Item 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) The following documents are filed as part of this report:

1. Consolidated Financial Statements	Page Number
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	66
Consolidated Balance Sheets	68
Consolidated Statements of Income	69
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	70
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity	71
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	72
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	74
2. Financial Statement Schedule
Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts	121
All other schedules have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
3. Exhibits Required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K
The information required by this Item is set forth in the Index of Exhibits that precedes the signature page of this Annual Report.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of PayPal Holdings, Inc.

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of PayPal Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, including the related notes and schedule of valuation and qualifying accounts for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 appearing under Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's report on internal control over financial reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

San Jose, California

February 7, 2019

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2000.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

	As of December 31,
	2018				2017
	(In millions, except par value)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	7,575			$	2,883
Short-term investments	1,534				2,812
Accounts receivable, net	313				283
Loans and interest receivable, net of allowances of $172 in 2018 and $129 in 2017	2,532				1,314
Loans and interest receivable, held for sale	—				6,398
Funds receivable and customer accounts	20,062				18,242
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	947				713
Total current assets	32,963				32,645
Long-term investments	971				1,961
Property and equipment, net	1,724				1,528
Goodwill	6,284				4,339
Intangible assets, net	825				168
Other assets	565				133
Total assets	$	43,332			$	40,774
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	281			$	257
Notes payable	1,998				1,000
Funds payable and amounts due to customers	21,562				19,742
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	2,002				1,781
Income taxes payable	61				83
Total current liabilities	25,904				22,863
Deferred tax liability and other long-term liabilities	2,042				1,917
Total liabilities	27,946				24,780
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13)
Equity:
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 4,000 shares authorized; 1,174 and 1,200 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively	—				—
Treasury stock at cost, 91 and 47 shares as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively	(5,511		)		(2,001		)
Additional paid-in-capital	14,939				14,314
Retained earnings	5,880				3,823
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	78				(142		)
Total equity	15,386				15,994
Total liabilities and equity	$	43,332			$	40,774

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
	(In millions, except for per share amounts)
Net revenues	$	15,451			$	13,094			$	10,842
Operating expenses:
Transaction expense	5,581				4,419				3,346
Transaction and loan losses	1,274				1,011				1,088
Customer support and operations	1,482				1,364				1,267
Sales and marketing	1,313				1,128				969
Product development	1,071				953				834
General and administrative	1,451				1,155				1,028
Depreciation and amortization	776				805				724
Restructuring and other charges	309				132				—
Total operating expenses	13,257				10,967				9,256
Operating income	2,194				2,127				1,586
Other income (expense), net	182				73				45
Income before income taxes	2,376				2,200				1,631
Income tax expense	319				405				230
Net income	$	2,057			$	1,795			$	1,401
Net income per share:
Basic	$	1.74			$	1.49			$	1.16
Diluted	$	1.71			$	1.47			$	1.15
Weighted average shares:
Basic	1,184				1,203				1,210
Diluted	1,203				1,221				1,218

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
	(In millions)
Net income	$	2,057			$	1,795			$	1,401
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of reclassification adjustments:
Foreign currency translation	(68		)		43				(15		)
Unrealized (losses) gains on investments, net	(1		)		(7		)		11
Tax benefit (expense) on unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net	1				1				(1		)
Unrealized gains (losses) on hedging activities, net	293				(242		)		74
Tax (expense) benefit on unrealized gains (losses) on hedging activities, net	(5		)		4				(1		)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	220				(201		)		68
Comprehensive income	$	2,277			$	1,594			$	1,469

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

	Common Stock Shares			Treasury Stock				Additional Paid-In Capital				Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)				Retained Earnings				Total Equity
	(In millions)
Balances at December 31, 2015	1,224			$	—			$	13,100			$	(9	)		$	668			$	13,759
Net income	—			—				—				—				1,401				1,401
Foreign currency translation	—			—				—				(15		)		—				(15		)
Unrealized gains on investments, net	—			—				—				11				—				11
Tax expense on unrealized gains on investments, net	—			—				—				(1		)		—				(1		)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on hedging activities, net	—			—				—				74				—				74
Tax expense on unrealized gains on hedging activities, net	—			—				—				(1		)		—				(1		)
Common stock and stock-based awards issued and assumed, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	10			—				(10		)		—				—				(10		)
Common stock repurchased	(27	)		(995		)		—				—				—				(995		)
Stock-based compensation	—			—				449				—				—				449
Stock-based compensation tax impact	—			—				40				—				—				40
Balances at December 31, 2016	1,207			$	(995	)		$	13,579			$	59			$	2,069			$	14,712
Net income	—			—				—				—				1,795				1,795
Foreign currency translation	—			—				—				43				—				43
Unrealized losses on investments, net	—			—				—				(7		)		—				(7		)
Tax benefit on unrealized losses on investments, net	—			—				—				1				—				1
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on hedging activities, net	—			—				—				(242		)		—				(242		)
Tax benefit on unrealized losses on hedging activities, net	—			—				—				4				—				4
Common stock and stock-based awards issued and assumed, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	13			—				(21		)		—				—				(21		)
Common stock repurchased	(20	)		(1,006		)		—				—				—				(1,006		)
Stock-based compensation	—			—				756				—				—				756
Income tax adjustment for intra entity transfers	—			—				—				—				(41		)		(41		)
Balances at December 31, 2017	1,200			$	(2,001	)		$	14,314			$	(142	)		$	3,823			$	15,994
Net income	—			—				—				—				2,057				2,057
Foreign currency translation	—			—				—				(68		)		—				(68		)
Unrealized losses on investments, net	—			—				—				(1		)		—				(1		)
Tax benefit on unrealized losses on investments, net	—			—				—				1				—				1
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on hedging activities, net	—			—				—				293				—				293
Tax expense on unrealized gains on hedging activities, net	—			—				—				(5		)		—				(5		)
Common stock and stock-based awards issued and assumed, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	18			—				(251		)		—				—				(251		)
Common stock repurchased	(44	)		(3,510		)		(15		)		—				—				(3,525		)
Stock-based compensation	—			—				891				—				—				891
Balances at December 31, 2018	1,174			$	(5,511	)		$	14,939			$	78			$	5,880			$	15,386

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
	(In millions)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	2,057			$	1,795			$	1,401
Adjustments:
Transaction and loan losses	1,274				1,011				1,088
Depreciation and amortization	776				805				724
Stock-based compensation	853				733				438
Deferred income taxes	(171		)		(1,299		)		52
Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation	—				—				(40		)
Cost basis adjustments to loans and interest receivable held for sale	244				92				—
Other	(172		)		(25		)		(24		)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(59		)		12				(77		)
Changes in loans and interest receivable held for sale, net	1,407				(1,308		)		24
Transaction loss allowance for cash losses, net	(1,046		)		(817		)		(643		)
Other current assets and non-current assets	(112		)		(188		)		(145		)
Accounts payable	26				62				11
Income taxes payable	(44		)		19				69
Other current liabilities and non-current liabilities	450				1,639				280
Net cash provided by operating activities	5,483				2,531				3,158
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(823		)		(667		)		(669		)
Proceeds from sales of property and equipment	3				—				—
Changes in principal loans receivable, net	3,121				(920		)		(1,523		)
Purchases of investments	(22,381		)		(19,418		)		(21,041		)
Maturities and sales of investments	21,898				18,448				18,429
Acquisitions, net of cash and restricted cash acquired	(2,124		)		(323		)		(19		)
Funds receivable	1,146				(1,605		)		(1,081		)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	840				(4,485		)		(5,904		)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	144				144				109
Purchases of treasury stock	(3,520		)		(1,006		)		(995		)
Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation	—				—				40
Tax withholdings related to net share settlements of restricted stock units and restricted stock awards	(419		)		(166		)		(118		)
Borrowings under financing arrangements	2,075				1,800				—
Repayments under financing arrangements	(1,115		)		(980		)		(21		)
Funds payable and amounts due to customers	1,573				4,292				3,023
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(1,262		)		4,084				2,038
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(113		)		36				—
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	4,948				2,166				(708		)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period	8,285				6,119				6,827
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	$	13,233			$	8,285			$	6,119

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS—(Continued)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
	(In millions)
Supplemental cash flow disclosures:
Cash paid for interest	$	69			$	6			$	4
Cash paid for income taxes, net	$	328			$	117			$	48
The below table reconciles cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as reported in the consolidated balance sheets to the total of the same amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	7,575			$	2,883			$	1,590
Short term investments	16				15				17
Funds receivable and customer accounts	5,642				5,387				4,512
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows	$	13,233			$	8,285			$	6,119

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1—Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Overview and Organization

PayPal Holdings, Inc. (“PayPal,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) was incorporated in Delaware in January 2015 and is a leading technology platform and digital payments company that enables digital and mobile payments on behalf of consumers and merchants worldwide. PayPal is committed to democratizing financial services and empowering people and businesses to join and thrive in the global economy. Our goal is to enable our consumers and merchants to manage and move their money anywhere in the world, anytime, on any platform and using any device. We also facilitate person-to-person payments through our PayPal, Venmo, and Xoom products. Our combined payment solutions, including our PayPal, PayPal Credit, Braintree, Venmo, Xoom, and iZettle products, compose our proprietary Payments Platform. The terms “we,” “our,” “us,” “the Company,” and “PayPal” mean PayPal Holdings, Inc. and, unless otherwise expressly stated or the context requires, its subsidiaries.

We operate globally and in a rapidly evolving regulatory environment characterized by a heightened regulatory focus on all aspects of the payments industry. That focus continues to become even more heightened as regulators on a global basis focus on such important issues as countering terrorist financing, anti-money laundering, privacy, cybersecurity, and consumer protection. Some of the laws and regulations to which we are subject were enacted recently, and the laws and regulations applicable to us, including those enacted prior to the advent of digital and mobile payments, are continuing to evolve through legislative and regulatory action and judicial interpretation. New or changing laws and regulations, including how such laws and regulations are interpreted and implemented, as well as increased penalties and enforcement actions related to non-compliance, could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Therefore, we monitor these areas closely to design compliant solutions for our customers who depend on us.

Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of PayPal and our wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Investments in entities where we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. For such investments, our share of the investee's results of operations is included in other income (expense), net on our consolidated statements of income and our investment balance is included in long-term investments on our consolidated balance sheets. Investments in entities where we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the investee are accounted for at cost minus impairment, if any, and are adjusted for changes resulting from observable price changes, which are included in other income (expense), net on our consolidated statements of income and our investment balance is included in long-term investments on our consolidated balance sheets.

In the opinion of management, these consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary for fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements for all periods presented. We have evaluated all subsequent events through the date the financial statements were issued. Certain amounts for prior years have been reclassified to conform to the financial statement presentation as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to provisions for transaction and loan losses, loss contingencies, income taxes, revenue recognition, and the valuation of goodwill and intangible assets. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions which we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased and are composed of primarily bank deposits, government and agency securities and commercial paper.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Investments

Short-term investments include time deposits, government and agency securities and corporate debt securities with original maturities of greater than three months but less than one year when purchased. Government and agency securities and corporate debt securities are classified as available-for-sale and are reported at fair value using the specific identification method. Unrealized gains and losses are excluded from earnings and reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss), net of related estimated tax provisions or benefits.

Long-term investments include corporate debt securities, government and agency securities and equity investments with maturities exceeding one year. Corporate debt securities and government and agency securities are classified as available-for-sale and are reported at fair value using the specific identification method. Unrealized gains and losses are excluded from earnings and reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss), net of related estimated tax provisions or benefits.

We elect to account for foreign currency denominated available-for-sale investments underlying funds receivable and customer accounts, short-term investments and long-term investments under the fair value option as further discussed in “Note 7—Funds Receivable and Customer Accounts” and “Note 8—Investments.” The changes in fair value related to initial measurement and subsequent changes in fair value are included in earnings as a component of other income (expense), net.

Our equity investments consist primarily of minority equity interests in companies that are not publicly traded where we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence, or have control over the investee, and are reported in long-term investments on our consolidated balance sheets. For our equity investments that do not have a readily determinable fair value, we measure these equity investments at cost minus impairment, if any, and adjust for changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment in the same issuer (the “Measurement Alternative”). All gains and losses on these investments, realized and unrealized, are recognized in other income (expense), net on our consolidated statements of income. Our investments where we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee are accounted for as equity method investments, are reported in long-term investments on our consolidated balance sheets and our share of the investee's results of operations is included in other income (expense), net. The equity method investments are subject to periodic testing for other-than-temporary impairment.

We assess whether an impairment loss on our Measurement Alternative investments and an other-than-temporary impairment loss on our debt securities and equity method investments has occurred due to declines in fair value or other market conditions. If any impairment is identified for Measurement Alternative investments or impairment is considered other than temporary for our debt securities and equity method investments, we write down the investment to its fair value and record the corresponding charge through other income (expense), net in our consolidated statements of income. With respect to our debt securities, this assessment takes into account the severity and duration of the decline in value, our intent to sell the security, whether it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, and whether we expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security (that is, whether a credit loss exists).

Loans and interest receivable, held for sale

In November 2017, we reached an agreement to sell our U.S. consumer credit receivables portfolio to Synchrony Bank. Historically, this portfolio was reported as outstanding principal balances, net of any participation interest sold and pro-rata allowances, including unamortized deferred origination costs and estimated collectible interest and fees. Upon approval of the decision from our Board of Directors to sell these receivables, the portfolio was reclassified as held for sale, and recorded at the lower of cost or fair value, determined on an aggregate basis. Following the closing of this transaction in July 2018, Synchrony Bank became the exclusive issuer of the PayPal Credit online consumer financing program in the U.S. We no longer hold an ownership interest in the receivables generated through the program (other than charged off or designated to be charged off receivables) and thus, no longer record these receivables on our consolidated financial statements. PayPal earns a revenue share on the portfolio of consumer receivables owned by Synchrony Bank, which includes both the sold and newly generated receivables, and it is recorded in revenue from other value added services on our consolidated financial statements. This transaction was accounted for as a true sale based on our determination that it met all the necessary criteria for such accounting, including legal isolation for transferred assets, ability of the transferee to pledge or exchange the transferred assets without constraint, and the transfer of control. We also concluded that our continuing involvement in the revenue share arrangement does not invalidate this determination.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Loans and interest receivable, held for sale, represents consumer receivables originated under PayPal credit consumer accounts that were subject to the sale agreement with Synchrony Bank. Until the transaction with Synchrony Bank closed, we continued to work with independent chartered financial institutions to extend credit to U.S. consumers using our PayPal credit product. We purchased the related receivables extended by an independent chartered financial institution and were responsible for the related servicing functions. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we purchased approximately $4.7 billion and $8.7 billion, respectively, in U.S. consumer credit receivables.

As part of the arrangements we had with the independent chartered financial institutions in the U.S., we sold back a participation interest in the pool of U.S. consumer receivables outstanding under PayPal Credit consumer accounts. For these arrangements, gains or losses on the sale of the participation interest were not material as the carrying amount of the participation interest sold approximated the fair value at time of transfer. However, we had a separate arrangement with certain investors under which we sold to these investors a participation interest in certain U.S. consumer loans receivable that we purchased where the consideration received exceeded the carrying amount of the participation interest sold, which resulted in a gain reflected as net revenues in our consolidated financial statements. The independent chartered financial institution and other investors had no recourse against us related to their participation interests for failure of debtors to pay when due. The participation interests held by the chartered financial institution and other investors had the same priority to the interests held by us and were subject to the same credit, prepayment, and interest rate risk associated with this pool of consumer receivables. All risks of loss were shared pro rata based on participation interests held among all participating stakeholders. We applied a control-oriented, financial-components approach and accounted for the asset transfer as a sale and derecognized the portion of the participation interest for which control had been surrendered. In connection with its purchase of our U.S. consumer credit receivable portfolio, Synchrony Bank also acquired the participation interests in the pool of consumer receivables held by the chartered financial institution and other investors.

The terms of our consumer relationships require us to submit monthly bills to the consumer detailing loan repayment requirements. The terms also allow us to charge the consumer interest and fees in certain circumstances. Due to the relatively small dollar amount of individual loans and interest receivable, we do not require collateral on these balances.

Loans and interest receivable, net

Loans and interest receivable, net represents merchant receivables originated under our PayPal Working Capital (“PPWC”) product and PayPal Business Loan (“PPBL”) product and consumer loans not classified as held for sale. In the U.S., we partner with independent chartered financial institutions that extend credit to the consumer (up through the completion of the sale of our U.S. consumer credit portfolio to Synchrony Bank), or to the merchant using our PPWC product or PPBL product, and purchase the related receivables extended by the independent chartered financial institutions. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we purchased approximately $3.3 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively, in merchant receivables.

