Item 1. Business

HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION

History

Northrop Grumman Corporation (herein referred to as “Northrop Grumman,” the “company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a leading global aerospace and defense technology company. We deliver a broad range of products, services and solutions to U.S. and international customers, and principally to the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and intelligence community. Our broad portfolio is aligned to support national security priorities and our solutions equip our customers with capabilities they need to connect, protect and advance humanity.

The company is a leading provider of space systems, advanced aircraft, missile defense, advanced weapons and long-range fires capabilities, mission systems, networking and communications, strategic deterrence systems, and breakthrough technologies, such as artificial intelligence, advanced computing and cyber. We are focused on competing and winning programs that enable continued growth, performing on our commitments and affordably delivering capability our customers need. With the investments we've made in advanced technologies, combined with our talented workforce and digital transformation capabilities, Northrop Grumman is well positioned to meet our customers' needs today and in the future. For a discussion of risks associated with our operations, see “Risk Factors.”

The company originally was formed in 1939 in Hawthorne, California as Northrop Aircraft Incorporated and was reincorporated in Delaware in 1985, as Northrop Corporation. Northrop Corporation was a principal developer of flying wing technology, including the B-2 Spirit bomber. We developed into one of the largest defense companies in the world through a series of acquisitions, as well as organic growth, including the following:

• 1994 - Acquired Grumman Corporation, a premier military aircraft systems integrator. The combined company was renamed Northrop Grumman Corporation;

• 1996 - Acquired the defense and electronics businesses of Westinghouse Electric Corporation, developer of sophisticated radar and other electronics systems;

• 2001 - Acquired Litton Industries, Inc., a global electronics and information technology company and full service shipbuilder;

• 2001 - Acquired Newport News Shipbuilding Inc., designer and builder of nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and submarines;

• 2002 - Acquired TRW Inc., developer of military and civil space systems and payloads, and integrator of complex, mission-enabling systems and services;

• 2011 - Completed the spin-off of Huntington Ingalls Industries, Inc., operator of our former shipbuilding business, comprised largely of a part of Litton Industries and Newport News Shipbuilding;

• 2018 - Acquired Orbital ATK, Inc. (OATK), developer and producer of satellites and other space systems, launch vehicles and missile products; and

• 2021 - Completed the sale of our IT and mission support services business (the “IT services divestiture”) to Veritas Capital.

Organization

From time to time, we acquire or dispose of businesses and realign contracts, programs or businesses among and within our operating segments. Internal realignments are typically designed to leverage existing capabilities more fully and to enhance efficient development and delivery of products and services. At December 31, 2022, the company was aligned in four operating sectors, which also comprise our reportable segments: Aeronautics Systems, Defense Systems, Mission Systems and Space Systems.

AERONAUTICS SYSTEMS

Aeronautics Systems is a leader in the design, development, production, integration, sustainment and modernization of advanced aircraft systems for the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Navy, other U.S. government agencies, and international customers. These aircraft systems support four mission areas: strike; air dominance; battle management

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and control; and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR). Aeronautics Systems is reported in two business areas: Autonomous Systems and Manned Aircraft.

Autonomous Systems – provides unmanned autonomous aircraft systems, including high-altitude long-endurance (HALE) strategic ISR systems and vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) tactical ISR systems. Key programs include:

• MQ-4C Triton, which provides wide area strategic ISR over vast ocean and coastal regions for maritime domain awareness to the U.S. Navy and Australia;

• RQ-4 Global Hawk, which provides high resolution imagery of land masses for theater awareness and strategic ISR to the U.S. Air Force, Japan, and the Republic of Korea;

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS), a Global Hawk variant, for strategic ISR missions conducted in multinational theater operations; and

• MQ-8B and MQ-8C Fire Scout, ship-based, VTOL tactical ISR systems that provide situational awareness and precision targeting for the U.S. Navy.

