Item 1. BUSINESS

(Dollars in millions, except per-share amounts or unless otherwise noted)

BUSINESS OVERVIEW

General Dynamics is a global aerospace and defense company that offers a broad portfolio of products and services in business aviation; combat vehicles, weapons systems and munitions; information technology (IT) services; command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) solutions; and shipbuilding and ship repair.

General Dynamics was incorporated in Delaware in 1952. We took actions beginning in the mid-1990s that laid the foundation for modern-day General Dynamics, including acquiring Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, combat-vehicle businesses, IT services and C4ISR solutions companies, and additional shipyards. In 2018, we continued to position our company for future growth and superior profitability through the acquisition of CSRA, our largest acquisition to date.

Our company consists of 10 business units, which are organized into five operating segments: Aerospace, Combat Systems, Information Technology, Mission Systems and Marine Systems. We refer to the latter four segments collectively as our defense segments. We have a balanced business model which gives each business unit the flexibility to stay agile and maintain an intimate understanding of customer requirements. Each business unit is responsible for the execution of its strategy and operational performance. Our corporate leaders set the overall strategy and governance for the company and are responsible for allocating and deploying capital. Our ethos — based on honesty, transparency, trust and alignment — undergirds our culture, our business model and our decision-making. This unique model keeps us focused on our priorities: exceeding customer expectations; executing on backlog; managing costs; implementing continuous improvement; and maximizing earnings, cash and return on invested capital.

Following is additional information on each of our operating segments.

AEROSPACE

Our Aerospace segment is at the forefront of the business-jet industry. The segment consists of our Gulfstream and Jet Aviation business units. We offer a family of Gulfstream aircraft and provide a full range of services for business aircraft produced by Gulfstream and other original equipment manufacturers. We have earned our reputation through:

•	superior aircraft design, quality, performance, safety and reliability;

•	technologically advanced flight deck and cabin systems; and

•	industry-leading customer support.

Gulfstream designs, manufactures and supports the world’s most technologically advanced business-jet aircraft. Our product line encompasses aircraft across a variety of price and performance options from mid- to ultra-large-cabin business jets. The many combinations of range, speed, size and cabin customization generate aircraft best suited for each customer’s unique requirements.

Our disciplined and consistent approach to new product development allows us to repeatedly introduce first-to-market capabilities that set industry standards for safety, performance, quality, speed and comfort.

Our continual investment in research and development (R&D) leads to new aircraft that consistently broaden customer offerings while raising the bar for safety and performance. Product enhancement and development efforts include initiatives in advanced avionics, composites, flight-control and vision systems, acoustics, and cabin technologies. As part of its sustainability strategy, Gulfstream, in 2019, made its first customer sales of sustainable aviation fuel.

In 2019, the all-new G600 earned both its type and production certificates from the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and we delivered the first aircraft to customers. The G600 has a range of 6,500 nautical miles at a cruise speed of Mach 0.85 and a maximum operating speed of Mach 0.925. The aircraft has earned 11 city-pair speed records and has low cabin altitude air pressure to reduce travel fatigue. The G600 joins the G500, which achieved its certifications and first customer deliveries in 2018. Both aircraft reflect our consistent, long-term investment in R&D, and both have seen strong customer interest. The G500 and G600 received Aviation Week’s 2020 Platform Laureate Award for extraordinary achievement in business aviation.

The ultra-long-range, ultra-large-cabin G650 and G650ER continue to generate significant customer interest, with more than 400 aircraft of this family currently operating in 40 countries. Since the first G650 entered service in 2012, its capabilities and reliability have led to significant sales and installed base around the globe. In 2019, the G650ER continued to demonstrate superior speed and range capabilities, conducting a record-setting flight from Singapore to Tucson, Arizona, over a distance of 8,379 nautical miles at an average speed of 597 miles per hour (Mach 0.85).

In October, we announced the launch of the ultra-long-range G700, which we expect will enter service in 2022. The G700 is designed to blend our most spacious cabin with the advanced Symmetry flight deck and superior high-speed performance to enable a range of 7,500 nautical miles at Mach 0.85 or 6,400 nautical miles at Mach 0.90. There is already significant customer interest in this new product in both the domestic and international markets.

Gulfstream designs, develops and manufactures aircraft in Savannah, Georgia, including manufacturing of all large-cabin models. The mid-cabin G280 is assembled by a non-U.S. partner. All models are outfitted in Gulfstream’s U.S. facilities. In support of Gulfstream’s growing aircraft portfolio and customer base, we continue to invest in our facilities. At our Savannah campus, we have added new purpose-built manufacturing facilities, increased aircraft service capacity, and opened a customer-support distribution center and a dedicated R&D center.

We offer comprehensive support for the more than 2,800 Gulfstream aircraft in service around the world and operate the largest factory-owned service network in the industry. We operate a 24/7 year-round Customer Support Center and offer on-call Gulfstream aircraft technicians ready to deploy around the world for customer service requirements.

In 2019, we opened a new maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) facility in Savannah to accommodate fleet growth, giving Gulfstream more than one-million square feet of dedicated MRO hangar, office and shop space in Savannah. We also significantly expanded our MRO service center in Appleton, Wisconsin, which now has more than 100,000 square feet of hangar space, enough to accommodate 12 G650ER aircraft.

In 2019, Gulfstream and Jet Aviation opened a new 10,000-square-foot terminal and 43,000-square-foot hangar at Van Nuys, the primary business-aviation airport servicing the Los Angeles area. Gulfstream utilizes the space as an MRO service center, its second in the area complementing its Long Beach facility. Van Nuys will serve as the operating base for Gulfstream’s local Field and Airborne Support Team (FAST), a rapid-response unit that specializes in troubleshooting grounded aircraft. Jet Aviation uses the space as a fixed-base operator (FBO) facility and became the first FBO at Van Nuys to offer sustainable aviation fuel.