For our consumer credit products outside the U.S., we extend credit through our Luxembourg banking subsidiary. For our merchant credit products outside the U.S., we extend working capital advances in the U.K. and loans in Germany through our Luxembourg banking subsidiary, and we extend working capital loans in Australia through an Australian subsidiary.

As part of our arrangements with independent chartered financial institutions in the U.S., we sell back a participation interest in the pool of merchant receivables. For these arrangements, gains or losses on the sale of the participation interest are not material as the carrying amount of the participation interest sold approximates the fair value at time of transfer. The independent chartered financial institution has no recourse against us related to their participation interests for failure of debtors to pay when due. The participation interests held by the chartered financial institution and other investors have the same priority to the interests held by us and are subject to the same credit, prepayment, and interest rate risk associated with this pool of merchant receivables. All risks of loss are shared pro rata based on participation interests held among all participating stakeholders. We apply a control-oriented, financial-components approach and account for the asset transfer as a sale and derecognize the portion of the participation interest for which control has been surrendered.

Loans, advances, and interest and fees receivable are reported at their outstanding principal balances, net of any participation interest sold and pro rata allowances, including unamortized deferred origination costs and estimated collectible interest and fees. We maintain the servicing rights for the entire pool of consumer and merchant receivables outstanding and receive a fee approximating the fair value for servicing the assets underlying the participation interest sold.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Allowance for loans and interest receivable

The allowance for loans and interest receivable represents management’s estimate of incurred losses inherent in our portfolio of loans and receivables, net. Increases to the allowance for loans receivables are reflected as a component of transaction and loan losses in our consolidated financial statements. The evaluation process to assess the adequacy of allowances is subject to numerous estimates and principle judgments.

For our consumer loans receivable not classified as held for sale, the allowance is primarily based on forecasted principal balance delinquency rates (“roll rates”). Roll rates are the percentage of balances which we estimate will migrate from one stage of delinquency to the next based on our historical experience, as well as external factors such as estimated bankruptcies and levels of unemployment. Roll rates are applied to the principal amount of our consumer receivables for each stage of delinquency, from current to 180 days past the payment due date, in order to estimate the principal loans which have incurred losses and are probable to be charged off. We charge off consumer loan receivable balances in the month in which a customer balance becomes 180 days past the payment due date.

In connection with our agreement to sell our U.S. consumer credit receivables to Synchrony Bank and the designation of that portfolio as held for sale, in November 2017, we reversed the corresponding allowances against those loans and interest receivable balances. Such allowances on any newly originated U.S. consumer loans and interest receivables, held for sale were not established. Adjustments to the cost basis of this portfolio until the sale was completed, which were primarily driven by charge-offs, were recorded in restructuring and other charges in our consolidated statements of income.

For merchant loans and advances receivable, the allowance is primarily based on principal balances, forecasted delinquency rates, and recoveries through the use of a vintage-based loss forecasting model. The determination of delinquency, from current to 180 days past due, for principal balances related to merchant receivables outstanding is based on the current expected or contractual repayment period of the loan or advance and interest or fixed fee as compared to the original expected repayment period.

For our PPWC product, there is a general requirement that at least 10% of the original amount of the loan or advance plus the fixed fee must be repaid every 90 days. We calculate the repayment rate of the merchant's future payment volume so that repayment of the loan or advance and fixed fee is expected to generally occur within 9 to 12 months from the date of the loan or advance. On a monthly basis, we recalculate the repayment period based on the repayment activity on the receivable. As such, actual repayment periods are dependent on actual merchant payment processing volumes. For our PPBL product, we receive fixed periodic payments over the contractual term of the loan which generally ranges from 3 to 12 months. We actively monitor receivables with repayment periods greater than the original expected or contractual repayment period.

The allowance for loss against interest receivable is primarily determined by applying historical average customer account roll rates to the interest receivable balance in each stage of delinquency to project the value of accounts that have incurred losses and are probable to be charged off. The allowance for fees receivable is primarily based on fee balances, forecasted delinquency rates, and recoveries through the use of a vintage-based loss forecasting model. Increases to the allowance for interest receivable are reflected as a reduction of net revenues in our consolidated statements of income. Increases to the allowance for fees receivable are recognized as a reduction in deferred revenues included in other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet.

We charge off the receivables under our PPWC product when the repayments are 180 days past our expectation of repayments and the merchant has not made a payment in the last 60 days or when the repayments are 360 days past due regardless of whether the merchant has made a payment within the last 60 days. We charge off the receivables under our PPBL product when the repayments are 180 days past due.

Bankrupt accounts are charged off within 60 days for merchants and 90 days for consumers after receipt of notification of bankruptcy. Consumer loans receivable past the payment due date continue to accrue interest until such time as they are charged off. Charge-offs that are recovered are recorded as a reduction to our allowance for loans and interest receivable.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Customer accounts

We hold all customer balances, both in the U.S. and internationally, as direct claims against us which are reflected on our consolidated balance sheets as a liability classified as amounts due to customers. Certain jurisdictions where PayPal operates require us to hold eligible liquid assets, as defined by the regulators in these jurisdictions, equal to at least 100% of the aggregate amount of all customer balances. Therefore, we restrict the use of the assets underlying the customer balances to meet these regulatory requirements and separately classify the assets as customer accounts in our consolidated balance sheets. We classify the assets underlying the customer balances as current based on their purpose and availability to fulfill our direct obligation under amounts due to customers.

In June 2018, the Luxembourg Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (the “CSSF”) agreed that PayPal’s management may designate up to 35% of European customer balances held in our Luxembourg banking subsidiary to be used to extend credit for European and U.S. credit activities. As of December 31, 2018, the cumulative amount approved by management to be designated for credit activities aggregated to $1.5 billion and represented approximately 26% of European customer balances potentially available for corporate use by us as determined by applying financial regulations maintained by the CSSF. On the date PayPal’s management designates the European customer balances held in our Luxembourg banking subsidiary to be used to extend credit, the balances are classified as cash and cash equivalents and no longer classified as customer accounts in our consolidated balance sheets. No additional amount has been designated for corporate usage by management during the year ended December 31, 2018. The remaining assets underlying the customer balances remain separately classified as customer accounts in our consolidated balance sheets. We do not commingle these customer accounts with corporate funds and maintain these assets separately in interest and non-interest bearing bank deposits, time deposits, corporate debt securities, and foreign government and agency securities. See “Note 7—Funds Receivable and Customer Accounts” for additional information related to customer accounts.

Accordingly, we have generally presented changes in funds receivable and customer accounts as cash flows from investing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows based on the nature of the activity underlying our customer accounts.

Funds receivable and funds payable

Funds receivable and funds payable arise due to the time required to initiate collection from and clear transactions through external payment networks. When customers fund their PayPal account using their bank account or a credit card or debit card, or withdraw funds from their PayPal account to their bank account or through a debit card transaction, there is a clearing period before the cash is received or settled, usually one to three business days for U.S. transactions and generally up to five business days for international transactions. In addition, a portion of our customers' funds are settled directly to their bank account. These funds are also classified as funds receivable and funds payable and arise due to the time required to initiate collection from and clear transactions through external payment networks. These funds are classified differently on our consolidated statement of cash flows as operating activities based on the nature of this activity.

Property and equipment

Property and equipment consists primarily of computer equipment, software and website development costs, land and buildings and leasehold improvements. Property and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets; generally, one to three years for computer equipment and software, including capitalized software and website development costs, three years for furniture and fixtures, up to thirty years for buildings and building improvements, and the shorter of five years or the non-cancelable term of the lease for leasehold improvements.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Goodwill and intangible assets

Goodwill is tested for impairment at a minimum on an annual basis. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level by first performing a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If the reporting unit does not pass the qualitative assessment, then the reporting unit’s carrying value is compared to its fair value. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The fair value of the reporting unit is estimated using income and market approaches. The discounted cash flow method, a form of the income approach, uses expected future operating results and a market participant discount rate. The market approach uses comparable company prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions (either publicly traded entities or mergers and acquisitions) to develop pricing metrics to be applied to historical and expected future operating results of the reporting unit. Failure to achieve these expected results, changes in the discount rate or market pricing metrics, may cause a future impairment of goodwill at the reporting unit level. We conducted our annual impairment test of goodwill as of August 31, 2018 and 2017. We determined that no adjustment to the carrying value of goodwill of our reporting unit was required. As of December 31, 2018, we determined that no events occurred or circumstances changed from August 31, 2018 through December 31, 2018 that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying amount.

Intangible assets consist of acquired customer-related intangible assets, marketing related intangibles, developed technology, and other intangible assets. Intangible assets are amortized over the period of estimated benefit using the straight-line method and estimated useful lives ranging from one to eight years. No significant residual value is estimated for intangible assets.

Impairment of long-lived assets

We evaluate long-lived assets (including intangible assets) for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a long-lived asset may not be recoverable. An asset is considered impaired if its carrying amount exceeds the future net cash flow the asset is expected to generate.

Allowance for transaction losses and negative customer balances

We are exposed to transaction losses due to credit card and other payment misuse as well as nonperformance of and credit losses from sellers who accept payments through PayPal. We establish an allowance for estimated losses arising from completing customer transactions, such as chargebacks for unauthorized credit card use and merchant-related chargebacks due to non-delivery of goods or services, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) returns, buyer protection program claims, account takeovers, and account overdrafts. This allowance represents an accumulation of the estimated amounts necessary to provide for transaction losses incurred as of the reporting date, including those which we have not yet identified. The allowance is monitored regularly and is updated based on actual claims data reported by our claims processors and other actual data received. The allowance is based on known facts and circumstances, internal factors including experience with similar cases, historical trends involving loss payment patterns, and the mix of transaction and loss types. Additions to the allowance are reflected as a component of transaction and loan losses in our consolidated statements of income. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the allowance for transaction losses totaled $129 million and $92 million, respectively, and was included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

Negative customer balances occur primarily when there are insufficient funds in a customer’s PayPal account to cover charges applied for ACH returns, debit card transactions, merchant-related chargebacks due to nondelivery, or unsatisfactory delivery of goods or services. Negative customer balances can be cured by the customer by adding funds to their account, receiving payments, or through back-up funding sources. We also utilize third-party collection agents. For negative customer balances that are not expected to be cured or otherwise collected, we provide an allowance for uncollectible accounts. The allowance is estimated based on known facts and circumstances, internal factors including our experience with similar cases, and historical trends involving collection and write-off patterns. Negative customer balances are included in other current assets, net of the allowance in our consolidated balance sheets. Adjustments to the allowance for negative customer balances are recorded as a component of transaction and loan loss in our consolidated statements of income. The allowance for negative customer balances was $215 million and $174 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Derivative instruments

We transact business in various foreign currencies and have significant international revenues and costs denominated in foreign currencies, which subjects us to foreign currency risk. We have a foreign currency exposure management program whereby we enter into foreign currency exchange contracts that qualify as cash flow hedges, generally with maturities of 18 months or less, to reduce the volatility of cash flows primarily related to forecasted revenue denominated in certain foreign currencies. All outstanding derivatives are recognized in our consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The derivative’s gain or loss is initially reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and is subsequently reclassified into the financial statement line item in which the hedged item is recorded in the same period the forecasted transaction affects earnings. Beginning in 2018, we evaluate the effectiveness of our foreign currency exchange contracts on a quarterly basis by comparing the critical terms of the derivative instruments with the critical terms of the forecasted cash flows of the hedged item and if the critical terms are the same we conclude the hedge will be perfectly effective. Prior to and during 2018, we evaluated the effectiveness of some of our foreign currency exchange contracts on a monthly basis by comparing the change in the fair value of the derivative instruments with the change in the fair value of the forecasted cash flows of the hedged item. We do not exclude any component of the changes in fair value of the derivative instruments from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. If we elect to discontinue our cash flow hedges and it is probable that the original forecasted transaction will occur, we continue to report them in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until the forecasted transaction affects earnings, at which point we also reclassify the de-designated hedges into earnings. Gains and losses on derivatives held after we discontinue our cash flow hedge and gains and losses on derivative instruments that are not designated as cash flow hedges are recorded in the same financial statement line item to which the derivative relates.

We also hedge our economic exposure to foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities with foreign currency contracts. The gains and losses on the foreign exchange contracts economically offset gains and losses on the remeasurement of certain foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities recognized in earnings. Accordingly, these outstanding non-designated derivatives are recognized in our consolidated balance sheets at fair value, and changes in fair value from these contracts are recorded in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income. Our hedging program is not designed or operated for trading or speculative purposes.

We report cash flows arising from derivative instruments consistent with the classification of cash flows from the underlying hedged items that these derivatives are hedging. Accordingly, the cash flows associated with derivatives designated as cash flow hedges and our non-designated derivatives that hedge foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are classified in cash flows from operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Our derivative instruments expose us to credit risk to the extent counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of the arrangement. We seek to mitigate such risk by limiting counterparties to, and by spreading the risk across major financial institutions and by entering into collateral security arrangements. In addition, the potential risk of loss with one counterparty resulting from this type of credit risk is monitored on an ongoing basis. See “Note 10—Derivative Instruments” for additional information related to the derivative instruments.

Fair value of financial instruments

Our financial assets and liabilities are valued using market prices on both active markets (Level 1) and less active markets (Level 2). Level 1 instrument valuations are obtained from real-time quotes for transactions in active exchange markets involving identical assets. Level 2 instrument valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for comparable instruments, identical instruments in less active markets, or models using market observable inputs. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we did not have any assets or liabilities requiring measurement at fair value without observable market values that would require a high level of judgment to determine fair value (Level 3).

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Concentrations of risk

Our cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, loans and interest receivable, and funds receivable and customer accounts are potentially subject to concentration of credit risk. Cash, cash equivalents, and customer accounts are placed with financial institutions that management believes are of high credit quality. In addition, funds receivable are generated primarily with financial institutions which management believes are of high credit quality. We invest our cash, cash equivalents, and customer accounts primarily in highly liquid, highly rated instruments which are uninsured. From time to time, we may also have corporate deposit balances with financial services institutions which exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limit of $250,000. As part of our cash management process, we perform periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of these financial institutions. Our accounts receivable are derived from revenue earned from customers located in the U.S. and internationally. Our loans and interest receivable are derived from merchant and consumer financing activities for customers located in the U.S. and internationally. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, one customer accounted for 26% and 16% of net accounts receivables, respectively. No customer accounted for more than 10% of net loans receivable as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. At December 31, 2018, one partner accounted for our long-term notes receivable balance, which represents 53% of other assets. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, no customer accounted for more than 10% of net revenues. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we earned approximately 17%, 20%, and 22% of revenue from customers on eBay’s Marketplaces platform. No other source of revenue represented more than 10% of our revenue.

Revenue recognition

See “Note 2—Revenue” for information related to our revenue recognition.

Advertising expense

We expense the cost of producing advertisements at the time production occurs and expense the cost of communicating advertisements in the period during which the advertising space or airtime is used as sales and marketing expense. Online advertising expenses are recognized based on the terms of the individual agreements, which is generally over the greater of the ratio of the number of impressions delivered over the total number of contracted impressions, on a pay-per-click basis, or on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract. Advertising expense totaled $484 million, $438 million and $350 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.

Internal use software and website development costs

Direct costs incurred to develop software for internal use and website development costs, including those costs incurred in expanding and enhancing our Payments Platform, are capitalized and amortized generally over an estimated useful life of one to three years and are recorded as depreciation and amortization. PayPal capitalized $301 million and $309 million of internally developed software and website development costs for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Amortization expense for these capitalized costs was $262 million, $262 million and $208 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Costs related to the maintenance of internal use software and website development costs are expensed as incurred.

Defined contribution savings plans

We have a defined contribution savings plan in the U.S. which qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”). Our non-U.S. employees are covered by other savings plans. Expenses related to our defined contribution savings plans are recorded when services are rendered by our employees.

Stock-based compensation

We determine compensation expense associated with restricted stock units and performance based restricted stock units based on the fair value of our common stock on the date of grant. We determine compensation expense associated with stock options based on the estimated grant date fair value method using the Black-Scholes valuation model. We generally recognize compensation expense using a straight-line amortization method over the respective vesting period for awards that are ultimately expected to vest. Accordingly, stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. When estimating forfeitures, we consider voluntary termination behavior of our employees as well as trends of actual option forfeitures.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Foreign currency

Many of our foreign subsidiaries use the local currency of their respective countries as their functional currency. Assets and liabilities of our non-U.S. dollar functional currency subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet dates. Gains and losses resulting from these translations are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Revenues, costs, and expenses of our non-U.S. subsidiaries with functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars using daily exchange rates. Gains and losses from the remeasurement of foreign currency transactions into the functional currency are recognized as other income (expense), net in our consolidated statements of income.