Manned Aircraft – provides strategic long-range strike aircraft, tactical fighter and air dominance aircraft, and airborne battle management and command and control systems. Key programs include:

• Development and production of the U.S. Air Force B-21 Raider long-range strike bomber, as well as modernization and sustainment services for the B-2 Spirit bomber;

• Fuselage production for the F/A-18 Super Hornet and the F-35 Lighting II Joint Strike Fighter for use by U.S. and international forces;

• E-2D Advanced Hawkeye battle management aircraft production for the U.S. Navy, Japan, and France; and

• E-8C Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS) aircraft sustainment and modernization for the U.S. Air Force.

DEFENSE SYSTEMS

Defense Systems is a leader in the design, development, production, integration, sustainment and modernization of weapon and mission systems for U.S. military and civilian agency customers, and a broad range of international customers. Major products and services include integrated battle management systems, weapons systems and aircraft and mission systems sustainment and modernization. The sector is reported in two business areas: Battle Management & Missile Systems, and Mission Readiness.

Battle Management & Missile Systems – designs, develops and integrates all-domain command and control (C2) and weapons systems, including munitions and missiles. The business provides integration and interoperability of net-enabled battle management, sensors, targeting and surveillance systems – a backbone architecture for Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) capable of integrating sensors and shooters, as well as air and missile defense C2 systems. It also develops and produces precision strike weapons; advanced propulsion, including high speed air-breathing and hypersonic systems; and high-performance gun systems and precision munitions. Competencies include system and software development; integration of weapon systems; tactical missile and component development and production; and production of advanced fuzes, munitions and defense electronics. Key programs include:

• Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System (IBCS) for the U.S. Army and Poland, which is a system that integrates sensors and effectors to deliver among the most advanced C2 systems for joint and coalition forces;

• U.S. Navy’s Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile (AARGM), a medium-range, air-to-surface missile, and its extended range variant, AARGM-ER;

• Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System (GMLRS) propulsion and warhead subsystems for a surface-to-surface system used to defeat targets using indirect precision fires up to 70-plus kilometers;

• Precision Guidance Kit (PGK), replaces conventional fuzes for artillery and mortar munitions and transforms them into Global Positioning System enabled precision guided weapons;

• Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile (HACM) air-breathing, scramjet propulsion subsystem for the hypersonic air-launched cruise missile to travel at speeds of Mach 5 or greater; and

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• Forward Area Air Defense Command and Control (FAAD C2), the Army’s long-standing program of record for short range air defense and Counter Rocket, Artillery and Mortar (C-RAM), as well as the interim C2 for Counter Unmanned Aircraft Systems (C-UAS).

Mission Readiness – provides full life cycle service and support for software, weapons systems and aircraft, and logistics support, sustainment, operations and modernization for air, sea and ground systems. It also supports critical warfighter training for complex missions in a realistic virtual environment. Competencies include aircraft, electronics and embedded software sustainment; digital engineering and extended reality training for platform logistics; and maintenance. Key programs include:

• Global system sustainment and operations support for the F-35, B-2, P-3 Orion, E-6B Mercury, KC-30A multi-role tanker, C-27J transport, Global Hawk and Triton programs;

• Special Electronics Mission Aircraft (SEMA) intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance support;

• AAQ-24 sensor sustainment and repair for U.S. military customers; and

• APN-241 radar sustainment, repair and production for U.S. military and foreign military sales (FMS) customers.

MISSION SYSTEMS

Mission Systems is a leader in advanced mission solutions and multifunction systems, primarily for the U.S. defense and intelligence community, and international customers. Major products and services include cyber; command, control, communications and computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems; radar, electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) and acoustic sensors; electronic warfare systems; advanced communications and network systems; cyber solutions; intelligence processing systems; navigation; and maritime power, propulsion and payload launch systems. The sector is reported in four business areas: Airborne Multifunction Sensors; Maritime/Land Systems & Sensors; Navigation, Targeting & Survivability; and Networked Information Solutions.