Jet Aviation has been a global leader in business-aviation services for over 50 years, providing comprehensive services and an extensive network of locations for aircraft owners and operators. With approximately 50 airport sites throughout North America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia Pacific, our offerings include maintenance, FBO, aircraft management, charter, staffing and government fleet services. In 2019, we continued to grow our global footprint, conducting acquisitions, expansions or significant renovations in key business-aviation markets including Teterboro, New Jersey; Dallas, Texas; Scottsdale, Arizona; San Juan, Puerto Rico; West Palm Beach, Florida; and the Middle East. With its relentless devotion to customer service, Jet Aviation was named Fixed Base Operator of the Year at the 2019 Aviation Business Awards.

In addition to these capabilities, Jet Aviation manages nearly 300 business aircraft globally on behalf of individual and corporate owners. Jet Aviation also offers custom completions for narrow- and wide-body aircraft. We increased the capacity of Jet Aviation’s wide-body hangar in Basel, Switzerland, to 94,000 square feet, to fulfill the demand for completions and refurbishments.

As a market leader in the business-aviation industry, the Aerospace segment is focused on developing innovative first-to-market technologies and products; providing exemplary service to customers globally; and driving efficiencies in aircraft production, completions and services.

Revenue for the Aerospace segment was 25% of our consolidated revenue in 2019, 23% in 2018 and 26% in 2017. Revenue by major products and services was as follows:

Year Ended December 31	2019				2018				2017
Aircraft manufacturing and completions	$	7,355			$	6,226			$	6,320
Aircraft services	2,154				2,096				1,743
Pre-owned aircraft	292				133				66
Total Aerospace	$	9,801			$	8,455			$	8,129

COMBAT SYSTEMS

Our Combat Systems segment offers combat vehicles, weapons systems and munitions for the U.S. government and its non-U.S. partners. We are a platform solutions provider, offering market-leading design, development, production, modernization and sustainment services. With extensive and proven product lines, we deliver tailored solutions for diverse customer-mission needs. Our Combat Systems segment is well-positioned to serve the growing needs of its largest customer, the U.S. Army, as it increases the readiness of its current force and modernizes for the future, while at the same time meeting the growing international demand driven by the global threat environment. We work closely with the U.S. Army Futures Command to meet its critical modernization objectives, currently participating in five of its cross-functional teams. Our large installed base of wheeled and tracked vehicles around the world and expertise gained from innovative research, engineering and production programs position us well for modernization programs, support and sustainment services, and future development programs.

Our Combat Systems segment consists of three business units: European Land Systems, Land Systems, and Ordnance and Tactical Systems. The segment’s product lines include:

•	wheeled combat and tactical vehicles;

•	main battle tanks and tracked combat vehicles;

•	weapons systems, armament and munitions; and

•	maintenance, logistics support and sustainment services.

Wheeled combat and tactical vehicles: The segment provides a full range of vehicles to a global customer base, which includes vehicles in over 20 countries.

The Stryker is an eight-wheeled, medium-weight combat vehicle that combines mobility and survivability. Over 3,300 Strykers have been fielded to date. Strykers come in 11 different variants, with approximately 70% commonality across the fleet. We continue to innovate and demonstrate ways the Stryker can be modified to address the Army’s evolving operational needs.

In 2018, the Army made the decision to upgrade all nine Stryker brigades to the Stryker A1 configuration. We are currently under contract for two of the brigades, with estimated completion in 2021. The Stryker A1 builds upon the combat-proven double-V-hull (DVH) configuration, providing significantly higher rates of survivability against mines and improvised explosive devices. In addition to the DVH survivability, the Stryker A1 provides a 50% power upgrade with a 450-horsepower engine, 60,000-pound suspension to improve cross-country mobility, 910-amp alternator for power and growth margin, and an improved digital, in-vehicle network. It is among the most versatile, mobile and safe personnel carriers in the Army inventory.

The Stryker Maneuver Short-Range Air Defense vehicle (M-SHORAD) program integrates an air defense mission package onto a reconfigured Stryker A1 vehicle. The M-SHORAD vehicle is another variation we quickly developed to address the Army’s requirement to counter closer-in air and missile defense threats. We also produce the Stryker Infantry Carrier Vehicle Dragoon (ICVD), which delivers greater firepower via a 30mm weapon system. First delivered in 2017, the Army announced in 2019 that it would outfit three brigades with the medium caliber weapons system. We continue to work on high-energy laser and mobile command post options. We expect the Stryker platform to continue to demonstrate its versatility well into the future.

In 2019, the Royal Thai Army took delivery of the first set of Stryker fighting vehicles purchased through a foreign military sale contract for $175 that includes 60 Stryker vehicles with equipment and support. Thailand is the first country to receive Stryker vehicles under export.

We also have a market-leading position in light armored vehicles (LAVs) with more than 13,000 vehicles in service around the world. Our LAVs combine advanced technologies and combat-proven survivability. We are upgrading the Canadian Army’s fleet of LAVs to increase mobility, survivability and lethality, as well as enhance the vehicle’s surveillance suite. Additionally, in 2019 we were awarded a contract from Canada for 360 combat support LAVs in eight variants for $1.3 billion. We also provide, under a contract with the Canadian government, wheeled armored vehicles for export and associated logistics through 2024.

We deliver high-mobility, versatile Pandur and Piranha armored vehicles to non-U.S. customers. The Pandur family of vehicles serves as a common platform for various armament and equipment configurations. The Piranha is a multi-role vehicle well-suited for a variety of combat operations. We are producing Piranha vehicles for Denmark, Romania and Switzerland, and upgrading Piranha vehicles for Ireland. We continue to work closely with the Spanish government to achieve a contract award to produce 348 8x8 vehicles based on the Piranha 5 vehicle in six variants and provide associated logistical support. There are over 3,000 Pandurs and 11,000 Piranhas in service worldwide.

