Multiemployer Pension Plan may also occur if employees covered by a collective bargaining agreement vote to decertify a union from continuing to represent them. Any other circumstance resulting in a decline in Company contributions to a Multiemployer Pension Plan through a reduction in the labor force, whether through attrition over time or through a business event (such as the discontinuation or nonrenewal of a customer contract, the decertification of a union, or relocation, reduction or discontinuance of certain operations) may also trigger a complete or partial withdrawal from one or more of these pension plans.

In 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recognized less than $1 million, $3 million and $12 million, respectively, of charges to operating expenses for the withdrawal from certain underfunded Multiemployer Pension Plans.

We do not believe that any future liability relating to our past or current participation in, or withdrawals from, the Multiemployer Pension Plans to which we contribute will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or liquidity. However, liability for future withdrawals could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or cash flows for a particular reporting period, depending on the number of employees withdrawn and the financial condition of the Multiemployer Pension Plan(s) at the time of such withdrawal(s).

Tax Matters — We maintain a liability for uncertain tax positions, the balance of which management believes is adequate. Results of audit assessments by taxing authorities are not currently expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. See Note 9 for additional discussion regarding income taxes.

​

  1. Asset Impairments and Unusual Items

(Gain) Loss from Divestitures, Asset Impairments and Unusual Items, Net

The following table summarizes the major components of (gain) loss from divestitures, asset impairments and unusual items, net for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

​​​​​​​​​​
​201920182017
(Gain) loss from divestitures​$—​$(96)​$(38)
Asset impairments​42​38​41
Other​—​—​(19)
​​$42​$(58)​$(16)

​

During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized asset impairments of $42 million, related to (i) $27 million of goodwill impairment charges, as discussed further in Note 6, of which $17 million related to our EES organization and $10 million related to our LampTracker® reporting unit and (ii) $15 million of asset impairment charges primarily related to certain solid waste operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized net gains of $58 million, primarily related to (i) a $52 million gain associated with the sale of certain collection and disposal operations in our Tier 1 segment and (ii) net gains of $44 million primarily all from divestitures of certain ancillary operations. These gains were partially offset by (i) a $30 million charge to impair a landfill in our Tier 3 segment based on an internally developed discounted projected cash

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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flow analysis, taking into account continued volume decreases and revised capping cost estimates and (ii) $8 million of impairment charges primarily related to our LampTracker® reporting unit.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized net gains of $16 million, primarily related to (i) gains of $31 million from the sale of certain oil and gas producing properties and (ii) a $30 million reduction in post-closing, performance-based contingent consideration obligations associated with an acquired business in our EES organization. These gains were partially offset by (i) $34 million of goodwill impairment charges primarily related to our EES organization; (ii) $11 million of charges to adjust our subsidiary’s estimated potential share of an environmental remediation liability and related costs for a closed site in Harris County, Texas, as discussed in Note 11 and (iii) $7 million of charges to write down certain renewable energy assets.

See Note 3 for additional information related to the accounting policy and analysis involved in identifying and calculating impairments and see Note 20 for additional information related to the impact of impairments on the results of operations of our reportable segments.

Equity in Net Losses of Unconsolidated Entities

During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized $29 million of impairment charges to write down equity method investments in waste diversion technology companies to their estimated fair values.

Other, Net

During the first quarter of 2019, we recognized a $52 million impairment charge related to our minority-owned investment in a waste conversion technology business. We wrote down our investment to its estimated fair value as the result of recent third-party investor’s transactions in securities of this business. The fair value of our investment was not readily determinable; thus, we determined the fair value utilizing a combination of quoted price inputs for the equity in our investment (Level 2) and certain management assumptions pertaining to investment value (Level 3).

During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized impairment charges of $11 million related to other-than-temporary declines in the value of minority-owned investments in waste diversion technology companies. We wrote down our investments to their estimated fair values which was primarily determined using an income approach based on estimated future cash flow projections and, to a lesser extent, third-party investors’ recent transactions in these securities.

​

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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  1. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The changes in the balances of each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, which is included as a component of WM stockholders’ equity, are as follows (in millions, with amounts in parentheses representing decreases to accumulated other comprehensive income):

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
​​​​​​​​Foreign​Post-​​​
​​​​​Available-​Currency​Retirement​​​
​​Derivative​for-Sale​Translation​Benefit​​​
​InstrumentsSecuritiesAdjustmentsObligationsTotal
Balance, December 31, 2016​$(40)​$13​$(47)​$(6)​$(80)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax expense (benefit) of $0, $2, $0 and $1, respectively​—​3​76​3​82
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax (expense) benefit of $5, $(1), $0 and $0, respectively​7​(1)​—​—​6
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)​7​2​76​3​88
Balance, December 31, 2017​$(33)​$15​$29​$(3)​$8
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax expense (benefit) of $0, $2, $0 and $1, respectively​—​5​(105)​2​(98)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax (expense) benefit of $3, $0, $0 and $0, respectively​8​—​—​—​8
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)​8​5​(105)​2​(90)
Adoption of new accounting standard (a)​​(7)​​3​​—​​(1)​​(5)
Balance, December 31, 2018​$(32)​$23​$(76)​$(2)​$(87)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax expense (benefit) of $0, $5, $0 and $1, respectively​—​15​55​2​72
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax (expense) benefit of $3, $0, $0 and $0, respectively​8​—​—​(1)​7
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)​8​15​55​1​79
Balance, December 31, 2019​$(24)​$38​$(21)​$(1)​$(8)
(a)As of January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2018-02 and reclassified stranded tax effects to retained earnings.

We had no derivatives outstanding during the reported periods. Amounts reclassified to interest expense associated with our previously terminated cash flow hedges were $11 million, or $8 million net of tax expense, for 2019, $11 million, or $8 million net of tax expense, for 2018 and $12 million, or $7 million net of tax expense, for 2017.

​

  1. Capital Stock, Dividends and Common Stock Repurchase Program

Capital Stock

We have 1.5 billion shares of authorized common stock with a par value of $0.01 per common share. As of December 31, 2019, we had 424.3 million shares of common stock issued and outstanding. The Board of Directors is authorized to issue preferred stock in series, and with respect to each series, to fix its designation, relative rights (including

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

voting, dividend, conversion, sinking fund, and redemption rights), preferences (including dividends and liquidation) and limitations. We have 10 million shares of authorized preferred stock, $0.01 par value, none of which is currently outstanding.

Dividends

Our quarterly dividends have been declared by our Board of Directors. Cash dividends declared and paid were $876 million in 2019, or $2.05 per common share, $802 million in 2018, or $1.86 per common share, and $750 million in 2017, or $1.70 per common share.