Airborne Multifunction Sensors – delivers products, systems and services that support airborne platforms with multi-function radio frequency (RF) and EO/IR systems; radar, electronic warfare and situational awareness mission systems; and high altitude ISR sensors. Competencies include fire control, surveillance and early warning and control radar systems; electronic attack and electronic support systems; and multi-sensor processing. Key unrestricted programs include:

• Airborne Early Warning & Control (AEW&C). The center piece of the E-7 AEW&C aircraft is the Multi-role Electronically Scanned Array (MESA) radar which enables 360 degree long range advanced air moving target indicator (AMTI) capabilities for Battle Management, Command and Control, and Maritime Surveillance;

• F-35 fire control radar and Distributed Aperture System (DAS), which provides 360 degree field of view tracking, identifying, missile warning and night vision capabilities;

• LONGBOW Fire Control Radar (FCR), which provides fire control radar capabilities for the global AH-64 helicopter fleet; and

• Scalable Agile Beam Radar (SABR), an active electronically scanned array fire control radar system for F-16 aircraft.

Maritime/Land Systems & Sensors – delivers products, systems and services that enable maritime and ground platform mission capabilities via sensors, targeting and surveillance systems; electronic warfare systems; mission module integration; power, propulsion and control systems; and missile launchers. Competencies include ground and maritime radar systems; nuclear ship propulsion and power generation systems; shipboard missile and encapsulated payload launch systems; integrated bridge systems; unmanned maritime vehicles; high-resolution undersea sensors; deep-sea packaging; and mission integration. Key unrestricted programs include:

• Surface Electronic Warfare Improvement Program (SEWIP) Block III, which protects surface ships from anti-ship missiles, provides early detection, signal analysis and threat warning;

• Ground/Air Task Oriented Radar (G/ATOR), a mobile multi-mode active electronically scanned array;

• Littoral Combat Ship Mission Module Integration, which provides engineering design, support and production of mission modules for U.S. Navy littoral combat ships; and

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• DDG Modernization, which is comprised of several subsystems to support modernization of Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyers including Integrated Bridge and Navigation Systems (IBNS) and ship control systems.

Navigation, Targeting & Survivability – delivers products, systems and services that support aircraft platforms with targeting, self-protection and situational awareness mission systems; and provides embedded navigation and positioning sensors for a range of platforms including ships, aircraft, spacecraft and weapons. Competencies include EO/IR and RF self-protection; targeting and surveillance systems; digitized cockpits; and inertial navigation systems. Key unrestricted programs include:

• LITENING Advanced Targeting Pod, an electro-optical infrared sensor system for targeting and surveillance that enables aircrews to detect, acquire, identify and track targets at long ranges;

• Large Aircraft and Common Infrared Countermeasures (LAIRCM, DoN LAIRCM, CIRCM) systems, which protect large aircraft as well as rotary wing and medium fixed wing aircraft from infrared missiles using advanced laser technology;

• APR-39 DV(2) and EV(2) Radar Warning Receiver programs, which produce a digital radar warning receiver for the U.S. Army, Navy and Marines;

• AC/MC 130J Radio Frequency Countermeasures system, which provides superior situational awareness and better enables aircraft survivability in operationally relevant environments;

• Embedded Global Positioning System (GPS) / Inertial Navigation Systems-Modernization (EGI-M) program, which provides state-of-the-art airborne navigation capabilities with an open architecture that enables rapid responses to future threats; and

• UH-60V Black Hawk integrated mission equipment package, which modernizes the U.S. Army’s Black Hawk helicopters with a glass cockpit, including an integrated computational system, visual display system and control display units, extending the life and mission capabilities of the UH-60 platform.

Networked Information Solutions – delivers products, systems and services in the areas of advanced communications and network systems, full spectrum cyber solutions, secure processing, transformational computing, advanced technology development, and Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) mission systems. Competencies include software defined radios and network gateways, communications and counter-communications systems; cyber mission management; large scale cyber solutions for national security applications; cyber survivability; ground software systems; and SIGINT sensors and processing. Key unrestricted programs include:

• F-35 Communications, Navigation and Identification (CNI) integrated avionics system, which provides secure communications and interoperability capabilities;

• Battlefield Airborne Communications Node (BACN), one of the first airborne gateway systems that allows platforms to communicate and securely share data;

• Joint Counter Radio-Controlled Improvised Explosive Device Electronic Warfare (JCREW), a software-programmable jammer that provides protection from improvised explosive devices (IEDs);

• Exploitation and cyber programs, which provide cyber and intelligence domain support through unique intelligence and cyber capabilities; and

• Airborne Signals Intelligence Payload (ASIP), which delivers key signals intelligence capabilities to the warfighter by detecting, identifying, and locating radar and other types of electronic and modern communication signals.