Outside the United States, the Duro and Eagle vehicles offer a range of options and weight classes. We are upgrading Duro tactical vehicles for the Swiss Army and producing Eagle 5 armored wheeled vehicles for the Royal Danish Army. Additionally, we provide a portfolio of mobile bridge systems with payloads ranging from 100 kilograms to 100 tons, which can be deployed within minutes to enable heavy vehicles, including Abrams tanks, to cross various sizes of water barriers.

Main battle tanks and tracked combat vehicles: The segment’s powerful tracked vehicles provide key combat capabilities to customers around the world. The Abrams main battle tank offers a proven, decisive

edge in combat. We are maximizing the effectiveness and lethality of the U.S. Army’s M1A2 Abrams tank fleet with the System Enhancement Package Version 3 (SEPv3), which provides technological advancements in communications, power generation, fuel efficiency and armor. In 2019, we were awarded a contract for $714 from the Army to upgrade 174 M1A1 Abrams main battle tanks to the state-of-the-art M1A2 SEPv3 configuration. This brings the total number of M1A2 SEPv3 tanks ordered by the Army since 2018 to 274, or more than three brigades of tanks. We are currently under contract to develop further upgrades for the SEPv4 configuration. Additionally, we are upgrading Abrams tanks for several non-U.S. partners.

We are delivering 12 medium-weight, large-caliber prototype vehicles for the Army’s Mobile Protected Firepower program, providing a new opportunity to field vehicles in Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) formations using our newest combat-proven capabilities suite. The vehicles are highly lethal, survivable and mobile.

We are producing the British Army’s AJAX armored fighting vehicle, a next-generation, medium-weight tracked combat vehicle. The segment will also provide in-service support for the AJAX vehicle fleet. With six variants, the AJAX family of vehicles offers advanced electronic architecture and proven technology for an unparalleled balance of survivability, lethality and mobility, along with high reliability for a vehicle in its weight class. Work on the AJAX program is transitioning from engineering to test and then to full production. We expect to be in steady-state production through 2024.

Weapons systems, armament and munitions: Complementing these military-vehicle offerings, the segment designs, develops and produces a comprehensive array of sophisticated weapons systems. For ground forces, we manufacture M2/M2-A1 heavy machine guns and MK19/MK47 grenade launchers. The segment also produces legacy and next-generation weapons systems for shipboard applications. For airborne platforms, we produce weapons such as high-speed Gatling guns for all U.S. fighter aircraft, including the Joint Strike Fighter.

Our munitions portfolio covers the full breadth of naval, air and ground forces applications across all calibers and weapons platforms for the U.S. government and its non-U.S. partners. In North America, the segment maintains a market-leading position in the supply of Hydra-70 rockets, large-caliber tank ammunition, medium-caliber ammunition, mortar and artillery projectiles, tactical missile aerostructures, high-performance warheads, military propellants, and conventional bombs and bomb cases.

The Combat Systems segment emphasizes operational excellence and continuous improvement in a dynamic threat environment with ever-evolving customer needs. We are focused on innovation, affordability and speed to market to deliver increased survivability, performance and lethality on the battlefield.

Revenue for the Combat Systems segment was 18% of our consolidated revenue in 2019, 17% in 2018 and 19% in 2017. Revenue by major products and services was as follows:

Year Ended December 31	2019				2018				2017
Military vehicles	$	4,620			$	4,027			$	3,731
Weapons systems, armament and munitions	1,906				1,798				1,633
Engineering and other services	481				416				585
Total Combat Systems	$	7,007			$	6,241			$	5,949

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Our Information Technology segment provides a wide spectrum of services and capabilities, including artificial intelligence, cloud computing, cyber, software development, systems engineering, IT modernization and data analytics. We put these technologies to work across thousands of projects, combining in-depth technical expertise with deep mission knowledge for a broad spectrum of customers in the defense, intelligence and federal civilian markets.

With a network of more than 90 global partners, we develop solutions that keep our customers at the leading edge of technology in support of their missions. Our highly skilled workforce is central to our diverse portfolio of services and comprises over 30,000 employees, including technologists, mission experts and cleared personnel. This portfolio aligns to three broad capability categories:

•	IT services;

•	IT infrastructure modernization; and

•	professional services.

IT services: We manage global IT enterprise operations for our customers, including in the classified domain. We provide technology consulting, solution design, system integration, operations and maintenance, cloud services, applications development, and cyber defense for enterprise systems.

At the Pentagon, we provide cybersecurity services that include end-point security, network security and incident handling. For the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), we provide IT hosting and operating services and maintenance in support of claims processing for more than 49 million Medicare beneficiaries.

In 2019, we received several key contracts to provide intelligence services to classified customers. We were also awarded a contract for $325 by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to provide priority telecommunications services to the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency’s Emergency Communications Division to maintain continuity of government operations during emergencies. We provide telecommunication expertise and priority voice, data, video and information services during natural disasters, acts of terrorism and war. These critical services maintain real-time emergency communications for thousands of users across the federal government, facilitating the continuity of operations and emergency response.

IT infrastructure modernization: We provide IT infrastructure modernization services for our defense and national security customers, including designing, building and operating global enterprise IT infrastructures; system design and engineering; data center consolidation; and cloud strategy, migration and operation.

We are working with the Department of Defense (DoD) to migrate its applications to the cloud. This program — milCloud 2.0 — provides a hybrid cloud solution designed specifically for the warfighter that offers ease of use, improved performance, enhanced security and greater affordability. Additionally, we provide engineering and technical services in support of our national security customers, protecting mission-critical systems and information from domestic and foreign adversaries with advanced cybersecurity capabilities.

