Item 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following tables provide a summary of the growth trends in our key drivers:

						Three Months Ended March 31,
						2024												2023
						Increase/(Decrease)
						USD						Local						USD						Local
Mastercard-branded GDV growth 1						9%						10%						10%						15%
United States						6%						6%						9%						9%
Worldwide less United States						10%						13%						11%						18%
Cross-border volume growth 1						19%						18%						29%						35%

						Three Months Ended March 31,
						2024						2023
						Increase/(Decrease)
Switched transactions growth						13%						12%

1 Excludes volume generated by Maestro and Cirrus cards.

Key Metrics related to the Payment Network

Assessments represent agreed-upon standard pricing provided to our customers based on various forms of payment-related activity. Assessments are used internally by management to monitor operating performance as it allows for comparability and provides visibility into cardholder trends. Assessments do not represent our net revenue.

The following provides additional information on our key metrics related to the payment network:

• Domestic assessments** are charges based on activity related to cards that carry the Company’s brands where the merchant country and the country of issuance are the same. These assessments are primarily driven by the domestic dollar volume of activity (e.g., domestic purchase volume, domestic cash volume) or the number of cards issued.

• Cross-border assessments** are charges based on activity related to cards that carry the Company’s brands where the merchant country and the country of issuance are different. These assessments are primarily driven by the cross-border dollar volume of activity (e.g., cross-border purchase volume, cross-border cash volume).

• Transaction processing assessments** are charges primarily driven by the number of switched transactions on our payment network. Switching activities include:

◦Authorization, the process by which a transaction is routed to the issuer for approval

◦Clearing, the determination and exchange of financial transaction information between issuers and acquirers after a transaction has been successfully conducted at the point of interaction

◦Settlement, which facilitates the determination and exchange of funds between parties

These assessments can also include connectivity services and network access which are based on the volume of data transmitted and the number of authorization and settlement messages.

• Other network assessments** are charges for licensing, implementation and other franchise fees.

The following table provides a summary of our key metrics related to the payment network:

						Three Months Ended March 31,												Increase/(Decrease)
						2023						2022						As reported						Currency-neutral
						($ in millions)
Domestic assessments						$	2,470					$	2,254					10%						10%
Cross-border assessments						$	2,238					$	1,849					21%						22%
Transaction processing assessments						$	3,086					$	2,752					12%						12%
Other network assessments						$	226					$	212					6%						6%

30 MASTERCARD MARCH 31, 2024 FORM 10-Q

PART I

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Foreign Currency

Currency Impact

Our primary revenue functional currencies are the U.S. dollar, euro, British pound and the Brazilian real. Our overall operating results are impacted by currency translation, which represents the effect of translating operating results where the functional currency is different than our U.S. dollar reporting currency.

Our operating results are also impacted by transactional currency. The impact of the transactional currency represents the effect of converting revenue and expense transactions occurring in a currency other than the functional currency. Changes in currency exchange rates directly impact the calculation of gross dollar volume (“GDV”), which is used in the calculation of our key metrics related to domestic assessments and cross-border assessments as well as certain volume-related rebates and incentives. GDV is calculated based on local currency spending volume converted to U.S. dollars and euros using average exchange rates for the period. As a result, our key metrics related to domestic assessments and cross-border assessments as well as certain volume-related rebates and incentives are impacted by the strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar and euro versus local currencies. For example, our billing in Australia is in the U.S. dollar, however, consumer spend in Australia is in the Australian dollar. The transactional currency impact of converting Australian dollars to our U.S. dollar billing currency will have an impact on the revenue generated. The strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar is evident when GDV growth on a U.S. dollar-converted basis is compared to GDV growth on a local currency basis. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, GDV on a U.S. dollar-converted basis increased 9% while GDV on a local currency basis increased 10% versus the comparable periods in 2023. Further, the impact from transactional currency occurs in our key metric related to transaction processing assessments and other network assessments as well as value-added services and solutions revenue and operating expenses when the transacting currency of these items is different than the functional currency of the entity.

To manage the impact of foreign currency variability on anticipated revenues and expenses, we may enter into foreign exchange derivative contracts and designate such derivatives as hedging instruments in a cash flow hedging relationship as discussed further in Note 15 (Derivative and Hedging Instruments) to the consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1.