SPACE SYSTEMS

Space Systems is a leader in delivering end-to-end mission solutions through the design, development, integration, production and operation of space, missile defense, launch and strategic missile systems for national security, civil government, commercial and international customers. Major products include satellites and payloads; ground systems; missile defense systems and interceptors; launch vehicles and related propulsion systems; and strategic missiles. The sector is reported in two business areas: Space and Launch & Strategic Missiles.

Space – designs, develops, manufactures and integrates spacecraft systems, subsystems, sensors, payloads and ground systems to deliver mission capability to national security, science and environmental, communications, on-orbit servicing, and human-rated space systems for earth orbit and deep-space exploration missions. Much of this business is performed through restricted programs. Key unrestricted programs include:

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• Cygnus spacecraft, used in the execution of our CRS contracts with NASA;

• Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) module in support of NASA’s Gateway;

• Evolved Strategic SATCOM (ESS) and Protected Tactical SATCOM (PTS) satellites and payloads providing survivable, protected communications to U.S. forces;

• Next-Generation Overhead Persistent Infrared (Next Gen OPIR) program satellites and payloads providing data for missile defense;

• Space Development Agency Tracking and Transport layers providing missile warning/tracking and resilient, low-latency, high-volume data transport communication systems; and

• James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) operations and sustainment contract.

Launch & Strategic Missiles – designs, develops, manufactures and integrates small- and medium-class space launch vehicles to place satellites into earth orbit; suborbital launch vehicles that place payloads into a variety of high-altitude trajectories; large strategic missile systems; and missile defense systems. Competencies include large strategic missile design, integration, production and sustainment, as well as the production of medium- and large-class rocket propulsion systems for human and cargo launch vehicles, hypersonic boosters and missile defense interceptors. Key programs include:

• Ground Based Strategic Deterrent (GBSD) Engineering & Manufacturing Development (EMD) program;

• Missile defense systems, interceptors, targets, mission processing and boosters for the Missile Defense Agency's (MDA) Next-Generation Interceptor (NGI), Ground-based Midcourse Defense Weapon Systems (GWS);

• Development and production of solid rocket motors for NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) heavy lift vehicle;

• Antares rocket, used in the execution of our Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contracts with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA);

• 63-inch diameter Graphite Epoxy Motor (GEM 63) and the extended length variation (GEM 63XL) solid rocket boosters used to provide lift capability for the ATLAS V and Vulcan launch vehicles;

• Medium-class solid rocket motors for the U.S. Navy's Trident II Fleet Ballistic Missile program; and

• Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Ground Subsystem Support Contract (GSSC).

CUSTOMER CONCENTRATION

Our largest customer is the U.S. government. Sales to the U.S. government accounted for 86 percent, 85 percent and 84 percent of sales during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. For further information on sales by customer type, contract type and geographic region, see Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements. See “Risk Factors” for further discussion regarding risks related to customer concentration.

COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

We compete with many companies in the defense, intelligence and federal civil markets. The Boeing Company, General Dynamics, L3Harris Technologies, Lockheed Martin, and Raytheon Technologies are some of our primary competitors. Key characteristics of our industry include long operating cycles and intense competition, which is evident through the number of competitors bidding on program opportunities and the number of bid protests (competitor protests of U.S. government procurement awards).

It is common in the defense industry for work on major programs to be shared among a number of companies. A company competing to be a prime contractor may, upon ultimate award of the contract to another competitor, serve as a subcontractor to the ultimate prime contracting company. It is not unusual to compete for a contract award with a peer company and, simultaneously, perform as a supplier to or a customer of that same competitor on other contracts, or vice versa.

SEASONALITY

No material portion of our business is considered to be seasonal.