In December 2019, we announced that our Board of Directors expects to increase the quarterly dividend from $0.5125 to $0.545 per share for dividends declared in 2020. However, all future dividend declarations are at the discretion of the Board of Directors and depend on various factors, including our net earnings, financial condition, cash required for future business plans, growth and acquisitions and other factors the Board of Directors may deem relevant.

Common Stock Repurchase Program

The Company repurchases shares of its common stock as part of capital allocation programs authorized by our Board of Directors. Share repurchases during the reported periods were completed through accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) agreements and, to a lesser extent, open market transactions. The terms of these ASR agreements required that we deliver cash at the beginning of each ASR repurchase period. In exchange, we received a portion of the total shares expected to be repurchased based on the then-current market price of our common stock. The remaining shares repurchased over the course of each repurchase period are delivered to us once the repurchase period is complete. Shares repurchased are reflected in the period the shares are delivered to us. The following is a summary of our share repurchases under our common stock repurchase program for the years ended December 31:

​

​​​​​​​​​​
​2019(a)2018(b)2017(c)
Shares repurchased (in thousands)​2,247​11,673​10,058
Weighted average price per share$108.60​$86.35​$77.67
Total repurchases (in millions)​$244​$1,008​$750
(a)During 2019, we executed and completed an ASR agreement to repurchase $180 million of our common stock and received 1.6 million shares in connection with this ASR agreement. We also repurchased an additional 0.7 million shares of our common stock in open market transactions in compliance with Rule 10b5-1 and Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act for $64 million, inclusive of per-share commissions. As a result of the pending acquisition of Advanced Disposal discussed in Note 18, we limited our 2019 share repurchases to an amount sufficient to offset dilution impacts from our stock-based compensation plans.
(b)During 2018, we executed and completed four ASR agreements to repurchase $850 million of our common stock and we received 9.8 million shares in connection with these ASR agreements. We also repurchased an additional 1.9 million shares of our common stock in open market transactions in compliance with Rule 10b5-1 and Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act for $158 million, inclusive of per-share commissions, which includes $4 million paid in 2019.
(c)During 2017, we executed and completed two ASR agreements to repurchase $750 million of our common stock. Our “Shares repurchased” includes the 0.4 million shares related to the ASR agreement executed in November 2016.

In December 2019, we publicly confirmed that the Company has $1.32 billion remaining on its existing Board of Directors’ authorization to repurchase shares of the Company’s common stock. Any future share repurchases will be made at the discretion of management and will depend on factors similar to those considered by the Board of Directors in making

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

dividend declarations, including our net earnings, financial condition and cash required for future business plans, growth and acquisitions.

​

  1. Equity-Based Compensation

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

We have an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) under which employees that have been employed for at least 30 days may purchase shares of our common stock at a discount. The plan provides for two offering periods for purchases: January through June and July through December. At the end of each offering period, enrolled employees purchase shares of our common stock at a price equal to 85% of the lesser of the market value of the stock on the first and last day of such offering period. The purchases are made at the end of an offering period with funds accumulated through payroll deductions over the course of the offering period. Subject to limitations set forth in the plan and under IRS regulations, eligible employees may elect to have up to 10% of their base pay deducted during the offering period. The total number of shares issued under the plan for the offering periods in 2019, 2018 and 2017 was approximately 537,000, 582,000 and 594,000, respectively. After the January 2020 issuance of shares associated with the July to December 2019 offering period, 0.8 million shares remain available for issuance under the ESPP.

As a result of our ESPP, annual compensation expense increased by $10 million, or $7 million net of tax expense, for 2019, $9 million, or $7 million net of tax expense, for 2018 and $7 million, or $4 million net of tax expense, for 2017.

Employee Stock Incentive Plans

In May 2014, our stockholders approved our 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”) to replace our 2009 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2009 Plan”). The 2014 Plan authorized 23.8 million shares of our common stock for issuance pursuant to the 2014 Plan, plus the approximately 1.1 million shares that then remained available for issuance under the 2009 Plan, and any shares subject to outstanding awards under both incentive plans that are subsequently cancelled, forfeited, terminate, expire or lapse. As of December 31, 2019, approximately 20.0 million shares were available for future grants under the 2014 Plan. All of our equity-based compensation awards described herein have been made pursuant to either our 2009 Plan or our 2014 Plan, collectively referred to as the “Incentive Plans.” We currently utilize treasury shares to meet the needs of our equity-based compensation programs.

Pursuant to the Incentive Plans, we have the ability to issue stock options, stock appreciation rights and stock awards, including restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance share units (“PSUs”). The terms and conditions of equity awards granted under the Incentive Plans are determined by the Management Development and Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors.

The 2019 annual Incentive Plan awards granted to the Company’s senior leadership team, which generally includes the Company’s executive officers, included a combination of PSUs and stock options. The annual Incentive Plan awards granted to other eligible employees included a combination of PSUs, RSUs and stock options in 2019. The Company also periodically grants RSUs to employees working on key initiatives, in connection with new hires and promotions and to field-based managers.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

Restricted Stock Units — A summary of our RSUs is presented in the table below (units in thousands):

​​​​​​
​​​​Weighted Average
​​​​Per Share
​UnitsFair Value
Unvested as of January 1, 2019392​$70.52
Granted121​$99.91
Vested(151)​$56.74
Forfeited(14)​$86.11
Unvested as of December 31, 2019348​$86.15

​

The total fair market value of RSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $15 million, $13 million and $12 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we issued approximately 106,000 shares of common stock for these vested RSUs, net of approximately 45,000 units deferred or used for payment of associated taxes.

RSUs may not be voted or sold by award recipients until time-based vesting restrictions have lapsed. RSUs primarily provide for three-year cliff vesting and include dividend equivalents accumulated during the vesting period. Unvested units are subject to forfeiture in the event of voluntary or for-cause termination. RSUs are subject to pro-rata vesting upon an employee’s retirement or involuntary termination other than for cause and generally payout at the end of the three-year vesting period and become immediately vested in the event of an employee’s death or disability.

Compensation expense associated with RSUs is measured based on the grant-date fair value of our common stock and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the required employment period, which is generally the vesting period. Compensation expense is only recognized for those awards that we expect to vest, which we estimate based upon an assessment of expected forfeitures.

