Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(Dollars in tables in millions, except per share amounts.)

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements, including statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. In addition, from time to time, we or our representatives have made, or may make, forward-looking statements, orally or in writing. These statements may discuss goals, intentions and expectations as to future plans, trends, events, results of operations or financial condition, or otherwise, based on current beliefs of management as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to management. Forward-looking statements may be accompanied by words such as “aim”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “plan”, “could”, “should”, “would”, “estimate”, “expect”, “forecast”, “future”, “guidance”, “intend”, “may”, “will”, “possible”, “potential”, “predict”, “project” or similar words, phrases or expressions. These forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside of our control. Therefore, you should not place undue reliance on such statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include:

• risks relating to the completed merger (the “Merger”) between us and The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. ("IPG"), including risks related to the integration of IPG’s business, such as, among others: uncertainties associated with retaining key management and other employees; potential disruptions to client, vendor, and business partner relationships; the risk that integration activities may be more time-consuming, complex, or costly than expected; the possibility that anticipated synergies, efficiencies, and other benefits of the Merger may not be realized, or may be realized more slowly than anticipated; and risks associated with managing a larger, more complex combined organization and effectively integrating systems, processes, operations, and cultures;

• adverse economic conditions, including geopolitical events, international hostilities, acts of terrorism, public health crises, inflation or stagflation, tariffs and other trade barriers, central bank interest rate policies in countries that comprise our major markets, labor and supply chain issues affecting the distribution of our clients’ products, or a disruption in the credit markets;

• international, national or local economic conditions that could adversely affect us or our clients;

• reductions in client spending, a slowdown in client payments or a deterioration or disruption in the credit markets;

• the ability to attract new clients and retain existing clients in the manner anticipated;

• changes in client marketing and communications services requirements;

• failure to manage potential conflicts of interest between or among clients;

• unanticipated changes related to competitive factors in the marketing and communications services industries;

• unanticipated changes to, or an inability to hire and retain, key personnel;

• currency exchange rate fluctuations;

• reliance on information technology systems and risks related to cybersecurity incidents;

• effective management of the risks, challenges and efficiencies presented by utilizing artificial intelligence, or AI, technologies and related partnerships in our business, and their use by our competitors;

• failure to adapt to technological developments;

• our liquidity, long-term financing needs, credit ratings and access to capital markets;

• changes in legislation or governmental regulations affecting us or our clients;

• losses on media purchases and production costs incurred on behalf of clients;

• risks associated with assumptions we make in connection with our acquisitions, critical accounting estimates and legal proceedings;

• Our international operations, which are subject to the risks of currency repatriation restrictions, social or political conditions and an evolving regulatory environment in high-growth markets and developing countries;

• risks related to our environmental, social and governance goals and initiatives, including impacts from regulators and other stakeholders, and the impact of factors outside of our control on such goals and initiatives;

• changes in tax rates, tax laws, regulations or interpretations, or adverse outcomes of tax audits or proceedings; and

• other business, financial, operational and legal risks and uncertainties detailed from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").

The foregoing list of factors is not exhaustive. You should carefully consider the foregoing factors and the other risks and uncertainties that may affect the Company’s business, including those described in Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 (the "2025 10-K"), and in Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this report and in other documents filed from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Except as required under applicable law, we do not assume any obligation to update these forward-looking statements.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements, including our critical accounting estimates, and the related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in this report, should be read in conjunction with our 2025 Form 10-K.

Merger with IPG

On November 26, 2025 (the "Closing Date"), Omnicom completed its Merger with IPG. Omnicom is the acquirer of IPG under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"), and as a result, the consolidated financial statements of Omnicom for periods prior to the Closing Date do not include the results of operations, financial position, or cash flows of IPG. The results of operations of IPG are included in Omnicom’s consolidated financial statements only from the Closing Date forward. Accordingly, Omnicom’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows after the Closing Date are not comparable to prior periods due to the inclusion of IPG’s results from the Closing Date (see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements).

Risks and Uncertainties

Global economic disruptions, including geopolitical events, international hostilities, acts of terrorism, public health crises, inflation or stagflation, tariffs and other trade barriers, central bank interest rate policies in our major markets, and labor or supply chain challenges, could contribute to economic uncertainty and volatility. The impact of these conditions on our business may vary by geographic market and service discipline. We monitor macroeconomic conditions, client revenue levels, and other relevant factors and may take actions to align our cost structure with changes in client demand and to manage working capital. However, there can be no assurance that such actions will be sufficient to mitigate the effects of adverse economic conditions, reductions in client spending, changes in client creditworthiness, or other developments.

Our Business

Omnicom is a strategic holding company that operates through global networks, connected capabilities and specialized agencies, which connect its comprehensive portfolio of companies to deliver marketing, sales, communications, and commerce services to many of the largest global companies. Our products and service offerings support client objectives across our primary focus areas: media, data, commerce, CRM, content, creativity and AI.

Omnicom’s agencies integrate data, creativity, and technology to deliver coordinated marketing, communications, and commerce solutions. All of our agencies are supported by our integrated technology platform: Omni, which includes Acxiom and Interact which were acquired from IPG and Flywheel Commerce Cloud, respectively, as well as privacy-focused identity and data management capabilities. These capabilities include the integration of emerging AI-based tools, such as generative AI, into planning, creative advertising, media, and analytics workflows.

Omnicom client teams collaborate and accelerate client-service innovation through two integral enterprise-wide solutions: the Global Growth Team (GGT) and our Client Success Leaders (CSLs). GGT ensures an integrated, enterprise-level view of client needs and innovative solutions across new business development. CSLs manage our agency’s capabilities, providing holistic, tailored solutions across our service lines for individual client strategies and key performance indicators (KPIs) to enable client success.