Income taxes

We account for income taxes using an asset and liability approach which requires the recognition of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the financial statements or tax returns. The measurement of current and deferred tax assets and liabilities is based on provisions of enacted tax laws; the effects of future changes in tax laws or rates are not anticipated. If necessary, the measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced by the amount of any tax benefits that are not expected to be realized based on available evidence. We report a liability for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. We recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

Other income (expense), net

Other income (expense), net includes interest income which consists of interest earned on corporate cash and cash equivalents in bank accounts and short-term and long-term investments, and interest expense which consists of interest expenses, fees and amortization of debt discount on our credit agreements. Other income (expense), net also includes observable price changes on our equity investments recorded using the Measurement Alternative and foreign exchange gains and losses.

Recent Accounting Guidance

In 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued new accounting guidance related to accounting for leases, which will require lessees to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for the rights and obligations created by all leases with terms greater than 12 months. As we are not a lessor, other changes in the guidance applicable to lessors do not apply. Additionally, in 2018, the FASB issued codification and targeted improvements to this guidance effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt the new guidance on January 1, 2019, using a modified retrospective basis and will apply the optional practical expedients related to the transition. We estimate an increase of approximately $564 million for the right of use lease assets and lease liabilities associated with our operating leases upon adoption. We do not believe the adoption of this guidance will have a significant impact to our consolidated statements of earnings, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows.

In 2016, the FASB issued new guidance on the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. Credit losses on loans, trade and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, and other instruments will reflect our current estimate of the expected credit losses and generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowances for losses. Credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses will be recognized as allowances for credit losses limited to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost. Additional disclosures will be required, including information used to track credit quality by year of origination for most financing receivables. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt the new guidance effective January 1, 2020. We are required to apply the provisions of this guidance as a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is adopted with impairment of available-for-sale debt securities applied prospectively after adoption. We are evaluating the impact of and approach to adopting this new accounting guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

In 2017, the FASB issued new guidance that requires certain premiums on callable debt securities to be amortized to the earliest call date. The amortization period for callable debt securities purchased at a discount will not be impacted. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt the new guidance on January 1, 2019. Transition is on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is adopted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

In 2018, the FASB issued new guidance in response to tax reform that allows the option to reclassify stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. If such an option is elected, transition can be applied either retrospectively to each period in which the effect of tax reform is recognized or applied with a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is adopted. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt the new guidance effective January 1, 2019. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In 2018, the FASB issued amended guidance to remove, modify and add disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. This amendment is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for any removed or modified disclosure requirements. Transition is on a prospective basis for the new and modified disclosures, and on a retrospective basis for disclosures that have been eliminated. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In 2018, the FASB issued amended guidance on the disclosure requirements for defined benefit pension or other post-retirement plans. The amended guidance removes certain disclosure requirements and adds others including requiring disclosure related to interest credit ratings and changes in benefit obligations. This amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted, and requires retrospective adoption for all periods presented. We are evaluating the impact this amended disclosure guidance may have on the footnotes to our consolidated financial statements.

In 2018, the FASB issued new accounting guidance intended to align the requirements for capitalization of implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract with the existing guidance for internal-use software. Capitalized implementation costs should be amortized over the term of the hosting arrangement and recorded in the same financial statement line items as amounts for the hosting arrangement. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The guidance provides flexibility in adoption, allowing for either retrospective adjustment or prospective adjustment for all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. We are evaluating the impact this new accounting guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance

In 2014, the FASB issued new accounting guidance related to revenue recognition, which was further updated in 2016 for reporting revenue on a gross versus net basis. This new guidance replaced all existing GAAP guidance on this topic and eliminated all industry-specific guidance. The new revenue recognition guidance provides a unified model to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration for which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. We adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2018 on a full retrospective basis. We performed an impact analysis for the opening balance sheet as of January 1, 2016 as well as for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017. The impacts were deemed de minimis. No practical expedients or exemptions were elected in conjunction with the adoption of this new guidance. For additional information, see “Note 2—Revenue.”

In 2016, the FASB issued new accounting guidance related to the classification and measurement of financial instruments. This new guidance amends GAAP by requiring equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. This new guidance also amends the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value and it amends certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments. Additionally, in 2018, the FASB issued technical corrections and improvements to this guidance effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after June 15, 2018. We are required to apply the new guidance on a modified retrospective basis to all outstanding instruments, with a cumulative effect adjustment as of the date of adoption and on a prospective basis to all outstanding equity investments without a readily determinable fair value. We adopted the guidance, including early adoption of the technical corrections and improvements, effective January 1, 2018. Beginning in the first quarter of 2018, we applied the Measurement Alternative to substantially all our equity investments, which required us to measure these equity investments at cost minus impairment, if any, and adjust for changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment in the same issuer. For additional information on the impact the adoption of this guidance had on our consolidated financial statements during the year ended December 31, 2018, please refer to “Note 8—Investments.”

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

In 2016, the FASB issued new guidance on classifying certain cash receipts and cash payments on the statement of cash flows. The new guidance addresses the classification of cash flows related to: debt prepayment or extinguishment costs, settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance, including bank-owned life insurance, distributions received from equity method investees, and beneficial interests in securitization transactions. The guidance also clarifies how the predominance principle should be applied when cash receipts and cash payments have aspects of more than one class of cash flows. The guidance should be applied retrospectively after adoption. We adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In 2016, the FASB issued new guidance on restricted cash on the statement of cash flows. The new guidance requires the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash and cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and ending balances shown on the statement of cash flows. The guidance had to be applied retrospectively after adoption. We adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2018 on a retrospective basis. The beginning and ending balances of cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated statement of cash flows now include restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents, such as cash and cash equivalents underlying customer accounts and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents within short-term investments.

In 2017, the FASB issued new guidance clarifying the scope and application of the de-recognition of non-financial assets and the sale or transfer of non-financial assets, including partial sales. We adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2018 on a full retrospective basis. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In 2017, the FASB issued new guidance clarifying which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting. Specifically, an entity would apply modification accounting only if the fair value, vesting conditions, or classification of the awards changes as a result of changes in the terms or conditions. We adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2018 and applied it prospectively upon adoption. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In 2017, the FASB issued new guidance intended to better align the results of hedge accounting with an entity’s risk management activities. This guidance updates the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships by expanding hedge accounting for both non-financial and financial risk components and by refining the measurement of hedge results to better reflect an entity’s hedging strategies. The amendments also align the recognition and presentation of the effects of the hedge results in the financial statements to increase the understandability of the results of an entity’s intended hedging strategies. Additionally, the guidance includes certain targeted improvements to ease the operational burden of applying hedge accounting. We are required to apply the guidance with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year in which the guidance is adopted and prospectively apply the presentation and disclosure guidance. We early adopted the guidance in the first quarter of 2018 using a modified retrospective approach to reflect application of the new guidance effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In 2018, the FASB issued new guidance to provide clarity around application of income tax accounting in situations where the assessment of tax implications of the Tax Act might not be complete as of period end in which the Tax Act was enacted. This guidance prescribes that an entity must reflect the income tax impact of the Tax Act in the period in which the tax accounting is complete and allows an entity to report provisional amounts for those specific effects of the Tax Act for which the accounting is incomplete but a reasonable estimate can be determined. No provisional amounts should be reported for specific effects of the Tax Act for which a reasonable estimate cannot be determined, and the entity should continue to apply the provisions of the tax laws that were in effect prior to the enactment of the Tax Act. It further allows a measurement period of one year from the date of enactment within which to complete the accounting for all impacts of the Tax Act. Our consolidated financial statements reflect tax accounting in compliance with this guidance.

In 2018, the FASB amended existing guidance to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from non-employees. This amendment prescribes that entities should apply the requirements for employee share-based payment compensation to non-employee awards used to acquire goods and services, except for specific guidance on inputs to an option pricing model and the attribution of cost (period of time that the awards vest and pattern of recognition). The new guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We adopted the guidance effective April 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Note 2—Revenue

PayPal enables its customers to send and receive payments. We earn revenue primarily by completing payment transactions for our customers on our Payments Platforms and from other value added services. Our revenues are classified into two categories, transaction revenues and revenues from other value added services.

Transaction Revenues

We earn transaction revenues primarily from fees charged to merchants and consumers on a transaction basis. These fees may have a fixed and variable component. The variable component is generally a percentage of the value of the payment amount and is known at the time the transaction is processed. If the underlying transaction is approved for refund, we reimburse the variable component of the fee. We estimate the amount of fee refunds that will be processed during the quarter and record a provision against our net revenues. The volume of activity processed on our Payments Platform, which results in transaction revenue, is referred to as Total Payments Volume (“TPV”). We define TPV as the value of payments, net of reversals, successfully completed on our Payments Platform or enabled by PayPal via a partner payment solution, not including gateway-exclusive transactions. We earn additional fees on transactions where we perform a currency conversion and when we enable cross-border transactions (i.e., transactions where the merchant and consumer are in different countries).

Our contracts with our customers are usually open-ended and can be terminated by either party without a termination penalty after the notice period has lapsed. Therefore, our contracts are defined at the transaction level and do not extend beyond the service already provided. Our contracts generally renew automatically without significant material rights. Some of our contracts include tiered pricing, based primarily on volume. The fee charged per transaction is adjusted up or down if the volume processed for a specified period is different from prior period defined volumes. We have concluded that this volume-based pricing approach does not constitute a future material right since the discount is within a range typically offered to class of customers with similar volume. We do not have any capitalized contract costs, and do not carry any material contract balances.

Our service comprises a single performance obligation to complete payments on our Payments Platform for our customers. Using our risk assessment tools, we perform a transaction risk assessment on individual transactions to determine whether a transaction should be authorized for completion on our Payment Platform. When we authorize a transaction, we become obligated to our customer to complete the payment transaction.

We recognize fees charged to our customers primarily on a gross basis as transaction revenue when we are the principal in respect of completing a payment transaction. As a principal to the transaction, we control the service of completing payments on our Payments Platform. We bear primary responsibility for the fulfillment of the payment service, contract directly with our customers, control the product specifications, and define the value proposal from our services. Further, we have full discretion in determining the fee charged to our customers, which is independent of the costs we incur in instances where we may utilize payment processors or other financial institutions to perform services on our behalf. We therefore bear full margin risk when completing a payment transaction. These fees paid to payment processors and other financial institutions are recognized as transaction expense. We are also responsible for providing customer support.

We provide merchants and consumers with protection programs on most transactions completed on our Payments Platforms, except for transactions using our gateway products or where our customer agreements specifically do not provide for protections. These programs protect both merchants and consumers from loss primarily due to fraud and counterparty performance. Our buyer protection program provides protection to consumers for qualifying purchases by reimbursing the consumer for the full amount of the purchase if a purchased item does not arrive or does not match the seller’s description. Our seller protection programs provide protection to merchants against claims that a transaction was not authorized by the buyer or claims that an item was not received by covering the seller for the full amount of the payment on eligible sales. These protection programs do not provide a separate service to our customers and we estimate and record associated costs in transaction and loan losses during the period the payment transaction is completed.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Revenues from Other Value Added Services

We earn revenues from other value added services which is comprised primarily of revenue earned through partnerships, subscription fees, gateway fees, and other services that we provide to our merchants and consumers. These contracts typically have one performance obligation which is provided and recognized over the term of the contract. The transaction price is generally fixed and known at the end of each reporting period; however, for some agreements, it may be necessary to estimate the transaction price using the expected value method. In our partnership agreement with Synchrony Bank, in addition to the revenue share we earn, we also recognize revenue for transition servicing activities performed on their behalf using a relative selling price determined through the adjusted market assessment approach. We record revenue earned in revenues from other value added services on a net basis when we are considered the agent with respect to processing transactions.

We also earn revenues from interest and fees earned primarily on our credit portfolio of loans receivable, gain on sale of participation interest in certain loans and advances, and interest earned on certain PayPal customer account balances. Interest and fees earned on the credit portfolio of loans receivable are computed and recognized based on the effective interest method and are presented net of any required reserves and amortization of deferred origination costs.

Disaggregation of Revenue

We determine operating segments based on how our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) manages the business, makes operating decisions around the allocation of resources and evaluates operating performance. Our CODM is our Chief Executive Officer, who reviews our operating results on a consolidated basis. We operate in one segment and have one reportable segment. Based on the information provided to and reviewed by our CODM, we believe that the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows and how they are affected by economic factors is most appropriately depicted through our primary geographical markets and type of revenue (transaction and other value added services) categories. Revenues recorded within these categories are earned from similar services for which the nature of associated fees and the related revenue recognition models are substantially the same.

The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by primary geographical markets and revenues by major products and services:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
Primary geographical markets
United States (“U.S.”)	$	8,324			$	7,084			$	5,760
United Kingdom (“U.K.”)	1,658				1,402				1,257
Other countries(1)	5,469				4,608				3,825
Total revenues(2)	$	15,451			$	13,094			$	10,842
Major products and services
Transaction revenues	$	13,709			$	11,501			$	9,585
Other value added services	1,742				1,593				1,257
Total revenues(2)	$	15,451			$	13,094			$	10,842

(1) No single country included in the other countries category generated more than 10% of total revenue.

(2) Total revenues include interest, fees and gains earned on loan and interest receivables, net and held for sale portfolio, as well as hedging gains or losses and interest earned on certain PayPal customer balances of $1.2 billion, $1.3 billion and $1.0 billion for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, which do not represent revenues recognized in the scope of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from contracts with customers.

Net revenues are attributed to the U.S., the U.K., and other countries primarily based upon the country in which the merchant is located, or in the case of a cross-border transaction, may be earned from the country in which the consumer and the merchant respectively reside. Net revenues earned from other value added services are typically attributed to the country in which either the customer or partner reside.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Note 3—Net Income Per Share

Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing net income for the period by the weighted average number of shares of common stock and potentially dilutive common stock outstanding for the period. The weighted average number of common shares outstanding for basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. The dilutive effect of outstanding options and equity incentive awards is reflected in diluted net income per share by application of the treasury stock method. The calculation of diluted net income per share excludes all anti-dilutive common shares.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
	(In millions, except per share amounts)
Numerator:
Net income	$	2,057			$	1,795			$	1,401
Denominator:
Weighted average shares of common stock - basic	1,184				1,203				1,210
Dilutive effect of equity incentive awards	19				18				8
Weighted average shares of common stock - diluted	1,203				1,221				1,218
Net income per share:
Basic	$	1.74			$	1.49			$	1.16
Diluted	$	1.71			$	1.47			$	1.15
Common stock equivalents excluded from income per diluted share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive	1				2				8

Note 4—Business Combinations

Acquisitions Completed in 2018

During the year ended December 31, 2018, we completed four acquisitions reflecting 100% of the equity interests of the acquired companies, for an aggregate purchase price of $2.7 billion.

Hyperwallet

We completed the acquisition of HWLT Holdings Inc. (“Hyperwallet”) in November 2018 by acquiring all the outstanding shares for a total purchase price of approximately $399 million, consisting of cash consideration. We acquired Hyperwallet to enhance our payout capabilities and improve our ability to provide an integrated suite of payment solutions to ecommerce platforms and marketplaces around the world. The allocation of purchase consideration resulted in approximately $100 million of customer-related intangible assets, approximately $30 million of developed technology intangible assets, and approximately $2 million of marketing related intangible assets with estimated useful lives ranging from 3 to 7 years, funds receivable and customer accounts of $412 million, funds payable and amounts due to customers of $412 million, net liabilities of approximately $32 million, and initial goodwill of approximately $299 million, which is attributable to the workforce of Hyperwallet and the synergies expected to arise from the acquisition. We do not expect goodwill to be deductible for income tax purposes. The allocation of the purchase price for this acquisition has been prepared on a preliminary basis and changes to the allocation to certain assets, liabilities, and tax estimates may occur as additional information becomes available.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

iZettle

We completed the acquisition of iZettle AB (publ) (“iZettle”) in September 2018 by acquiring all the outstanding shares for a total purchase price of $2.2 billion, consisting of cash consideration paid of approximately $2.1 billion (net of cash acquired of $103 million) and restricted shares of PayPal with a fair value of approximately $22 million. We acquired iZettle to expand our in-store presence and strengthen our Payments Platform to help small businesses around the world grow and thrive in an omnichannel retail environment.