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BACKLOG

At December 31, 2022, total backlog, which is equivalent to the company’s remaining performance obligations, was $78.7 billion as compared with $76.0 billion at December 31, 2021. For further information, see “Backlog” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” (MD&A) and Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

We routinely apply for and own a number of U.S. and foreign patents related to the technologies we develop. We also develop and protect intellectual property as trade secrets. In addition to owning a large portfolio of proprietary intellectual property, we license some intellectual property rights to third parties and we license or otherwise obtain access to intellectual property from third parties. The U.S. government typically holds licenses to patents developed in the performance of U.S. government contracts and may use or authorize others to use the inventions covered by these patents for certain purposes. See “Risk Factors” for further discussion regarding risks related to intellectual property.

RAW MATERIALS

We have experienced challenges with access to certain raw materials due to macroeconomic factors and several global events such as microelectronics shortages, COVID-19 and geopolitical conflicts. In some cases, these challenges have significantly increased the cost and/or lead time required to obtain certain raw materials. Nonetheless, these challenges have not to date materially impacted our ability to perform on our contracts. See “Risk Factors” for further discussion regarding risks related to raw materials.

HUMAN CAPITAL

Fostering a culture that offers employees opportunities to live our values, deliver for our customers, and act responsibly and sustainably is central to our diverse and talented workforce. Our culture and values enable us to continue attracting qualified talent, particularly those with security clearances and requisite skills in multiple areas, including science, technology, engineering and math. During 2022, despite facing a tight labor market, this focus on our culture and workforce was a factor in our ability to hire approximately 16,000 new employees, and as of December 31, 2022, we have approximately 95,000 employees.

Additional information regarding our human capital strategy is available in our Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Report and Proxy Statement, which can be found on our company website. Information on our website, including our ESG Report (formerly our Sustainability Report), is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.

Our Values and Culture

Our values reflect our priorities and form the bedrock of our culture:

• We do the right thing – we earn trust, act with ethics, integrity and transparency, treat everyone with respect, value diversity and foster safe and inclusive environments.

• We do what we promise – we own the delivery of results, focused on quality.

• We commit to shared success – we work together to focus on the mission and take accountability for the sustainable success of our people, customers, shareholders, suppliers and communities.

• We pioneer – with fierce curiosity, dedication and innovation, we seek to solve the world’s most challenging problems.

We believe our culture and values are vital to the ongoing success of the company, including our ability to attract and retain a talented and diverse workforce. Our values are also integral to our commitment to long-term sustainability, with robust ESG practices across our company. The company has a Standards of Business Conduct program. Our employees are empowered to raise concerns without fear of reprisal. In addition to full-time ethics professionals, we also have over 140 business conduct advisors who promote values and an ethical culture within the company.

Our annual engagement survey gives employees a voice and a mechanism to provide feedback on our culture. This survey is managed by a third-party vendor to encourage employee candor on key engagement drivers, including company leadership, culture, inclusion and career development. In 2022, 79 percent of employees responded to the survey, an indication that our employees believe their feedback matters, and we were named a “High Performing

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Company” by the third party vendor based on our survey results. Our leaders review the survey responses and work collaboratively with their teams to take meaningful actions based on survey results.

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion

Diversity, equity and inclusion (DE&I) is vital to our culture and our company’s success. Our ability to leverage the power of our diverse workforce enhances employee engagement and enables us to innovate, perform and deliver on quality, which results in value for our shareholders, customers, and employees. Diversity is one of the company’s non-financial ESG performance metrics and is reviewed by the Board of Directors. Across our U.S. employee population, as of December 31, 2022, 25 percent are female, 37 percent are people of color, 18 percent are veterans and 8 percent are persons with disabilities. At the vice president level, 34 percent are female and 19 percent are people of color.

Talent Management

Northrop Grumman’s talent strategy is designed to maximize the full potential of our people and our business. We are focused on providing an end-to-end experience from pre-hire to retirement. This includes creating inclusive, employee-centric experiences, cultivating leadership, offering multiple development pathways and expanding the talent pipeline into and through the company.

We hold regular talent review discussions to ensure line of sight to talent at various levels of the organization. Succession plans are refreshed and reviewed to ensure a robust, diverse pipeline of talent and business continuity with a tight linkage to development.