In 2019, we were selected by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to provide advanced technologies to support increased efficiencies in its workforce. This will include artificial intelligence, machine learning, natural language processing and robotic process automation. We also support DHS with migration and consolidation of data center operations while introducing new technologies to improve security and mission performance.

Professional services: Our portfolio of professional services includes logistics and supply chain management; training and simulation; and life sciences, medical research and specialized mission support services.

In 2019, we won a $2 billion contract to continue managing the U.S. State Department’s global supply chain that ensures the secure transportation and delivery of millions of assets to worldwide posts including those in high-threat environments. Through this contract, we also secure U.S. posts abroad and help the government respond to natural disasters with logistics and transportation services. In our defense portfolio, we provide turnkey training and simulation services for the U.S. Army’s Aviation Center of Excellence in Fort Rucker, Alabama, the largest helicopter flight training program in the world.

In 2019, we won a contract for $44 to continue conducting research on traumatic brain injury, symptom diagnostics, treatment, rehabilitation methods and the effect of repetitive exposure to sub-concussive blasts from weapons. We have supported this contract through a network of 21 sites since 2014. These include military treatment facilities, major trauma rehabilitation sites within the Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. Special Operations Command and the Defense Health Agency headquarters in Fairfax, Virginia.

Revenue for the Information Technology segment was $8.4 billion in 2019, $8.3 billion in 2018 and $4.4 billion in 2017, which represented 21%, 23% and 14% of our consolidated revenue in each of the respective years.

MISSION SYSTEMS

Our Mission Systems segment is a global provider of mission-critical products and systems. We offer solutions across all domains and produce a unique combination of products and capabilities that are purpose-built for essential C4ISR and cybersecurity applications. Our technology and products are often built into platforms and integrated systems on which our customers rely. The Mission Systems segment has more than 100 locations worldwide and employs more than 13,000 engineering and technical professionals dedicated to solving the toughest security and technology challenges facing the United States and its partners. The segment’s portfolio includes prime contract programs in which we deliver innovative defense-electronics hardware and integrated systems as well as subcontract efforts in support of large-scale land, air, sea and space platforms. Additionally, our Mission Systems and Information Technology segments are often partners, building on complementary skills to pursue business opportunities in the defense and intelligence markets. This ability to offer an integrated solution can provide a more economical outcome for the customer than separate procurements from varied vendors.

The Mission Systems segment is organized into three core capabilities:

•	ground systems and products;

•	space, intelligence and cyber systems; and

•	naval, air and electronic systems.

Ground systems and products: Our Mission Systems segment is a leading manufacturer and integrator of tactical, secure communications systems for a diverse customer base, both U.S. and non-U.S. We design, build, deploy and support mission command applications; assured position, navigation and timing components; and other communications equipment and networking solutions for the U.S. defense community and non-U.S. partners. We also provide communications equipment, sensors and software for public-safety applications and to the federal government. Additionally, we provide data collection and processing products, command and control applications, and computing and communications equipment.

We are the prime contractor for the U.S. Army’s mobile communications backbone, which provides secure voice, video and data capabilities to soldiers on-the-move, and the ability to rapidly insert new technologies into the system.

We continue to work closely with our Army customer to evolve its capabilities to meet the threats of the future. In 2019, we were awarded an indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contract to provide electronic and cyber warfare capabilities by leading a nationwide team of cyber technology companies to integrate technologies from multiple domains to achieve desired cyber effects.

In 2019, we partnered with the Army to field a new and improved Global Positioning System (GPS) capability, known as Mounted Assured Positioning, Navigation and Timing System (MAPS) Gen 1, onto Strykers based in Germany. MAPS Gen 1 allows U.S. forces to operate in an environment where GPS signals are degraded or denied, and could eventually extend to thousands of vehicles across Europe.

With a 50-year legacy in radio frequency communications and networks, we offer a range of radio products and systems for military, government and commercial customers, as well as long-term evolution broadband communications networks for first responders. We provide CM-300/350 V2 digital radios to the FAA, used by air traffic control centers, commercial airports, military air stations and range installations for reliable ground-to-air communications. In 2019, Mission Systems introduced the URC-300 radio. The URC-300 is built with a software-based architecture, enabling customization and future enhancements as new technology becomes available.

We also provide many capabilities to non-U.S. agencies and commercial customers. We developed, deployed, and continue to modernize and support fully integrated, secure combat voice and data networks for the armies of Canada and the United Kingdom. These efforts, which we have supported for almost 30 years, are ongoing through the Morpheus program, which aims to modernize the United Kingdom’s communications and command-and-control systems across three armed services by evolving the Bowman network into a more open, agile architecture.

Space, intelligence and cyber systems: Mission Systems engineers space payloads for advanced missions, builds and manages spaceborne and ground-based communications systems, and provides mission-data tracking equipment and processing capabilities for our customers. Additionally, we design and develop high-performance sensors to gather intelligence data from across the land, air, sea, space and cyber domains, and provide geospatial intelligence products and services to meet the needs of our customers in the global defense, civilian and commercial markets.

In 2019, the U.S. Navy’s Mobile User Objective System (MUOS), completed the Multiservice Operational Test and Evaluation (MOT&E) making it ready for operational use. Under a Navy contract with a maximum potential contract value of $732 awarded in 2019, we will sustain the integrated ground systems for this next-generation narrowband satellite communications system.