Our global networks include: Omnicom Advertising (OA), Omnicom Media (OM), the DAS Group of Companies (DAS), and the Communications Consultancy Network (CCN). OA includes our creative brands, BBDO, TBWA, and McCann, which we acquired from IPG, and the brands included within the Advertising Collective. OM includes OMD, PHD, Hearts & Sciences, as well as UM, Acxiom, Initiative and Mediahub, which we acquired from IPG. DAS includes Omnicom Precision Marketing and MRM, which we acquired from IPG and Omnicom Health, which includes IPG Health. CCN includes FleishmanHillard and Ketchum, as well as Golin and Weber Shandwick, which we acquired from IPG.

On a global, pan-regional, and local basis, our agencies provide a comprehensive range of services across our fundamental disciplines. Beginning in 2026, we realigned our disciplines as follows and as described below: Integrated Media, Advertising, Health, Public Relations, and Experiential & Other. The classification of certain services and prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

Integrated Media includes strategic media planning and buying, performance media and audience-based solutions, as well as digital commerce and data and identity solutions. It also includes proprietary data, analytics, and precision marketing capabilities and automated content delivery solutions. Advertising includes creative, brand development, and integrated advertising services across digital and traditional channels, supporting clients' brand strategy and communications needs. Health includes specialized medical communications, market access strategy and other services to global health and pharmaceutical companies. Public Relations services include corporate communications, crisis management, public affairs, and media relations services. Experiential & Other includes experiential design and execution, live and digital events, and entertainment and sports marketing, as well as consulting, branding, and design services. It also includes field marketing, merchandising, custom communications and training, and other specialized marketing and support services.

Our geographic markets include the Americas, which includes North America and Latin America, Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA), and Asia-Pacific.

Our business model was built and continues to evolve around our clients. While our networks, connected capabilities and agencies operate under different names and frame their ideas in different disciplines, we organize our services around our clients. Our Omni platform integrates data and technology in support of the services provided by all of our disciplines. Our fundamental business principle is that our clients’ specific requirements are the central focus of how we structure our service offerings and allocate our resources. This client-centric business model requires that multiple agencies and disciplines within Omnicom collaborate in formal client networks, such as our CSLs and GGT, as well as informal virtual client networks, resulting in a client matrix organization structure. This collaboration allows us to execute our clients’ marketing requirements in a consistent and comprehensive manner. We use our client-centric approach to grow our business by expanding our service offerings to existing clients, moving into new markets and obtaining new clients. In addition, we pursue selective acquisitions of complementary companies with strong entrepreneurial management teams that could fill gaps in our service delivery to our existing clients.

Generative AI and agentic AI have, and we believe will continue to have, a significant impact on how we provide services to our clients and how we enhance the productivity of our people. As the marketing industry adjusts to the evolving AI landscape, we seek to leverage these technologies to better serve our clients and maintain our competitive advantage. In January 2026, we unveiled our next generation of Omni, our proprietary marketing intelligence platform. Omni integrates our connected capabilities, high-quality and comprehensive identity and data infrastructure, and cutting-edge AI into a single operating system that we believe will give our clients a unified foundation to connect strategy, execution, and performance across their entire marketing ecosystem.

As we continue to make investments in new technologies, we remain committed to responsible AI practices and collaboration to harness AI's potential, while evaluating related risks, such as ethical considerations, public perception and reputational concerns, intellectual property protection, regulatory compliance, privacy and data security concerns and our ability to effectively adopt this new emerging technology.

Our clients operate in virtually every sector of the global economy. For the twelve months ended March 31, 2026, our largest client accounted for 2.2% of our revenue, and our 100 largest clients, which represent many of the world’s major marketers, accounted for approximately 52.5% of our revenue. Our clients operate in virtually every sector of the global economy with no one industry representing more than 19% of our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2026.

Although our revenue is generally balanced between the United States and international markets and we have a large and diverse client base, we are not immune to general economic downturns.

Global economic conditions and disruptions have a direct impact on our business and financial performance. Adverse global economic conditions and disruptions pose a risk that our clients may reduce, postpone or cancel spending on marketing and communications services, which would reduce the demand for our services. Revenue is typically lower in the first and third quarters and higher in the second and fourth quarters, reflecting client spending patterns during the year, as well as additional project work that usually occurs in the fourth quarter. Certain global events targeted by major marketers for advertising expenditures, such as the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics, and certain national events, such as the U.S. election process, may affect our revenue year-over-year in certain businesses. Typically, these events do not have a significant impact on our revenue in any period.

Given our size and breadth, we monitor several financial indicators. The KPIs that we focus on are revenue growth and variability of operating expenses.

We analyze revenue growth by reviewing the components and mix of the growth, including growth by principal regional market, connected capabilities and marketing disciplines, the impact from foreign currency exchange rate changes, and growth from our largest clients. Operating expenses primarily consist of cost of services, selling, general and administrative expenses, or SG&A, and depreciation and amortization, and are analyzed for each network by the Chief Operating Decision Maker, who allocates resources accordingly.

Financial Performance

Worldwide revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased $2,552.5 million, or 69.2%, to $6,242.9 million, compared to $3,690.4 million in the prior-year-period. Our performance benefited from the Merger, as the first quarter of 2026 represents the first full quarter of results including IPG following the Closing Date. The year-over-year increase in worldwide revenue reflected worldwide constant currency growth (defined below) of $2,378.3 million, or 64.4% and a favorable impact from foreign exchange rates of $174.2 million, which increased revenue by 4.8%.

The mix of our revenue did not change substantially as a result of the Merger. Across our disciplines, revenue increased as follows year-over-year: Integrated Media, $1,173.0 million, Advertising, $385.6 million, Public Relations, $286.7 million, Health, $337.5 million, and Experiential & Other, $369.7 million.

Worldwide revenue increased across our geographic markets for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025, as follows, and was primarily driven by the acquisition of IPG: North America, $1,773.6

million, Latin America, $99.7 million, Europe, $444.0 million, Middle East and Africa, $73.4 million, and Asia-Pacific, $161.8 million.

The table below presents worldwide organic growth period to period compared to the combined basis, net of businesses held for sale or disposition (as defined below).