The following table summarizes the preliminary allocation of the purchase consideration to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed:

	(In millions)
Goodwill	$	1,600
Customer lists and user base	426
Marketing related	102
Developed technology	121
All other	1
Total intangibles	$	650
Cash	103
Funds receivable and customer accounts	47
Funds payable and amounts due to customers	(47		)
Deferred tax liabilities, net	(118		)
Other net liabilities	(53		)
Total purchase consideration	$	2,182

The intangible assets acquired consists primarily of merchant relationships, trade name/trademarks, developed technology, and existing acquirer relationships with estimated useful lives ranging from 3 to 7 years. The excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired was recorded as goodwill, which is attributable to the workforce of iZettle and the synergies expected to arise from the acquisition. We do not expect goodwill to be deductible for income tax purposes. The allocation of the purchase price for this acquisition has been prepared on a preliminary basis and changes to the allocation to certain assets, liabilities, and tax estimates may occur as additional information becomes available.

Simility

We completed the acquisition of Simility, Inc. (“Simility”) in July 2018 by acquiring all the outstanding shares for a total purchase price of $107 million, consisting of cash consideration. We acquired Simility to enhance our ability to deliver fraud prevention and risk management solutions to merchants globally. The allocation of purchase consideration resulted in approximately $18 million of developed technology intangible assets with an estimated useful life of 3 years, net assets of approximately $10 million, and initial goodwill of approximately $79 million, which is attributable to the workforce of Simility and the synergies expected to arise from the acquisition. We do not expect goodwill to be deductible for income tax purposes. The allocation of the purchase price for this acquisition has been prepared on a preliminary basis and changes to the allocation to certain assets, liabilities, and tax estimates may occur as additional information becomes available.

Other Acquisitions

In May 2018, we completed an acquisition which was accounted for as a business combination. The total purchase price for this acquisition was $16 million, consisting of cash consideration. The allocation of purchase consideration resulted in approximately $13 million of developed technology intangible assets with an estimated useful life of 2 years and initial goodwill of approximately $3 million, which is attributable to the workforce of the acquired company and the synergies expected to arise from the acquisition. We do not expect goodwill to be deductible for income tax purposes. The allocation of the purchase price for this acquisition has been prepared on a preliminary basis and changes to the allocation to certain assets, liabilities, and tax estimates may occur as additional information becomes available.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

We have included the financial results of the acquired businesses in our consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. Revenues and expenses related to these acquisitions for the year ended December 31, 2018 were not material. Pro forma results of operations have not been presented because the effects of these acquisitions were not material to our financial results.

Acquisitions Completed in 2017

During 2017, we completed two acquisitions, reflecting 100% of the equity interests of the acquired companies, for an aggregate purchase price of $420 million:

TIO Networks Corp.

We completed the acquisition of TIO Networks Corp. (“TIO”) in July 2017 by acquiring all the outstanding shares of TIO for $2.64 per share in cash. We acquired TIO to expand our scale of operations, complement our product portfolio, and to help accelerate our entry into bill payments. The total purchase price of $238 million consisted of cash consideration. The allocation of purchase consideration resulted in approximately $66 million of technology and customer-related intangible assets with an estimated useful life of 1 to 5 years, net assets of approximately $6 million and goodwill of approximately $166 million, which is attributable to the workforce of TIO and the synergies expected to arise from the acquisition. We do not expect that all of the goodwill will be deductible for income tax purposes.

In November 2017, we suspended the operations of TIO to protect customer data as part of an ongoing investigation of security vulnerabilities of the TIO platform. In March 2018, our management decided to wind down TIO's operations. Refer to Note 5—“Goodwill and Intangible Assets” and Note 13—“Commitments and Contingencies—Litigation and Regulatory Matters” for further details.

Swift Financial Corporation

We completed the acquisition of Swift Financial Corporation (“Swift”) in September 2017 by acquiring all the outstanding shares of Swift for a total purchase price of $182 million. We acquired Swift to enable us to enhance our underwriting capabilities and strengthen our business financing offerings, helping us to deepen relationships with our existing merchants and expand services to new merchants. The allocation of purchase consideration resulted in approximately $44 million of technology and customer-related intangible assets with an estimated useful life of 1 to 3 years, $169 million of merchant receivables, net liabilities of approximately $129 million and goodwill of approximately $98 million, which is attributable to the workforce of Swift and the synergies expected to arise from the acquisition. We do not expect goodwill to be deductible for income tax purposes. The gross contractual merchant receivables acquired were approximately $213 million. Management estimates that the cash collected will approximate the contractual amounts of merchant receivables.

Acquisitions Completed in 2016

There were no acquisitions or divestitures completed in 2016.

Note 5—Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The following table presents goodwill balances and adjustments to those balances for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

	December 31, 2016				Goodwill Acquired				Adjustments				December 31, 2017				Goodwill Acquired				Adjustments				December 31, 2018
	(In millions)
Total goodwill	$	4,059			$	276			$	4			$	4,339			$	1,981			$	(36	)		$	6,284

The goodwill acquired during 2018 was associated with the four acquisitions we completed in 2018. The adjustments to goodwill during 2018 pertain to foreign currency translation adjustments and measurement period adjustments related to our acquisitions of Swift and TIO completed in the third quarter of 2017. The goodwill acquired during 2017 was due primarily to the two acquisitions that we completed in 2017. The adjustments to goodwill during 2017 related to foreign currency translation adjustments.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Intangible Assets

The components of identifiable intangible assets are as follows:

	December 31, 2018														December 31, 2017
	Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount				Weighted Average Useful Life (Years)		Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount				Weighted Average Useful Life (Years)
	(In millions, except years)
Intangible assets:
Customer lists and user base	$	1,134			$	(623	)		$	511			7		$	613			$	(563	)		$	50			3
Marketing related	301				(207		)		94				3		198				(196		)		2				1
Developed technology	453				(269		)		184				3		274				(215		)		59				3
All other	245				(209		)		36				5		245				(188		)		57				5
Intangible assets, net	$	2,133			$	(1,308	)		$	825					$	1,330			$	(1,162	)		$	168

All identifiable intangible assets are subject to amortization and no significant residual value is estimated for the intangible assets. Amortization expense for intangible assets was $149 million, $126 million and $150 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. We test intangible assets for recoverability when changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset group may not be recoverable.

As a result of the suspension of TIO's operations announced in November 2017, we performed a test for recoverability of the customer-related intangible assets acquired in connection with our acquisition of TIO in July 2017. The test involved comparing the intangible assets' carrying values to their future net undiscounted cash flows that we expected would be generated by the intangible assets. Based on the results of this test, we recorded an impairment charge of approximately $30 million in depreciation and amortization in our consolidated statement of income for 2017, which was measured as the excess of carrying value over the estimated fair value of the assets. The calculation of the estimated fair value of these customer-related intangible assets is based on the income approach utilizing a discounted cash flow methodology. Following recognition of the impairment charge, we are amortizing the adjusted carrying amount of those assets over their remaining useful life. We also determined that the suspension of TIO's operations did not indicate that the fair value of the reporting unit to which the TIO goodwill was assigned would be below its carrying amount.

Expected future intangible asset amortization as of December 31, 2018 is as follows:

Fiscal years:	(In millions)
2019	$	213
2020	194
2021	140
2022	74
2023	74
Thereafter	130
	$	825

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Note 6—Other Financial Statement Details

Property and Equipment, Net

	As of December 31,
2018				2017
(In millions)
Property and equipment, net:
Computer equipment and software	$	2,664			$	2,301
Internal use software and website development costs	2,149				1,828
Land and buildings	408				364
Leasehold improvements	420				388
Furniture and fixtures	147				129
Development in progress and other	119				148
Total property and equipment, gross	5,907				5,158
Accumulated depreciation	(4,183		)		(3,630		)
Total property and equipment, net	$	1,724			$	1,528

Depreciation expense was $627 million in 2018, $649 million in 2017, and $574 million in 2016.

The net change in purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable was $10 million in 2018, not material in 2017, and $35 million in 2016.

Geographical Information

The following table summarizes long-lived assets based on geography:

	As of December 31,
	2018				2017
	(In millions)
Long-lived assets:
U.S.	$	1,566			$	1,432
Other countries	158				96
Total long-lived assets	$	1,724			$	1,528

Tangible long-lived assets for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of property and equipment. Long-lived assets attributed to the U.S. and other countries are based upon the country in which the asset is located or owned.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table summarizes the changes in accumulated balances of other comprehensive income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2018:

	Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges				Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments				Foreign Currency Translation				Estimated Tax (Expense) Benefit				Total
	(In millions)
Beginning balance	$	(111	)		$	(12	)		$	(25	)		$	6			$	(142	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	263				(1		)		(68		)		(4		)		190
Less: Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income	(30		)		—				—				—				(30		)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	293				(1		)		(68		)		(4		)		220
Ending balance	$	182			$	(13	)		$	(93	)		$	2			$	78

The following table summarizes the changes in accumulated balances of other comprehensive income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2017:

	Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges				Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments				Foreign Currency Translation				Estimated Tax (Expense) Benefit				Total
	(In millions)
Beginning balance	$	131			$	(5	)		$	(68	)		$	1			$	59
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(225		)		(16		)		43				5				(193		)
Less: Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income	17				(9		)		—				—				8
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	(242		)		(7		)		43				5				(201		)
Ending balance	$	(111	)		$	(12	)		$	(25	)		$	6			$	(142	)

The following table summarizes the changes in accumulated balances of other comprehensive income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2016:

	Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges				Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments				Foreign Currency Translation				Estimated Tax (Expense) Benefit				Total
	(In millions)
Beginning balance	$	57			$	(16	)		$	(53	)		$	3			$	(9	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	193				7				(15		)		(2		)		183
Less: Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income	119				(4		)		—				—				115
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	74				11				(15		)		(2		)		68
Ending balance	$	131			$	(5	)		$	(68	)		$	1			$	59

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The following table provides details about reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income for the periods presented below:

Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Components		Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)												Affected Line Item in the Statement of Income
		Year Ended December 31,
		2018				2017				2016
		(In millions)
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges—foreign exchange contracts		$	(30	)		$	17			$	119			Net revenues
Unrealized losses on investments		—				(9		)		(4		)		Other income (expense), net
		$	(30	)		$	8			$	115			Income before income taxes
		—				—				—				Income tax expense
Total reclassifications for the period		$	(30	)		$	8			$	115			Net income

Other Income (Expense), Net

The following table reconciles the components of other income (expense), net for the periods presented below:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
	(In millions)
Interest income	$	168			$	85			$	59
Interest expense	(77		)		(7		)		(3		)
Other	91				(5		)		(11		)
Other income (expense), net	$	182			$	73			$	45

Refer to Note 1—“Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for details on the composition of these balances.

Note 7—Funds Receivable and Customer Accounts

The following table summarizes the assets underlying our funds receivable and customer accounts as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

	As of December 31,
	2018				2017
	(In millions)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	5,642			$	5,387
Government and agency securities	9,380				6,651
Time deposits	389				739
Corporate debt securities	1,560				1,248
Funds receivable	3,091				4,217
Total funds receivable and customer accounts	$	20,062			$	18,242

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the estimated fair value of our investments classified as available-for-sale included within funds receivable and customer accounts was as follows:

	December 31, 2018
	Gross Amortized Cost				Gross Unrealized Gains				Gross Unrealized Losses				Estimated Fair Value
	(In millions)
Government and agency securities	$	7,717			$	2			$	(1	)		$	7,718
Corporate debt securities	883				—				—				883
Total	$	8,600			$	2			$	(1	)		$	8,601

	December 31, 2017
	Gross Amortized Cost				Gross Unrealized Gains				Gross Unrealized Losses				Estimated Fair Value
	(In millions)
Government and agency securities	$	5,946			$	—			$	(5	)		$	5,941
Corporate debt securities	529				—				—				529
Total	$	6,475			$	—			$	(5	)		$	6,470

We elect to account for certain investments within customer accounts, including foreign-currency denominated available-for-sale investments, under the fair value option. As a result, any gains and losses from fair value changes on such investments are recognized in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of income. Election of the fair value option allows us to significantly reduce the accounting asymmetry that would otherwise arise when recognizing the changes in the fair value of available-for-sale investments and the corresponding foreign exchange gains and losses relating to customer liabilities. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the estimated fair value of our investments included within funds receivable and customer accounts under the fair value option was $2.3 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively. In the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, $117 million of net losses and $176 million of net gains from fair value changes, respectively, were recognized in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of income.

The aggregate fair value of investments classified as available-for-sale included within funds receivable and customer accounts in an unrealized loss position was $3.1 billion and $6.0 billion as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had no material investments that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than 12 months. The aggregate gross unrealized loss on our short-term and long-term investments was not material as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. We believe the decline in value is due to temporary market conditions and expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the securities. We neither intend nor anticipate the need to sell the securities before recovery. We will continue to monitor the performance of the investment portfolio and assess market and interest rate risk when evaluating whether other-than-temporary impairment exists. Amounts reclassified to earnings from unrealized gains and losses were not material for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

The estimated fair values of our investments classified as available-for-sale included within funds receivable and customer accounts by date of contractual maturity were as follows:

	December 31, 2018
	(In millions)
One year or less	$	8,565
One year through two years	36
Total	$	8,601

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Note 8—Investments

At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the estimated fair value of our short-term and long-term investments classified as available-for-sale was as follows:

	December 31, 2018
	Gross Amortized Cost				Gross Unrealized Gains				Gross Unrealized Losses				Estimated Fair Value
	(In millions)
Short-term investments(1)(2):
Corporate debt securities	$	393			$	—			$	(3	)		$	390
Long-term investments(1):
Corporate debt securities	639				—				(11		)		628
Government and agency securities	38				—				—				38
Total(1)(2)	$	1,070			$	—			$	(14	)		$	1,056

(1) Excludes short-term restricted cash of $75 million that we intend to use to support our global sabbatical program and a counterparty guarantee, and long-term restricted cash of $2 million.

(2) Excludes time deposits of $774 million, which are not considered available-for-sale securities.

	December 31, 2017
	Gross Amortized Cost				Gross Unrealized Gains				Gross Unrealized Losses				Estimated Fair Value
	(In millions)
Short-term investments(1)(2):
Corporate debt securities	$	2,092			$	1			$	(1	)		$	2,092
Government and agency securities	210				—				—				210
Long-term investments(1):
Corporate debt securities	1,769				2				(7		)		1,764
Government and agency securities	98				—				—				98
Total(1)(2)	$	4,169			$	3			$	(8	)		$	4,164

(1) Excludes short-term restricted cash of $79 million that we intend to use to support our global sabbatical program and a counterparty guarantee, and long-term restricted cash of $2 million.

(2) Excludes time deposits of $163 million, which are not considered available-for-sale securities.

We elected to account for foreign denominated available-for-sale investments held in our Luxembourg banking subsidiary under the fair value option. Election of the fair value option allows us to recognize any gains and losses from fair value changes on such investments in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of income to offset certain foreign exchange gains and losses on our foreign denominated customer liabilities. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the estimated fair value of our investments included within short-term investments and long-term investments under the fair value option was $305 million and $277 million, respectively. In the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, $15 million of net losses and $36 million of net gains, respectively, from fair value changes were recognized in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of income.

The aggregate fair value of short-term and long-term investments classified as available-for-sale in an unrealized loss position was $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2018 and $2.8 billion as of December 31, 2017, of which $895 million and $207 million, respectively, was in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than 12 months. The aggregate gross unrealized loss on our short-term and long-term investments was not material as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. We believe the decline in value is due to temporary market conditions and expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the securities. We neither intend nor anticipate the need to sell the securities before recovery. We will continue to monitor the performance of the investment portfolio and assess market and interest rate risk when evaluating whether other-than-temporary impairment exists. Amounts reclassified to earnings from unrealized gains and losses were not material for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The estimated fair values of our short-term and long-term investments classified as available-for-sale by date of contractual maturity were as follows:

	December 31, 2018
	(In millions)
One year or less	$	390
One year through two years	492
Two years through three years	110
Three years through four years	57
Four years through five years	—
Greater than five years	7
Total	$	1,056

Other Investments

We have equity investments which consist of minority equity interests in companies that are not publicly traded and are reported in long-term investments on our consolidated balance sheets. The carrying value of our equity investments accounted for using the Measurement Alternative totaled $293 million and $88 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Measurement Alternative Adjustments

The adjustments to the carrying value of our equity investments measured using the Measurement Alternative in the year ended December 31, 2018 were as follows:

	(In millions)
Carrying amount, beginning of period	$	88
Adjustments related to equity investments:
Additions, net of sales	119
Gross unrealized gains on equity investments	91
Gross unrealized losses on equity investments and impairments	(5		)
Carrying amount, end of period	$	293

Cumulative gross unrealized gains and cumulative gross unrealized losses and impairment for the year ended December 31, 2018 related to equity investments held at December 31, 2018 were approximately $91 million and $5 million, respectively. Net unrealized gains recognized in the year ended December 31, 2018 related to equity investments held at December 31, 2018 were approximately $86 million.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Note 9—Fair Value Measurement of Assets and Liabilities

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured and Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables summarize our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:

		Balances at December 31, 2018				Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
		(In millions)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents(1)		$	3,678			$	3,678
Short-term investments(2):
Corporate debt securities		450				450
Government and agency securities		235				235
Total short-term investments		$	685			$	685
Funds receivable and customer accounts(3)		11,545				11,545
Derivatives		320				320
Long-term investments(2)(4):
Corporate debt securities		628				628
Government and agency securities		48				48
Total long-term investments		676				676
Total financial assets		$	16,904			$	16,904
Liabilities:
Derivatives		$	67			$	67

(1) Excludes cash of $3.9 billion not measured and recorded at fair value.