Foreign Exchange Activity

We incur foreign currency gains and losses from remeasuring monetary assets and liabilities, including settlement assets and obligations, that are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the entity. To manage this foreign exchange risk, we may enter into foreign exchange derivative contracts to economically hedge the foreign currency exposure of our nonfunctional currency monetary assets and liabilities. The gains or losses resulting from the changes in fair value of these contracts are intended to reduce the potential effect of the underlying hedged exposure and are recorded net within general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statement of operations. The impact of this foreign exchange activity, including the related hedging activities, has not been eliminated in our currency-neutral results.

Our foreign exchange risk management activities are discussed further in Note 15 (Derivative and Hedging Instruments) to the consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1.

Financial Results

Net Revenue

The components of net revenue were as follows:

						Three Months Ended March 31,												Increase/(Decrease)
						2024						2023
						($ in millions)
Payment network						$	3,920					$	3,650											7%
Value-added services and solutions						2,428						2,098												16%
Total net revenue						$	6,348					$	5,748											10%

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, net revenue increased 10%, or 11% on a currency-neutral basis, versus the comparable period in 2023. The increase in net revenue was attributable to both our payment network and value-added services and solutions.

Net revenue from our payment network increased 7%, or 8% on a currency-neutral basis, versus the comparable period in 2023. The increase was primarily driven by growth in domestic and cross-border dollar volumes and an increase in the number of switched transactions, reflecting trends of growth in our key drivers. Net revenue from our payment network included $4,100 million of rebates and incentives provided to customers, which increased 20%, on both an as reported and currency-neutral basis, versus the comparable period in 2023, primarily due to an increase in our key drivers as well as new and renewed deals.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Net revenue from our value-added services and solutions increased 16%, or 15% on a currency-neutral basis, versus the comparable period in 2023. The increase was driven primarily by growth in (i) our underlying key drivers, (ii) our consulting and marketing services, loyalty solutions and fraud and security capabilities and (iii) other solutions.

See Note 3 (Revenue) to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for a further discussion of our revenue recognition policies.

Drivers of Change

The following table summarizes the drivers of change in net revenue:

						Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
						Increase/(Decrease)
						Operational															Acquisitions						Currency Impact 1												Total
Payment network						8		%																**						(1)		%										7		%
Value-added services and solutions						15		%																—		%				—		%										16		%
Net revenue						11		%																—		%				—		%										10		%

Note: Table may not sum due to rounding.

** Not applicable.

1Includes the translational and transactional impact of currency and the related impact of our foreign exchange derivative contracts designated as cash flow hedging instruments. See “Non-GAAP Financial Information - Currency-neutral Growth Rates” for further information on our currency impact non-GAAP adjustment.

Operating Expenses

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, operating expenses increased 5% versus the comparable period in 2023. Adjusted operating expenses increased 9%, on both an as adjusted and currency-neutral basis, versus the comparable period in 2023.

The components of operating expenses were as follows:

																		Three Months Ended March 31,												Increase/ (Decrease)
																					2024						2023
																								($ in millions)
General and administrative																								$	2,286					$	2,043					12%
Advertising and marketing																								116						167						(31)%
Depreciation and amortization																								216						191						13%
Provision for litigation																								126						211						**
Total operating expenses																								2,744						2,612						5%
Special Items 1																								(126)						(211)						**
Adjusted total operating expenses (excluding Special Items 1)																								$	2,617					$	2,401					9%

Note: Table may not sum due to rounding.

** Not meaningful.

1 See “Non-GAAP Financial Information” for further information on our non-GAAP adjustments and the reconciliation to GAAP reported amounts.

32 MASTERCARD MARCH 31, 2024 FORM 10-Q

PART I

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Drivers of Change

The following table summarizes the drivers of changes in operating expenses:

						Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
						Increase/(Decrease)
						Operational						Acquisitions						Currency Impact 1,2						Special Items 2,3						Total
General and administrative						11%						—%						—%						**						12%
Advertising and marketing						(31)%						—%						—%						**						(31)%
Depreciation and amortization						12%						—%						1%						**						13%
Provision for litigation						**						**						**						**						**
Total operating expenses						8%						—%						—%						(4)%						5%

Note: Table may not sum due to rounding.

** Not applicable/meaningful.

1Represents the translational and transactional impact of currency.