The components of period-over-period revenue change:

															Core Operations****1
			2025 Revenue****1						Less: Dispositions & Held for Sale						$						% Growth
Combined revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025****2			$	6,013.0					$	748.3					$	5,264.7
Components of revenue change:
Foreign exchange rate impact			174.2						29.9						144.2						2.7		%
Net effect of dispositions			(151.0)						(151.0)						—						—		%
Organic growth			206.7						—						206.7						3.9		%
Revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2026****2			$	6,242.9					$	627.2					$	5,615.7					6.7		%

1. Core Operations, net of dispositions and held for sale, excludes revenue of: businesses that have been disposed of or are classified as held for sale. Amounts for periods prior to the Closing Date are calculated on a combined basis for Omnicom and IPG.

2. Represents combined Omnicom and IPG revenue for the prior year period. The $6.0 billion is comprised of the Omnicom's reported revenue of $3.7 billion and IPG's reported revenue of $2.3 billion, for the three months March 31, 2025 and is provided for comparative purposes. This information has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not represent pro forma financial information prepared in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, such information does not purport to represent what the Company’s revenue would have been had the acquisition occurred at an earlier date and should not be considered indicative of future performance.

Revenue from Core Operations increased $350.9 million, or 6.7% as compared to the combined Core Operations revenue for the prior-year-period. This was driven by organic growth of 3.9% and a positive impact from foreign exchange rate of $144.2 million, or 2.7%. Revenue from businesses that were either disposed of or classified as held for sale as of March 31, 2026 contributed $627.2 million of revenue in the current period.

The components and percentages are calculated as follows:

• Foreign exchange rate impact** is calculated by translating the current period’s local currency revenue using the prior period average exchange rates to derive current period constant currency revenue. The foreign exchange rate impact is the difference between the current period revenue in U.S. Dollars and the current period constant currency revenue.

• Organic growth** is calculated by subtracting the foreign exchange rate impact from total revenue growth, which is equal to the current period revenue from Core Operations minus the prior period revenue from Core Operations.

• Percentage growth** is calculated by dividing the individual amount by the prior period Core Operations revenue base.

When we use the term Constant currency growth it refers to the change in revenue in the period, excluding the effects of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. This measure is calculated by adjusting current period revenue to eliminate the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates and comparing the resulting amount to prior-year revenue.

Changes in the value of foreign currencies against the U.S. Dollar affect our results of operations and financial position. For the most part, because the revenue and expense of our foreign operations are both denominated in the same local currency, the economic impact on operating margin is minimized. Assuming exchange rates at March 31, 2026 remain unchanged, we expect the changes in foreign exchange rates will positively impact our revenue by 3.0% for the second quarter and positively impact our revenue by 1.0% for the full year.

In the normal course of business, our agencies both gain and lose business from clients each year due to a variety of factors. Under our client-centric approach, we seek to broaden our relationships with all of our clients. Our largest client represented 2.2% and 2.7% of revenue for the twelve months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Our ten largest and 100 largest clients represented 16.4% and 52.5% of revenue for the twelve months ended March 31, 2026, respectively, and 19.1% and 53.6% of revenue for the twelve months ended March 31, 2025, respectively.

A summary of our consolidated results of operations period-over-period:

			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2026						2025																		$ Change						% Change
Revenue			$	6,242.9					$	3,690.4																	$	2,552.5					69.2		%
Operating Income2			$	646.2					$	452.6																	$	193.6					42.8		%
Operating Margin2			10.4%						12.3%																								(1.9)		%
Net Income - Omnicom Group Inc.2			$	405.2					$	287.7																	$	117.5					40.8		%
Net Income per Share - Omnicom Group Inc.: Diluted2,3			$	1.35					$	1.45																	$	(0.10)					(6.9)		%
EBITA1,2,3			$	763.6					$	474.4																	$	289.2					61.0		%
EBITA Margin %1,2,3,4			12.2%						12.9%																								(0.7)		%

1. Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on page 27.

2. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, operating expenses included $4.1 million ($3.1 million after-tax), related to repositioning costs, primarily related to severance actions in connection with the Merger, and $34.3 million ($27.8 million after-tax) of losses on dispositions of certain businesses in connection with the Merger (see Notes 10 and 11 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements). In addition, included in selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2026, are integration and acquisition related costs of $59.4 million ($46.7 million after-tax), related to the Merger. The net impact of these items reduced operating income for the three months ended March 31, 2026, by $97.8 million ($77.6 million after-tax), which reduced diluted net income per share - Omnicom Group Inc. by $0.26. Included in selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are acquisition related expenses of $33.8 million ($32.7 million after-tax) in connection with the Merger, which reduced diluted net income per share - Omnicom Group Inc. by $0.17.

3. EBITA is defined as earnings before interest, income taxes and amortization of acquired intangible assets and internally developed strategic platform assets. We believe EBITA is useful in evaluating the impact of amortization of acquired intangible assets and internally developed strategic platform assets on operating performance and allows for comparability between reporting periods. The effect of after-tax amortization of acquired intangible assets and internally developed strategic platform assets decreased diluted net income per share by $0.29 and $0.08 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

4. The effect on EBITA Margin of dispositions and assets held for sale for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was a $627.2 million reduction to revenue and a $27.9 million reduction to EBITA, which resulted in a 1.0% decrease in EBITA Margin.

CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The period-over-period change in results of operations:

			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2026						2025						$ Change
Revenue			$	6,242.9					$	3,690.4					$	2,552.5
Operating Expenses:
Salary and service costs			4,639.6						2,746.3						1,893.3
Occupancy and other costs			527.3						314.6						212.7
Severance and repositioning costs2			4.1						—						4.1
Loss on assets held for sale and dispositions2			34.3						—						34.3
Cost of services			5,205.3						3,060.9						2,144.4
Selling, general and administrative expenses2			224.5						117.9						106.6
Depreciation and amortization			166.9						59.0						107.9
Total Operating Expenses****2			5,596.7						3,237.8						2,358.9
Operating Income****2			646.2						452.6						193.6
Interest Expense			119.0						59.1						59.9
Interest Income			47.0						29.7						17.3
Income Before Income Taxes and Income (Loss) From Equity Method Investments			574.2						423.2						151.0
Income Tax Expense			154.6						120.7						33.9
Income (Loss) From Equity Method Investments			(0.9)						0.9						(1.8)
Net Income****2			418.7						303.4						115.3
Net Income Attributed To Noncontrolling Interests			13.5						15.7						(2.2)
**Net Income - Omnicom Group Inc.**2			$	405.2					$	287.7					$	117.5
**Net Income Per Share - Omnicom Group Inc.:**2,3
Basic			$	1.36					$	1.46					$	(0.10)
Diluted			$	1.35					$	1.45					$	(0.10)
Revenue			$	6,242.9					$	3,690.4					$	2,552.5
Operating Margin %2			10.4		%				12.3		%
EBITA1,2,3			$	763.6					$	474.4					$	289.2
EBITA Margin %1,2,3,4			12.2		%				12.9		%				(0.7)		%

1. Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on page 27.

2. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, operating expenses included $4.1 million ($3.1 million after-tax), related to repositioning costs, primarily related to severance actions in connection with the Merger, and $34.3 million ($27.8 million after-tax) of losses on dispositions of certain businesses in connection with the Merger (see Notes 10 and 11 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements). In addition, included in selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2026, are integration and acquisition related costs of $59.4 million ($46.7 million after-tax), related to the Merger. The net impact of these items reduced operating income for the three months ended March 31, 2026, by $97.8 million ($77.6 million after-tax), which reduced diluted net income per share - Omnicom Group Inc. by $0.26. Included in selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are acquisition related expenses of $33.8 million ($32.7 million after-tax) in connection with the Merger, which reduced diluted net income per share - Omnicom Group Inc. by $0.17.

3. EBITA is defined as earnings before interest, income taxes and amortization of acquired intangible assets and internally developed strategic platform assets. We believe EBITA is useful in evaluating the impact of amortization of acquired intangible assets and internally developed strategic platform assets on operating performance and allows for comparability between reporting periods. The effect of after-tax amortization of acquired intangible assets and internally developed strategic platform assets decreased diluted net income per share by $0.29 and $0.08 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

4. The effect on EBITA Margin of dispositions and assets held for sale for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was a $627.2 million reduction to revenue and a $27.9 million reduction to EBITA, which resulted in a 1.0% decrease in EBITA Margin.

Revenue by Discipline

To monitor the changing needs of our clients and to further expand the scope of our services to key clients, we monitor revenue across a broad range of disciplines and group them into the following categories. Our networks, connected capabilities, and agencies provide a comprehensive range of services across our principal disciplines: Integrated Media, Advertising, Health, Public Relations, and Experiential & Other.

Beginning in the first quarter of 2026, we realigned the classification of certain services and prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

The period-over-period change in revenue and constant currency growth by discipline:

			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2026												2025												2026 vs. 2025
			$						% of Revenue						$						% of Revenue						$ Change						% Constant Currency Growth
Integrated Media			2,978.4						47.7		%				1,805.4						48.9		%				1,173.0						60.0		%
Advertising			1,060.2						17.0		%				674.6						18.3		%				385.6						50.4		%
Public Relations			696.6						11.2		%				359.1						9.7		%				337.5						90.5		%
Health			585.7						9.4		%				299.0						8.1		%				286.7						94.1		%
Experiential & Other			922.0						14.7		%				552.3						15.0		%				369.7						63.1		%
Revenue****1			$	6,242.9											$	3,690.4											$	2,552.5					64.4		%

1. Revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2026, includes amounts attributable to disposals or entities classified as held for sale, consisting of $627.2 million.

The mix of our revenue did not change substantially as a result of the Merger. Across our disciplines, revenue increased as follows year-over-year: Integrated Media, $1,173.0 million, Advertising, $385.6 million, Public Relations, $286.7 million, Health, $337.5 million, and Experiential & Other, $369.7 million. Constant currency growth was $2,378.4 million, or 64.4%, compared to the prior year period. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates period-over-period increased revenue $174.2 million, or 4.7%. The increase in revenue from foreign exchange translation was primarily related to the strengthening of most currencies, including the Euro, British Pound and Australian Dollar, against the U.S. Dollar.

Revenue by Geography

The period-over-period change in revenue and constant currency growth in our geographic markets:

			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2026												2025												2026 vs. 2025
			$						% of Revenue						$						% of Revenue						$ Change						% Constant Currency Growth
Americas:
North America			$	3,885.1					62.2		%				$	2,111.5					57.2		%				$	1,773.6					83.6		%
Latin America			196.1						3.1		%				96.4						2.6		%				99.7						85.3		%
EMEA:
Europe			1,439.0						23.1		%				995.0						27.0		%				444.0						32.4		%
Middle East and Africa			144.3						2.3		%				70.8						1.9		%				73.4						94.0		%
Asia-Pacific			578.5						9.2		%				416.7						11.3		%				161.8						34.1		%
Revenue****1			$	6,242.9											$	3,690.4											$	2,552.5					64.4		%

1. Revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2026, includes amounts attributable to disposals or entities classified as held for sale, consisting of $627.2 million.

Worldwide revenue increased across our geographic markets for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025, as follows, and was primarily driven by the acquisition of IPG: North America, $1,773.6 million, Latin America, $99.7 million, Europe, $444.0 million, Middle East and Africa, $73.4 million, and Asia-Pacific, $161.8 million.

North America

In North America, constant currency growth period-over-period for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was primarily driven by strong performance in the United States. The mix of our business increased in North America as a result of the Merger.

Latin America

In Latin America, constant currency growth for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the prior year periods, was led by our Integrated Media discipline, including from the impact of the IPG acquisition. Growth was across countries in the region. Foreign currency exchange rate changes increased revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the same period in 2025, primarily as a result of the strengthening of the Mexican Peso, Brazilian Real and Columbian Peso, against the U.S. Dollar period-over-period.