We also offer a variety of cyber products and software, including our family of encryption products, to protect and defend our customers’ critical information. We continually evolve our TACLANE family of network encryptors, the most widely deployed National Security Agency (NSA)-certified Type 1 in-line network encryptors, and our ProtecD@R family of data-at-rest encryptors. In 2019, our TACLANE-Nano compact Type 1 encryptor for mobile users was certified by the NSA to protect information classified up to the top secret/sensitive compartmented information (TS/SCI) level. In addition, we offer trusted multi-level and cross-domain technologies that our customers use to securely access information at various levels of security with speed and efficiency.

With an eye toward developing next-generation, emerging technologies, we acquired a company in 2019 with extensive expertise in AI that specializes in deploying deep learning algorithms on small, power-

efficient appliances and mobile devices. This new investment brings a wealth of artificial intelligence and machine learning knowledge, experience and capabilities to our customers across all domains.

Naval, air and electronic systems: We provide platform integration services for maritime and aviation platforms and for strategic weapons systems and advanced electronic systems, including computing systems, displays and data management, for both U.S. and non-U.S. customers.

We have a 50-year legacy of providing advanced fire-control systems for all of the Navy’s submarine programs, both attack and ballistic missile. We are developing and integrating commercial off-the-shelf software and hardware upgrades to improve the tactical control capabilities for several submarine classes.

The segment’s combat and seaframe control systems serve as the technology backbone for the Navy’s Independence-variant Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) and the Expeditionary Fast Transport (EPF) ships. In 2019, we completed the integration of a new over-the-horizon missile capability onto the USS Gabrielle Giffords (LCS 10). As the Independence-variant LCS systems integrator, we are responsible for the design, integration and testing of the navigation, command, control, computing, communication, seaframe control and combat management systems on each ship.

We also design and manufacture unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) for U.S. and non-U.S. military and commercial customers. We have integrated more than 100 sensors across our family of Bluefin Robotics UUVs and continue to develop new capabilities for unmanned operations throughout constrained waterways and the open ocean. In 2019, our Knifefish surface mine countermeasure UUV received approval to enter low-rate initial production, paving the way for the Navy to procure five systems (10 total Knifefish UUVs). In 2019, we extended the Bluefin product line with the release of the Bluefin-12 UUV. This advanced, mission-ready UUV offers embedded intelligence and increased mission modularity to complete users’ evolving, long-endurance and high-consequence missions.

Our Digital Modular Radio (DMR) is the first software-defined radio to become a communications system standard for the Navy. The DMR is a four-channel radio that serves as the Navy’s communications hub for surface ships, submarines and shore-site communications. As a multi-channel radio, it simultaneously communicates with a wide spectrum of tactical radios and can communicate information at different security levels.

For airborne platforms, we offer high-assurance mission and display systems, signal and sensor processing, and command-and-control solutions. Our mission computers provide pilots with advanced situational awareness and combat systems control. Our avionics, radomes, or encrypted communication systems are present on nearly every U.S. military aircraft in service today, including the F-35, F-16, F/A-18, F-22, P-3, P-8 and AV-8B.

Revenue for the Mission Systems segment was $4.9 billion in 2019, $4.7 billion in 2018 and $4.5 billion in 2017, which represented 13% of our consolidated revenue in 2019 and 2018 and 15% in 2017.

MARINE SYSTEMS

Our Marine Systems segment is a market-leading designer and builder of nuclear-powered submarines, surface combatants, and auxiliary and combat-logistics ships for the U.S. Navy, and Jones Act ships for commercial customers. We also provide repair services for nearly all classes of Navy ships. With shipyards on both U.S. coasts, our Marine Systems segment consists of three business units: Bath Iron Works, Electric Boat and NASSCO. The segment’s platforms and capabilities include:

•	nuclear-powered submarines;

•	surface combatants;

•	auxiliary and combat-logistics ships;

•	commercial product carriers and containerships;

•	design and engineering support services; and

•	maintenance, modernization and lifecycle support services.

We have a long history as one of the Navy’s primary shipbuilders, constructing and maintaining the ships of today’s fleet while designing and developing next-generation platforms. More than 90% of our segment’s revenue is for Navy engineering, construction and lifecycle support awarded under large, multi-year contracts. We maintain the most sophisticated marine engineering center in the world, designing and testing concepts to support future capabilities. Our ability to design, build and maintain our nation’s most technologically sophisticated warships is a critical element of the U.S. defense industrial base.

The largest business unit in our Marine Systems segment is Electric Boat, the lead shipyard on all Navy nuclear-powered submarine programs, including both the Virginia-class attack submarine and the future Columbia-class ballistic-missile submarine. Designed to meet diverse global mission requirements, these submarines operate with highly advanced capabilities and stealth in both littoral and open-ocean environments.

The Navy procures Virginia-class submarines in multi-boat blocks, currently at a two-per-year rate, through a teaming arrangement between Electric Boat and an industry partner. We have delivered 18 Virginia-class submarines from the first three blocks. There are 10 boats from Block IV currently under contract and scheduled for delivery through 2024. Over the life of the Virginia-class submarine program, we have driven delivery timelines from 88 months in Block I to a current average rate of 68 months, while doubling the build rate of construction to two ships per year and consistently increasing ship capability.

In 2019, the Navy awarded Electric Boat a $22.2 billion contract, the largest shipbuilding contract in the Navy’s history, for construction of the fifth block of Virginia-class submarines. Electric Boat will serve as the prime contractor for construction of nine submarines, including eight with the Virginia Payload Module (VPM), and an option for a tenth submarine with the VPM that, if exercised, will bring the total contract value to $24.1 billion. In addition to significant upgrades in performance, the VPM included in this block is an 84-foot hull section that adds four additional payload tubes, more than tripling the strike capacity of these submarines and providing unique capabilities to support special missions. With the Block V contract, there are now 19 Virginia-class submarines in our backlog scheduled for delivery through 2029.