We focus on accelerating learning and development of our leaders by providing a combination of experiences and education. Our Leading for Impact Program offers developmental paths for new and experienced managers seeking to refresh or build their leadership capabilities. Nearly 3,000 leaders have honed their skills leveraging various learning modalities, including virtual and in-person instructor-led, web-based training and micro-courses to support our managers.

Our employee development programs are designed to strengthen employee skills that align to our current and future business needs, encourage knowledge sharing and support career progression and growth. We utilize My Learning Experience, a machine learning enabled content aggregator designed to create a unique and personalized learning experience for each employee. We offer our employees online career-specific tools and resources and we also support development opportunities through educational institutions with our Education Assistance Program. Our early-in-career rotation program, Pathways, develops talent pipelines with both depth of skills and breadth of experiences that are critical to the company’s future talent needs. Our technical cohort programs are uniquely designed to cultivate technical, domain expertise and collaborative thought leadership for early through advanced career levels.

As our company continues to grow, we rely on an integrated talent acquisition approach. The company strategically attracts, identifies, and onboards candidates in support of business needs and priorities. In order to accomplish our goals, we seek talent with unique perspectives, skills and experiences; maintain strategic relationships with colleges; offer a robust employee referral program; and partner with numerous diversity organizations, military organizations and trusted external partners, with a commitment to growing and supporting a diverse talent pipeline. Amidst the evolving and, at times, challenging hiring environment, we apply agile recruiting methods as we work to adapt to the changing labor marketplace and to ensure employees and candidates have an exceptional experience.

Employee Health and Safety

People are our most valuable resource, and we work diligently to protect the health, safety and well-being of our employees, customers, visitors and others at our facilities. During 2022, we have taken, and continue to take, robust actions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic to help protect the health, safety and well-being of our employees and others. See “COVID-19” in MD&A for further discussion.

Health and safety are a core focus in everything we do. Risk and hazard identification, abatement and prevention are key components of Northrop Grumman’s safety program. Everyone has a responsibility to identify workplace hazards and we empower employees to report these hazards without fear of repercussion. We evaluate the effectiveness of our health and safety programs externally, through benchmarking with industry peers and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Internally, we determine program effectiveness by conducting trend analyses of our past performance.

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Collective Agreements

Approximately 4,000 employees are covered by 15 collective agreements in the U.S., of which we negotiated four renewals in 2022 and expect to negotiate one renewal in 2023.

See “Risk Factors” for further discussion regarding risks related to our workforce and employee relations.

REGULATORY MATTERS

Government Contract Security Restrictions

We are prohibited by the U.S. government from publicly discussing the details of certain classified programs. These programs are generally referred to as “restricted” in this Annual Report. The consolidated financial statements and financial information in this Annual Report reflect the operating results of our entire company, including restricted programs.

Contracts

We generate the majority of our business from long-term contracts with the U.S. government for development, production and support activities. Unless otherwise specified in a contract, allowable and allocable costs are billed to contracts with the U.S. government pursuant to the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and U.S. government Cost Accounting Standards (CAS), which are regulations that govern cost accounting requirements for government contracts. Examples of costs incurred by us and not billed to the U.S. government in accordance with applicable FAR and CAS requirements include, but are not limited to, unallowable employee compensation, charitable donations, interest expense, advertising, and certain legal and travel costs.

We monitor our contracts on a regular basis for compliance with our policies and procedures and applicable government laws and regulations. In addition, costs incurred and allocated to contracts with the U.S. government are routinely audited by the Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA).

Our long-term contracts typically fall into one of two contract types:

Cost-type contracts – Cost-type contracts include cost plus fixed fee, cost plus award fee and cost plus incentive fee contracts. Cost-type contracts generally provide for reimbursement of a contractor’s allowable costs incurred plus fee. As a result, cost-type contracts have less financial risk associated with unanticipated cost growth but generally provide lower profit margins than fixed-price contracts. Cost-type contracts typically require that the contractor use its best efforts to accomplish the scope of the work within some specified time and stated dollar limitation. Fees on cost-type contracts can be fixed in terms of dollar value or can be variable due to award and incentive fees, which are generally based on performance criteria such as cost, schedule, quality and/or technical performance. Award fees are determined and earned based on customer evaluation of the company’s performance against contractual criteria. Incentive fees are generally based on cost or schedule and provide for an initially negotiated fee to be adjusted later, based on the relationship of total allowable costs to total target costs or as schedule milestones are met. Award and incentive fees are included in total estimated sales to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. We estimate variable consideration as the most likely amount to which we expect to be entitled.