EMEA

In Europe, compared to the prior year periods, constant currency growth for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was primarily due to the acquisition of IPG. Foreign currency exchange rate changes increased revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2026, primarily as a result of the strengthening of the Euro and the British Pound against the U.S. Dollar period-over-period. The mix of our business in EMEA has decreased as a result of the Merger.

In the U.K., for the three months ended March 31, 2026, constant currency growth period-over-period was 36.9%. The mix of our business in the U.K. was 9.3%, for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 10.7%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as a result of the Merger.

In Continental Europe, which includes the Euro Zone and the other European countries, constant currency growth was 29.2%. Foreign currency exchange rate changes increased revenue 13.9% for the three months ended March 31, 2026, primarily as a result of the strengthening of the Euro against the U.S. Dollar period-over-period.

In the Middle East and Africa, for the three months ended March 31, 2026, constant currency growth was 94.0%, primarily due to growth across all countries in the region.

Asia-Pacific

In Asia-Pacific, constant currency growth increased for the three months ended March 31, 2026, with strong performance in all markets in the region. Foreign currency exchange rate changes increased revenue 4.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2026, primarily as a result of the strengthening of most currencies against the U.S. Dollar, including the Australian Dollar. The mix of our business in Asia-Pacific decreased as a result of the Merger.

Revenue by Industry

Revenue by type of client industry sector:

			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2026						2025
Pharmaceuticals and Health			19		%				15		%
Food and Beverage			13		%				15		%
Auto			10		%				13		%
Financial Services			10		%				8		%
Consumer Products			9		%				9		%
Retail			7		%				6		%
Technology			7		%				7		%
Travel and Entertainment			6		%				8		%
Services			4		%				3		%
Government			3		%				4		%
Telecommunications			3		%				3		%
Oil, Gas and Utilities			2		%				2		%
Not-for-Profit			1		%				1		%
Education			1		%				1		%
Other			5		%				5		%
Total			100		%				100		%

Operating Expenses

The period-over-period change in operating expenses:

			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2026												2025												2026 vs. 2025
			$						% of Revenue						$						% of Revenue						$ Change						% Change
Revenue			$	6,242.9											$	3,690.4											$	2,552.5					69.2		%
Operating Expenses:
Salary and service costs:
Salary and related costs			3,061.6						49.0		%				1,780.5						48.2		%				1,281.1						72.0		%
Third-party service costs			1,365.7						21.9		%				796.8						21.6		%				568.9						71.4		%
Third-party incidental costs			212.3						3.4		%				169.0						4.6		%				43.3						25.6		%
Total salary and service costs			4,639.6						74.3		%				2,746.3						74.4		%				1,893.3						68.9		%
Occupancy and other costs			527.3						8.4		%				314.6						8.5		%				212.7						67.6		%
Loss on assets held for sale and dispositions			34.3						0.5		%				—						—		%				34.3						—		%
Severance and repositioning costs			4.1						0.1		%				—						—		%				4.1						—		%
Cost of services			5,205.3												3,060.9												2,144.4						70.1		%
Selling, general and administrative expenses			224.5						3.6		%				117.9						3.2		%				106.6						90.4		%
Depreciation and amortization			166.9						2.8		%				59.0						1.6		%				107.9						182.9		%
Total Operating Expenses			5,596.7						89.6		%				3,237.8						87.7		%				2,358.9						72.9		%
Operating Income			$	646.2					10.4		%				$	452.6					12.3		%				$	193.6					42.8		%

We measure cost of services in two distinct categories: salary and service costs and occupancy and other costs. As a service business, salary and service costs make up a significant portion of our operating expenses and substantially all these costs comprise the essential components directly linked to the delivery of our services. Salary and service costs include employee compensation and benefits, freelance labor, third-party service costs, and third-party incidental costs. Third-party service costs include vendor costs when we act as principal in providing services to our clients. Third-party incidental costs that are required to be included in revenue primarily consist of client-related travel and incidental out-of-pocket costs that are billed back to the client directly at our cost. Occupancy and other costs consist of the indirect costs related to the delivery of our services, including office rent and other occupancy costs, equipment rent, technology costs, general office expenses and other expenses. Adverse and beneficial fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates from period to period impact our results of operations and financial condition when we translate our financial statements from local foreign currency exchange rates to the U.S. Dollar. However, substantially all of our foreign operations transact business in their local currency, mitigating the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our operating margin percentage. As a result, the changes in our operating expenses period-over-period from foreign currency translation were in line with the percentage impact from changes in foreign currencies on revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2026.

Operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased $2,358.9 million, or 72.9%, to $5,596.7 million compared to the prior year, primarily due to the acquisition of IPG. Included in operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2026 are $4.1 million, primarily for severance and other repositioning costs, as well as $34.3 million of charges to reflect the businesses to be disposed at their estimated net realizable value. In addition, we incurred integration costs related to the acquisition of IPG of $59.4 million, which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses (see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements). Included in selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are acquisition related costs of $33.8 million ($32.7 million after-tax), related to the Merger.

Operating Expenses - Salary and Service Costs

Salary and service costs, which tend to fluctuate with changes in revenue, are comprised of salary and related costs, third-party service costs, and third-party incidental costs.

Salary and service costs for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased $1,893.3 million, or 68.9%, to $4,639.6 million, compared to the prior year period. Salary and related costs for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased $1,281.1 million, or 72.0%, to $3,061.6 million, primarily due to our acquisition of IPG. As a percentage of revenue, salary and related costs were relatively flat compared to the prior year period. We expect these costs to be in-line as a percentage of revenue year-over-year as we realize operational efficiencies and advance the integration of our operations with IPG. Third-party service costs for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased $568.9 million, or 71.4%, to $1,365.7 million, primarily as a result of the IPG acquisition, as well as constant currency impacts in our Integrated Media discipline. Third-party incidental costs for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased $43.3 million, or 25.6%, to $212.3 million, primarily due to revenue growth and our acquisition of IPG.