(2) Excludes restricted cash of $77 million and time deposits of $774 million not measured and recorded at fair value.

(3) Excludes cash, time deposits and funds receivable of $8.5 billion underlying funds receivable and customer accounts not measured and recorded at fair value.

(4) Excludes equity investments of $293 million primarily measured using the Measurement Alternative.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

		Balances at December 31, 2017				Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
		(In millions)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents(1)		$	791			$	791
Short-term investments(2):
Corporate debt securities		2,219				2,219
Government and agency securities		351				351
Total short-term investments		2,570				2,570
Funds receivable and customer accounts(3)		8,007				8,007
Derivatives		66				66
Long-term investments(2):
Corporate debt securities		1,773				1,773
Government and agency securities		98				98
Total long-term investments		1,871				1,871
Total financial assets		$	13,305			$	13,305
Liabilities:
Derivatives		$	218			$	218

(1) Excludes cash of $2.1 billion not measured and recorded at fair value.

(2) Excludes restricted cash of $81 million, time deposits of $163 million, and equity investments of $88 million not measured and recorded at fair value.

(3) Excludes cash, time deposits, and funds receivable of $10.2 billion underlying funds receivable and customer accounts not measured and recorded at fair value.

Our financial assets and liabilities are valued using market prices on less active markets (Level 2). Level 2 instrument valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for comparable instruments, identical instruments in less active markets, or models using market observable inputs.

Cash and cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased and are comprised primarily of bank deposits, government and agency securities, and commercial paper.

We elect to account for foreign currency denominated available-for-sale investments underlying funds receivable and customer accounts, short-term investments, and long-term investments under the fair value option as further discussed in “Note 7—Funds Receivable and Customer Accounts” and “Note 8—Investments.”

A majority of our derivative instruments are valued using pricing models that take into account the contract terms as well as multiple inputs where applicable, such as currency rates, interest rate yield curves, option volatility, and equity prices. Our derivative instruments are primarily short-term in nature, generally one month to one year in duration. Certain foreign currency contracts designated as cash flow hedges may have a duration of up to 18 months.

We did not have any transfers of financial instruments between valuation levels during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. As of December 31, 2018, we did not have any assets or liabilities requiring measurement at fair value without observable market values that would require a high level of judgment to determine fair value (Level 3).

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured and Recorded at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis

The following table summarizes our financial assets and liabilities held as of December 31, 2018 for which a non-recurring fair value measurement was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2018:

		Year Ended December 31, 2018				Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
		(In millions)
Equity investments measured using the Measurement Alternative(1)		$	116			116

(1) Excludes equity investments of $177 million for which no observable price changes occurred during the year ended December 31, 2018.

We measured these equity investments at cost minus impairment, if any, plus adjustments resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or a similar investment in the same issuer.

None of our financial assets and liabilities were measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2017.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured and Recorded at Fair Value

Our financial instruments, including cash, restricted cash, time deposits, loans and interest receivable, net, loans and interest receivable, held for sale, certain customer accounts, notes receivable, and notes payable are carried at amortized cost, which approximates their fair value. If these financial instruments were measured at fair value in the financial statements, cash would be classified as Level 1; restricted cash, time deposits, loans and interest receivable, held for sale, certain customer accounts and notes payable would be classified as Level 2; and the remaining financial instruments would be classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Note 10—Derivative Instruments

Summary of Derivative Instruments

Our primary objective in holding derivatives is to reduce the volatility of earnings and cash flows associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Our derivatives expose us to credit risk to the extent that our counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of the arrangement. We seek to mitigate such risk by limiting our counterparties to, and by spreading the risk across, major financial institutions and by entering into collateral security arrangements. In addition, the potential risk of loss with any one counterparty resulting from this type of credit risk is monitored on an ongoing basis.

Foreign Exchange Contracts

We transact business in various foreign currencies and have significant international revenues and costs denominated in foreign currencies, which subjects us to foreign currency risk. We have a foreign currency exposure management program whereby we designate certain foreign currency exchange contracts, generally with maturities of 18 months or less, to reduce the volatility of cash flows primarily related to forecasted revenues denominated in foreign currencies. The objective of the foreign exchange contracts is to help mitigate the risk that the U.S. dollar-equivalent cash flows are adversely affected by changes in the applicable U.S. dollar/foreign currency exchange rate. These derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges and accordingly, the derivative’s gain or loss is initially reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified into revenue in the same period the forecasted transaction affects earnings. Beginning in 2018, we evaluate the effectiveness of our foreign currency exchange contracts on a quarterly basis by comparing the critical terms of the derivative instruments with the critical terms of the forecasted cash flows of the hedged item; if the critical terms are the same we conclude the hedge will be perfectly effective. Prior to and during 2018, we evaluated the effectiveness of some of our foreign exchange contracts on a monthly basis by comparing the change in the fair value of the derivative instruments with the change in the fair value of the forecasted cash flows of the hedged item. We did not exclude any component of the changes in fair value of the derivative instruments from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. We do not use any foreign exchange contracts for trading or speculative purposes.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

As of December 31, 2018, we estimate that $171 million of net derivative gains related to our cash flow hedges included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) will be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we did not discontinue any cash flow hedges because it was probable that the original forecasted transaction would not occur and as such, did not reclassify any gains or losses to earnings prior to the occurrence of the hedged transaction. If we elect to discontinue our cash flow hedges and it is probable that the original forecasted transaction will occur, we continue to report them in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until the forecasted transaction affects earnings, at which point we also reclassify the de-designated hedges into earnings. Gains and losses on derivatives held after we discontinue our cash flow hedge and gains and losses on derivative instruments that are not designated as cash flow hedges are recorded in the same financial statement line item to which the derivative relates.

We have an additional foreign currency exposure management program whereby we use foreign exchange contracts to offset the foreign exchange risk on our assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of our subsidiaries. These contracts are not designated as hedging instruments and reduce, but do not entirely eliminate, the impact of currency exchange rate movements on our assets and liabilities. The foreign currency gains and losses on our assets and liabilities are recorded in other income (expense), net, which is offset by the gains and losses on the foreign exchange contracts.

Fair Value of Derivative Contracts

The fair value of our outstanding derivative instruments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:

	Balance Sheet Location		As of December 31,
			2018				2017
Derivative Assets:			(In millions)
Foreign exchange contracts designated as cash flow hedges	Other current assets		$	170			$	—
Foreign exchange contracts designated as cash flow hedges	Other assets (non-current)		11				—
Foreign exchange contracts not designated as hedging instruments	Other current assets		139				66
Total derivative assets			$	320			$	66
Derivative Liabilities:
Foreign exchange contracts designated as cash flow hedges	Other current liabilities		$	3			$	94
Foreign exchange contracts not designated as hedging instruments	Other current liabilities		64				124
Total derivative liabilities			$	67			$	218

Master Netting Agreements - Rights of Setoff

Under master netting agreements with respective counterparties to our foreign exchange contracts, subject to applicable requirements, we are allowed to net settle transactions of the same type with a single net amount payable by one party to the other. However, we have elected to present the derivative assets and derivative liabilities on a gross basis in our consolidated balance sheets. Rights of setoff associated with our foreign exchange contracts represented a potential offset to both assets and liabilities by $45 million as of December 31, 2018 and $56 million as of December 31, 2017. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we entered into collateral security arrangements that provide for collateral to be received or posted when the net fair value of certain financial instruments fluctuates from contractually established thresholds. We posted no collateral related to our derivative liabilities as of December 31, 2018 and $38 million of collateral related to our derivative liabilities as of December 31, 2017, which is recognized in other current assets on our consolidated balance sheets, and is related to the right to reclaim cash collateral. We received $195 million in counterparty cash collateral related to our derivative assets as of December 31, 2018, which is recognized in other current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets and is related to the obligation to return cash collateral. Additionally, as of December 31, 2018, we received $6 million in counterparty non-cash collateral in the form of debt securities. We did not receive any counterparty cash or non-cash collateral related to our derivative assets as of December 31, 2017.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Effect of Derivative Contracts on Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following tables summarize the activity of derivative contracts that qualify for hedge accounting as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, and the impact of designated derivative instruments on accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

	December 31, 2017				Amount of gains (losses) recognized in other comprehensive income				Less: Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to net revenue				December 31, 2018
	(In millions)
Foreign exchange contracts designated as cash flow hedges	$	(111	)		$	263			$	(30	)		$	182

	December 31, 2016				Amount of gains (losses) recognized in other comprehensive income				Less: Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to net revenue				December 31, 2017
	(In millions)
Foreign exchange contracts designated as cash flow hedges	$	131			$	(225	)		$	17			$	(111	)

Effect of Derivative Contracts on Consolidated Statements of Income

The following table provides the location in the consolidated statements of income and amount of recognized gains or losses related to our derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
	(in millions)
	Net revenues
Total amounts presented in the consolidated statements of income in which the effects of cash flow hedges are recorded	$	15,451			$	13,094			$	10,842
Gains (losses) on foreign exchange contracts designated as cash flow hedges reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income	$	(30	)		$	17			$	119

The following table provides the location in the consolidated statements of income and amount of recognized gains or losses related to our derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
	(In millions)
Gains (losses) on foreign exchange contracts recognized in other income (expense), net	$	38			$	(54	)		$	76
Gains (losses) on foreign exchange contracts recognized in net revenues	7				—				—
Total gains (losses) recognized from foreign exchange contracts not designated as hedging instruments	$	45			$	(54	)		$	76

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Notional Amounts of Derivative Contracts

Derivative transactions are measured in terms of the notional amount; however, this amount is not recorded on the balance sheet and is not, when viewed in isolation, a meaningful measure of the risk profile of the derivative instruments. The notional amount is generally not exchanged but is used only as the underlying basis on which the value of foreign exchange payments under these contracts is determined. The following table provides the notional amounts of our outstanding derivatives:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017
	(In millions)
Foreign exchange contracts designated as cash flow hedges	$	3,831			$	2,639
Foreign exchange contracts not designated as hedging instruments	10,703				5,669
Total	$	14,534			$	8,308

Note 11—Loans and Interest Receivable

We offer credit products to consumers and certain small and medium-sized merchants. We work with independent chartered financial institutions that extend credit to the consumer or merchant using our credit products in the U.S. For our consumer credit products outside the U.S., we extend credit through our Luxembourg banking subsidiary. For our merchant credit products outside the U.S., we extend working capital advances in the U.K. and loans in Germany through our Luxembourg banking subsidiary, and we extend working capital loans in Australia through an Australian subsidiary. Prior to July 2018, we purchased receivables related to credit extended to U.S. consumers by independent chartered financial institutions and were responsible for servicing functions related to that portfolio. Following the completion of the sale of our U.S. consumer credit receivables portfolio to Synchrony Bank in July 2018, we no longer purchase receivables related to the U.S. consumer loans, but remain responsible for the servicing functions related to the sold portfolio through a transition period. We purchase receivables related to credit extended to U.S. merchants by an independent chartered financial institution and are responsible for servicing functions related to that portfolio. During the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we purchased approximately $8.1 billion and $10.2 billion in credit receivables, respectively.

Loans and Interest Receivable, Held for Sale

As of December 31, 2018, we had no outstanding balance of loans and interest receivable, held for sale as compared to $6.4 billion as of December 31, 2017. In November 2017, we reached an agreement to sell our U.S. consumer credit receivables portfolio to Synchrony Bank. Historically, this portfolio was reported as outstanding principal balances, net of any participation interest sold and pro rata allowances, including unamortized deferred origination costs and estimated collectible interest and fees. Upon approval of our Board of Directors to sell these receivables, the portfolio was reclassified as held for sale and recorded at the lower of cost or fair value, determined on an aggregate basis. For the year ended December 31, 2017, due to the designation as held for sale, the associated allowance for this portfolio was reversed, resulting in an increase of approximately $39 million in revenue from other value added services and a decrease of approximately $283 million in transaction and loan losses in our consolidated statements of income. See “Note 1—Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for additional information. In July 2018, we completed the sale of this portfolio to Synchrony Bank, approximately at par, for total consideration of $6.9 billion, which includes cash consideration of $6.5 billion and a long-term note receivable in the amount of $426 million, which was recorded at its present value at the time of the completion of the sale in the amount of $261 million in other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. This amount will be subject to accretion over the term of the arrangement, and is not reflected as a cash item on our consolidated statements of cash flows. During the year ended December 31, 2018, additional expenses incurred due to this transaction resulted in a net loss of approximately $40 million recorded in restructuring and other expenses on our consolidated statements of income. The purchase price is subject to post-closing true-up and certain other adjustments under the terms of the purchase agreement. PayPal also earns a revenue share on the portfolio of consumer receivables owned by Synchrony Bank, which includes both the sold and newly generated receivables. The transaction was accounted for as a true sale based on our determination that it met all the necessary criteria for such accounting, including legal isolation for transferred assets, ability of the transferee to pledge or exchange the transferred assets without constraint, and the transfer of control. We also concluded that our continuing involvement in the revenue share arrangement does not invalidate this determination.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Loans and Interest Receivable, Net

Consumer Receivables

We offer credit products to consumers who choose PayPal Credit at checkout. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the outstanding balance of consumer receivables primarily consisted of loans and interest receivable due from international consumer accounts and was $704 million and $326 million, respectively.

We closely monitor credit quality for our consumer receivables to manage and evaluate our related exposure to credit risk. Credit risk management begins with initial underwriting and continues through to full repayment of a loan. To assess a consumer who requests a loan, we use, among other indicators, internally developed risk models using detailed information from external sources such as credit bureaus where available and internal historical experience including the consumer’s prior repayment history with PayPal Credit products as well as other measures. We use delinquency status and trends to assist in making new and ongoing credit decisions, to adjust our models, to plan our collection practices and strategies and in our determination of our allowance for consumer loans and interest receivable.

The following tables present the delinquency status of the principal amount of consumer loans and interest receivable. The amounts shown below are based on the number of days past the billing date to the consumer. Current represents balances that are within 30 days of the billing date. Amounts as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 represent loans and interest receivable due from consumer accounts, of which approximately 94.9% and 96.0%, respectively, were current.

December 31, 2018
(In millions)
Current				30 - 59 Days				60 - 89 Days				90 - 180 Days				Total Past 30 days				Total
$	668			$	18			$	6			$	12			$	36			$	704

December 31, 2017
(In millions)
Current				30 - 59 Days				60 - 89 Days				90 - 180 Days				Total Past 30 days				Total
$	313			$	7			$	2			$	4			$	13			$	326

We charge off consumer loan receivable balances in the month in which a customer balance becomes 180 days past the payment due date. Bankrupt accounts are charged off within 90 days after receipt of notification of bankruptcy. Loans receivable past the payment due date continue to accrue interest until they are charged off. We record an allowance for loss against the interest and fees receivable.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for consumer loans and interest receivable for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

	December 31, 2018										December 31, 2017(1)
	Consumer Loans Receivable			Interest Receivable			Total Allowance(2)				Consumer Loans Receivable			Interest Receivable			Total Allowance
	(In millions)
Beginning Balance	$	57		$	6		$	63			$	265		$	40		$	305
Reversal of allowance related to loans and interest receivable, held for sale	—			—			—				(283		)	(39		)	(322		)
Provisions	53			8			61				406			113			519
Charge-offs	(83		)	(11		)	(94		)		(362		)	(108		)	(470		)
Recoveries	—			—			—				31			—			31
Ending Balance	$	27		$	3		$	30			$	57		$	6		$	63

(1) Beginning balances, provisions and charge-offs include amounts related to loans and interest receivable, held for sale portfolio prior to its designation as held for sale.