Electric Boat is the designer and builder of the Navy’s Columbia-class ballistic-missile submarine, a 12-boat program that the Navy considers its top priority. These submarines will provide strategic deterrent capabilities for decades and are scheduled to come online when the current Ohio-class ballistic-missile submarine fleet reaches the end of its service life beginning in 2027. We are slated to begin construction of the lead boat in the fourth quarter of 2020 and deliver it to the Navy in support of the Ohio-class retirements. In 2019, we broke ground on a 200,000-square-foot assembly building in Groton, Connecticut, that is the centerpiece of a $1.7 billion expansion to support Columbia- and Virginia-class construction.

We have developed a comprehensive resource master plan to ensure that we will have a fully trained workforce in place to support the increased demand for skilled trades for both the Columbia- and Virginia-class programs. We continue to invest in our facilities, optimizing the timing between investments and returns, while coordinating closely with the Navy. We are also working with our network of more than 3,000 suppliers — mostly small businesses — to provide for concurrent production of the Virginia- and Columbia-class submarine programs.

Bath Iron Works builds the Arleigh Burke-class (DDG-51) guided-missile destroyers and manages modernization and lifecycle support for the class. The Navy restarted the program in 2010 after a four-year

break in construction. Bath Iron Works delivered the first ship in the restart program to the Navy in 2017. We have a total of 11 ships in backlog scheduled for delivery through 2026. In 2019, the Navy awarded Bath Iron Works a contract to continue providing planning yard services for DDG-51s, to include design, material kitting, logistics, planning and execution.

Bath Iron Works is the hull, mechanical and electrical (HME) prime contractor for the Navy’s Zumwalt-class (DDG-1000) guided-missile destroyer program. We delivered the first ship in 2016 and the second ship in 2018. We expect to deliver our work on the third and final ship of this class in 2020.

NASSCO is building Expeditionary Sea Base (ESB) auxiliary support ships, a variant of the Expeditionary Transfer Dock (ESD) ships, for the Navy. ESBs serve as afloat forward-staging bases, providing a persistent platform for mine warfare, special operations warfare or Marine Corps missions. Equipped with a 52,000-square-foot flight deck and accommodations for up to 250 personnel, these ships can support diverse missions, including airborne mine countermeasures, maritime security operations, non-combatant evacuation operations and humanitarian assistance/disaster relief missions. The Navy awarded NASSCO the first design and build contract for the ESD/ESB in 2011. In 2019, we delivered the fifth vessel of the program to the Navy and were awarded a contract for the construction of the sixth and seventh ships, as well as an option for an eighth. Work on the two new ships will continue into 2023.

NASSCO was competitively awarded an exclusive design and construction contract in 2016 for the lead ship in the Navy’s new class of fleet replenishment oilers, the John Lewis-class (T-AO-205), along with options for five additional ships. Designed to transfer fuel to Navy surface ships operating at sea, the oilers can carry 162,000 barrels of fuel and also offer significant dry cargo capacity and aviation capabilities. We expect to deliver the first ship of this class, the future USNS John Lewis, in 2021. Three options have been fully exercised to date, as well as funding for engineering and long-lead materials for the fourth option, with deliveries planned into 2024.

In addition to our new construction work for the Navy, the Marine Systems segment has extensive experience in all phases of commercial ship construction. We have designed and built crude oil and product tankers and container and cargo ships for commercial customers since the 1960s. These ships satisfy our commercial customers’ Jones Act requirement that ships carrying cargo between U.S. ports be built in U.S. shipyards. NASSCO is the only major Jones Act shipyard on the West Coast of the United States. NASSCO pioneered green ship technology, designing and delivering the world’s first liquefied natural gas (LNG)-powered containerships starting in 2015 to decrease emissions and increase fuel efficiency.

In 2019, we delivered an 870-foot-long, 51,400-deadweight-metric-ton, combination containership/roll-on, roll-off (ConRo) vessel — the largest ConRo vessel ever built in the United States — to a commercial customer. The LNG-ready ship is the first of a two-ship contract.

Our Marine Systems segment provides comprehensive ship and submarine maintenance, modernization and lifecycle support services to extend the service life of these ships. NASSCO conducts full-service maintenance and surface-ship repair operations in Navy fleet concentration areas in San Diego, California; Norfolk, Virginia; Mayport, Florida; and Bremerton, Washington. Electric Boat provides submarine maintenance and modernization services in a variety of U.S. locations, and Bath Iron Works provides lifecycle support services for Navy surface ships in both U.S. and overseas ports. In support of allied navies, we offer program management, planning, engineering and design support for submarine and surface-ship construction programs.

To promote operating efficiency, innovation and affordability for our customers, we make strategic investments in our business, often in cooperation with the Navy. We leverage our design and engineering expertise across shipyards to improve program execution and generate cost savings. This knowledge sharing

enables us to use resources more efficiently and drive process improvements. Through robust and disciplined planning, we are positioned to support our customers well into the future.

Revenue for the Marine Systems segment was 23% of our consolidated revenue in 2019, 24% in 2018 and 26% in 2017. Revenue by major products and services was as follows:

Year Ended December 31	2019				2018				2017
Nuclear-powered submarines	$	6,254			$	5,712			$	5,175
Surface ships	1,912				1,872				1,607
Repair and other services	1,017				918				1,222
Total Marine Systems	$	9,183			$	8,502			$	8,004

CUSTOMERS

In 2019, 66% of our consolidated revenue was from the U.S. government, 16% was from U.S. commercial customers, 9% was from non-U.S. commercial customers and the remaining 9% was from non-U.S. government customers.