Operating Expenses - Occupancy and Other Costs

Occupancy and other costs for the three months ended March 31, 2026, which are less directly linked to changes in revenue than salary and service costs, increased by $212.7 million, or 67.6%, to $527.3 million due to the additional real estate footprint from the IPG acquisition. As a percentage of revenue, occupancy and other costs were relatively flat compared to the prior year period.

Operating Expenses - Selling, General & Administrative ("SG&A") Expenses

SG&A expenses primarily consist of third-party marketing costs, professional fees, compensation and benefits and occupancy and other costs of our corporate and executive offices, including group-wide finance and accounting, treasury, legal and governance, human resource oversight and similar costs.

SG&A expenses increased for the three months ended March 31, 2026 by $106.6 million, compared to the same period in 2025, primarily due to the acquisition of IPG, including integration and acquisition related costs in connection with the acquisition of IPG of $59.4 million ($46.7 million after-tax) and $33.8 million ($32.7 million after-tax), in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and March 31, 2025, respectively (see Note 1 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements).

Operating Income

Operating income for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased $193.6 million to $646.2 million, and operating margin decreased to 10.4% from 12.3% compared to the same period in 2025. Amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased by $95.6 million to $117.4 million, primarily related to the Merger, which decreased operating income and margin. EBITA for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased $289.2 million to $763.6 million, and EBITA margin decreased to 12.2% from 12.9%. Integration and acquisition related costs related to the Merger and severance and other repositioning costs recorded in the first quarter of 2026 (see Notes 1 and 10 to the unaudited financial statements) reduced both operating income and EBITA by $97.8 million, and reduced both operating margin and EBITA margin by 1.5%. Acquisition related costs recorded in the first quarter of 2025 reduced both operating income and EBITA by $33.8 million, and reduced both operating margin and EBITA margin by 0.9%. The effect on EBITA margin for assets held for sale or disposition for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 was 1.0% and 0.8%, respectively.

Net Interest Expense

Net interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased $42.6 million period-over-period to $72.0 million. Interest expense on debt for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased $57.7 million period-over-period to $113.8 million, due to higher average long-term debt balances resulting primarily from the assumption of IPG’s long-term debt following the merger, as well as refinancing activities completed during the first quarter of 2026, which resulted in approximately $1 billion of incremental long-term debt. Interest income in the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased $17.3 million to $47.0 million, primarily due to higher average cash balances.

Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2026 decreased period-over-period to 26.9% from 28.5%, primarily due to the non-deductibility of certain integration and acquisition related costs in connection with the Merger that impacted the effective tax rate in 2025. The effective tax rate for 2026 reflects the impact of the lower tax benefit associated with severance and repositioning charges and IPG acquisition related costs.

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act was signed into law in the U.S., which contains a broad range of tax reform provisions affecting businesses. The legislation does not have a material impact on our financial statements.

Net Income and Net Income Per Share - Omnicom Group Inc.

Net income - Omnicom Group Inc. in the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased $117.5 million to $405.2 million from $287.7 million. The period-over-period increase is due to the Merger with IPG and the factors described above. Diluted net income per share - Omnicom Group Inc. decreased to $1.35 in the three months ended March 31, 2026, from $1.45 in the three months ended March 31, 2025, based on the factors described above and the Merger with IPG, offset by the impact of the increase in our weighted average shares of common stock outstanding due to the issuance of shares for the IPG acquisition. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the impact of integration and acquisition related costs and severance and other repositioning costs (see Notes 1 and 10 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements) reduced net income - Omnicom Group Inc. by $77.6 million and diluted net income per share - Omnicom Group Inc. by $0.26. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, acquisition related costs reduced net income - Omnicom Group Inc. by $32.7 million and diluted net income per share - Omnicom Group Inc. by $0.17.

The effect of after-tax amortization principally from acquired intangible assets and internally developed strategic platform assets decreased diluted net income per share by $0.29 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and $0.08 for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

We use certain non-GAAP financial measures in describing our performance. We use EBITA and EBITA Margin as additional operating performance measures, which excludes from operating income the non-cash amortization expense of acquired intangible assets and internally developed strategic platform assets. We believe EBITA and EBITA Margin are useful measures for investors to evaluate the performance of our business and allows for comparability between the periods presented. We also use constant currency growth as an additional operating performance measure. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information presented in compliance with U.S. GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures reported by us may not be comparable to similarly titled amounts reported by other companies.

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The following table reconciles the U.S. GAAP financial measure of Net Income - Omnicom Group Inc. to EBITA and EBITA Margin:

			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2026						2025
Net Income - Omnicom Group Inc.			$	405.2					$	287.7
Net Income Attributed To Noncontrolling Interests			13.5						15.7
Net Income			418.7						303.4
Income (Loss) From Equity Method Investments			(0.9)						0.9
Income Tax Expense			154.6						120.7
Income Before Income Taxes and Income (Loss) From Equity Method Investments			574.2						423.2
Interest Expense			119.0						59.1
Interest Income			47.0						29.7
Operating Income			646.2						452.6
Add back: Amortization principally from acquired intangible assets and internally developed strategic platform assets			117.4						21.8
Earnings before interest, taxes and amortization of intangible assets (“EBITA”)			$	763.6					$	474.4
Revenue			$	6,242.9					$	3,690.4
EBITA			$	763.6					$	474.4
EBITA Margin			12.2		%				12.9		%

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Cash Sources and Requirements

The primary sources of our short-term liquidity are net cash provided by operating activities and cash and cash equivalents. Additional liquidity sources include our $3.5 billion unsecured multi-currency revolving credit facility, or Credit Facility, terminating on November 26, 2030, the ability to issue up to $3 billion of U.S. Dollar denominated commercial paper and issue up to the equivalent of $500 million in British Pounds or Euro under a Euro commercial paper program, and access to the capital markets. In addition, certain of our international subsidiaries have uncommitted credit lines that are guaranteed by Omnicom, aggregating $1.1 billion. Our liquidity sources fund our non-discretionary cash requirements and our discretionary spending.