Fixed-price contracts – Firm fixed-price contracts include a specified scope of work for a price that is a pre-determined, negotiated amount and not typically subject to adjustment regardless of costs incurred by the contractor, absent changes by the customer. As a result, fixed-price contracts typically have more financial risk associated with unanticipated cost growth, but provide the opportunity for higher profit margins. Certain fixed-price incentive fee contracts provide for reimbursement of the contractor’s allowable costs plus a fee up to a cost ceiling amount, typically through a cost-sharing ratio that affects profitability. These contracts effectively become firm fixed-price contracts once the cost-share ceiling is reached. Time-and-materials contracts are considered fixed-price contracts as they specify a fixed hourly rate for each labor hour charged.

Profit margins on our contracts may vary materially depending on, among other things, the contract type, contract phase (e.g., development, low-rate production or mature production), negotiated fee arrangements, achievement of performance objectives, unexpected macroeconomic factors or other circumstances, and cost, schedule and technical performance.

See Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements and “Risk Factors” for further information regarding our contracts and Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements for sales by contract type.

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The following table summarizes sales for the year ended December 31, 2022, recognized by contract type and customer category:

$ in millions						U.S. Government(1)						International(2)						Other Customers						Total						Percentage of Total Sales
Cost-type contracts						$	18,110					$	594					$	7					$	18,711					51		%
Fixed-price contracts						13,213						4,254						424						17,891						49		%
Total sales						$	31,323					$	4,848					$	431					$	36,602					100		%

(1)Sales to the U.S. government include sales from contracts for which we are the prime contractor, as well as those for which we are a subcontractor and the ultimate customer is the U.S. government. Each of the company’s segments derives substantial revenue from the U.S. government.

(2) International sales include sales from contracts for which we are the prime contractor, as well as those for which we are a subcontractor and the ultimate customer is an international customer. These sales include foreign military sales contracted through the U.S. government.

Environmental

Our operations are subject to and affected by federal, state, local and foreign laws, regulations and enforcement actions relating to protection of the environment. We have incurred and expect to continue to incur capital and operating costs to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations and to achieve our environmental sustainability commitments. See “Risk Factors” and Notes 1 and 12 to the consolidated financial statements for further information regarding environmental matters.

In 2022, we announced our next generation environmental sustainability goals. These goals focus on Northrop Grumman’s facilities in addition to supply chain partners and customers:

• Net zero greenhouse gas emissions in operations by 2035;

• Source 50 percent of total electricity from renewable sources by 2030;

• Strengthen leadership in operational footprint reduction through setting and achieving pioneering targets in environmental stewardship by 2025, including potable water use and solid waste to landfill;

• In collaboration with key customers, work to develop a pioneering product stewardship program focused on material efficiency, product design and life cycle assessment;

• Update the company’s "Standards of Business Conduct for Suppliers and Other Trading Partners" to incorporate industry-leading sustainability practices by 2023;

• Expand Technology for Conservation initiatives in proximity to Northrop Grumman's U.S. locations by 2030, in collaboration with external partners.

Additional information regarding our environmental sustainability goals is available in our ESG Report, which can be found on our company website.

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

See “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance” for information about our executive officers.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

Our principal executive offices are located at 2980 Fairview Park Drive, Falls Church, Virginia 22042. Our telephone number is (703) 280-2900 and our home page is www.northropgrumman.com.

Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and proxy statement for the annual shareholders’ meeting, as well as any amendments to those reports, are available free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file them with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). You can learn more about us by reviewing our SEC filings on the investor relations page of our website.

The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy statements and other information about SEC registrants, including Northrop Grumman Corporation.

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References to our website and the SEC’s website in this report are provided as a convenience and do not constitute, and should not be viewed as, incorporation by reference of the information contained on, or available through, such websites. Such information should not be considered a part of this report, unless otherwise expressly incorporated by reference in this report.