Performance Share Units — Two types of PSUs are currently outstanding: (i) PSUs for which payout is dependent on total shareholder return relative to the S&P 500 (“TSR PSUs”) and (ii) PSUs for which payout is dependent on the Company’s performance against pre-established adjusted cash flow metrics (“Cash Flow PSUs”). Both types of PSUs are payable in shares of common stock after the end of a three-year performance period, when the Company’s financial performance for the entire performance period is reported, typically in mid- to late-February of the succeeding year. At the end of the performance period, the number of shares awarded can range from 0% to 200% of the targeted amount, depending on the performance against the pre-established targets. A summary of our PSUs, at 100% of the targeted amount, is presented in the table below (units in thousands):

​

​​​​​​
​​Weighted Average
​​​​Per Share
​UnitsFair Value
Unvested as of January 1, 20191,164​$90.17
Granted364​$116.26
Vested(427)​$93.03
Forfeited(24)​$98.33
Unvested as of December 31, 20191,077​$99.66

​

The determination of achievement of performance results and corresponding vesting of PSUs for the three-year performance period ended December 31, 2019 was performed by the Management Development and Compensation Committee in February 2020. Accordingly, vesting information for such awards is not included in the table above as of December 31, 2019. The “vested” PSUs are for the three-year performance period ended December 31, 2018, as achievement of performance results and corresponding vesting was determined in February 2019. The Company’s

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

financial results, as measured for purposes of these awards, achieved the maximum performance criteria. Accordingly, recipients of these PSU awards were entitled to receive a payout of 200% of the vested TSR PSUs and Cash Flow PSUs. In February 2019, approximately 853,000 PSUs vested and we issued approximately 532,000 shares of common stock for these vested PSUs, net of units deferred or used for payment of associated taxes. The shares of common stock that were issued or deferred during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 for prior PSU award grants had a fair market value of $84 million, $78 million and $80 million, respectively.

PSUs have no voting rights. PSUs receive dividend equivalents that are paid out in cash based on the number of shares that vest at the end of the awards’ performance period. Subject to attainment of the performance metrics described above, PSUs are payable to an employee (or his beneficiary) upon death or disability as if that employee had remained employed until the end of the performance period. PSUs are generally subject to pro-rata vesting upon an employee’s involuntary termination other than for cause and are subject to forfeiture in the event of voluntary or for-cause termination. The terms of the award agreements for outstanding PSUs provide for continued vesting following retirement as if the employee had remained employed until the end of the performance period, and compensation expense for PSUs granted to retirement-eligible employees is accelerated over the period that the recipient becomes retirement-eligible plus a defined service requirement.

Compensation expense associated with our Cash Flow PSUs is based on the grant-date fair value of our common stock. Compensation expense is recognized ratably over the performance period based on our estimated achievement of the established performance criteria. Compensation expense is only recognized for those awards that we expect to vest, which we estimate based upon an assessment of both the probability that the performance criteria will be achieved and expected forfeitures. The grant-date fair value of our TSR PSUs is based on a Monte Carlo valuation and compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. Compensation expense is recognized for all TSR PSUs whether or not the market conditions are achieved less expected forfeitures.

Deferred Units — Certain employees can elect to defer some or all of the vested RSU or PSU awards until a specified date or dates they choose. Deferred units are not invested, nor do they earn interest, but deferred amounts do receive dividend equivalents paid in cash during deferral at the same time and at the same rate as dividends on the Company’s common stock. Deferred amounts are paid out in shares of common stock at the end of the deferral period. As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately 225,000 vested deferred units outstanding.

Stock Options — Stock options granted vest primarily in 25% increments on the first two anniversaries of the date of grant with the remaining 50% vesting on the third anniversary. The exercise price of the options is the average of the high and low market value of our common stock on the date of grant, and the options have a term of 10 years. A summary of our stock options is presented in the table below (options in thousands):

​

​​​​​​
​​Weighted Average
​​​​Per Share
​OptionsExercise Price
Outstanding as of January 1, 20194,441​$59.46
Granted839​$98.90
Exercised(1,278)​$107.96
Forfeited or expired(64)​$83.20
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019 (a)3,938​$69.66
Exercisable as of December 31, 2019 (b)2,063​$52.90
(a)Stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2019 have a weighted average remaining contractual term of 6.5 years and an aggregate intrinsic value of $174 million based on the market value of our common stock on December 31, 2019.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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(b)Stock options exercisable as of December 31, 2019 have an aggregate intrinsic value of $126 million based on the market value of our common stock on December 31, 2019.

We received cash proceeds of $67 million, $52 million and $95 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, from employee stock option exercises. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $71 million, $41 million and $71 million, respectively.

Stock options exercisable as of December 31, 2019 were as follows (options in thousands):

​

​​​​​​​​
​​Weighted Average​
​​​​Per Share​Weighted Average
Range of Exercise PricesOptionsExercise PriceRemaining Years
$33.49-$50.00829​$37.942.6
$50.01-$70.00809​$55.585.7
$70.01-$98.90425​$76.987.5
$33.49-$98.902,063​$52.904.8

​

All unvested stock options shall become exercisable upon the award recipient’s death or disability. In the event of a recipient’s retirement, stock options shall continue to vest pursuant to the original schedule set forth in the award agreement. If the recipient is terminated by the Company without cause or voluntarily resigns, the recipient shall be entitled to exercise all stock options outstanding and exercisable within a specified time frame after such termination. All outstanding stock options, whether exercisable or not, are forfeited upon termination for cause.

We account for our employee stock options under the fair value method of accounting using a Black-Scholes valuation model to measure stock option expense at the date of grant. The weighted average grant-date fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $12.22, $12.16 and $11.71, respectively. The fair value of stock options at the date of grant is amortized to expense over the vesting period less expected forfeitures, except for stock options granted to retirement-eligible employees, for which expense is accelerated over the period that the recipient becomes retirement-eligible. The following table presents the weighted average assumptions used to value employee stock options granted during the years ended December 31 under the Black-Scholes valuation model:

​

​​​​​​​​​​
​201920182017
Expected option life4.2years4.3years3.5years
Expected volatility15.5%17.9%15.3%
Expected dividend yield2.1%2.2%2.3%
Risk-free interest rate2.5%2.6%1.7%

​

The Company bases its expected option life on the expected exercise and termination behavior of its optionees and an appropriate model of the Company’s future stock price. The expected volatility assumption is derived from the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock over the most recent period commensurate with the estimated expected life of the Company’s stock options, combined with other relevant factors including implied volatility in market-traded options on the Company’s stock. The dividend yield is the annual rate of dividends per share over the exercise price of the option as of the grant date.

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recognized $75 million, $79 million and $92 million, respectively, of compensation expense associated with RSU, PSU and stock option awards as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Our income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 includes related income tax benefits of $17 million, $17 million and $36 million, respectively. We have not capitalized any equity-based compensation costs during the reported periods.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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The higher compensation expense in 2017 was primarily due to charges related to the retirement treatment for unexercised stock options of certain former employees. As of December 31, 2019, we estimate that $40 million of currently unrecognized compensation expense will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.5 years for our unvested RSU, PSU and stock option awards issued and outstanding.