Working capital, which we define as current assets minus current liabilities, is our principal non-discretionary funding requirement. Our working capital cycle typically peaks during the second quarter of the year due to the timing of payments for incentive compensation, income taxes and contingent purchase price obligations. In addition, we have contractual obligations related to our long-term debt (principal and interest payments), recurring business operations, primarily related to lease obligations, and acquisition related obligations. Our principal discretionary cash spending includes dividend payments to common shareholders, capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions and repurchases of our common stock.

Cash and cash equivalents decreased $2,593.0 million from December 31, 2025. During the first three months of 2026, we used $553.2 million of cash in operating activities, which included the use for operating capital of $1.2 billion, primarily related to our typical working capital cycle. Discretionary spending for the first three months of 2026 was $3.1 billion, compared to $253.7 million for the first three months of 2025. Discretionary spending for the first three months of 2026 was comprised of capital expenditures of $61.2 million, dividends paid to common shareholders of $251.7 million, dividends paid to shareholders of noncontrolling interests of $12.1 million, repurchases of our common stock, including shares purchased pursuant to the accelerated stock repurchase program, of $2,761.8 million, net of proceeds from vesting of restricted stock awards and related tax benefits. The

acquisition of additional shares of noncontrolling interests and payment of contingent purchase price obligations was $16.3 million. Based on past performance and current expectations, we believe that net cash provided by operating activities and cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our non-discretionary cash requirements for the next twelve months. In addition, and over the longer term, our Credit Facility and access to capital markets are available to fund our working capital, contractual obligations and discretionary spending, including share repurchases.

Cash Management

Our regional treasury centers in North America, Europe and Asia manage our cash and liquidity. Each day, operations with excess funds invest those funds with their regional treasury center. Likewise, operations that require funds borrow from their regional treasury center. Treasury centers with excess cash invest on a short-term basis with third parties, with maturities generally ranging from overnight to 90 days. Certain treasury centers have notional pooling arrangements that are used to manage their cash and set-off foreign exchange imbalances. These arrangements require each treasury center to have its own notional pool account and to maintain a positive notional balance. Additionally, under the terms of the arrangement, set-off of foreign exchange positions are limited to the long and short positions within their own account. We may also use multi-entity notional cash pooling arrangements with banks instead of treasury centers to manage our liquidity requirements. In these pooling arrangements, certain legal entities agree with a single bank that the cash balances of any of the entities with the bank will be subject to a full right of set-off against amounts other entities owe the bank, and the bank provides for overdrafts as long as the net balance for all entities does not exceed an agreed-upon level. To the extent that our treasury centers require liquidity, they can issue up to a total of $3.0 billion of U.S. Dollar-denominated commercial paper, issue up to the equivalent of $500 million in British Pounds or Euro under a Euro commercial paper program, or borrow under the Credit Facility, or the uncommitted credit lines. This process enables us to manage our debt more efficiently and utilize our cash more effectively, as well as manage our risk to foreign exchange rate imbalances. In countries where we either do not conduct treasury operations or it is not feasible for one of our treasury centers to fund net borrowing requirements on an intercompany basis, we arrange for local currency uncommitted credit lines. We have a policy governing counterparty credit risk with financial institutions that hold our cash and cash equivalents, and we have deposit limits for each institution. In countries where we conduct treasury operations, generally the counterparties are either branches or subsidiaries of institutions that are party to the Credit Facility. These institutions generally have credit ratings better than or equal to our credit ratings.

At March 31, 2026, our foreign subsidiaries held approximately $2.5 billion of our total cash and cash equivalents of $4.3 billion. Substantially all of the cash is available to us, net of any foreign withholding taxes payable upon repatriation to the United States.

As of March 31, 2026, our net debt position, which we define as total debt, including short-term debt, less cash and cash equivalents, increased $3.5 billion to $5.8 billion from December 31, 2025. The increase in net debt primarily resulted from the issuance of our $400 million aggregate principal amount of 4.200% Senior Notes due 2029, $700 million aggregate principal amount of 5.000% Senior Notes due 2033 and $600 million aggregate principal amount of 5.300% Senior Notes due 2036, as well as the issuance of our €600 million aggregate principal amount of 3.850% Senior Notes due 2034. We used some of the proceeds to pay down our $1.4 billion 3.600% Senior Notes due 2026. Net debt was also impacted by the use of cash of $553.2 million for operating activities, which included the use for operating capital of $1.2 billion, primarily related to our typical working capital requirements during the period and other non-discretionary and discretionary spending of $3.1 billion, as discussed above.

Net debt:

			March 31, 2026						December 31, 2025						March 31, 2025
Short-term debt			$	67.4					$	62.0					$	19.1
Long-term debt, including current portion			9,977.5						9,054.5						6,116.5
Total debt			10,044.9						9,116.5						6,135.6
Less: Cash and cash equivalents			4,288.1						6,881.1						3,378.3
Net debt			$	5,756.8					$	2,235.4					$	2,757.3

Net debt is a Non-GAAP liquidity measure. This presentation, together with the comparable U.S. GAAP liquidity measures, reflects one of the key metrics used by us to assess our cash management. Non-GAAP liquidity measures should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information presented in compliance with U.S. GAAP. Non-GAAP liquidity measures as reported by us may not be comparable to similarly titled amounts reported by other companies.

Debt Instruments and Related Covenants

On March 2, 2026, Omnicom closed its public offering of $400 million aggregate principal amount of 4.200% Senior Notes due 2029, $700 million aggregate principal amount of 5.000% Senior Notes due 2033 and $600 million aggregate principal amount of 5.300% Senior Notes due 2036. In addition, on March 2, 2026, Omnicom Finance Holdings plc ("OFH"), a U.K.-based wholly owned subsidiary of Omnicom, closed its public offering of €600 million aggregate principal amount of 3.850% Senior Notes due 2034, which notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Omnicom. Omnicom used a portion of the net proceeds to repay its

$1.4 billion 3.600% Senior Notes due 2026, which were fully redeemed at par on March 31, 2026. Omnicom intends to use the remaining proceeds for general corporate purposes.