U.S. GOVERNMENT

Our primary customer is the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). We also contract with other U.S. government customers, including the intelligence community and the Departments of Homeland Security and Health and Human Services. Our revenue from the U.S. government was as follows:

Year Ended December 31	2019				2018				2017
DoD	$	19,864			$	17,674			$	15,441
Non-DoD	5,254				5,306				2,904
Foreign Military Sales (FMS)*	689				626				676
Total U.S. government	$	25,807			$	23,606			$	19,021
% of total revenue	66		%		65		%		61		%

• In addition to our direct non-U.S. sales, we sell to non-U.S. governments through the FMS program. Under the FMS program, we contract with and are paid by the U.S. government, and the U.S. government assumes the risk of collection from the non-U.S. government customer.

Our U.S. government revenue is derived from fixed-price, cost-reimbursement and time-and-materials contracts. Our production contracts are primarily fixed-price. Under these contracts, we agree to perform a specific scope of work for a fixed amount. Contracts for research, engineering, repair and maintenance, and other services are typically cost-reimbursement or time-and-materials. Under cost-reimbursement contracts, the customer reimburses contract costs incurred and pays a fixed, incentive or award-based fee. These fees are determined by our ability to achieve targets set in the contract, such as cost, quality, schedule and performance. Under time-and-materials contracts, the customer pays a fixed hourly rate for direct labor and generally reimburses us for the cost of materials.

Of our U.S. government revenue, fixed-price contracts accounted for 59% in 2019, 56% in 2018 and 54% in 2017; cost-reimbursement contracts accounted for 35% in 2019, 38% in 2018 and 42% in 2017; and time-and-materials contracts accounted for 6% in 2019 and 2018 and 4% in 2017.

For information on the advantages and disadvantages of each of these contract types, see Note C to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.

U.S. COMMERCIAL

Our U.S. commercial revenue was $6.2 billion in 2019, $5 billion in 2018 and $4.5 billion in 2017, which represented 16%, 14% and 15% of our consolidated revenue in each of the respective years. The majority of this revenue is for business-jet aircraft and related services where our customer base consists of individuals and public and privately held companies across a wide range of industries.

NON-U.S.

Our revenue from non-U.S. government and commercial customers was $7.4 billion in 2019, $7.6 billion in 2018 and $7.5 billion in 2017, which represented 18%, 21% and 24% of our consolidated revenue in each of the respective years.

We conduct business with customers around the world. Our non-U.S. defense subsidiaries maintain long-term relationships with their customers and have established themselves as principal regional suppliers and employers, providing a broad portfolio of products and services.

Our non-U.S. commercial revenue consists primarily of business-jet aircraft exports and worldwide aircraft services. While the installed base of aircraft is concentrated in North America, orders from customers outside North America represent a significant portion of our aircraft business with approximately 50% of the Aerospace segment’s total backlog on December 31, 2019.

COMPETITION

Several factors determine our ability to compete successfully in the defense and business-aviation markets. While customers’ evaluation criteria vary, the principal competitive elements include:

•	the technical excellence, reliability, safety and cost competitiveness of our products and services;

•	our ability to innovate and develop new products and technologies that improve mission performance and adapt to dynamic threats;

•	successful program execution and on-time delivery of complex, integrated systems;

•	our global footprint and accessibility to customers;

•	the reputation and customer confidence derived from past performance; and

•	the successful management of customer relationships.

DEFENSE MARKET COMPETITION

The U.S. government contracts with numerous domestic and non-U.S. companies for products and services. We compete against other contractors as well as smaller companies that specialize in a particular technology or capability. Outside the United States, we compete with global defense contractors’ exports and the offerings of private and state-owned defense manufacturers. Our Combat Systems segment competes with a large number of U.S. and non-U.S. businesses. Our Information Technology and Mission Systems segments compete with many companies, from large government contracting and commercial technology companies to small niche competitors with specialized technologies or expertise. Our Marine Systems segment has one primary competitor with which it also partners on the Virginia-class and Columbia-class submarine programs. The operating cycle of many of our major programs can result in sustained periods of program continuity when we perform successfully.

We are involved in teaming and subcontracting relationships with some of our competitors. Competitions for major defense and other government contracting programs often require companies to form teams to bring together a spectrum of capabilities to meet the customer’s requirements. Opportunities associated with

these programs include roles as the program’s integrator, overseeing and coordinating the efforts of all participants on a team, or as a provider of a specific component or subsystem.

BUSINESS-JET AIRCRAFT MARKET COMPETITION

The Aerospace segment has several competitors for each of its Gulfstream products. Key competitive factors include aircraft safety, reliability and performance; comfort and in-flight productivity; service quality, global footprint and responsiveness; technological and new-product innovation; and price. We believe that Gulfstream competes effectively in all of these areas.

The Aerospace segment competes worldwide in the business-jet aircraft services market primarily on the basis of quality, price and timeliness. While competition for each type of service varies somewhat, the segment faces a number of competitors of varying sizes for each of its offerings.

BACKLOG

Our total backlog represents the estimated remaining value of work to be performed under firm contracts and includes funded and unfunded portions. For additional discussion of backlog, see Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7.

Summary backlog information for each of our segments follows:

																									2019 Total Backlog Not Expected to Be Completed in 2020
December 31	2019												2018
	Funded				Unfunded				Total				Funded				Unfunded				Total
Aerospace	$	13,168			$	181			$	13,349			$	11,208			$	167			$	11,375			$	7,800
Combat Systems	14,474				439				14,913				16,174				424				16,598				8,617
Information Technology	4,839				4,294				9,133				4,717				3,248				7,965				2,795
Mission Systems	5,037				326				5,363				4,890				445				5,335				1,899
Marine Systems	20,012				24,175				44,187				18,837				7,761				26,598				34,690
Total backlog	$	57,530			$	29,415			$	86,945			$	55,826			$	12,045			$	67,871			$	55,801

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

To foster innovative product development and evolution, we conduct sustained R&D activities as part of our normal business operations. Most of our Aerospace segment’s R&D activities support Gulfstream’s product enhancement and development programs. In our U.S. defense operations, we conduct customer-sponsored R&D activities under government contracts and company-sponsored R&D activities, investing in technologies and capabilities that provide innovative solutions for our customers. In accordance with government regulations, we recover a portion of company-sponsored R&D expenditures through overhead charges to U.S. government contracts. For more information on our company-sponsored R&D activities, including our expenditures for the past three years, see Note A to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

We develop technology, manufacturing processes and systems-integration practices. In addition to owning a large portfolio of proprietary intellectual property, we license some intellectual property rights to and from others. The U.S. government holds licenses to many of our patents developed in the performance of U.S. government contracts, and it may use or authorize others to use the inventions covered by these patents. Although these intellectual property rights are important to the operation of our business, no existing patent, license or other intellectual property right is of such importance that its loss or termination would have a material impact on our business.