Non-Employee Director Plan

Our non-employee directors currently receive annual grants of shares of our common stock, generally payable in two equal installments, under the 2014 Plan described above.

​

  1. Earnings Per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per share were computed using the following common share data for the years ended December 31 (shares in millions):

​​​​​​​
​201920182017
Number of common shares outstanding at end of period424.3​424.0433.3
Effect of using weighted average common shares outstanding0.3​5.15.5
Weighted average basic common shares outstanding424.6​429.1438.8
Dilutive effect of equity-based compensation awards and other contingently issuable shares2.9​3.13.1
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding427.5​432.2441.9
Potentially issuable shares6.7​7.48.1
Number of anti-dilutive potentially issuable shares excluded from diluted common shares outstanding0.7​1.51.9

​

​

  1. Fair Value Measurements

Assets and Liabilities Accounted for at Fair Value

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When measuring assets and liabilities that are required to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which the Company would transact. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement:

Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 — Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 — Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

We use valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. In measuring the fair value of our assets and liabilities, we use market data or assumptions that we believe market

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, including assumptions about risk when appropriate. Our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis include the following as of December 31 (in millions):

​

​​​​​​​
​20192018
Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1):​​​​​​
Cash equivalents and money market funds$3,527$70
Significant other observable inputs (Level 2):​​​​​​
Available-for-sale securities​350​​288
Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):​​​​​​
Redeemable preferred stock​49​66
Total Assets$3,926​$424

​

Cash Equivalents and Money Market Funds

Cash equivalents primarily include short-term interest-bearing instruments with maturities of three months or less. We invest portions of our restricted trust and escrow account balances in money market funds and we measure the fair value of these investments using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. The fair value of our cash equivalents and money market funds approximates our cost basis in these instruments. The increase in 2019 is primarily due to proceeds from our May 2019 issuance of senior notes and our September 2019 issuance of Canadian senior notes. See Note 7 for additional information.

Available-for-Sale Securities

Our available-for-sale securities include restricted trust and escrow account balances and an investment in an unconsolidated entity, as discussed in Note 19. We invest primarily in debt securities, including U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. agency securities, municipal securities and mortgage- and asset-backed securities, which generally mature over the next 10 years. Additionally, some funds are invested in equity securities. We measure the fair value of these securities using quoted prices for identical or similar assets in inactive markets. Any changes in fair value of these trusts related to unrealized gains and losses have been appropriately reflected as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

Redeemable Preferred Stock

Redeemable preferred stock is related to noncontrolling investments in unconsolidated entities and is included in investments in unconsolidated entities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of our investments have been measured based on third-party investors’ recent or pending transactions in these securities, which are considered the best evidence of fair value. When this evidence is not available, we use other valuation techniques as appropriate and available. These valuation methodologies may include transactions in similar instruments, discounted cash flow techniques, third-party appraisals or industry multiples and public company comparable transactions. In the first quarter of 2019, we redeemed our preferred stock received in conjunction with the 2014 sale of our Puerto Rico operations for $17 million. At the time of redemption, the value of redeemable preferred stock was $20 million, resulting in a $3 million loss on investment.

Fair Value of Debt

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the carrying value of our debt was $13.5 billion and $10.0 billion, respectively. The estimated fair value of our debt was approximately $14.5 billion and $10.1 billion as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The increase in the fair value of our debt in 2019 is primarily related to net borrowings of $3.1 billion

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

(inclusive of net commercial paper repayments), which are discussed further in Note 7, and decreases in current market rates for similar types of instruments.

Although we have determined the estimated fair value amounts using available market information and commonly accepted valuation methodologies, considerable judgment is required in interpreting market data to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, our estimates are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that we, or holders of the instruments, could realize in a current market exchange. The use of different assumptions or estimation methodologies could have a material effect on the estimated fair values. The fair value estimates are based on Level 2 inputs of the fair value hierarchy available as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. These amounts have not been revalued since those dates, and current estimates of fair value could differ significantly from the amounts presented.

​

  1. Acquisitions and Divestitures

Pending Acquisition

On April 14, 2019, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger to acquire all outstanding shares of Advanced Disposal for $33.15 per share in cash, representing a total enterprise value of $4.9 billion when including approximately $1.9 billion of Advanced Disposal’s net debt. Advanced Disposal’s solid waste network includes 95 collection operations, 73 transfer stations, 41 owned or operated landfills and 22 owned or operated recycling facilities. On June 28, 2019, Advanced Disposal announced that 85.9% of the outstanding shares of its common stock entitled to vote were voted in favor of the proposal to adopt the Merger Agreement at a special meeting of stockholders held that day. We anticipate that we will obtain antitrust regulatory approval by the end of March 2020 and close the Advanced Disposal transaction soon thereafter.

Acquisitions

We continue to pursue the acquisition of businesses that are accretive to our Solid Waste business and enhance and expand our existing service offerings. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we acquired 18 businesses primarily related to our Solid Waste business. Total consideration, net of cash acquired, for all acquisitions was $515 million, which included $501 million in cash paid and other consideration of $14 million, primarily purchase price holdbacks. In 2019, we paid $6 million of contingent consideration, of which $4 million was related to acquisitions completed prior to 2019. In addition, we paid $20 million of holdbacks, of which $9 million related to current year acquisitions. Contingent consideration obligations are primarily based on achievement by the acquired businesses of certain negotiated goals, which generally include targeted financial metrics.

Total consideration for our 2019 acquisitions was primarily allocated to $350 million of property and equipment, $53 million of other intangible assets and $111 million of goodwill. Other intangible assets included $38 million of customer and supplier relationships and $15 million of covenants not-to-compete. The goodwill was primarily a result of expected synergies from combining the acquired businesses with our existing operations and was tax deductible.

Petro Waste Environmental LP (“Petro Waste”) — On March 8, 2019, Waste Management Energy Services Holdings, LLC, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of WM, acquired Petro Waste. The acquired business provides comprehensive oilfield environmental services and solid waste disposal facilities in the Permian Basin and the Eagle Ford Shale. The acquisition has expanded our offerings and enhanced the quality of solid waste disposal services for oil and gas exploration and production operations in Texas. Our purchase price was primarily allocated to seven landfills, which are included in our property and equipment. The acquisition accounting for this transaction was finalized in 2019 and was funded with borrowings under our commercial paper program. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the impact of the acquisition was not material to our consolidated financial statements.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

During the year ended December 31, 2018, we acquired 32 businesses primarily related to our Solid Waste business. Total consideration, net of cash acquired, for all acquisitions was $471 million, which included $440 million in cash paid and $31 million of other consideration, primarily purchase price holdbacks. In 2018, we paid $6 million of contingent consideration associated with acquisitions completed prior to 2018. In addition, we paid $20 million of holdbacks, of which $15 million related to current year acquisitions.