2See “Non-GAAP Financial Information” for further information on our non-GAAP adjustments and the reconciliation to GAAP reported amounts.

3The Special Items driver of change related to provision for litigation is reflected in total operating expenses.

General and Administrative

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, general and administrative expenses increased 12% on both an as reported and currency-neutral basis, versus the comparable period in 2023. The increase was due to higher personnel and data processing costs to support the continued investment in our strategic initiatives across payments, services and new network capabilities.

The components of general and administrative expenses were as follows:

																		Three Months Ended March 31,												Increase/(Decrease)
																					2024						2023
																								($ in millions)
Personnel																								$	1,514					$	1,426					6%
Professional fees																								116						100						15%
Data processing and telecommunications																								263						235						12%
Foreign exchange activity 1																								28						16						**
Other																								365						266						38%
Total general and administrative expenses																								$	2,286					$	2,043					12%

Note: Table may not sum due to rounding.

** Not meaningful.

1Foreign exchange activity includes the impact of remeasurement of assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies net of the impact of gains and losses on foreign exchange derivative contracts. See Note 15 (Derivative and Hedging Instruments) to the consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 for further discussion.

Advertising and Marketing

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, advertising and marketing expenses decreased 31% on both an as reported and a currency-neutral basis, versus the comparable period in 2023, primarily due to timing of spending on sponsorships.

Depreciation and Amortization

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, depreciation and amortization expenses increased 13%, or 12% on a currency-neutral basis, versus the comparable period in 2023, primarily due to increased software capitalization driven by the continued growth of our business.

Provision for Litigation

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recorded $126 million, primarily due to a legal provision associated with the ATM non-discrimination rule surcharge complaints. See “Non-GAAP Financial Information” in this section and Note 13 (Legal and Regulatory Proceedings) to the consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Report for further discussion.

MASTERCARD MARCH 31, 2024 FORM 10-Q 33

PART I

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Other Income (Expense)

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, other income (expense) decreased $237 million, versus the comparable period in 2023. Adjusted other income (expense) decreased $19 million versus the comparable period in 2023. See the table below for further detail on the changes in other income (expense).

The components of other income (expense) were as follows:

																		Three Months Ended March 31,												Increase/ (Decrease)
																					2024						2023
																								($ in millions)
Investment income																								$	95					$	55					$	40
Gains (losses) on equity investments, net																								6						(212)						218
Interest expense																								(150)						(132)						(18)
Other income (expense), net																								3						6						(3)
Total other income (expense)																								(46)						(283)						237
(Gains) losses on equity investments 1																								(6)						212						(218)
Adjusted total other income (expense) 1																								$	(52)					$	(71)					$	19

Note: Table may not sum due to rounding.

** Not meaningful.

1 See “Non-GAAP Financial Information” for further information on our non-GAAP adjustments and the reconciliation to GAAP reported amounts.

Income Taxes

The effective income tax rates were 15.4% and 17.2% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The adjusted effective income tax rates were 15.9% and 18.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Both the as reported and as adjusted effective income tax rates were lower versus the comparable period in 2023, primarily due to a change in our geographic mix of earnings as well as discrete tax benefits related to share-based payments.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) Pillar 2 guidelines published to date include transition and safe harbor rules around the implementation of the Pillar 2 global minimum tax of 15%. Based on current enacted legislation effective in 2024 and our structure, we do not expect a material impact in 2024. We are monitoring developments and evaluating the impacts these new rules will have on our future effective income tax rate, tax payments, financial condition and results of operations.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We rely on existing liquidity, cash generated from operations and access to capital to fund our global operations, credit and settlement exposure, capital expenditures, investments in our business and current and potential obligations. The following table summarizes the cash, cash equivalents, investments and credit available to us:

			March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
			(in billions)
Cash, cash equivalents and investments 1			$	7.7					$	9.2
Unused line of credit			$	8.0					$	8.0

1 Investments include available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities. This amount excludes restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents of $1.9 billion and $1.9 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and investment securities balances, our cash flow generating capabilities, and our access to capital resources are sufficient to satisfy our future operating cash needs, capital asset purchases, outstanding commitments and other liquidity requirements associated with our existing operations and potential obligations which include litigation provisions and credit and settlement exposure.