EMPLOYEES

On December 31, 2019, our subsidiaries had 102,900 employees, approximately one-fifth of whom work under collective agreements with various labor unions and worker representatives. Agreements covering approximately 10% of total employees are due to expire in 2020. Historically, we have renegotiated these labor agreements without any significant disruption to operating activities.

RAW MATERIALS, SUPPLIERS AND SEASONALITY

We depend on suppliers and subcontractors for raw materials, components and subsystems. Our U.S. government customer is a supplier on some of our programs. These supply networks can experience price fluctuations and capacity constraints, which can put pressure on our costs. Effective management and oversight of suppliers and subcontractors is an important element of our successful performance. We sometimes rely on only one or two sources of supply that, if disrupted, could impact our ability to meet our customer commitments. We attempt to mitigate risks with our suppliers by entering into long-term agreements and leveraging company-wide agreements to achieve economies of scale and by negotiating flexible pricing terms in our customer contracts. We have not experienced, and do not foresee, significant difficulties in obtaining the materials, components or supplies necessary for our business operations.

Our business is not seasonal in nature. The receipt of contract awards, the availability of funding from the customer, the incurrence of contract costs and unit deliveries are all factors that influence the timing of our revenue. In the United States, these factors are influenced by the federal government’s budget cycle based on its October-to-September fiscal year.

REGULATORY MATTERS

U.S. GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS

U.S. government contracts are subject to procurement laws and regulations. The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and the Cost Accounting Standards (CAS) govern the majority of our contracts. The FAR mandates uniform policies and procedures for U.S. government acquisitions and purchased services. Also, individual agencies can have acquisition regulations that provide implementing language for the FAR or that supplement the FAR. For example, the DoD implements the FAR through the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS). For all federal government entities, the FAR regulates the phases of any product or service acquisition, including:

•	acquisition planning;

•	competition requirements;

•	contractor qualifications;

•	protection of source selection and vendor information; and

•	acquisition procedures.

In addition, the FAR addresses the allowability of our costs, while the CAS addresses the allocation of those costs to contracts. The FAR and CAS subject us to audits and other government reviews covering issues such as cost, performance, internal controls and accounting practices relating to our contracts.

NON-U.S. REGULATORY

Our non-U.S. operations are subject to the applicable government regulations and procurement policies and practices, as well as U.S. policies and regulations. We are also subject to regulations governing investments, exchange controls, repatriation of earnings and import-export control.

BUSINESS-JET AIRCRAFT

The Aerospace segment is subject to FAA regulation in the United States and other similar aviation regulatory authorities internationally, including the Civil Aviation Administration of Israel (CAAI), the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC). For an aircraft to be manufactured and sold, the model must receive a type certificate from the appropriate aviation authority, and each aircraft must receive a certificate of airworthiness. Aircraft outfitting and completions also require approval by the appropriate aviation authority, which is often accomplished through a supplemental type certificate. Aviation authorities can require changes to a specific aircraft or model type before granting approval. Maintenance facilities and charter operations must be licensed by aviation authorities as well.

ENVIRONMENTAL

We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations. These laws and regulations cover the discharge, treatment, storage, disposal, investigation and remediation of materials, substances and wastes identified in the laws and regulations. We are directly or indirectly involved in environmental investigations or remediation at some of our current and former facilities and at third-party sites that we do not own but where we have been designated a potentially responsible party (PRP) by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or a state environmental agency. As a PRP, we are potentially liable to the government or third parties for the cost of remediating contamination. In cases where we have been designated a PRP, we generally seek to mitigate these environmental liabilities through available insurance coverage and by pursuing appropriate cost-recovery actions. In the unlikely event that we are required to fully fund the remediation of a site, the current statutory framework would allow us to pursue contributions from other PRPs. We regularly assess our compliance status and management of environmental matters.

Operating and maintenance costs associated with environmental compliance and management of contaminated sites are a normal, recurring part of our operations. Historically, these costs have not been material. Environmental costs are often recoverable under our contracts with the U.S. government. Based on information currently available and current U.S. government policies relating to cost recovery, we do not expect continued compliance with environmental regulations to have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. For additional information relating to the impact of environmental matters, see Note O to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

We file reports and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These reports and information include an annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and

proxy statements. Free copies of these items are made available on our website (www.gd.com) as soon as practicable. The SEC maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information.

In addition to the information contained in this Form 10-K, information about the company can be found on our website and our Investor Relations website (investorrelations.gd.com). Our Investor Relations website contains a significant amount of information about the company, including financial information, our corporate governance principles and practices, and other information for investors. We encourage investors to visit our website, as we frequently update and post new information about our company, and it is possible that this information could be deemed to be material information.

References to our website and the SEC’s website in this Form 10-K do not constitute, and should not be viewed as, incorporation by reference of the information contained on, or available through, the websites. The information should not be considered a part of this Form 10-K, unless otherwise expressly incorporated by reference.