Total consideration for our 2018 acquisitions was primarily allocated to $115 million of property and equipment, $141 million of other intangible assets and $248 million of goodwill. Other intangible assets included $124 million of customer and supplier relationships, $16 million of covenants not-to-compete and $1 million of other intangible assets. The goodwill is primarily a result of expected synergies from combining the acquired businesses with our existing operations and substantially all is tax deductible.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, we acquired 24 businesses related to our Solid Waste business. Total consideration, net of cash acquired, for all acquisitions was $205 million, which included $183 million in cash paid and other consideration of $22 million, primarily purchase price holdbacks. In 2017, we paid $3 million of contingent consideration associated with acquisitions completed prior to 2017. In addition, we paid $14 million of holdbacks, of which $13 million related to 2017 acquisitions.

Total consideration for our 2017 acquisitions was primarily allocated to $127 million of property and equipment, $46 million of other intangible assets and $39 million of goodwill. Other intangible assets included $39 million of customer and supplier relationships and $7 million of covenants not-to-compete. The goodwill was primarily a result of expected synergies from combining the acquired businesses with our existing operations and was tax deductible.

Divestitures

In 2019, 2018 and 2017, the aggregate sales price for divestitures of certain hauling and ancillary operations was $8 million, $153 million and $62 million and we recognized net losses of less than $1 million, net gains of $96 million and net gains of $38 million, respectively. These divestitures were made as part of our continuous focus on improving or divesting certain non-strategic or underperforming operations. The remaining amounts reported in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows generally relate to the sale of fixed assets.

​

  1. Variable Interest Entities

Following is a description of our financial interests in unconsolidated and consolidated variable interest entities that we consider significant:

Low-Income Housing Properties and Refined Coal Facility Investments

We do not consolidate our investments in entities established to manage low-income housing properties and a refined coal facility because we are not the primary beneficiary of these entities as we do not have the power to individually direct the activities of these entities. Accordingly, we account for these investments under the equity method of accounting. Our aggregate investment balance in these entities was $309 million and $189 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The debt balance related to our investments in low-income housing properties was $269 million and $151 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Additional information related to these investments is discussed in Note 9.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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Trust Funds for Final Capping, Closure, Post-Closure or Environmental Remediation Obligations

Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities — Trust funds that are established for both the benefit of the Company and the host community in which we operate are not consolidated because we are not the primary beneficiary of these entities as (i) we do not have the power to direct the significant activities of the trusts or (ii) power over the trusts’ significant activities is shared. Our interests in these trusts are accounted for as investments in unconsolidated entities and receivables. These amounts are recorded in other receivables, investments in unconsolidated entities and long-term other assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, as appropriate. We also reflect our share of the unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities held by these trusts as a component of our accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Our investments and receivables related to these trusts had an aggregate carrying value of $101 million and $92 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Consolidated Variable Interest Entities — Trust funds for which we are the sole beneficiary are consolidated because we are the primary beneficiary. These trust funds are recorded in restricted trust and escrow accounts in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities held by these trusts are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). These trusts had a fair value of $109 million and $103 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

​

  1. Segment and Related Information

We evaluate, oversee and manage the financial performance of our Solid Waste business subsidiaries through our 17 Areas. The 17 Areas constitute operating segments and we have evaluated the aggregation criteria and concluded that, based on the similarities between our Areas, including the fact that our Solid Waste business is homogenous across geographies with the same services offered across the Areas, aggregation of our Areas is appropriate for purposes of presenting our reportable segments. Accordingly, we have aggregated our 17 Areas into three tiers that we believe have similar economic characteristics and future prospects based in large part on a review of the Areas’ income from operations margins. The economic variations experienced by our Areas are attributable to a variety of factors, including regulatory environment of the Area; economic environment of the Area, including level of commercial and industrial activity; population density; service offering mix and disposal logistics, with no one factor being singularly determinative of an Area’s current or future economic performance.

In 2019, as part of our annual review process, we analyzed the Areas’ income from operations margins for purposes of segment reporting and realigned our Solid Waste tiers to reflect recent changes in their relative economic characteristics and prospects. These changes are the results of various factors including acquisitions, divestments, business mix and the economic climate of various geographies. As a result, we reclassified Western Canada from Tier 1 to Tier 2 and Northern California from Tier 3 to Tier 2. Reclassifications have been made to our prior period consolidated financial information to conform to the current year presentation.

Tier 1 is comprised of our operations across the Southern U.S., with the exception of Southern California and the Florida peninsula, and also includes the New England states and the tri-state area of Michigan, Indiana and Ohio. Tier 2 includes California, Canada, Wisconsin and Minnesota. Tier 3 encompasses all the remaining operations including the Pacific Northwest, the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S., the Florida peninsula, Illinois and Missouri.

The operating segments not evaluated and overseen through the 17 Areas are presented herein as “Other” as these operating segments do not meet the criteria to be aggregated with other operating segments and do not meet the quantitative criteria to be separately reported.

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

Summarized financial information concerning our reportable segments as of December 31 and for the years then ended is shown in the following table (in millions):