(2) Beginning balance includes approximately $50 million of U.S. consumer credit receivables that were fully reserved and have been charged off as of December 31, 2018.

The tables above exclude receivables from other consumer credit products of $96 million and $55 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and allowances of $12 million and $7 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The provision for loan losses relating to our consumer loans receivable portfolio is recognized in transaction and loan losses. The provision for interest receivable due to interest and fees earned on our consumer loans receivable portfolio is recognized in net revenues from other value added services as a reduction in revenue. Charge-offs that are recovered are recorded as a reduction to our allowance for loans and interest receivable.

Merchant receivables

We offer business financing solutions to certain small and medium-sized merchants through our PayPal Working Capital (“PPWC”) and PayPal Business Loan (“PPBL”) products. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the total outstanding balance in our pool of merchant loans, advances, and interest and fees receivable was $1.9 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively, net of the participation interest sold to an independent chartered financial institution of $84 million and $28 million, respectively. See “Note 1—Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for additional information on this participation arrangement.

Through our PPWC product, merchants can borrow a certain percentage of their annual payment volume processed by PayPal and are charged a fixed fee for the loan or advance, which targets an annual percentage rate based on the overall credit assessment of the merchant. Loans and advances are repaid through a fixed percentage of the merchant's future payment volume that PayPal processes. Through our PPBL product, we provide merchants with access to short-term business financing for a fixed fee based on an evaluation of both the applying business as well as the business owner. PPBL repayments are collected by periodic payments until the balance has been satisfied.

The interest or fee is fixed at the time the loan or advance is extended and recognized as deferred revenues included in other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. The fixed interest or fee is amortized to net revenues from other value added services based on the amount repaid over the repayment period. We estimate the repayment period based on the merchant's payment processing history with PayPal, where available. For PPWC, there is a general requirement that at least 10% of the original amount of the loan or advance plus the fixed fee must be repaid every 90 days. We calculate the repayment rate of the merchant's future payment volume so that repayment of the loan or advance and fixed fee is expected to generally occur within 9 to 12 months from the date of the loan or advance. On a monthly basis, we recalculate the repayment period based on the repayment activity on the receivable. As such, actual repayment periods are dependent on actual merchant payment processing volumes. For PPBL, we receive fixed periodic payments over the contractual term of the loan which generally ranges from 3 to 12 months. We actively monitor receivables with repayment periods greater than the original expected or contractual repayment period.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

We closely monitor credit quality for our merchant loans and advances that we extend or purchase, so that we can evaluate, quantify, and manage our credit risk exposure. To assess a merchant seeking a business financing loan or advance, we use, among other indicators, risk models developed internally which utilize information obtained from multiple data sources, both external and internal data to predict the likelihood of timely and satisfactory repayment by the merchant of the loan or advance amount and the related interest or fee. Primary drivers of the models include the merchant's annual payment volume, payment processing history with PayPal and prior repayment history with the PayPal products where available, elements sourced from consumer credit bureau and business credit bureau reports, and other information obtained during the application process. We use delinquency status and trends to assist in making ongoing credit decisions, to adjust our internal models, to plan our collection practices and strategies, and in our determination of our allowance for these loans and advances.

Merchant Receivables Delinquency and Allowance

The following tables present our estimate of the principal amount of merchant loans, advances, and interest and fees receivable past their original expected or contractual repayment period.

December 31, 2018(1)
(In millions)
Within Original Expected Repayment Period				30 - 59 Days Greater				60 - 89 Days Greater				90 - 180 Days Greater				180+ Days				Total Past Original Expected Repayment Period				Total
$	1,706			$	66			$	32			$	57			$	13			$	168			$	1,874

(1) Excludes $30 million of loan receivables related to iZettle merchant receivables.

December 31, 2017
(In millions)
Within Original Expected Repayment Period				30 - 59 Days Greater				60 - 89 Days Greater				90 - 180 Days Greater				180+ Days				Total Past Original Expected Repayment Period				Total
$	884			$	44			$	28			$	43			$	13			$	128			$	1,012

The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for merchant loans, advances, and interest and fees receivable, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

	December 31, 2018(1)										December 31, 2017
	Merchant Loans and Advances			Interest & Fees Receivable			Total Allowance				Merchant Loans and Advances			Interest & Fees Receivable			Total Allowance
	(In millions)
Beginning Balance	$	52		$	7		$	59			$	28		$	3		$	31
Provisions	162			20			182				65			12			77
Charge-offs	(113		)	(12		)	(125		)		(46		)	(8		)	(54		)
Recoveries	10			—			10				5			—			5
Ending Balance	$	111		$	15		$	126			$	52		$	7		$	59

(1) Excludes allowance related to iZettle merchant receivables.

For merchant loans and advances, the determination of delinquency, from current to 180 days past due, is based on the current expected or contractual repayment period of the loan or advance and fixed interest or fee payment as compared to the original expected or contractual repayment period. We charge off receivables outstanding under our PPBL product when the repayments are 180 days past due. We charge off the receivables outstanding under our PPWC product when the repayments are 180 days past our expectation of repayments and the merchant has not made a payment in the last 60 days or when the repayments are 360 days past due regardless of whether the merchant has made a payment within the last 60 days. Bankrupt accounts are charged off within 60 days of receiving notification of bankruptcy. The provision for loan losses is recognized in transaction and loan losses, and the provisions for interest and fees receivable is recognized in deferred revenues included in other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Charge-offs that are recovered are recorded as a reduction to our allowance for loans and interest receivable.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Note 12—Notes Payable

Amended Credit Agreement

In the fourth quarter of 2017, we entered into a credit agreement (“2017 Credit Agreement”) that provided for an unsecured $3.0 billion, 364-day delayed-draw term loan credit facility, which was available in up to three borrowings. In the fourth quarter of 2018, we entered into an amended credit agreement (“Amended Credit Agreement”) which amends and restates in its entirety the existing 2017 Credit Agreement. The Amended Credit Agreement provides for an unsecured $5.0 billion, 364-day delayed-draw term loan credit facility, which is available in up to four separate borrowings. Borrowings and other amounts payable under the Amended Credit Agreement are guaranteed by PayPal, Inc. Subject to specified conditions, we may designate one or more of our subsidiaries as additional borrowers under the Amended Credit Agreement provided that we and PayPal, Inc. guarantee all borrowings and other obligations of any such subsidiaries under the Amended Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2018, no subsidiaries were designated as additional borrowers. Funds borrowed under the Amended Credit Agreement may be used to repurchase equity securities from shareholders, to repay intercompany debt, and for other general corporate purposes of the Company and our subsidiaries.

Loans under the Amended Credit Agreement bear interest at either (i) the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus a margin (based on our public debt ratings) ranging from 1.00 percent to 1.25 percent or (ii) a formula based on the agent bank's prime rate, the New York Federal Reserve Bank rate (the greater of the federal funds effective rate and the overnight bank funding rate), or LIBOR plus a margin (based on our public debt ratings) ranging from zero percent to 0.25 percent. The Amended Credit Agreement will terminate and all amounts owed thereunder will be due and payable in November 2019, unless the commitments are terminated earlier, either at our request or, if an event of default occurs, by the lenders (or automatically in the case of certain bankruptcy-related events). Subject to certain exceptions, if we were to issue debt securities or enter into a credit facility, a corresponding portion of the aggregate commitments and outstanding loans under the Amended Credit Agreement will be terminated and be required to be paid, as applicable. The Amended Credit Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants, events of default, and indemnification provisions in favor of the lenders. The negative covenants include restrictions regarding the incurrence of liens, subject to certain exceptions. The financial covenants require us to meet a quarterly financial test with respect to a minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio, which will be applicable under certain conditions based on our public debt ratings, and a maximum consolidated leverage ratio.

In the first quarter of 2018, we effected two drawdowns aggregating to $2.0 billion under the 2017 Credit Agreement, which were in addition to the outstanding balance of $1.0 billion as of December 31, 2017. In the second quarter of 2018, we repaid $1.0 billion of the borrowings outstanding under the 2017 Credit Agreement. The borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 bore interest at one-month LIBOR plus a margin of 1.125% resulting in a weighted average interest rate of 3.34% and 2.78%, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, $2.0 billion was outstanding under the Amended Credit Agreement. The total interest expense and fees we recorded related to the Amended Credit Agreement was $72 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. At December 31, 2018, $3.0 billion of borrowing capacity was available for the purposes permitted by the Amended Credit Agreement, subject to customary conditions to borrowing.

2015 Credit Agreement

In the third quarter of 2015, we entered into a credit agreement (“2015 Credit Agreement”) that provides for an unsecured $2.0 billion, five-year revolving credit facility that includes a $150 million letter of credit sub-facility and a $150 million swingline sub-facility, with available borrowings under the revolving credit facility reduced by the amount of any letters of credit and swingline borrowings outstanding from time to time. Borrowings and other amounts payable under the 2015 Credit Agreement are guaranteed by our PayPal, Inc. subsidiary. We may, subject to the agreement of the applicable lenders, increase the commitments under the revolving credit facility by up to $500 million. Subject to specified conditions, we may designate one or more of our subsidiaries as additional borrowers under the 2015 Credit Agreement provided that we and PayPal, Inc. guarantee all borrowings and other obligations of any such subsidiaries under the 2015 Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2018, no subsidiaries were designated as additional borrowers. Funds borrowed under the 2015 Credit Agreement may be used for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Loans under the 2015 Credit Agreement will bear interest at either (i) LIBOR plus a margin (based on our public debt ratings) ranging from 1.00 percent to 1.625 percent or (ii) a formula based on the agent bank’s prime rate, the federal funds effective rate, or LIBOR plus a margin (based on our public debt ratings) ranging from zero percent to 0.625 percent. Subject to specified conditions, we may designate one or more of our subsidiaries as additional borrowers under the 2015 Credit Agreement provided that we and PayPal, Inc. guarantee all borrowings and other obligations of any such subsidiaries under the 2015 Credit Agreement. The 2015 Credit Agreement will terminate and all amounts owed thereunder will be due and payable on July 17, 2020, unless (a) the commitments are terminated earlier, either at our request or, if an event of default occurs, by the lenders (or automatically in the case of certain bankruptcy-related events), or (b) the maturity date is extended upon our request, subject to the agreement of the lenders. The 2015 Credit Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants, events of default, and indemnification provisions in favor of the banks. The negative covenants include restrictions regarding the incurrence of liens, subject to certain exceptions. The financial covenants require us to meet a quarterly financial test with respect to a minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio, which will be applicable under certain conditions based on our public debt ratings, and a maximum consolidated leverage ratio.

During the third quarter of 2017, we drew down $800 million under the 2015 Credit Agreement, which was repaid during the fourth quarter of 2017. The borrowing bore interest at one-month LIBOR plus a margin of 1.125% resulting in a weighted average interest rate of 2.36%. As of December 31, 2018, no borrowings or letters of credit were outstanding under the 2015 Credit Agreement. Accordingly, at December 31, 2018, $2.0 billion of borrowing capacity was available for the purposes permitted by the 2015 Credit Agreement subject to customary conditions to borrowing.

Other Available Facilities

We maintain uncommitted credit facilities in various regions throughout the world, with borrowing capacity of approximately $300 million in the aggregate. Interest rate terms for these facilities vary by region and reflect prevailing market rates for companies with strong credit ratings. As of December 31, 2018, no amounts were outstanding under those facilities, and therefore, approximately $300 million of borrowing capacity was available, subject to customary conditions to borrowing.

Note 13—Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments

As of December 31, 2018, approximately $1.8 billion of unused credit was available to PayPal Credit account holders compared to $26.4 billion of unused credit as of December 31, 2017. While this amount represents the total unused credit available, we have not experienced, and do not anticipate, that all our PayPal Credit account holders will access their entire available credit at any given point in time. In addition, the individual lines of credit that make up this unused credit are subject to periodic review and termination based on, among other things, account usage and customer creditworthiness. The decrease in unused credit in 2018 as compared to 2017 was due to the sale of our U.S. consumer credit portfolio.

Prior to the completion of the sale of our U.S. consumer credit receivables portfolio in July 2018, when a consumer funded a purchase in the U.S. using a PayPal Credit product issued by a chartered financial institution, the chartered financial institution extended credit to the consumer, funded the extension of credit at the point of sale and advanced funds to the merchant. We purchased the receivables related to the consumer loans extended by the chartered financial institution and, as a result of such purchase, bore the risk of loss in the event of loan defaults. Although the chartered financial institution continued to own each customer account, we owned the related receivable (excluding participation interests sold) and were responsible for all servicing functions related to the account. Subsequent to the completion of the sale of our U.S. consumer credit receivables portfolio, we no longer purchase the receivables related to consumer loans extended by the chartered financial institution. See “Note 1—Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for additional information.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Lease Arrangements

We have lease obligations under certain non-cancelable operating leases. Our non-cancelable operating lease agreements typically have terms between 3-10 years and generally contain multi-year renewal options. We recognize rent expense under such agreements on a straight-line basis.

Future minimum rental payments under non-cancelable operating leases at December 31, 2018, are as follows:

	Operating Leases
	(In millions)
2019	$	124
2020	111
2021	96
2022	81
2023	63
Thereafter	189
Total minimum lease payments	$	664

Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 totaled $94 million, $69 million, and $76 million, respectively. The future minimum lease payments include the minimum commitments for our facilities.

Litigation and Regulatory Matters

Overview

We are involved in legal and regulatory proceedings on an ongoing basis. Many of these proceedings are in early stages and may seek an indeterminate amount of damages. If we believe that a loss arising from such matters is probable and can be reasonably estimated, we accrue the estimated liability in our financial statements. If only a range of estimated losses can be determined, we accrue an amount within the range that, in our judgment, reflects the most likely outcome; if none of the estimates within that range is a better estimate than any other amount, we accrue the low end of the range. For those proceedings in which an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible but not probable, we have disclosed an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of losses or we have concluded that an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of losses arising directly from the proceeding (i.e., monetary damages or amounts paid in judgment or settlement) are not material. If we cannot estimate the probable or reasonably possible loss or range of losses arising from a legal proceeding, we have disclosed that fact. In assessing the materiality of a legal proceeding, we evaluate, among other factors, the amount of monetary damages claimed, as well as the potential impact of non-monetary remedies sought by plaintiffs (e.g., injunctive relief) that may require us to change our business practices in a manner that could have a material adverse impact on our business. With respect to the matters disclosed in this Note 13, we are unable to estimate the possible loss or range of losses that could potentially result from the application of such non-monetary remedies.

Amounts accrued for legal and regulatory proceedings for which we believe a loss is probable were not material for the year ended December 31, 2018. Except as otherwise noted for the proceedings described in this Note 13, we have concluded, based on currently available information, that reasonably possible losses arising directly from the proceedings (i.e., monetary damages or amounts paid in judgment or settlement) in excess of our recorded accruals are also not material. However, legal and regulatory proceedings are inherently unpredictable and subject to significant uncertainties. If one or more matters were resolved against us in a reporting period for amounts in excess of management’s expectations, the impact on our operating results or financial condition for that reporting period could be material.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Regulatory Proceedings

We are required to comply with U.S. economic and trade sanctions administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”). We have self-reported to OFAC certain transactions that were inadvertently processed but subsequently identified as possible violations of U.S. economic and trade sanctions. In March 2015, we reached a settlement with OFAC regarding possible violations arising from our sanctions compliance practices between 2009 and 2013, prior to the implementation of our real-time transaction scanning program. Subsequently, we have self-reported additional transactions as possible violations, and we have received new subpoenas from OFAC seeking additional information about certain of these transactions. Such self-reported transactions could result in claims or actions against us, including litigation, injunctions, damage awards, fines or penalties, or require us to change our business practices in a manner that could result in a material loss, require significant management time, result in the diversion of significant operational resources, or otherwise harm our business.

On March 28, 2016, we received a Civil Investigative Demand (“CID”) from the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) as part of its investigation to determine whether we, through our Venmo service, have been or are engaged in deceptive or unfair practices in violation of the Federal Trade Commission Act. The CID requested the production of documents and answers to written questions related to our Venmo service. We have cooperated with the FTC in connection with the CID. On February 27, 2018, we entered into a Consent Order with the FTC in which we settled potential allegations arising from our Venmo services between 2013 and 2017. The Consent Order does not contain a monetary penalty, but requires PayPal to make various changes to Venmo’s disclosures and business practices. The FTC approved the final Consent Order on May 24, 2018. As required by the Consent Order, we are cooperating with the FTC’s requirements and working to ensure compliance with the Consent Order. Any failure to comply with the Consent Order may increase the possibility of additional adverse consequences, including litigation, additional regulatory actions, injunctions, or monetary penalties, or require further changes to our business practices, significant management time, or the diversion of significant operational resources, all of which could result in a material loss or otherwise harm our business.