Our liquidity and access to capital could be negatively impacted by global credit market conditions. We guarantee the settlement of many of the transactions between our customers. Historically, payments under these guarantees have not been significant; however, historical trends may not be indicative of potential future losses. The risk of loss on these guarantees is specific to individual customers, but may also be driven by regional or global economic and market conditions, including, but not limited to the health of the financial institutions in a country or region. See Note 14 (Settlement and Other Risk Management) to the consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 for a description of these guarantees.

34 MASTERCARD MARCH 31, 2024 FORM 10-Q

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Our liquidity and access to capital could also be negatively impacted by the outcome of any of the legal or regulatory proceedings to which we are a party. For additional discussion of these and other risks facing our business, see Part I, Item 1A - Risk Factors of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and Note 13 (Legal and Regulatory Proceedings) to the consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Report.

Cash Flows

The table below shows a summary of the cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities:

			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2024						2023
			(in millions)
Net cash provided by operating activities			$	1,672					$	1,919
Net cash used in investing activities			$	(174)					$	(397)
Net cash used in financing activities			$	(2,681)					$	(1,955)

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $247 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, versus the comparable period in 2023, primarily due to higher net income after adjusting for non-cash items, more than offset by higher customer incentive payments.

Net cash used in investing activities decreased $223 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, versus the comparable period in 2023, primarily due to higher proceeds from the maturities of investments in time deposits.

Net cash used in financing activities increased $726 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, versus the comparable period in 2023, primarily due to no cash proceeds received from debt issuances in the current period versus the comparable period, partially offset by less cash paid for repurchases of our Class A common stock.

Debt and Credit Availability

Our total debt outstanding was $15.6 billion and $15.7 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, with the earliest maturity of $1.0 billion of principal occurring in April 2024.

As of March 31, 2024, we have a commercial paper program (the “Commercial Paper Program”), under which we are authorized to issue up to $8 billion in outstanding notes, with maturities up to 397 days from the date of issuance. In conjunction with the Commercial Paper Program, we have a committed unsecured $8 billion revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) which expires in November 2028.

Borrowings under the Commercial Paper Program and the Credit Facility are to be used to provide liquidity for general corporate purposes, including providing liquidity in the event of one or more settlement failures by our customers. In addition, we may borrow and repay amounts under these facilities for business continuity purposes. We had no borrowings outstanding under the Commercial Paper Program or the Credit Facility at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

See Note 15 (Debt) to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for further discussion on our debt, the Commercial Paper Program and the Credit Facility.

Dividends and Share Repurchases

We have historically paid quarterly dividends on our outstanding Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Subject to legally available funds, we intend to continue to pay a quarterly cash dividend. The declaration and payment of future dividends is at the sole discretion of our Board of Directors after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, operating results, available cash and current and anticipated cash needs.

Aggregate payments for quarterly dividends totaled $616 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

On December 5, 2023, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.66 per share paid on February 9, 2024 to holders of record on January 9, 2024 of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock. The aggregate amount of this dividend was $616 million.

On February 6, 2024, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.66 per share payable on May 9, 2024 to holders of record on April 9, 2024 of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock. The aggregate amount of this dividend is estimated to be $615 million.

MASTERCARD MARCH 31, 2024 FORM 10-Q 35

PART I

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Repurchased shares of our common stock are considered treasury stock. In December 2023 and 2022, our Board of Directors approved share repurchase programs of our Class A common stock authorizing us to repurchase up to $11.0 billion and $9.0 billion, respectively. The program approved in 2023 will become effective after the completion of the share repurchase program approved in 2022. The timing and actual number of additional shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors, including cash requirements to meet the operating needs of the business, legal requirements, as well as the share price and economic and market conditions. The following table summarizes our share repurchase authorizations and repurchase activity of our Class A common stock through March 31, 2024:

												(in millions, except average price data)
Remaining authorization at December 31, 2023																		$	14,142
Dollar-value of shares repurchased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 1																		$	1,992
Remaining authorization at March 31, 2024																		$	12,150
Shares repurchased during the three months ended March 31, 2024																		4.4
Average price paid per share during the three months ended March 31, 2024																		$	454.23

1 The dollar-value of shares repurchased does not include a 1% excise tax. The incremental tax is recorded in treasury stock on the consolidated balance sheet.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For a description of recent accounting pronouncements, if any, and the potential impact of these pronouncements refer to Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to the consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1.