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
​​​​​​​​​​​Income​​​​​​​​​
​​Gross​Intercompany​Net​fromDepreciation​Capital​Total
​​Operating​Operating​Operating​Operationsand​Expenditures​Assets
​RevenuesRevenues(c)Revenues(d)(e)Amortization(f)(g)(h)
Years Ended December 31:​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
2019​​​​​​​​
Solid Waste:​​​​​​​​
Tier 1​$6,136​$(1,141)​$4,995​$1,682​$551​$508​$7,519
Tier 2​3,865​(777)​3,088​854​327​329​5,558
Tier 3​6,386​(1,209)​5,177​1,136​585​453​8,243
Solid Waste​16,387​(3,127)​13,260​3,672​1,463​1,290​21,320
Other (a)​2,317​(122)​2,195​(203)​75​118​1,648
​​​18,704​​(3,249)​​15,455​​3,469​​1,538​​1,408​​22,968
Corporate and Other (b)​—​—​—​(763)​36​407​5,042
Total​$18,704​$(3,249)​$15,455​$2,706​$1,574​$1,815​$28,010
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
2018​​​​​​​
Solid Waste:​​​​​​​
Tier 1​$5,730​$(1,045)​$4,685​$1,619​$493​$584​$6,736
Tier 2​3,675​(724)​2,951​784​317​322​5,224
Tier 3​6,132​(1,146)​4,986​992​546​493​7,878
Solid Waste​15,537​(2,915)​12,622​3,395​1,356​1,399​19,838
Other (a)​2,487​(195)​2,292​(66)​91​72​1,571
​​18,024​(3,110)​14,914​3,329​1,447​1,471​21,409
Corporate and Other (b)​—​—​—​(540)​30​200​1,487
Total​$18,024​$(3,110)​$14,914​$2,789​$1,477​$1,671​$22,896
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
2017​​​​​​​
Solid Waste:​​​​​​​
Tier 1​$5,441​$(987)​$4,454​$1,506​$438​$588​$6,305
Tier 2​3,599​(654)​2,945​777​274​308​5,214
Tier 3​5,792​(1,024)​4,768​1,006​516​487​7,485
Solid Waste​14,832​(2,665)​12,167​3,289​1,228​1,383​19,004
Other (a)​2,538​(220)​2,318​(68)​103​93​1,785
​​17,370​(2,885)​14,485​3,221​1,331​1,476​20,789
Corporate and Other (b)​—​—​—​(585)​45​92​1,327
Total​$17,370​$(2,885)​$14,485​$2,636​$1,376​$1,568​$22,116
(a)“Other” includes (i) our WMSBS organization; (ii) those elements of our landfill gas-to-energy operations and third-party subcontract and administration revenues managed by our EES and WM Renewable Energy organizations that are not included in the operations of our reportable segments; (iii) our recycling brokerage services and (iv) certain other expanded service offerings and solutions. In addition, our “Other” segment reflects the results of non-operating entities that provide financial assurance and self-insurance support for our Solid Waste business, net of intercompany activity.
(b)Corporate operating results reflect certain costs incurred for various support services that are not allocated to our reportable segments. These support services include, among other things, treasury, legal, information technology, tax,

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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insurance, centralized service center processes, other administrative functions and the maintenance of our closed landfills. Income from operations for “Corporate and Other” also includes costs associated with our long-term incentive program and any administrative expenses or revisions to our estimated obligations associated with divested operations.
(c)Intercompany operating revenues reflect each segment’s total intercompany sales, including intercompany sales within a segment and between segments. Transactions within and between segments are generally made on a basis intended to reflect the market value of the service.
(d)For those items included in the determination of income from operations, the accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 3.
(e)The income from operations provided by our Solid Waste business is generally indicative of the margins provided by our collection, landfill, transfer and recycling lines of business. From time to time, the operating results of our reportable segments are significantly affected by certain transactions or events that management believes are not indicative or representative of our results. Refer to Note 12 for explanations of certain transactions and events affecting our operating results.
(f)Includes non-cash items. Capital expenditures are reported in our reportable segments at the time they are recorded within the segments’ property and equipment balances and, therefore, may include amounts that have been accrued but not yet paid.

(g) The reconciliation of total assets reported above to total assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31 is as follows (in millions):

​​​​​​​​​​
​201920182017
Total assets, as reported above​$28,010​$22,896​$22,116
Elimination of intercompany investments and advances​(267)​(246)​(287)
Total assets, per Consolidated Balance Sheet​$27,743​$22,650​$21,829

​

(h) Goodwill is included within each segment’s total assets. For segment reporting purposes, our material recovery facilities are included as a component of their respective Areas and our recycling brokerage services are included as part of our “Other” operations. The following table presents changes in goodwill during the reported periods by segment (in millions):

​

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
​​Solid Waste​​​​​​
​Tier 1Tier 2Tier 3OtherTotal
Balance, December 31, 2017​$2,117​$1,595​$2,414​$121​$6,247
Acquired goodwill​82​23​142​1​248
Divested goodwill​(6)​—​—​(19)​(25)
Impairments​—​—​—​(6)​(6)
Foreign currency translation​—​(34)​—​—​(34)
Balance, December 31, 2018​$2,193​$1,584​$2,556​$97​$6,430
Acquired goodwill (a)​90​12​6​—​108
Divested goodwill​—​—​—​—​—
Impairments​—​—​—​(27)​(27)
Foreign currency translation​—​21​—​—​21
Balance, December 31, 2019​$2,283​$1,617​$2,562​$70​$6,532
(a)Includes $3 million of post-closing adjustments related to prior year acquisitions.

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

The mix of operating revenues from our major lines of business for the years ended December 31 are as follows (in millions):

​​​​​​​​​​
​201920182017
Commercial​$4,229​$3,972​$3,714
Residential​2,613​2,529​2,528
Industrial​2,916​2,773​2,583
Other collection​482​450​439
Total collection​10,240​9,724​9,264
Landfill​3,846​3,560​3,370
Transfer​1,820​1,711​1,591
Recycling​1,040​1,293​1,432
Other (a)​1,758​1,736​1,713
Intercompany (b)​(3,249)​(3,110)​(2,885)
Total​$15,455​$14,914​$14,485
(a)The “Other” line of business includes (i) our WMSBS organization; (ii) our landfill gas-to-energy operations; (iii) certain services within our EES organization, including our construction and remediation services and our services associated with the disposal of fly ash and (iv) certain other expanded service offerings and solutions. In addition, our “Other” line of business reflects the results of non-operating entities that provide financial assurance and self-insurance support, net of intercompany activity. Activity related to collection, landfill, transfer and recycling has been reclassified to the appropriate line of business for purposes of presentation.
(b)Intercompany revenues between lines of business are eliminated in the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report.

Net operating revenues relating to operations in the U.S. and Canada for the years ended December 31 are as follows (in millions):

​​​​​​​​​​
​201920182017
U.S.​$14,701​$14,167​$13,768
Canada​754​747​717
Total​$15,455​$14,914​$14,485

​

Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization, relating to operations in the U.S. and Canada for the years ended December 31 are as follows (in millions):

​​​​​​​​​​
​201920182017
U.S.​$11,941​$11,044​$10,591
Canada​952​898​968
Total​$12,893​$11,942​$11,559

​

​

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

  1. Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

The following table summarizes the unaudited quarterly results of operations for 2019 and 2018 (in millions, except per share amounts):

​​​​​​​​​​​​​
​FirstSecondThirdFourth
​QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
2019​​​​
Operating revenues​$3,696​$3,946​​3,967​​3,846
Income from operations​621​696​​734​​655
Consolidated net income​347​382​​495​​447
Net income attributable to Waste Management, Inc.​347​381​​495​​447
Basic earnings per common share​0.82​0.90​​1.17​​1.05
Diluted earnings per common share​0.81​0.89​​1.16​​1.05
​​​​​​​​​​​​​
2018​​​​
Operating revenues​$3,511​$3,739​$3,822​$3,842
Income from operations​608​715​699​767
Consolidated net income​395​499​498​531
Net income attributable to Waste Management, Inc.​396​499​499​531
Basic earnings per common share​0.91​1.16​1.16​1.25
Diluted earnings per common share​0.91​1.15​1.16​1.24

​

Basic and diluted earnings per common share for each of the quarters presented above is based on the respective weighted average number of common and dilutive potential common shares outstanding for each quarter and the sum of the quarters may not necessarily be equal to the full year basic and diluted earnings per common share amounts.