Omnicom fully and unconditionally guaranteed the obligations of OFH with respect to the €500 million 0.800% Senior Notes due 2027, the €500 million 1.400% Senior Notes due 2031, the €600 million 3.700% Senior Notes due 2032, and the €600 million 3.850% Senior Notes due 2034 (collectively the "Euro Notes"). OFH’s assets consist of its investments in several wholly owned finance companies that function as treasury centers, providing funding for various operating companies in Europe, Australia, and other countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The finance companies’ assets consist of cash and cash equivalents and intercompany loans that they make or have made to the operating companies in their respective regions and the related interest receivable. There are no restrictions on the ability of Omnicom or OFH to obtain funds from their subsidiaries through dividends, loans, or advances. The Euro Notes and the related guarantees are senior unsecured obligations that rank equal in right of payment with all existing and future unsecured senior indebtedness of OFH and Omnicom, respectively.

Omnicom has fully and unconditionally guaranteed the obligations of Omnicom Capital Holdings plc, or ("OCH"), a U.K.-based wholly owned subsidiary of Omnicom, with respect to the £325 million 2.250% Senior Notes due 2033, (the "Sterling Notes"). OCH’s assets consist of its investments in several wholly owned finance companies that function as treasury centers, providing funding for various operating companies in EMEA, Australia, and other countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The finance companies’ assets consist of cash and cash equivalents and intercompany loans that they make or have made to the operating companies in their respective regions and the related interest receivable. There are no restrictions on the ability of Omnicom or OCH to obtain funds from their subsidiaries through dividends, loans, or advances. The Sterling Notes and the related guarantee are senior unsecured obligations that rank equal in right of payment with all existing and future unsecured senior indebtedness of OCH and Omnicom, respectively.

The Credit Facility has a financial covenant that requires us to maintain a Leverage Ratio of consolidated indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and non-cash charges) of no more than 3.5 times for the most recently ended 12-month period. At March 31, 2026, we were in compliance with this covenant as our Leverage Ratio, computed in accordance with the terms of the facility, was 2.5 times. The Credit Facility does not limit our ability to declare or pay dividends or repurchase our common stock.

At March 31, 2026, our long-term and short-term debt was rated BBB+ and A2 by S&P and Baa1 and P2 by Moody’s. Our access to the commercial paper market and the cost of any issuances are affected by market conditions and our credit ratings. The long-term debt indentures and the Credit Facility do not contain provisions that require acceleration of cash payments in the event of a downgrade in our credit ratings.

Credit Markets and Availability of Credit

In light of the uncertainty of future economic conditions, we will continue to take actions available to us to respond to changing economic conditions, and we will manage our discretionary expenditures. We will also continue to monitor and manage the level of credit made available to our clients. We believe that these actions, in addition to the availability of our Credit Facility, are sufficient to fund our near-term working capital needs and our discretionary spending. Information regarding our Credit Facility is provided in Note 6 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

We have the ability to fund our day-to-day liquidity, including working capital, by issuing commercial paper or borrowing under the Credit Facility. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, there were no drawings under the Credit Facility and no commercial paper issuances outstanding at quarter-end; however, commercial paper was issued and repaid during the period as described below. There were no draws under the Credit Facility or commercial paper issuances during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Commercial paper activity was (dollars in millions):

			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2026						2025
Average amount outstanding during the quarter			$	261.8					$	—
Maximum amount outstanding during the quarter			632.6						$	—
Amount outstanding at the end of the quarter			$	—					$	—
Weighted average maturity days			28.3						—
Weighted average interest rate			3.88		%				—		%

We may issue commercial paper to fund our day-to-day liquidity when needed. However, disruptions in the credit markets may lead to periods of illiquidity in the commercial paper market and higher credit spreads. To mitigate any disruption in the credit markets and to fund our liquidity, we may borrow under the Credit Facility, or the uncommitted credit lines or access the capital markets if favorable conditions exist. We will continue to monitor closely our liquidity and conditions in the credit markets. We cannot predict with any certainty the impact on us of any disruptions in the credit markets. In such circumstances, we may need to obtain additional financing to fund our day-to-day working capital requirements. Such additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, or at all.

Credit Risk

We provide marketing and communications services to several thousand clients that operate in nearly every sector of the global economy, and we grant credit to qualified clients in the normal course of business. Due to the diversified nature of our client base, we do not believe that we are exposed to a concentration of credit risk, as our largest client represented 2.2% of revenue for the twelve months ended March 31, 2026. However, during periods of economic downturn, the credit profiles of our clients could change.

In the normal course of business, our agencies enter into contractual commitments with media providers and production companies on behalf of our clients at levels that can substantially exceed the revenue from our services. These commitments are included in accounts payable when the services are delivered by the media providers or production companies. If permitted by local law and the client agreement, many of our agencies purchase media and production services for our clients as an agent for a disclosed principal. In addition, while operating practices vary by country, media type and media vendor, in the United States and certain foreign markets, many of our agencies’ contracts with media and production providers specify that our agencies are not liable to the media and production providers under the theory of sequential liability until and to the extent we have been paid by our client for the media or production services.

Where purchases of media and production services are made by our agencies as a principal or are not subject to the theory of sequential liability, the risk of a material loss as a result of payment default by our clients could increase significantly, and such a loss could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

While we use various methods to manage the risk of payment default, including obtaining credit insurance, requiring payment in advance, mitigating the potential loss in the marketplace or negotiating with media providers, these may be insufficient, less available, or unavailable during a severe economic downturn.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

For a more complete understanding of our accounting estimates and policies, the unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, readers are encouraged to consider this information together with our discussion of our critical accounting policies under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our 2025 10-K.