Legal Proceedings

On January 12, 2017, a putative shareholder derivative action captioned Silverman v. Schulman, et al., Case No. 5:17-cv-00162 (the “California Derivative Case”) was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (the “Court”). On March 24, 2017, a second derivative action substantially similar to the California Derivative Case captioned Seeman v. Schulman, et al., Case No. 1:17-cv-00318-UNA, was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware (the “Delaware Derivative Case”). On April 19, 2017, the Delaware court in the Delaware Derivative Case issued an order adopting a stipulation filed by the parties transferring the Delaware Derivative Case to the Court so that the Delaware Derivative Case could be consolidated with the pending California Derivative Case. On April 27 and 28, 2017, two additional shareholder derivative lawsuits substantially similar to the California Derivative Case and Delaware Derivative Case were filed in the Court. These cases are captioned Sims v. Schulman, et al., Case No. 1:17-cv-02428, and Liss v. Schulman, et al., Case No. 1:17-cv-02446-NC (together with the California Derivative Case and the Delaware Derivative Case, the “Derivative Cases”). The Derivative Cases are purportedly brought on behalf of the Company and assert claims relating to our disclosure in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2016, that on March 28, 2016, we received a CID from the FTC as part of its investigation to determine whether we, through our Venmo service, have been or are engaged in deceptive or unfair practices in violation of the Federal Trade Commission Act. The Derivative Cases allege that the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, former interim Chief Financial Officer, and certain members of its Board of Directors (the “Individual Defendants”) breached their fiduciary duties to the Company, violated Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and were unjustly enriched by, among other things, causing or permitting the Company to issue materially false and misleading statements or omissions regarding the Company’s compliance with applicable laws and regulations with respect to its Venmo service, and/or by permitting or causing the Company to engage in unfair trade practices through its Venmo service. The Derivative Cases seek, among other things, to recover unspecified compensatory damages on behalf of the Company arising out of the individual defendants’ alleged wrongful conduct. Although plaintiffs in the Derivative Cases do not seek relief against the Company, we have certain indemnification obligations to the individual defendants. On June 30, 2017, the Court issued an order approving a stipulation filed by the parties in the Derivative Cases that consolidated these cases and appointed co-lead plaintiffs’ counsel for the consolidated case, captioned In re PayPal Holdings, Inc. Shareholder Derivative Litigation, Lead Case No. 5:17-cv-00162-RS (the “Consolidated Derivative Case”). The Court’s order states that it applies to each purported derivative action that is subsequently filed in, removed to, or transferred to the Court, arising out of the same or substantially the same transactions or events as the Derivative Cases. On July 31, 2017, plaintiffs’ counsel designated the complaint filed in the Liss action as the operative complaint for the Consolidated Derivative Case. On October 5, 2017, another putative shareholder derivative suit was filed in the Court captioned Iron Workers Local No. 25 Pension Fund v. John J. Donahoe, et al., Case No. 5:17-cv-05741-NC, that makes similar allegations and advances similar claims against the same Individual Defendants as those at issue in the Consolidated Derivative Case. Pursuant to the Court’s consolidation order, this shareholder derivative suit is part of the Consolidated Derivative Case. On September 28, 2017, we filed

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

a motion to dismiss the operative complaint on grounds that plaintiffs lack standing to pursue claims on behalf of the Company because they did not make a pre-suit demand on the Company’s Board of Directors prior to filing the Derivative Cases and failed to establish that making such a demand would have been futile. On January 18, 2018, the Court granted our motion to dismiss with leave to amend and gave plaintiffs 30 days from that date to file an amended complaint. On February 16, 2018, plaintiffs in the Consolidated Derivative Case filed an amended complaint. Plaintiffs’ counsel also sent a letter dated February 15, 2018 to the Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors, demanding on behalf of plaintiffs that the Board take action to remedy the violations of law allegedly committed by the Individual Defendants in the Consolidated Derivative Case. In April 2018, the Individual Defendants in the Consolidated Derivative Case entered into a tolling agreement with plaintiffs that tolls the running of any statute of limitations applicable to the claims at issue in the lawsuit and the demand plaintiffs made on the Company's Board of Directors until 30 days from the time the Board issues a final response to the demand or three years elapse from the date of the tolling agreement, whichever comes first. Pursuant to that agreement, plaintiffs in the Consolidated Derivative Case have voluntarily dismissed the lawsuit without prejudice. On October 1, 2018, the Board issued its final response to the demand, which informed plaintiffs’ counsel that the Board had determined that it is not in the best interests of the Company and its shareholders to pursue the claims alleged in the demand or to undertake any further action in response to the demand.

In November 2017, we announced that we had suspended the operations of TIO Networks (“TIO”) as part of an ongoing investigation of security vulnerabilities of the TIO platform. On December 1, 2017 we announced that we had identified evidence of unauthorized access to TIO’s network, including locations that stored personal information of some of TIO’s customers and customers of TIO billers and the potential compromise of personally identifiable information for approximately 1.6 million customers. We have received a number of governmental inquiries, including from state attorneys general, and we may be subject to additional governmental inquiries and investigations in the future. In addition, on December 6, 2017, a putative class action lawsuit captioned Sgarlata v. PayPal Holdings, Inc., et al., Case No. 3:17-cv-06956 was filed in the Court against the Company, its Chief Executive Officer, its Chief Financial Officer and Hamed Shahbazi, the former chief executive officer of TIO (the “Defendants”) alleging violations of federal securities laws. Specifically, the lawsuit alleges that Defendants made false or misleading statements or failed to disclose that TIO’s data security program was inadequate to safeguard the personally identifiable information of its users, those vulnerabilities threatened continued operation of TIO’s platform, the Company’s revenues derived from TIO services were thus unsustainable, and consequently, the Company overstated the benefits of the TIO acquisition, and, as a result, the Company’s public statements were materially false and misleading at all relevant times. The plaintiff who initiated the lawsuit sought to represent a class of shareholders who acquired shares of the Company’s common stock between February 14, 2017 through December 1, 2017 and sought damages and attorneys’ fees, among other relief. On March 16, 2018, the Court appointed two new plaintiffs, not the original plaintiff who filed the case, as interim co-lead plaintiffs in the case and appointed two law firms as interim co-lead counsel. On June 13, 2018, the interim co-lead plaintiffs filed an amended complaint, which named TIO Networks ULC, TIO Networks USA, Inc., and John Kunze (the Company’s Vice President, Global Consumer Products and Xoom) as additional defendants. The amended complaint is purportedly brought on behalf of all persons other than the Defendants who acquired the Company’s securities between November 10, 2017 and December 1, 2017. The amended complaint alleges that the Company’s and TIO’s November 10, 2017 announcement of the suspension of TIO’s operations was false and misleading because the announcement only disclosed security vulnerabilities on TIO’s platform, rather than an actual security breach that Defendants were allegedly aware of at the time of the announcement. Defendants’ filed their motion to dismiss the amended complaint on July 13, 2018 and the Court heard oral argument on the motion to dismiss on September 20, 2018. On December 13, 2018, the Court dismissed Plaintiff's amended complaint without prejudice. Plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint on January 14, 2019.We may be subject to additional litigation relating to TIO’s data security platform or the suspension of TIO’s operations in the future. See Note 4—“Business Combinations” and Note 5—“Goodwill and Intangible Assets” to our consolidated financial statements for additional disclosure relating to the suspension of operations of TIO.

General Matters

Other third parties have from time to time claimed, and others may claim in the future, that we have infringed their intellectual property rights. We are subject to patent disputes and expect that we will increasingly be subject to additional patent infringement claims involving various aspects of our business as our products and services continue to expand in scope and complexity. Such claims may be brought directly or indirectly against our companies and/or against our customers (who may be entitled to contractual indemnification under their contracts with us), and we are subject to increased exposure to such claims as a result of our acquisitions, particularly in cases where we are introducing new products or services in connection with such acquisitions. We have in the past been forced to litigate such claims, and we believe that additional lawsuits alleging such claims will be filed against us. Intellectual property claims, whether meritorious or not, are time consuming and costly to defend and resolve, could require expensive changes in our methods of doing business, or could require us to enter into costly royalty or licensing agreements on unfavorable terms or make substantial payments to settle claims or to satisfy damages awarded by courts.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

From time to time, we are involved in other disputes or regulatory inquiries that arise in the ordinary course of business, including suits by our customers (individually or as class actions) alleging, among other things, improper disclosure of our prices, rules or policies, that our practices, prices, rules, policies, or customer/user agreements violate applicable law or that we have acted unfairly and/or not acted in conformity with such prices, rules, policies, or agreements. In addition to these types of disputes and regulatory inquiries, our operations are also subject to regulatory and/or legal review and/or challenges that tend to reflect the increasing global regulatory focus to which the payments industry is subject and, when taken as a whole with other regulatory and legislative action, such actions could result in the imposition of costly new compliance burdens on our business and customers and may lead to increased costs and decreased transaction volume and revenue. Further, the number and significance of these disputes and inquiries are increasing as we have grown larger, our business has expanded in scope (both in terms of the range of products and services that we offer and our geographical operations), and our products and services have increased in complexity. Any claims or regulatory actions against us, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming, result in costly litigation, settlement payments, damage awards (including statutory damages for certain causes of action in certain jurisdictions), fines, penalties, injunctive relief, or increased costs of doing business through adverse judgment or settlement, require us to change our business practices in expensive ways, require significant amounts of management time, result in the diversion of significant operational resources, or otherwise harm our business.

Indemnification Provisions

We entered into a separation and distribution agreement, a tax matters agreement, an operating agreement and various other agreements with eBay Inc. (“eBay”) to govern the separation of the two companies in 2015 and the relationship of the two companies going forward. These agreements provide for specific indemnity and liability obligations for both eBay and us. Disputes between eBay and us have arisen and others may arise in the future, and an adverse outcome in such matters could materially and adversely impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, the indemnity rights we have against eBay under the agreements may not be sufficient to protect us, and our indemnity obligations to eBay may be significant.

In the ordinary course of business, we include limited indemnification provisions in certain of our agreements with parties with whom we have commercial relationships. Under these contracts, we generally indemnify, hold harmless, and agree to reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party in connection with claims by any third party with respect to our domain names, trademarks, logos, and other branding elements to the extent that such marks are related to the subject agreement. We have provided an indemnity for other types of third-party claims, which are indemnities mainly related to intellectual property rights, confidentiality, willful misconduct, data privacy obligations, and certain breach of contract claims. We have also provided an indemnity to our payments processors in the event of card association fines against the processor arising out of conduct by us or our customers. It is not possible to determine the maximum potential loss under these indemnification provisions due to our limited history of prior indemnification claims and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular situation. To date, no significant costs have been incurred, either individually or collectively, in connection with our indemnification provisions.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future material effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources.

Protection Programs

We provide merchants and consumers with protection programs on most transactions completed on our Payments Platform, except for transactions using our gateway products or where our customer agreements specifically do not provide for protections. These programs protect both merchants and consumers from loss primarily due to fraud and counterparty performance. Our Buyer Protection Program provides protection to consumers for qualifying purchases by reimbursing the consumer for the full amount of the purchase if a purchased item does not arrive or does not match the seller’s description. Our Seller Protection Programs provide protection to merchants against claims that a transaction was not authorized by the buyer or claims that an item was not received by covering the seller for the full amount of the payment on eligible sales. These protection programs are considered assurance-type warranties for which we estimate and record associated costs in transaction and loan losses during the period the payment transaction is completed.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The maximum potential exposure under our protection programs is estimated to be the portion of total eligible transaction volume (TPV) for which buyer or seller protection claims may be raised under our existing user agreements. Since eligible transactions are typically completed in a period significantly shorter than the period under which disputes may be opened, and based on our historical losses to date, we do not believe that the maximum potential exposure is representative of our actual potential exposure. The actual amount of potential exposure cannot be quantified as we are unable to determine total eligible transactions where performance by a merchant or consumer is incomplete or completed transactions that may result in a claim under our protection programs. We record a liability with respect to losses under these protection programs when they are probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The following table shows changes in the allowance for transaction losses and negative customer balances related to our protection programs for the year end December 31, 2018 and 2017:

	As of December 31,
	2018				2017
	(In millions)
Beginning balance	$	266			$	222
Provisions, net of recoveries	1,059				823
Realized losses	(981		)		(779		)
Ending balance	$	344			$	266

Note 14—Stock Repurchase Programs

In January 2016, our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program that provided for the repurchase of up to $2 billion of our common stock, with no expiration from the date of authorization. In April 2017, our Board of Directors authorized an additional stock repurchase program that provides for the repurchase of up to $5 billion of our common stock, with no expiration from the date of authorization. This program became effective upon completion of the January 2016 stock repurchase program in December 2017. In July 2018, our Board of Directors authorized an additional stock repurchase program that provides for the repurchase of up to $10 billion of our common stock, with no expiration from the date of authorization. This program will become effective upon completion of the April 2017 stock repurchase program. Our stock repurchase programs are intended to offset the impact of dilution from our equity compensation programs and, subject to market conditions and other factors, may also be used to make opportunistic repurchases of our common stock to reduce outstanding share count. Any share repurchases under our stock repurchase programs may be made through open market transactions, block trades, privately negotiated transactions including accelerated share repurchase agreements, or other means at times and in such amounts as management deems appropriate and will be funded from cash from operations or other financing alternatives. Moreover, any stock repurchases are subject to market conditions and other uncertainties and we cannot predict if or when any stock repurchases will be made. We may terminate our stock repurchase programs at any time without notice.

In February 2018, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) agreement with an unrelated third party financial institution to repurchase shares of our common stock. Under the terms of the ASR agreement, we made an upfront payment of approximately $1.0 billion to the third party financial institution and received approximately 12.8 million shares of our common stock during the term of the transaction, which ended in March 2018. The total number of shares of our common stock repurchased was based on the volume-weighted average share price of our common stock during the term of the transaction, less a discount and subject to adjustments pursuant to the terms of the ASR agreement. We recorded the initial payment of $1.0 billion as a reduction to stockholders' equity on our consolidated balance sheets. All common stock received was recorded as treasury stock and the forward contract indexed to our own common stock met all applicable criteria for equity classification.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The stock repurchase activity under our stock repurchase programs during the year ended December 31, 2018 is summarized as follows:

	Shares Repurchased			Average Price Paid per Share(1)(2)				Value of Shares Repurchased				Remaining Amount Authorized
	(In millions, except per share amounts)
Balance as of January 2018												$	4,999
Repurchases of shares of common stock in the open market for the three months ended March 31, 2018	10.8			$	76.82			$	825			$	4,174
Repurchases of shares of common stock under the ASR agreement for the three months ended March 31, 2018	12.8			$	78.03			$	1,000			$	3,174
Repurchases of shares of common stock in the open market for the three months ended June 30, 2018	6.1			$	81.33			$	500			$	2,674
Additional authorization of $10 billion under July 2018 stock repurchase program	—			$	—			$	—			$	12,674
Repurchases of shares of common stock in the open market for the three months ended September 30, 2018	6.9			$	87.42			$	600			$	12,074
Repurchases of shares of common stock in the open market for the three months ended December 31, 2018	7.1			$	84.19			$	600			$	11,474
Balance as of December 31, 2018	43.7							$	3,525			$	11,474

(1) Average price paid per share for open market purchases includes broker commissions.

(2) Average price paid per share under the ASR agreement represents the volume-weighted average share price, less a discount and adjustments pursuant to the terms of the agreement. Treasury stock recorded for repurchases under the ASR agreement amounts to $985 million.

These repurchased shares of common stock were recorded as treasury stock for the purposes of calculating earnings per share and were accounted for under the cost method. No repurchased shares of common stock have been retired.

No activity has occurred under the July 2018 stock repurchase program.

Note 15—Stock-Based and Employee Savings Plans

Equity Incentive Plan

Under the terms of the Amended and Restated PayPal Holdings, Inc. 2015 Equity Incentive Award Plan (the “Plan”), equity awards, including stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), performance based restricted stock units (“PBRSUs”), deferred stock units (“DSUs”), and stock payments may be granted to our directors, officers, and employees. In May 2018, our stockholders approved increasing the number of shares reserved for issuance under the Plan by an additional 37 million shares . At December 31, 2018, there were 97 million shares authorized under the Plan and 71 million shares were available for future grant. Shares issued as a result of stock option exercises and the release of stock awards were funded primarily with the issuance of new shares of common stock.