Our operating revenues tend to be somewhat higher in summer months, primarily due to higher construction and demolition waste volumes. The volumes of industrial and residential waste in certain regions where we operate also tend to increase during the summer months. Our second and third quarter revenues and results of operations typically reflect these seasonal trends. Additionally, from time to time, our operating results are significantly affected by certain transactions or events that management believes are not indicative or representative of our ongoing results. The following items significantly impacted our operating results during the periods indicated:

First Quarter 2019

●The recognition of (i) a $52 million impairment charge related to our minority-owned investment in a waste conversion technology business, which was not deductible for tax purposes and (ii) a $3 million loss upon redemption of a preferred stock investment, which is discussed further in Note 17. These charges had a negative impact of $0.13 on our diluted earnings per share.

Second Quarter 2019

●The recognition of a pre-tax loss of $84 million associated with the early extinguishment of $257 million of our high-coupon senior notes through a cash tender offer, which is discussed further in Note 7. The charge incurred for the redemption had a negative impact of $0.15 on our diluted earnings per share.
●The recognition of pre-tax charges of $32 million primarily related to (i) a $16 million non-cash charge to write-off certain equipment costs; (ii) $9 million of charges related to preparation for our pending acquisition of Advanced Disposal and (iii) $7 million of asset impairments primarily related to certain solid waste operations. These charges had a negative impact of $0.06 on our diluted earnings per share.

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

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Third Quarter 2019

●The recognition of pre-tax charges of $8 million related to preparation for our pending acquisition of Advanced Disposal which had a negative impact of $0.02 on our diluted earnings per share.

Fourth Quarter 2019

●The recognition of pre-tax charges of $38 million primarily related to preparation for our pending acquisition of Advanced Disposal and, to a lesser extent, costs incurred to support our plan to implement a new enterprise resource planning system. These charges had a negative impact of $0.07 on our diluted earnings per share.
●The recognition of pre-tax charges of $37 million related to (i) goodwill impairment charges of $17 million related to our EES organization and $10 million related to our LampTracker® reporting unit and (ii) $10 million of asset impairment charges primarily related to certain solid waste operations and, to a lesser extent, restructuring charges. These charges had a negative impact of $0.07 on our diluted earnings per share.

Second Quarter 2018

●The recognition of net pre-tax gains of $40 million related to the sale of certain ancillary operations, which had a favorable impact of $0.07 on our diluted earnings per share.
●An income tax benefit of $33 million due to the settlement of various tax audits, which had a favorable impact of $0.07 on our diluted earnings per share.

Third Quarter 2018

●Income tax benefits of $27 million primarily due to impacts of enactment of tax reform and changes in state laws, which had a favorable impact of $0.06 on our diluted earnings per share.
●The recognition of pre-tax charges of $32 million primarily related to a $29 million charge to impair a landfill in our Tier 3 segment, which is discussed further in Note 12. These charges had a negative impact of $0.05 on our diluted earnings per share.

Fourth Quarter 2018

●The recognition of a pre-tax gain of $52 million associated with the sale of certain hauling operations in our Tier 1 segment and $8 million of impairment charges primarily related to our LampTracker® reporting unit. These items had a favorable impact of $0.07 on our diluted earnings per share.
●A reduction in our income tax expense of $17 million for an adjustment to our deferred taxes to reduce our deferred tax liability based on an analysis of certain deferred tax balances. This item had a favorable impact of $0.04 on our diluted earnings per share.

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

  1. Condensed Consolidating Financial Statements

WM Holdings has fully and unconditionally guaranteed all of WM’s senior indebtedness. WM has fully and unconditionally guaranteed all of WM Holdings’ senior indebtedness. None of WM’s other subsidiaries have guaranteed any of WM’s or WM Holdings’ debt. As a result of these guarantee arrangements, we are required to present the following condensed consolidating financial information (in millions):

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEETS

December 31, 2019

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
​​​​​WM​Non-Guarantor​​​​​​
​WMHoldingsSubsidiariesEliminationsConsolidated
ASSETS
Current assets:​​​​​
Cash and cash equivalents​$3,485​$—​$76​$—​$3,561
Other current assets​2​4​2,642​—​2,648
​​3,487​4​2,718​—​6,209
Property and equipment, net​—​—​12,893​—​12,893
Investments in affiliates​26,221​26,673​—​(52,894)​—
Advances to affiliates​—​—​19,047​(19,047)​—
Other assets​6​10​8,625​—​8,641
Total assets​$29,714​$26,687​$43,283​$(71,941)​$27,743
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:​​​​​
Current portion of long-term debt​$15​$—​$203​$—​$218
Accounts payable and other current liabilities​105​7​2,814​—​2,926
​​120​7​3,017​—​3,144
Long-term debt, less current portion​10,736​248​2,296​—​13,280
Due to affiliates​19,131​214​7,345​(26,690)​—
Other liabilities​4​—​4,245​—​4,249
Total liabilities​29,991​469​16,903​(26,690)​20,673
Equity:​​​​​
Stockholders’ equity​7,068​26,218​26,676​(52,894)​7,068
Advances to affiliates​(7,345)​—​(298)​7,643​—
Noncontrolling interests​—​—​2​—​2
​​​(277)​​26,218​​26,380​​(45,251)​​7,070
Total liabilities and equity​$29,714​$26,687​$43,283​$(71,941)​$27,743

​

​

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEETS (Continued)

December 31, 2018

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
​​​​​WM​Non-Guarantor​​​​​​
​WMHoldingsSubsidiariesEliminationsConsolidated
ASSETS
Current assets:​​​​​
Cash and cash equivalents​$—​$—​$61​$—​$61
Other current assets​2​5​2,577​—​2,584
​​2​5​2,638​—​2,645
Property and equipment, net​—​—​11,942​—​11,942
Investments in affiliates​24,547​24,968​—​(49,515)​—
Advances to affiliates​—​—​17,129​(17,129)​—
Other assets​8​31​8,024​—​8,063
Total assets​$24,557​$25,004​$39,733​$(66,644)​$22,650
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:​​​​​
Current portion of long-term debt​$258​$—​$174​$—​$432
Accounts payable and other current liabilities​82​9​2,585​—​2,676
​​340​9​2,759​—​3,108
Long-term debt, less current portion​7,377​304​1,913​—​9,594
Due to affiliates​17,269​146​6,709​(24,124)​—
Other liabilities​5​—​3,667​—​3,672
Total liabilities​24,991​459​15,048​(24,124)​16,374
Equity:​​​​​
Stockholders’ equity​6,275​24,545​24,970​(49,515)​6,275
Advances to affiliates​(6,709)​—​(286)​6,995​—
Noncontrolling interests​—​—​1​—​1
​​(434)​24,545​24,685​(42,520)​6,276
Total liabilities and equity​$24,557​$25,004​$39,733​$(66,644)​$22,650

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​

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
​​​WMNon-Guarantor​​​​
​WMHoldingsSubsidiariesEliminationsConsolidated
Years Ended December 31:​​​​​
2019​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
Operating revenues (a)​$—​$—​$15,455​$—​$15,455
Costs and expenses (a)​—​—​12,749​—​12,749
Income from operations​—​—​2,706​—​2,706
Other income (expense):​​​​​
Interest expense, net​(347)​(19)​(45)​—​(411)
Loss on early extinguishment of debt​​(70)​​(14)​​(1)​​—​​(85)
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries, net of tax​1,976​2,007​—​(3,983)​—
Other, net​—​68​(101)​(72)​(105)
​​​1,559​​2,042​​(147)​​(4,055)​​(601)
Income before income taxes​1,559​2,042​2,559​(4,055)​2,105
Income tax expense (benefit)​(111)​(5)​550​—​434
Consolidated net income​1,670​2,047​2,009​(4,055)​1,671
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests​—​—​1​—​1
Net income attributable to Waste Management, Inc.​$1,670​$2,047​$2,008​$(4,055)​$1,670
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
2018​​​​​
Operating revenues (a)​$—​$—​$14,914​$—​$14,914
Costs and expenses (a)​—​—​12,125​—​12,125
Income from operations​—​—​2,789​—​2,789
Other income (expense):​​​​​
Interest expense, net​(312)​(20)​(42)​—​(374)
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries, net of tax​2,155​2,169​—​(4,324)​—
Other, net​—​—​(39)​—​(39)
​​1,843​2,149​(81)​(4,324)​(413)
Income before income taxes​1,843​2,149​2,708​(4,324)​2,376
Income tax expense (benefit)​(82)​(5)​540​—​453
Consolidated net income​1,925​2,154​2,168​(4,324)​1,923
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests​—​—​(2)​—​(2)
Net income attributable to Waste Management, Inc.​$1,925​$2,154​$2,170​$(4,324)​$1,925
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
2017​​​​​
Operating revenues​$—​$—​$15,040​$(555)​$14,485
Costs and expenses​555​—​11,849​(555)​11,849
Income from operations​(555)​—​3,191​—​2,636
Other income (expense):​​​​​
Interest expense, net​(299)​(20)​(44)​—​(363)
Loss on early extinguishment of debt​​(6)​​—​​—​​—​​(6)
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries, net of tax​2,469​2,482​—​(4,951)​—
Other, net​2​(1)​(77)​—​(76)
​​2,166​2,461​(121)​(4,951)​(445)
Income before income taxes​1,611​2,461​3,070​(4,951)​2,191
Income tax expense (benefit)​(338)​(8)​588​—​242
Consolidated net income​1,949​2,469​2,482​(4,951)​1,949
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests​—​—​—​—​—
Net income attributable to Waste Management, Inc.​$1,949​$2,469​$2,482​$(4,951)​$1,949
(a)For 2019 and 2018, operating revenues and costs and expenses related to insurance premiums for a wholly-owned insurance captive are included in Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries to more accurately reflect those transactions.

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
​​​​WM​Non-Guarantor​​​​
​WMHoldingsSubsidiariesEliminationsConsolidated
Years Ended December 31:​​​​​
2019​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
Comprehensive income​$1,678​$2,047​$2,080​$(4,055)​$1,750
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests​—​—​1​—​1
Comprehensive income attributable to Waste Management, Inc.​$1,678​$2,047​$2,079​$(4,055)​$1,749
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
2018​​​​​
Comprehensive income​$1,933​$2,154​$2,070​$(4,324)​$1,833
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests​—​—​(2)​—​(2)
Comprehensive income attributable to Waste Management, Inc.​$1,933​$2,154​$2,072​$(4,324)​$1,835
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
2017​​​​​
Comprehensive income​$1,955​$2,469​$2,564​$(4,951)​$2,037
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests​—​—​—​—​—
Comprehensive income attributable to Waste Management, Inc.​$1,955​$2,469​$2,564​$(4,951)​$2,037

​

​

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

​

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
​​WMNon-Guarantor​​
​WM(a)Holdings(a)Subsidiaries(a)EliminationsConsolidated
Years Ended December 31:​​​​​
2019​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
Cash flows provided by (used in):​​​​​
Operating activities​$—​$—​$3,874​$—​$3,874
Investing activities​—​—​(2,376)​—​(2,376)
Financing activities​—​—​1,964​—​1,964
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents​—​—​2​—​2
Intercompany activity​3,485​—​(3,485)​—​—
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents​3,485​—​(21)​—​3,464
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period​—​—​183​—​183
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period​$3,485​$—​$162​$—​$3,647
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
2018​​​​​
Cash flows provided by (used in):​​​​​
Operating activities​$—​$—​$3,570​$—​$3,570
Investing activities​—​—​(2,169)​—​(2,169)
Financing activities​—​—​(1,508)​—​(1,508)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents​—​—​(3)​—​(3)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents​—​—​(110)​—​(110)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period​—​—​293​—​293
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period​$—​$—​$183​$—​$183
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
2017​​​​​
Cash flows provided by (used in):​​​​​
Operating activities​$—​$—​$3,180​$—​$3,180
Investing activities​—​—​(1,620)​—​(1,620)
Financing activities​—​—​(1,361)​—​(1,361)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents​—​—​—​—​—
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents​—​—​199​—​199
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period​—​—​94​—​94
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period​$—​$—​$293​$—​$293
(a)Cash receipts and payments of WM and WM Holdings are transacted by Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents of WM as of December 31, 2019 include remaining proceeds from our senior note issuances which are discussed further in Notes 7 and 17.

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