All stock options granted under the Plan generally vest 12.5% six months from the date of grant (or 25% one year from the date of hire for grants to new employees) with the remainder vesting at a rate of 2.08% per month thereafter, and generally expire seven years from the date of grant. The cost of stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model on the date of grant. We discontinued granting stock options in January 2016.

RSUs are granted to eligible employees under the Plan. In general, RSUs vest in equal annual installments over a period of three years, are subject to an employee's continuing service to us, and do not have an expiration date. The cost of RSUs granted is determined using the fair market value of PayPal's common stock on the date of grant.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Certain of our executives and non-executives are eligible to receive PBRSUs, which are equity awards that may be earned based on an initial target number with the final number of PBRSUs that may be vested and settled determined based on the Company’s performance against pre-established performance metrics over a predefined performance period. PBRSUs granted under the Plan generally have one to three-year performance periods with cliff vesting following the completion of the performance period, subject to the Compensation Committee's approval of the level of achievement against the pre-established performance targets. Over the performance period, the number of PBRSUs that may be issued and related stock-based compensation expense that is recognized is adjusted upward or downward based upon the probability of achieving the approved performance targets against the performance metrics. Depending on the probability of achieving the pre-established performance targets, the number of PBRSUs issued could range from 0% to 200% of the target amount.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In May 2018, our stockholders approved increasing the number of shares reserved for issuance under the Amended and Restated PayPal Holdings, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) by an additional 50 million shares. Under the terms of the ESPP, shares of our common stock may be purchased over an offering period with a maximum duration of two years at 85% of the lower of the fair market value on the first day of the applicable offering period or on the last business day of each six-month purchase period within the offering period. Employees may contribute between 2% and 10% of their gross compensation during an offering period to purchase shares, but not more than the statutory limitation of $25,000 per year. The company stock purchased through the ESPP is considered outstanding and is included in the weighted-average outstanding shares for purposes of computing basic and diluted earnings per share. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, our employees purchased 2.4 million, 2.7 million, and 2.7 million shares under the ESPP at an average per share price of $43.09, $34.06, and $29.49, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, approximately 53 million shares were reserved for future issuance under the ESPP.

Stock Option Activity

The following table summarizes stock option activity of our employees under the Plan for the year ended December 31, 2018:

	Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price				Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
	(In thousands, except per share amounts and years)
Outstanding at January 1, 2018	2,440			$	28.94
Assumed	160			$	20.24
Exercised	(1,370	)		$	29.28
Forfeited/expired/canceled	(47	)		$	28.07
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	1,183			$	27.39			4.45		$	67,311
Expected to vest	293			$	24.78			5.30		$	17,414
Options exercisable	863			$	28.47			4.11		$	48,203

The weighted average grant date fair value of options assumed from acquisitions during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $72.02, $49.47 and $8.79, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value was calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the quoted price of our common stock at December 31, 2018. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, the aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised under the Plan was $71 million, $53 million, and $31 million, respectively, determined as of the date of option exercise. At December 31, 2018, 1.2 million options were in-the-money.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

RSU, PBRSU, and Restricted Stock Activity

The following table summarizes the RSUs, PBRSUs, and restricted stock activity under the Plan as of December 31, 2018 and changes during the year ended December 31, 2018:

	Units			Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value (per share)
	(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Outstanding at January 1, 2018	33,875			$	41.14
Awarded(1)(2)	15,131			$	73.69
Vested(1)	(17,903	)		$	40.92
Forfeited	(3,141	)		$	52.56
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	27,962			$	57.81
Expected to vest	25,177

(1) Includes approximately 2.1 million additional PBRSUs issued in respect of company performance in connection with the Company's 2017 annual incentive plan.

(2) Includes 742,335 shares of restricted common stock issued as a part of the iZettle acquisition.

During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, the aggregate intrinsic value of RSUs and PBRSUs vested under the Plan was $1.4 billion, $519 million, and $378 million, respectively.

In the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company granted 1.6 million PBRSUs with a one-year performance period (fiscal 2018) and cliff vesting following the completion of the performance period in February 2019 (one year from the annual incentive award cycle grant date) and 0.8 million PBRSUs with a three-year performance period. Additionally, in the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company granted 0.4 million PBRSUs with a five-year performance period based on market conditions; the number of PBRSUs that may be issued under this award is fixed.

In the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company granted 2.9 million PBRSUs with a one-year performance period and cliff vesting following the completion of the performance period in February 2018 (one year from the annual incentive award cycle grant date) and 1.3 million PBRSUs with a three-year performance period.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

We record stock-based compensation expense for the Plan in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense based on estimated fair values.

The impact on our results of operations of recording stock-based compensation expense under the Plan for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
	(In millions)
Customer support and operations	$	164			$	142			$	85
Sales and marketing	165				140				84
Product development	266				240				139
General and administrative	256				210				130
Depreciation and amortization	20				12				6
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	871			$	744			$	444
Capitalized as part of internal use software and website development costs	$	38			$	24			$	13
Income tax benefit recognized for stock-based compensation arrangements	$	154			$	218			$	127

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

As of December 31, 2018, there was approximately $883 million of unearned stock-based compensation estimated to be expensed from 2019 through 2020. If there are any modifications or cancellations of the underlying unvested awards, we may be required to accelerate, increase, or cancel all or a portion of the remaining unearned stock-based compensation expense. Future unearned stock-based compensation will increase to the extent we grant additional equity awards, change the mix of grants between stock options and RSUs, or assume unvested equity awards in connection with acquisitions.

Employee Saving Plan

Under the terms of the PayPal Holdings, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan, which also qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Code, participating U.S. employees may contribute up to 50% of their eligible compensation, but not more than statutory limits. In the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, under the PayPal plan, eligible employees received one dollar for each dollar contributed, up to 4% of each employee’s eligible salary, subject to a maximum employer contribution of $11,200, $10,800, and $10,600, respectively, per employee. Our non-U.S. employees are covered by other savings plans. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, the matching contribution expense for our U.S. and international savings plans was approximately $51 million, $47 million, and $42 million, respectively.

Note 16—Income Taxes

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act included significant changes to the U.S. corporate income tax system including: a federal corporate rate reduction from 35% to 21%; limitations on the deductibility of interest expense and executive compensation; creation of the base erosion anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”), a new minimum tax; and the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a modified territorial tax system. The change to a modified territorial tax system resulted in a one-time U.S. tax liability on those earnings which had not previously been repatriated to the U.S. (the “Transition Tax”), with future distributions not subject to U.S. federal income tax when repatriated. A majority of the provisions in the Tax Act were effective January 1, 2018.

In response to the Tax Act, the SEC staff issued guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Act. The guidance provided a one-year measurement period for companies to complete the accounting.

In connection with our initial analysis of the impact of the Tax Act, we recorded a provisional estimate of discrete net tax expense of $180 million for the period ended December 31, 2017. This discrete expense consisted of provisional estimates of $1,468 million net expense for the Transition Tax payable in installments over eight years, $1,295 million net benefit for the decrease in our deferred tax liability on unremitted foreign earnings, and $7 million net expense for remeasurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities for the corporate rate reduction and changes in our valuation allowance.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, we completed our accounting for the income tax effects of the Tax Act. We recognized additional discrete net tax expense of $20 million to the provisional amounts recorded at December 31, 2017 for the enactment-date effects of the Tax Act, for a total of $200 million of discrete net tax expense which consists of $1,490 million of net federal and state Transition Tax, the majority of which is payable in installments over eight years, $1,295 million net benefit for the decrease in our deferred tax liability on unremitted foreign earnings, and $5 million net expense for remeasurement of our deferred tax assets/liabilities for the corporate rate reduction and changes in our valuation allowance.

We elected to account for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) as a current-period expense when incurred.

In connection with the distribution, eBay and PayPal entered into various agreements that govern the relationship between the parties going forward, including a tax matters agreement. The tax matters agreement was entered into on the distribution date. Under the tax matters agreement, eBay is generally responsible for all additional taxes (and will be entitled to all related refunds of taxes) imposed on eBay and its subsidiaries (including subsidiaries that were transferred to PayPal pursuant to the separation) arising after the distribution date with respect to the taxable periods (or portions thereof) ended on or prior to July 17, 2015, except for those taxes for which PayPal has reflected an unrecognized tax benefit in its financial statements on the distribution date.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The components of income (loss) before income taxes are as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
	(In millions)
United States	$	(474	)		$	(593	)		$	(342	)
International	2,850				2,793				1,973
Income before income taxes	$	2,376			$	2,200			$	1,631

The income tax expense is composed of the following:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
	(In millions)
Current:
Federal	$	180			$	1,522			$	44
State and local	32				36				19
Foreign	278				146				115
	$	490			$	1,704			$	178
Deferred:
Federal	$	(115	)		$	(1,304	)		$	90
State and local	(35		)		(3		)		(35		)
Foreign	(21		)		8				(3		)
	(171		)		(1,299		)		52
Income tax expense	$	319			$	405			$	230

The following is a reconciliation of the difference between the effective income tax rate and the federal statutory rate:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Federal statutory rate	21.0	%		35.0	%		35.0	%
State taxes, net of federal benefit	(0.1	)%		0.8	%		(1.0	)%
Foreign income taxed at different rates	(3.1	)%		(25.7	)%		(23.2	)%
Stock-based compensation expense	(4.1	)%		(0.8	)%		1.6	%
Tax credits	(2.1	)%		(1.4	)%		(1.0	)%
Change in valuation allowances	—	%		1.4	%		0.5	%
U.S. tax reform (the Tax Act)	0.9	%		8.2	%		—	%
Other	0.9	%		0.9	%		2.2	%
Effective income tax rate	13.4	%		18.4	%		14.1	%

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the difference between the effective income tax rate and the federal statutory rate of 21% to income before income taxes is primarily the result of foreign income taxed at different rates and stock based compensation deductions. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the difference between the effective income tax rate and the federal statutory rate of 35% to income before income taxes is primarily the result of foreign income taxed at different rates and, for the year ended December 31, 2017, the effects of the Tax Act discussed above.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Significant deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2018				2017
	(In millions)
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss and credit carryforwards	$	196			$	153
Accruals and allowances	179				118
Partnership investment	9				7
Stock-based compensation	136				124
Net unrealized losses	8				10
Total deferred tax assets	528				412
Valuation allowance	(132		)		(93		)
Net deferred tax assets	$	396			$	319
Deferred tax liabilities:
Unremitted foreign earnings	$	(35	)		$	(39	)
Fixed assets and other intangibles	(58		)		(145		)
Acquired intangibles	(167		)		(49		)
Net unrealized losses (gains)	(21		)		—
Total deferred tax liabilities	(281		)		(233		)
Net deferred tax assets	$	115			$	86

The following table shows the deferred tax assets and liabilities within our consolidated balance sheets:

			As of December 31,
			2018				2017
	Balance Sheet Location		(In millions)
Total deferred tax assets (non-current)	Other assets		$	224			$	95
Total deferred tax liabilities (non-current)	Deferred tax liability and other long-term liabilities		(109		)		(9		)
Total net deferred tax assets (liabilities)			$	115			$	86

As of December 31, 2018, our federal, state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards for income tax purposes were approximately $72 million, $393 million, and $391 million, respectively. The federal and state net operating loss carryforwards are subject to various limitations under Section 382 of the Code. If not utilized, the federal net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2022, and the state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2019. Approximately $10 million of the foreign net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2021, $24 million will expire in 2034 and $357 million has no expiration date and may be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2018, our federal and state tax credit carryforwards for income tax purposes were approximately $29 million and $137 million, respectively. The federal tax credits will begin to expire in 2028. Most of the state tax credits may be carried forward indefinitely.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We have elected the tax law ordering approach to assess the realizability of our net operating losses. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, we increased our valuation allowance by $39 million, $50 million, and $11 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, we maintained a valuation allowance with respect to certain of our deferred tax assets relating to operating losses in certain states and foreign jurisdictions and tax credits in certain states that we believe are not likely to be realized.

At December 31, 2018, none of our unremitted foreign earnings of approximately $6.9 billion, are considered to be indefinitely reinvested. We have accrued $35 million of deferred U.S. state and foreign withholding taxes on the $6.9 billion of undistributed foreign earnings.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

We benefit from tax rulings concluded in several different jurisdictions, most significantly Singapore and Luxembourg. These rulings result in significantly lower rates of taxation on certain classes of income and require various thresholds of investment and employment in those jurisdictions. We review our compliance on an annual basis to ensure we continue to meet our obligations under these tax rulings. These rulings resulted in tax savings of approximately $465 million, $443 million and $310 million in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The benefit of these tax rulings on our net income per share (diluted) was approximately $0.39, $0.36 and $0.25 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These tax rulings are currently in effect and expire in 2020.

The following table reflects changes in unrecognized tax benefits for the periods presented below:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
	(In millions)
Gross amounts of unrecognized tax benefits as of the beginning of the period	$	424			$	312			$	267
Increases related to prior period tax positions	120				61				14
Decreases related to prior period tax positions	(6		)		(23		)		(18		)
Increases related to current period tax positions	287				112				51
Settlements	(20		)		(35		)		(1		)
Statute of limitation expirations	(5		)		(3		)		(1		)
Gross amounts of unrecognized tax benefits as of the end of the period	$	800			$	424			$	312

If the remaining balance of unrecognized tax benefits were realized in a future period, it would result in a tax benefit of $757 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, we increased our unrecognized tax benefits by $194 million due to uncertainties related to the impacts of the Tax Act.

In December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, we recognized net interest and penalties of $57 million, $13 million, and $13 million, respectively, related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. The amount of interest and penalties accrued as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $124 million and $75 million, respectively.

We are subject to taxation in the U.S. and various state and foreign jurisdictions. We are currently under examination by certain tax authorities for the 2003 to 2017 tax years. The material jurisdictions in which we are subject to examination by tax authorities for tax years after 2002 primarily include the U.S. (Federal and California), France, Germany, India, Israel, and Singapore. During 2018, we settled our audit with Italy. We believe that adequate amounts have been reserved for any adjustments that may ultimately result from our open examinations.

Although the timing of the resolution of these audits is uncertain, we do not expect the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2018 will materially change in the next 12 months. However, given the number of years remaining subject to examination and the number of matters being examined, we are unable to estimate the full range of possible adjustments to the balance of gross unrecognized tax benefits.

Note 17—Restructuring

In the first quarter of 2018 and 2017, management approved strategic reductions of the existing global workforce, which resulted in restructuring charges of $25 million and $40 million, respectively. The reduction approved in the first quarter of 2018 also included restructuring charges related to the decision to wind down TIO operations. We incurred employee and severance benefits expenses under both the 2018 and 2017 strategic reductions, which were substantially completed by the end of 2018 and 2017, respectively.

No restructuring expenses were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2016.

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

Supplementary Data — Quarterly Unaudited Financial Data

The following tables present certain unaudited consolidated quarterly financial information for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

	2018 Quarter Ended
	March 31				June 30				September 30				December 31
	(Unaudited, in millions, except per share amounts)
Net revenues	$	3,685			$	3,857			$	3,683			$	4,226
Net income	$	511			$	526			$	436			$	584
Net income per share - basic	$	0.43			$	0.44			$	0.37			$	0.50
Net income per share - diluted	$	0.42			$	0.44			$	0.36			$	0.49
Weighted average shares:
Basic	1,192				1,187				1,181				1,177
Diluted	1,217				1,202				1,199				1,196

	2017 Quarter Ended
	March 31				June 30				September 30				December 31
	(Unaudited, in millions, except per share amounts)
Net revenues	$	2,975			$	3,136			$	3,239			$	3,744
Net income	$	384			$	411			$	380			$	620
Net income per share - basic	$	0.32			$	0.34			$	0.32			$	0.52
Net income per share - diluted	$	0.32			$	0.34			$	0.31			$	0.50
Weighted average shares:
Basic	1,203				1,202				1,202				1,203
Diluted	1,216				1,215				1,223				1,228

PayPal Holdings, Inc.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE

The Financial Statement Schedule II—VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS is filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

	Balance at Beginning of Period				Charged/ (Credited) to Net Income				Charges Utilized/ (Write-offs)				Balance at End of Period
	(In millions)
Allowance for Transaction Losses and Negative Customer Balances
Year Ended December 31, 2016	$	185			$	655			$	(618	)		$	222
Year Ended December 31, 2017	222				823				(779		)		266
Year Ended December 31, 2018	$	266			$	1,059			$	(981	)		$	344
Allowance for Loans and Interest Receivable
Year Ended December 31, 2016	$	233			$	555			$	(449	)		$	339
Year Ended December 31, 2017	339				274				(484		)		129
Year Ended December 31, 2018	$	129			$	243			$	(200	)		$	172